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Sripada SA, Barbieri E, Shastry S, Wuestenhagen E, Aldinger A, Rammo O, Schulte MM, Daniele M, Menegatti S. Multiangle Light Scattering as a Lentivirus Purification Process Analytical Technology. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9593-9600. [PMID: 38804040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The limited biomolecular and functional stability of lentiviral vectors (LVVs) for cell therapy poses the need for analytical tools that can monitor their titers and activity throughout the various steps of expression and purification. In this study, we describe a rapid (25 min) and reproducible (coefficient of variance ∼0.5-2%) method that leverages size exclusion chromatography coupled with multiangle light scattering detection (SEC-MALS) to determine size, purity, and particle count of LVVs purified from bioreactor harvests. The SEC-MALS data were corroborated by orthogonal methods, namely, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy. The method was also evaluated for robustness in the range of 2.78 × 105-2.67 × 107 particles per sample. Notably, MALS-based particle counts correlated with the titer of infectious LVVs measured via transduction assays (R2 = 0.77). Using a combination of SEC-MALS and DLS, we discerned the effects of purification parameters on LVV quality, such as the separation between heterogeneous LV, which can facilitate critical decision-making in the biomanufacturing of gene and cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobhana A Sripada
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NC State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- NC-VVIRAL, NC State University, 1840 Entrepreneur Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Eduardo Barbieri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NC State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- LigaTrap Technologies LLC, 1791 Varsity Drive, Suite #150, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Shriarjun Shastry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NC State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center, NC State University, 850 Oval Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- NC-VVIRAL, NC State University, 1840 Entrepreneur Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Daniele
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NC State University, 890 Oval Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, NC State University and UNC Chapel Hill, 1840 Entrepreneur Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- NC-VVIRAL, NC State University, 1840 Entrepreneur Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NC State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- LigaTrap Technologies LLC, 1791 Varsity Drive, Suite #150, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center, NC State University, 850 Oval Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- NC-VVIRAL, NC State University, 1840 Entrepreneur Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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2
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Kilgore R, Minzoni A, Shastry S, Smith W, Barbieri E, Wu Y, LeBarre JP, Chu W, O'Brien J, Menegatti S. The downstream bioprocess toolbox for therapeutic viral vectors. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1709:464337. [PMID: 37722177 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Viral vectors are poised to acquire a prominent position in modern medicine and biotechnology owing to their role as delivery agents for gene therapies, oncolytic agents, vaccine platforms, and a gateway to engineer cell therapies as well as plants and animals for sustainable agriculture. The success of viral vectors will critically depend on the availability of flexible and affordable biomanufacturing strategies that can meet the growing demand by clinics and biotech companies worldwide. In this context, a key role will be played by downstream process technology: while initially adapted from protein purification media, the purification toolbox for viral vectors is currently undergoing a rapid expansion to fit the unique biomolecular characteristics of these products. Innovation efforts are articulated on two fronts, namely (i) the discovery of affinity ligands that target adeno-associated virus, lentivirus, adenovirus, etc.; (ii) the development of adsorbents with innovative morphologies, such as membranes and 3D printed monoliths, that fit the size of viral vectors. Complementing these efforts are the design of novel process layouts that capitalize on novel ligands and adsorbents to ensure high yield and purity of the product while safeguarding its therapeutic efficacy and safety; and a growing panel of analytical methods that monitor the complex array of critical quality attributes of viral vectors and correlate them to the purification strategies. To help explore this complex and evolving environment, this study presents a comprehensive overview of the downstream bioprocess toolbox for viral vectors established in the last decade, and discusses present efforts and future directions contributing to the success of this promising class of biological medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kilgore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
| | - Arianna Minzoni
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Shriarjun Shastry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Will Smith
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Eduardo Barbieri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Yuxuan Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Jacob P LeBarre
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Wenning Chu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Juliana O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; North Carolina Viral Vector Initiative in Research and Learning, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
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3
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Chaubal AS, Zydney AL. Single-Pass Tangential Flow Filtration (SPTFF) of Nanoparticles: Achieving Sustainable Operation with Dilute Colloidal Suspensions for Gene Therapy Applications. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:433. [PMID: 37103860 PMCID: PMC10143681 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent approval of several viral-vector-based therapeutics has led to renewed interest in the development of more efficient bioprocessing strategies for gene therapy products. Single-Pass Tangential Flow Filtration (SPTFF) can potentially provide inline concentration and final formulation of viral vectors with enhanced product quality due. In this study, SPTFF performance was evaluated using a suspension of 100 nm nanoparticles that mimics a typical lentivirus system. Data were obtained with flat-sheet cassettes having 300 kDa nominal molecular weight cutoff, either in full recirculation or single-pass mode. Flux-stepping experiments identified two critical fluxes, one based on boundary-layer particle accumulation (Jbl) and one based on membrane fouling (Jfoul). The critical fluxes were well-described using a modified concentration polarization model that captures the observed dependence on feed flow rate and feed concentration. Long-duration filtration experiments were conducted under stable SPTFF conditions, with the results suggesting that sustainable performance could potentially be achieved for as much as 6 weeks of continuous operation. These results provide important insights into the potential application of SPTFF for the concentration of viral vectors in the downstream processing of gene therapy agents.
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Drakopoulou E, Georgomanoli M, Lederer CW, Panetsos F, Kleanthous M, Voskaridou E, Valakos D, Papanikolaou E, Anagnou NP. The Optimized γ-Globin Lentiviral Vector GGHI-mB-3D Leads to Nearly Therapeutic HbF Levels In Vitro in CD34 + Cells from Sickle Cell Disease Patients. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122716. [PMID: 36560719 PMCID: PMC9783242 DOI: 10.3390/v14122716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that both the original γ-globin lentiviral vector (LV) GGHI and the optimized GGHI-mB-3D LV, carrying the novel regulatory elements of the 3D HPFH-1 enhancer and the 3' β-globin UTR, can significantly increase HbF production in thalassemic CD34+ cells and ameliorate the disease phenotype in vitro. In the present study, we investigated whether the GGHI-mB-3D vector can also exhibit an equally therapeutic effect, following the transduction of sickle cell disease (SCD) CD34+ cells at MOI 100, leading to HbF increase coupled with HbS decrease, and thus, to phenotype improvement in vitro. We show that GGHI-mB-3D LV can lead to high and potentially therapeutic HbF levels, reaching a mean 2-fold increase to a mean value of VCN/cell of 1.0 and a mean transduction efficiency of 55%. Furthermore, this increase was accompanied by a significant 1.6-fold HbS decrease, a beneficial therapeutic feature for SCD. In summary, our data demonstrate the efficacy of the optimized γ-globin lentiviral vector to improve the SCD phenotype in vitro, and highlights its potential use in future clinical SCD trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekati Drakopoulou
- Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 11527 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Georgomanoli
- Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 11527 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Carsten W. Lederer
- The Molecular Genetics Thalassemia Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2371 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Marina Kleanthous
- The Molecular Genetics Thalassemia Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2371 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ersi Voskaridou
- Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Disease Centre, Laiko General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Valakos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Papanikolaou
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Nicholas P. Anagnou
- Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 11527 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
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5
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Meng J, Moore M, Counsell J, Muntoni F, Popplewell L, Morgan J. Optimized lentiviral vector to restore full-length dystrophin via a cell-mediated approach in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 25:491-507. [PMID: 35615709 PMCID: PMC9121076 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a muscle wasting disorder caused by mutations in the DMD gene. Restoration of full-length dystrophin protein in skeletal muscle would have therapeutic benefit, but lentivirally mediated delivery of such a large gene in vivo has been hindered by lack of tissue specificity, limited transduction, and insufficient transgene expression. To address these problems, we developed a lentiviral vector, which contains a muscle-specific promoter and sequence-optimized full-length dystrophin, to constrain dystrophin expression to differentiated myotubes/myofibers and enhance the transgene expression. We further explored the efficiency of restoration of full-length dystrophin in vivo, by grafting DMD myoblasts that had been corrected by this optimized lentiviral vector intramuscularly into an immunodeficient DMD mouse model. We show that these lentivirally corrected DMD myoblasts effectively reconstituted full-length dystrophin expression in 93.58% ± 2.17% of the myotubes in vitro. Moreover, dystrophin was restored in 64.4% ± 2.87% of the donor-derived regenerated muscle fibers in vivo, which were able to recruit members of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex at the sarcolemma. This study represents a significant advance over existing cell-mediated gene therapy strategies for DMD that aim to restore full-length dystrophin expression in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Meng
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Marc Moore
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - John Counsell
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street, London W1W 7TY, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Linda Popplewell
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Jennifer Morgan
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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6
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Dronina J, Samukaite-Bubniene U, Ramanavicius A. Advances and insights in the diagnosis of viral infections. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:348. [PMID: 34717656 PMCID: PMC8556785 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are the most common among diseases that globally require around 60 percent of medical care. However, in the heat of the pandemic, there was a lack of medical equipment and inpatient facilities to provide all patients with viral infections. The detection of viral infections is possible in three general ways such as (i) direct virus detection, which is performed immediately 1-3 days after the infection, (ii) determination of antibodies against some virus proteins mainly observed during/after virus incubation period, (iii) detection of virus-induced disease when specific tissue changes in the organism. This review surveys some global pandemics from 1889 to 2020, virus types, which induced these pandemics, and symptoms of some viral diseases. Non-analytical methods such as radiology and microscopy also are overviewed. This review overlooks molecular analysis methods such as nucleic acid amplification, antibody-antigen complex determination, CRISPR-Cas system-based viral genome determination methods. Methods widely used in the certificated diagnostic laboratory for SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, B, C, HIV, and other viruses during a viral pandemic are outlined. A comprehensive overview of molecular analytical methods has shown that the assay's sensitivity, accuracy, and suitability for virus detection depends on the choice of the number of regions in the viral open reading frame (ORF) genome sequence and the validity of the selected analytical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julija Dronina
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio av. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geoscience, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Urte Samukaite-Bubniene
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geoscience, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geoscience, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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7
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Huang S, Bruce TF, Ding H, Wei Y, Marcus RK. Rapid isolation of lentivirus particles from cell culture media via a hydrophobic interaction chromatography method on a polyester, capillary-channeled polymer fiber stationary phase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:2985-2994. [PMID: 33608753 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviruses are increasingly used as gene delivery vehicles for vaccines and immunotherapies. However, the purification of clinical-grade lentivirus vectors for therapeutic use is still troublesome and limits preclinical and clinical experiments. Current purification methods such as ultracentrifugation and ultrafiltration are time consuming and do not remove all of the impurities such as cellular debris, membrane fragments, and denatured proteins from the lentiviruses. The same challenges exist in terms of their analytical characterization. Presented here is the novel demonstration of the chromatographic isolation of virus particles from culture media based on the hydrophobicity characteristics of the vesicles. A method was developed to isolate lentivirus from media using a hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) method performed on a polyester, capillary-channeled polymer (PET C-CP) stationary phase and a standard liquid chromatography apparatus. The method is an extension of the approach developed in this laboratory for the isolation of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to verify and quantify lentiviruses in elution fractions. Load and elution mobile phase compositions were optimized to affect high efficiency and throughput. The process has been visualized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the fiber surfaces following media injection, the elution of proteinaceous material, and the elution of lentiviruses. This effort has yielded a rapid (<10 min), low-cost (< $15 per column, providing multiple separations), and efficient method for the isolation/purification of lentivirus particles from cell culture media at the analytical scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Terri F Bruce
- Department of Bioengineering, Life Sciences Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Yanzhang Wei
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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8
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Labisch JJ, Bollmann F, Wolff MW, Pflanz K. A new simplified clarification approach for lentiviral vectors using diatomaceous earth improves throughput and safe handling. J Biotechnol 2020; 326:11-20. [PMID: 33301854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors have proven their great potential to serve as a DNA delivery tool for gene modified cell therapy and gene therapy applications. The downstream processing of these vectors is however still a great challenge, particularly because of the low stability of the virus. Harvesting and clarification are critical and until now insufficiently characterized steps for lentivirus processing. To address this bottleneck, we analyzed whether lentiviral vectors produced by transient transfection of HEK293 T/17 SF suspension cells can be efficiently clarified with a lab-scale method with the filter aid diatomaceous earth (DE) and bioburden reducing membrane filters achieving high lentivirus recoveries. Using a design of experiment approach we found that higher DE concentrations are advantageous for a higher turbidity reduction and shorter filtration times, but at the same time LV titer decreases with increasing DE concentration. A DE concentration of 9 g/L was identified with a DoE as a robust set-point. Clarification with DE was compared with for lab-scale traditionally employed centrifugation and subsequent bioburden reduction filtration of viral vectors. The use of DE allows to perform a harvest and clarification process, which does not only facilitate faster and safer virus handling, but enables a lower material consumption due to the extremely increased filter capacity, thus representing an efficient and robust lab-scale clarification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Labisch
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstr. 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany; Research & Development, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Str. 11, 37079, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Franziska Bollmann
- Research & Development, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Str. 11, 37079, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael W Wolff
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstr. 14, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Karl Pflanz
- Research & Development, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Str. 11, 37079, Goettingen, Germany
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9
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Yang Y, Su Z, Ma G, Zhang S. Characterization and stabilization in process development and product formulation for super large proteinaceous particles. Eng Life Sci 2020; 20:451-465. [PMID: 33204232 PMCID: PMC7645648 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Super large proteinaceous particles (SLPPs) such as virus, virus like particles, and extracellular vesicles have successful and promising applications in vaccination, gene therapy, and cancer treatment. The unstable nature, the complex particulate structure and composition are challenges for their manufacturing and applications. Rational design of the processing should be built on the basis of fully understanding the characteristics of these bio-particles. This review highlights useful analytical techniques for characterization and stabilization of SLPPs in the process development and product formulations, including high performance size exclusion chromatography, multi-angle laser light scattering, asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation, nanoparticle tracking analysis, CZE, differential scanning calorimetry, differential scanning fluorescence, isothermal titration calorimetry , and dual polarization interferometry. These advanced analytical techniques will be helpful in obtaining deep insight into the mechanism related to denaturation of SLPPs, and more importantly, in seeking solutions to preserve their biological functions against deactivation or denaturation. Combination of different physicochemical techniques, and correlation with in vitro or in vivo biological activity analyses, are considered to be the future trend of development in order to guarantee a high quality, safety, and efficacy of SLPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Zhiguo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Songping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
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10
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Rosales Gerpe MC, van Lieshout LP, Domm JM, van Vloten JP, Datu J, Ingrao JC, Yu DL, de Jong J, Moraes TJ, Krell PJ, Bridle BW, Wootton SK. Optimized Pre-Clinical Grade Production of Two Novel Lentiviral Vector Pseudotypes for Lung Gene Delivery. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:459-471. [PMID: 32000531 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung gene therapy requires efficient transduction of slow-replicating epithelia and stable expression of delivered transgenes in the respiratory tract. Lentiviral (LV) vectors have the ideal coding, expression, and transducing capacity required for gene therapy. A modified envelope glycoprotein from the Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus, termed Jenv, is well suited for LV-mediated lung gene therapy due to its inherent lung tropism. Here, two novel Jenv-pseudotyped LVs that effectively transduce lung tissue and yield titers similar to the gold standard, vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVg)-pseudotyped LVs, were generated. As the concentration efficiency of LVs was found to depend on envelope pseudotype, a large-scale production method tailored for Jenv-pseudotyped LVs was developed and the most appropriate method of concentration was determined. In contrast to VSVg and Ebola virus glycoprotein-pseudotyped LVs, ultracentrifugation through a sucrose cushion drastically reduced the yield of Jenv LVs, whereas polyethylene glycol precipitation and tangential flow filtration (TFF) proved to be more suitable methods for concentrating Jenv LVs. Importantly, pressure during TFF was found to be crucial for increasing LV recovery. Finally, a unique mouse model was developed to test the suitability of these novel Jenv-pseudotyped LVs for use in lung gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Rosales Gerpe
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Laura P van Lieshout
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Jakob M Domm
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Jodre Datu
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Joelle C Ingrao
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Darrick L Yu
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Jondavid de Jong
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter J Krell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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11
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Karponi G, Kritas SK, Papadopoulou G, Akrioti EK, Papanikolaou E, Petridou E. Development of a CRISPR/Cas9 system against ruminant animal brucellosis. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:422. [PMID: 31775745 PMCID: PMC6880386 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis, caused by several Brucella species, such as the bacterium Brucella melitensis, is considered one of the most severe zoonotic diseases worldwide. Not only does it affect ruminant animal populations, leading to a substantial financial burden for stockbreeders, but also poses severe public health issues. For almost four decades in southern Europe and elsewhere, eradication of the disease has been based on ambiguously effective programs, rendering massive sanitation of livestock urgent and indispensable. Gene therapy, which has been proved effective in the clinic, could possibly constitute an alternative option towards a permanent cure for brucellosis, by aiding in the deletion or inactivation of genes associated with the replication of Brucella within the host cells. RESULTS We infected ovine macrophages with B.melitensis, to simulate the host cell/microorganism interaction in vitro, and transduced the infected cells with CRISPR/Cas9 lentiviral vectors that target Brucella's RNA polymerase subunit A (RpolA) or virulence-associated gene virB10 at a multiplicity of infection of 60. We demonstrate a significant decrease in the bacterial load per cell when infected cells are transduced with the RpolA vector and that the number of internalized brucellae per cell remains unaffected when macrophages are transduced with a conventional lentiviral vector expressing the green fluorescence protein, thus underlining the bactericidal effect of our CRISPR/Cas9 system. CONCLUSIONS Pending in vivo verification of our findings, overall, these results may prove critical not only for the treatment of human brucellosis, but for other infectious diseases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garyfalia Karponi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Spyridon K Kritas
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gina Papadopoulou
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Elissavet-Kalliopi Akrioti
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Papanikolaou
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.,Department of Research and Development, Miltenyi Biotec, 51429, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Evanthia Petridou
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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12
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Poorebrahim M, Sadeghi S, Fakhr E, Abazari MF, Poortahmasebi V, Kheirollahi A, Askari H, Rajabzadeh A, Rastegarpanah M, Linē A, Cid-Arregui A. Production of CAR T-cells by GMP-grade lentiviral vectors: latest advances and future prospects. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019; 56:393-419. [PMID: 31314617 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1633512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells represent a paradigm shift in cancer immunotherapy and a new milestone in the history of oncology. In 2017, the Food and Drug Administration approved two CD19-targeted CAR T-cell therapies (Kymriah™, Novartis, and Yescarta™, Kite Pharma/Gilead Sciences) that have remarkable efficacy in some B-cell malignancies. The CAR approach is currently being evaluated in multiple pivotal trials designed for the immunotherapy of hematological malignancies as well as solid tumors. To generate CAR T-cells ex vivo, lentiviral vectors (LVs) are particularly appealing due to their ability to stably integrate relatively large DNA inserts, and to efficiently transduce both dividing and nondividing cells. This review discusses the latest advances and challenges in the design and production of CAR T-cells, and the good manufacturing practices (GMP)-grade production process of LVs used as a gene transfer vehicle. New developments in the application of CAR T-cell therapy are also outlined with particular emphasis on next-generation allogeneic CAR T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Poorebrahim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Solmaz Sadeghi
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR , Tehran , Iran
| | - Elham Fakhr
- Department of Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Mohammad Foad Abazari
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Vahdat Poortahmasebi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Asma Kheirollahi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hassan Askari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Alireza Rajabzadeh
- Applied Cell Sciences and Tissue Engineering Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Malihe Rastegarpanah
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Aija Linē
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre , Riga , Latvia
| | - Angel Cid-Arregui
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR , Tehran , Iran.,Targeted Tumor Vaccines Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
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13
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Drakopoulou E, Georgomanoli M, Lederer CW, Kleanthous M, Costa C, Bernadin O, Cosset FL, Voskaridou E, Verhoeyen E, Papanikolaou E, Anagnou NP. A Novel BaEVRless-Pseudotyped γ-Globin Lentiviral Vector Drives High and Stable Fetal Hemoglobin Expression and Improves Thalassemic Erythropoiesis In Vitro. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 30:601-617. [PMID: 30324804 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has previously been demonstrated that the self-inactivating γ-globin lentiviral vector GGHI can significantly increase fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in erythroid cells from thalassemia patients and thus improve the disease phenotype in vitro. In the present study, the GGHI vector was improved further by incorporating novel enhancer elements and also pseudotyping it with the baboon endogenous virus envelope glycoprotein BaEVRless, which efficiently and specifically targets human CD34+ cells. We evaluated the hypothesis that the newly constructed vector designated as GGHI-mB-3D would increase hCD34+ cell tropism and thus transduction efficiency at low multiplicity of infection, leading to increased transgene expression. High and stable HbF expression was demonstrated in thalassemic cells for the resulting GGHI-mB-3D/BaEVRless vector, exhibiting increased transduction efficiency compared to the original GGHI-mB-3D/VSVG vector, with a concomitant 91% mean HbF increase at a mean vector copy number per cell of 0.86 and a mean transduction efficiency of 56.4%. Transduced populations also exhibited a trend toward late erythroid, orthochromatic differentiation and reduced apoptosis, a further indication of successful gene therapy treatment. Monitoring expression of ATG5, a key link between autophagy and apoptosis, it was established that this correction correlates with a reduction of enhanced autophagy activation, a typical feature of thalassemic polychromatophilic normoblasts. This work provides novel mechanistic insights into gene therapy-mediated correction of erythropoiesis and demonstrates the beneficial role of BaEVRless envelope glycoprotein compared to VSVG pseudotyping and of the novel GGHI-mB-3D/BaEVRless lentiviral vector for enhanced thalassemia gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekati Drakopoulou
- 1 Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece.,2 Laboratory of Biology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Georgomanoli
- 1 Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece.,2 Laboratory of Biology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Carsten W Lederer
- 3 Department of Molecular Genetics Thalassemia, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,4 Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marina Kleanthous
- 3 Department of Molecular Genetics Thalassemia, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,4 Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Caroline Costa
- 5 CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ornellie Bernadin
- 5 CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - François-Loïc Cosset
- 5 CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ersi Voskaridou
- 6 Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Disease Centre, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- 5 CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,7 Inserm, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Equipe Contrôle Métabolique des Morts Cellulaires, Nice, France
| | - Eleni Papanikolaou
- 1 Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece.,2 Laboratory of Biology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Nicholas P Anagnou
- 1 Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece.,2 Laboratory of Biology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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14
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Zaveckas M, Goda K, Ziogiene D, Gedvilaite A. Purification of recombinant trichodysplasia spinulosa–associated polyomavirus VP1-derived virus-like particles using chromatographic techniques. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1090:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Karponi G, Kritas S, Petridou E, Papanikolaou E. Efficient Transduction and Expansion of Ovine Macrophages for Gene Therapy Implementations. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5020057. [PMID: 29912168 PMCID: PMC6024765 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of bacteria provoking zoonotic diseases present intracellular survival and a host cell tropism limited to the monocyte/macrophage lineage. Thus, infection is rendered difficult to eradicate, causing chronic inflammatory reactions to the host and widespread prevalence. Although self-inactivating lentiviral vectors have been successfully tested in the clinic against virally-induced human infectious diseases, little is known about the transduction susceptibility of ruminant animal phagocytes that play a critical role in the outbreak of zoonotic diseases such as brucellosis. In view of the development of a lentiviral vector-based platform targeting and inactivating specific genetic features of intracellular bacteria, we have tested the transducibility of ovine macrophages in terms of transgene expression and vector copy number (VCN). We show that ovine macrophages are relatively resistant to transduction even at a high multiplicity of infection with a conventional lentiviral vector expressing the green fluorescence protein and that addition of transduction enhancers, such as polybrene, increases transgene expression even after a one-week culture of the transduced cells in vitro. Overall, we demonstrate that ovine macrophages may be efficiently expanded and transduced in culture, thus providing the benchmark for gene therapy applications for zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garyfalia Karponi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Spyridon Kritas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Evanthia Petridou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Eleni Papanikolaou
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece.
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16
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Lee JY, Lee HH. A new chemical complex can rapidly concentrate lentivirus and significantly enhance gene transduction. Cytotechnology 2017; 70:193-201. [PMID: 28884364 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed a new purification method using chondroitin sulfate C (CSC) and protamine sulfate (PS) to concentrate lentivirus. To evaluate the efficiency of this new method, we compared it with several previously described purification protocols, including virus concentrated by ultracentrifugation (Ultra), precipitated by polyethylene glycol (PEG), and sedimented by CSC combined with polybrene (PB). After using the different methods to purify and concentrate equivalent amounts of lentivirus supernatant, the virus pellets precipitated by the different methods were resuspended using the equivalent volumes of DMEM. Subsequently, 10 μl of each lentivirus stock carrying EGFP gene was used to transduce two types of cells, human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells and mouse mesenchymal stem cells (mMSC). It was obvious that HEK293T and mMSC appeared much intensiver green fluorescence through virus transduction from PS method than from other methods. To quantitate the transduction efficiency of the viruses, we examined virus titer in the cells after transduction using a real-time PCR-based analysis. Accordingly, we verified that PS precipitation could generate virus with a higher titer (4.39 × 108 IU/ml) than PB (2.43 × 108 IU/ml), Ultra (1.16 × 108 IU/ml), and PEG (0.56 × 108 IU/ml) in HEK293T cells. As for HEK293T cells in mMSC, the PS method also generated virus with a higher titer (4.66 × 108 IU/ml) than the Ultra method (2.36 × 108 IU/ml), and a much higher titer than those of the other chemical-based precipitation methods using PB (4.82 × 106 IU/ml) and PEG (8.98 × 104 IU/ml). Furthermore, the HEK293T cells and mMSC transduced by PS(1X)-virus appeared to have higher cell growth ratios, respectively, than the HEK293T cells and mMSC transduced by lentivirus using the other methods. We conclude that our new method for purifying lentivirus is cost-effective, time-saving, and highly efficient, and that lentivirus purification by this means could possibly be used to transduce a variety of cells, including stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yu Lee
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, No. 300 Syuefu Rd, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hu-Hui Lee
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, No. 300 Syuefu Rd, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, ROC.
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17
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Stability, biophysical properties and effect of ultracentrifugation and diafiltration on measles virus and mumps virus. Arch Virol 2016; 161:1455-67. [PMID: 26935920 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2801-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus and mumps virus (MeV and MuV) are enveloped RNA viruses used for production of live attenuated vaccines for prophylaxis of measles and mumps disease, respectively. For biotechnological production of and basic research on these viruses, the preparation of highly purified and infectious viruses is a prerequisite, and to meet that aim, knowledge of their stability and biophysical properties is crucial. Our goal was to carry out a detailed investigation of the stability of MeV and MuV under various pH, temperature, shear stress, filtration and storage conditions, as well as to evaluate two commonly used purification techniques, ultracentrifugation and diafiltration, with regard to their efficiency and effect on virus properties. Virus titers were estimated by CCID50 assay, particle size and concentration were measured by Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) measurements, and the host cell protein content was determined by ELISA. The results demonstrated the stability of MuV and MeV at pH <9 and above pH 4 and 5, respectively, and aggregation was observed at pH >9. Storage without stabilizer did not result in structural changes, but the reduction in infectivity after 24 hours was significant at +37 °C. Vortexing of the viruses resulted in significant particle degradation, leading to lower virus titers, whereas pipetting had much less impact on virus viability. Diafiltration resulted in higher recovery of both total and infectious virus particles than ultracentrifugation. These results provide important data for research on all upstream and downstream processes on these two viruses regarding biotechnological production and basic research.
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18
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Mattiuzzo G, Ashall J, Doris KS, MacLellan-Gibson K, Nicolson C, Wilkinson DE, Harvey R, Almond N, Anderson R, Efstathiou S, Minor PD, Page M. Development of Lentivirus-Based Reference Materials for Ebola Virus Nucleic Acid Amplification Technology-Based Assays. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142751. [PMID: 26562415 PMCID: PMC4642882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2013-present Ebola virus outbreak in Western Africa has prompted the production of many diagnostic assays, mostly based on nucleic acid amplification technologies (NAT). The calibration and performance assessment of established assays and those under evaluation requires reference materials that can be used in parallel with the clinical sample to standardise or control for every step of the procedure, from extraction to the final qualitative/quantitative result. We have developed safe and stable Ebola virus RNA reference materials by encapsidating anti sense viral RNA into HIV-1-like particles. The lentiviral particles are replication-deficient and non-infectious due to the lack of HIV-1 genes and Envelope protein. Ebola virus genes were subcloned for encapsidation into two lentiviral preparations, one containing NP-VP35-GP and the other VP40 and L RNA. Each reference material was formulated as a high-titre standard for use as a calibrator for secondary or internal standards, and a 10,000-fold lower titre preparation to serve as an in-run control. The preparations have been freeze-dried to maximise stability. These HIV-Ebola virus RNA reference materials were suitable for use with in-house and commercial quantitative RT-PCR assays and with digital RT-PCR. The HIV-Ebola virus RNA reference materials are stable at up to 37°C for two weeks, allowing the shipment of the material worldwide at ambient temperature. These results support further evaluation of the HIV-Ebola virus RNA reference materials as part of an International collaborative study for the establishment of the 1st International Standard for Ebola virus RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Mattiuzzo
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls-MHRA, South Mimms-Potters Bar, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - James Ashall
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls-MHRA, South Mimms-Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn S. Doris
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls-MHRA, South Mimms-Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty MacLellan-Gibson
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls-MHRA, South Mimms-Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn Nicolson
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls-MHRA, South Mimms-Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Dianna E. Wilkinson
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls-MHRA, South Mimms-Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Harvey
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls-MHRA, South Mimms-Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Almond
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls-MHRA, South Mimms-Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Anderson
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls-MHRA, South Mimms-Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Stacey Efstathiou
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls-MHRA, South Mimms-Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Philip D. Minor
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls-MHRA, South Mimms-Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Page
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls-MHRA, South Mimms-Potters Bar, United Kingdom
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19
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An optimized method for high-titer lentivirus preparations without ultracentrifugation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13875. [PMID: 26348152 PMCID: PMC4562269 DOI: 10.1038/srep13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral technology has proven to be a powerful tool to express exogenous genes in dividing and non-dividing cells. Currently, most protocols for generating high-titer lentivirus require ultracentrifugation, which can be an instrumental barrier for routine operations in a laboratory. In this study, the effect of relative centrifugal force (RCF) on the concentration efficiency of the lentivirus was systematically explored, and it was found that sucrose gradient centrifugation with a relatively low speed (≤10,000 g) robustly produces a high-titer virus (up to 2 × 108 TU/ml). The optimal sucrose concentration is 10%, and the recovery rate of the functional virus is greater than 80%. The infection efficiency of both concentrated and un-concentrated lentivirus decreases rapidly when the viruses are stored at 4 °C (τ ≈ 1.3 days) or subjected to multiple freeze-thaw cycles (τ = 1.1 rounds). In summary, we describe an efficient and easy-to-handle protocol for high-titer lentivirus purification.
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20
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Zaveckas M, Snipaitis S, Pesliakas H, Nainys J, Gedvilaite A. Purification of recombinant virus-like particles of porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein using ion-exchange monolith chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 991:21-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Meng FF, Xu Y, Dan QQ, Wei L, Deng YJ, Liu J, He M, Liu W, Xia QJ, Zhou FH, Wang TH, Wang XY. Intrathecal injection of lentivirus-mediated glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor RNA interference relieves bone cancer-induced pain in rats. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:430-7. [PMID: 25611164 PMCID: PMC4409887 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone cancer pain is a common symptom in cancer patients with bone metastases and the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. The aim of this study is to explore the endogenous analgesic mechanisms to develop new therapeutic strategies for bone-cancer induced pain (BCIP) as a result of metastases. MRMT-1 tumor cells were injected into bilateral tibia of rats and X-rays showed that the area suffered from bone destruction, accompanied by an increase in osteoclast numbers. In addition, rats with bone cancer showed apparent mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia at day 28 after intratibial MRMT-1 inoculation. However, intrathecal injection of morphine or lentivirus-mediated glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor RNAi (Lvs-siGDNF) significantly attenuated mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, as shown by increases in paw withdrawal thresholds and tail-flick latencies, respectively. Furthermore, Lvs-siGDNF interference not only substantially downregulated GDNF protein levels, but also reduced substance P immunoreactivity and downregulated the ratio of pERK/ERK, where its activation is crucial for pain signaling, in the spinal dorsal horn of this model of bone-cancer induced pain. In this study, Lvs-siGDNF gene therapy appeared to be a beneficial method for the treatment of bone cancer pain. As the effect of Lvs-siGDNF to relieve pain was similar to morphine, but it is not a narcotic, the use of GDNF RNA interference may be considered as a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of bone cancer pain in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Fen Meng
- Department of Anesthesia, Xinjiang Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, China
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22
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Friedel T, Hanisch LJ, Muth A, Honegger A, Abken H, Plückthun A, Buchholz CJ, Schneider IC. Receptor-targeted lentiviral vectors are exceptionally sensitive toward the biophysical properties of the displayed single-chain Fv. Protein Eng Des Sel 2015; 28:93-106. [PMID: 25715658 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzv005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of applications require the expression of single-chain variable fragments (scFv) fusion proteins in mammalian cells at the cell surface membrane. Here we assessed the CD30-specific scFv HRS3, which is used in immunotherapy, for its ability to retarget lentiviral vectors (LVs) to CD30 and to mediate selective gene transfer into CD30-positive cells. Fused to the C-terminus of the type-II transmembrane protein hemagglutinin (H) of measles virus and expressed in LV packaging cells, gene transfer mediated by the released LV particles was inefficient. A series of point mutations in the scFv framework regions addressing its biophysical properties, which substantially improved production and increased the melting temperature without impairing its kinetic binding behavior to CD30, also improved the performance of LV particles. Gene transfer into CD30-positive cells increased ∼100-fold due to improved transport of the H-scFv protein to the plasma membrane. Concomitantly, LV particle aggregation and syncytia formation in packaging cells were substantially reduced. The data suggest that syncytia formation can be triggered by trans-cellular dimerization of H-scFv proteins displayed on adjacent cells. Taken together, we show that the biophysical properties of the targeting ligand have a decisive role for the gene transfer efficiency of receptor-targeted LVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Friedel
- Section of Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, Langen 63225, Germany
| | - Lydia J Hanisch
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Protein Engineering Group, Roche Innovation Center Zürich, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland
| | - Anke Muth
- Section of Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, Langen 63225, Germany
| | - Annemarie Honegger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Hinrich Abken
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Christian J Buchholz
- Section of Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, Langen 63225, Germany
| | - Irene C Schneider
- Section of Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, Langen 63225, Germany
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Cell cycle status of CD34(+) hemopoietic stem cells determines lentiviral integration in actively transcribed and development-related genes. Mol Ther 2014; 23:683-96. [PMID: 25523760 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy utilizing lentiviral-vectors (LVs) is postulated as a dynamic therapeutic alternative for monogenic diseases. However, retroviral gene transfer may cause insertional mutagenesis. Although, such risks had been originally estimated as extremely low, several reports of leukemias or clonal dominance, have led to a re-evaluation of the mechanisms operating in insertional mutagenesis. Therefore, unraveling the mechanism of retroviral integration is mandatory toward safer gene therapy applications. In the present study, we undertook an experimental approach which enabled direct correlation of the cell cycle stage of the target cell with the integration profile of LVs. CD34(+) cells arrested at different stages of cell cycle, were transduced with a GFP-LV. LAM-PCR was employed for integration site detection, followed by microarray analysis to correlate transcribed genes with integration sites. The results indicate that ~10% of integration events occurred in actively transcribed genes and that the cell cycle stage of target cells affects integration pattern. Specifically, use of thymine promoted a safer profile, since it significantly reduced integration within cell cycle-related genes, while we observed increased possibility for integration into genes related to development, and decreased possibility for integration within cell cycle and cancer-related genes, when transduction occurs during mitosis.
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Heider S, Metzner C. Quantitative real-time single particle analysis of virions. Virology 2014; 462-463:199-206. [PMID: 24999044 PMCID: PMC4139191 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Providing information about single virus particles has for a long time been mainly the domain of electron microscopy. More recently, technologies have been developed—or adapted from other fields, such as nanotechnology—to allow for the real-time quantification of physical virion particles, while supplying additional information such as particle diameter concomitantly. These technologies have progressed to the stage of commercialization increasing the speed of viral titer measurements from hours to minutes, thus providing a significant advantage for many aspects of virology research and biotechnology applications. Additional advantages lie in the broad spectrum of virus species that may be measured and the possibility to determine the ratio of infectious to total particles. A series of disadvantages remain associated with these technologies, such as a low specificity for viral particles. In this review we will discuss these technologies by comparing four systems for real-time single virus particle analysis and quantification. We introduce four methods for virus particle-based quantification of viruses. They allow for quantification of a wide range of samples in under an hour time. The additional measurement of size and zeta potential is possible for some.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Heider
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Building AC, 3rd Floor, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Metzner
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Building AC, 3rd Floor, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Satzer P, Wellhoefer M, Jungbauer A. Continuous separation of protein loaded nanoparticles by simulated moving bed chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1349:44-9. [PMID: 24866563 PMCID: PMC4048465 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Size exclusion chromatography is a general method for nanoparticles separation. The method is suited for purifying large quantities of protein covered nanoparticles. Nanoparticles and proteins can be continuously separated by simulated moving bed chromatography. Particle and protein fractions reached a purity of > 90%. Reuse of buffer and unbound protein was possible using tangential flow filtration.
For scale up and efficient production of protein loaded nanoparticles continuous separation by size exclusion chromatography in simulated moving bed (SMB) mode helps do reduce unbound protein concentration and increase yields for perfectly covered particles. Silica nanoparticles were loaded with an excess of beta casein or bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the loaded particles purified by size exclusion chromatography using Sephacryl300 as stationary phase in a four zone SMB. We determined our working points for the SMB from batch separations and the triangle theory described by Mazzotti et al. with an SMB setup of one Sephacryl300 26/70 mm column per zone with switch times of 5 min for BSA and 7 min for beta casein. In the case of BSA the Raffinate contained loaded nanoparticles of 63% purity with 98% recovery and the extract was essentially particle free (95% purity). We showed that the low purity of the Raffinate was only due to BSA multimers present in the used protein solution. In the case of beta casein where no multimers are present we achieved 89% purity and 90% recovery of loaded nanoparticles in the Raffinate and an extract free of particles (92% purity). Using a tangential flow filtration unit with 5 kDa cutoff membrane we proved that the extract can be concentrated for recycling of protein and buffer. The calculated space–time-yield for loaded nanoparticles was 0.25 g of loaded nanoparticles per hour and liter of used resin. This proves that the presented process is suitable for large scale production for industrial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Satzer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Wellhoefer
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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