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Adu-Gyamfi M, Goettsch C, Kamhieh-Milz J, Chen L, Pfefferkorn AM, Hofmann A, Brunssen C, Müller G, Walther T, Ashraf MI, Morawietz H, Witowski J, Catar R. The Role of NOX2-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species in the Induction of Endothelin-Converting Enzyme-1 by Angiotensin II. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:500. [PMID: 38671948 PMCID: PMC11047448 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 is a key regulator of vascular tone and blood pressure in health and disease. We have recently found that ET-1 production in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs) can be promoted by angiotensin II (Ang II) through a novel mechanism involving octamer-binding transcription factor-1 (Oct-1), NADPH oxidase-2 (NOX2), and superoxide anions. As the formation of bioactive ET-1 also depends on endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1), we investigated the transcriptional regulation of the ECE1 gene. We found that exposure of HMECs to Ang II resulted in a concentration- and time-dependent increase in ECE1 mRNA expression. Pharmacological inhibition of ECE-1 reduced Ang II-stimulated ET-1 release to baseline values. The effect of Ang II on ECE1 mRNA expression was associated with Oct-1 binding to the ECE1 promoter, resulting in its increased activity. Consequently, the Ang II-stimulated increase in ECE1 mRNA expression could be prevented by siRNA-mediated Oct-1 inhibition. It could also be abolished by silencing the NOX2 gene and neutralizing superoxide anions with superoxide dismutase. In mice fed a high-fat diet, cardiac expression of Ece1 mRNA increased in wild-type mice but not in Nox2-deficient animals. It can be concluded that Ang II engages Oct-1, NOX2, and superoxide anions to stimulate ECE1 expression in the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Adu-Gyamfi
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.A.-G.); (L.C.)
| | - Claudia Goettsch
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (C.G.); (A.H.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (H.M.)
- Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Julian Kamhieh-Milz
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.A.-G.); (L.C.)
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Anna Maria Pfefferkorn
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.P.); (M.I.A.)
| | - Anja Hofmann
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (C.G.); (A.H.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (H.M.)
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Coy Brunssen
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (C.G.); (A.H.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (H.M.)
| | - Gregor Müller
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (C.G.); (A.H.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (H.M.)
| | - Thomas Walther
- Medical School Berlin (MSB), 14197 Berlin, Germany;
- Xitra Therapeutics GmbH, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Muhammad Imtiaz Ashraf
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.P.); (M.I.A.)
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (C.G.); (A.H.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (H.M.)
| | - Janusz Witowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
| | - Rusan Catar
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.A.-G.); (L.C.)
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany
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Kuczmarski AV, Welti LM, Moreau KL, Wenner MM. ET-1 as a Sex-Specific Mechanism Impacting Age-Related Changes in Vascular Function. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 2:727416. [PMID: 35822003 PMCID: PMC9261354 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.727416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of death in developed countries. Globally, the population of adults over the age of 60 is expected to double by the year 2050. CVD prevalence and mortality rates differ between men and women as they age in part due to sex-specific mechanisms impacting the biological processes of aging. Measures of vascular function offer key insights into cardiovascular health. Changes in vascular function precede changes in CVD prevalence rates in men and women and with aging. A key mechanism underlying these changes in vascular function is the endothelin (ET) system. Studies have demonstrated sex and sex hormone effects on endothelin-1 (ET-1), and its receptors ETA and ETB. However, with aging there is a dysregulation of this system resulting in an imbalance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction. Thus, ET-1 may play a role in the sex differences observed with vascular aging. While most research has been conducted in pre-clinical animal models, we describe more recent translational data in humans showing that the ET system is an important regulator of vascular dysfunction with aging and acts through sex-specific ET receptor mechanisms. In this review, we present translational evidence (cell, tissue, animal, and human) that the ET system is a key mechanism regulating sex-specific changes in vascular function with aging, along with therapeutic interventions to reduce ET-mediated vascular dysfunction associated with aging. More knowledge on the factors responsible for the sex differences with vascular aging allow for optimized therapeutic strategies to attenuate CVD risk in the expanding aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Kuczmarski
- University of Delaware, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Laura M Welti
- University of Delaware, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Kerrie L Moreau
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Denver Veterans Administrative Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Megan M Wenner
- University of Delaware, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Newark, DE, United States
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3
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Szukiewicz D, Wojdasiewicz P, Watroba M, Szewczyk G. Mast Cell Activation Syndrome in COVID-19 and Female Reproductive Function: Theoretical Background vs. Accumulating Clinical Evidence. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:9534163. [PMID: 35785029 PMCID: PMC9242765 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9534163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a pandemic disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, can affect almost all systems and organs of the human body, including those responsible for reproductive function in women. The multisystem inflammatory response in COVID-19 shows many analogies with mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS), and MCAS may be an important component in the course of COVID-19. Of note, the female sex hormones estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) significantly influence mast cell (MC) behavior. This review presents the importance of MCs and the mediators from their granules in the female reproductive system, including pregnancy, and discusses the mechanism of potential disorders related to MCAS. Then, the available data on COVID-19 in the context of hormonal disorders, the course of endometriosis, female fertility, and the course of pregnancy were compiled to verify intuitively predicted threats. Surprisingly, although COVID-19 hyperinflammation and post-COVID-19 illness may be rooted in MCAS, the available clinical data do not provide grounds for treating this mechanism as significantly increasing the risk of abnormal female reproductive function, including pregnancy. Further studies in the context of post COVID-19 condition (long COVID), where inflammation and a procoagulative state resemble many aspects of MCAS, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Szukiewicz
- Department of Biophysics Physiology & Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Wojdasiewicz
- Department of Biophysics Physiology & Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Watroba
- Department of Biophysics Physiology & Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Szewczyk
- Department of Biophysics Physiology & Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Vincent L, Lapointe C, Lo M, Gagnon H, Pejler G, Takai S, Day R, D'Orléans-Juste P. Mast Cell Degranulation Increases Mouse Mast Cell Protease 4-Dependent Vasopressor Responses to Big Endothelin-1 But Not Angiotensin I. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 376:213-221. [PMID: 33154104 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse mast cell protease 4 (mMCP-4), the murine functional analog to the human chymase, is a serine protease synthesized and stored in mast cell secretory granules. Our previous studies reported physiologic and pathologic roles for mMCP-4 in the maturation and synthesis of the vasoactive peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) from its precursor, big ET-1. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of mast cell degranulation or stabilization on mMCP-4-dependent pressor responses after the administration of big ET-1 or angiotensin I (Ang I). In anesthetized mice, mast cell degranulation induced by compound 48/80 (C48/80) or stabilization by cromolyn enhanced or repressed, respectively, the dose-dependent vasopressor responses to big ET-1 in wild-type (WT) mice but not in mMCP-4 knockout mice in a chymase inhibitor (TY-51469)-sensitive fashion. In addition, mMCP-4-dependent hydrolysis of the fluorogenic substrate Suc-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin was depleted or enhanced in peritoneal mast cells isolated from mice pretreated with C48/80 or cromolyn, respectively. Furthermore, C48/80 or cromolyn markedly increased or abolished, respectively, ET-1 (1-31) conversion from exogenous big ET-1 in WT mice peritoneal fluid-isolated mast cells, in vitro. Finally, the vasopressor responses to Ang I were unaffected by mast cell activation or stabilization, whereas those induced by the angiotensin-converting enzyme-resistant Ang I analog, [Pro11, D-Ala12] Ang I, were potentiated by C48/80. Altogether, the present study shows that mast cell activation enhances the mMCP-4-dependent vasoactive properties of big ET-1 but not Ang I in the mouse model. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The current work demonstrates a significant role for mast cell stability in the cardiovascular pharmacology of big endothelin-1 but not angiotensin I in the murine systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Vincent
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.V., C.L., M.L., P.D.-J.); PhenoSwitch Bioscience Inc., Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (H.G.); Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.P.); Department of Innovative Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (R.D.)
| | - Catherine Lapointe
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.V., C.L., M.L., P.D.-J.); PhenoSwitch Bioscience Inc., Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (H.G.); Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.P.); Department of Innovative Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (R.D.)
| | - Modou Lo
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.V., C.L., M.L., P.D.-J.); PhenoSwitch Bioscience Inc., Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (H.G.); Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.P.); Department of Innovative Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (R.D.)
| | - Hugo Gagnon
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.V., C.L., M.L., P.D.-J.); PhenoSwitch Bioscience Inc., Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (H.G.); Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.P.); Department of Innovative Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (R.D.)
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.V., C.L., M.L., P.D.-J.); PhenoSwitch Bioscience Inc., Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (H.G.); Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.P.); Department of Innovative Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (R.D.)
| | - Shinji Takai
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.V., C.L., M.L., P.D.-J.); PhenoSwitch Bioscience Inc., Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (H.G.); Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.P.); Department of Innovative Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (R.D.)
| | - Robert Day
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.V., C.L., M.L., P.D.-J.); PhenoSwitch Bioscience Inc., Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (H.G.); Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.P.); Department of Innovative Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (R.D.)
| | - Pedro D'Orléans-Juste
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.V., C.L., M.L., P.D.-J.); PhenoSwitch Bioscience Inc., Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (H.G.); Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.P.); Department of Innovative Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (R.D.)
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5
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Lv Y, Zhao W, Yu L, Yu JG, Zhao L. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene D/I Polymorphism in Relation to Endothelial Function and Endothelial-Released Factors in Chinese Women. Front Physiol 2020; 11:951. [PMID: 33041838 PMCID: PMC7526498 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have investigated the relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) D/I polymorphism and cardiovascular disease or endothelial dysfunction; however, hardly any of these studies has taken aging or menopause into consideration. Furthermore, despite that many studies have examined the regulatory effects of endothelial-released factors (ERFs) on endothelial function, no study has evaluated the relationship between ERFs and endothelial function with respect to ACE D/I polymorphism and menopause status. To answer these questions, 391 healthy Chinese women over a wide range of ages (22-75 years) were enrolled and divided into pre-menopause group and post-menopause group. After ACE D/I genotype being identified, the women were then classified into either DI/II or DD genotype. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of brachial endothelium and plasma levels of ERFs: nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and angiotensin II (Ang II) were measured. The results showed that frequencies of ACE D/I genotypes were in accordance with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and the frequency of I allele was higher than D allele. In pre-menopause group, FMD was significantly higher in women of DI/II than DD (P = 0.032), and age-dependent in both genotypes (DD, P = 0.0472; DI/II, P < 0.0001). In post-menopause group, FMD was similar between women of DI/II and DD, and age-dependent only in women of DI/II (P < 0.0001). In pre-menopause group, Ang II level was significantly higher in women of DD than DI/II (P = 0.029), and FMD was significantly correlated with all ERFs in women of DD (NO, P = 0.032; ET-1, P = 0.017; Ang II, P = 0.002), but only with Ang II in women of DI/II (P = 0.026). In post-menopause group, no significant difference was observed in any ERF between women of DI/II and DD, and FMD was only significantly correlated with ET-1 in women of DD (P = 0.010). In summary, FMD in women of DI/II was superior to DD in pre-menopause and more age-dependent than DD in post-menopause, and FMD was closely associated with ERFs. In conclusion, Chinese women of DI/II seem to have lower risk than DD in pre-menopause, but similar risk as DD in post-menopause in developing cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Lv
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Laikang Yu
- Department of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Guo Yu
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Section of Sports Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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6
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Abstract
Discovered in 1987 as a potent endothelial cell-derived vasoconstrictor peptide, endothelin-1 (ET-1), the predominant member of the endothelin peptide family, is now recognized as a multifunctional peptide with cytokine-like activity contributing to almost all aspects of physiology and cell function. More than 30 000 scientific articles on endothelin were published over the past 3 decades, leading to the development and subsequent regulatory approval of a new class of therapeutics-the endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs). This article reviews the history of the discovery of endothelin and its role in genetics, physiology, and disease. Here, we summarize the main clinical trials using ERAs and discuss the role of endothelin in cardiovascular diseases such as arterial hypertension, preecclampsia, coronary atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease (MINOCA) caused by spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD), Takotsubo syndrome, and heart failure. We also discuss how endothelins contributes to diabetic kidney disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, as well as cancer, immune disorders, and allograft rejection (which all involve ETA autoantibodies), and neurological diseases. The application of ERAs, dual endothelin receptor/angiotensin receptor antagonists (DARAs), selective ETB agonists, novel biologics such as receptor-targeting antibodies, or immunization against ETA receptors holds the potential to slow the progression or even reverse chronic noncommunicable diseases. Future clinical studies will show whether targeting endothelin receptors can prevent or reduce disability from disease and improve clinical outcome, quality of life, and survival in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Barton
- From Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland (M.B.)
- Andreas Grüntzig Foundation, Zürich, Switzerland (M.B.)
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) and Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Japan (M.Y.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (M.Y.)
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7
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Varricchi G, Raap U, Rivellese F, Marone G, Gibbs BF. Human mast cells and basophils-How are they similar how are they different? Immunol Rev 2019; 282:8-34. [PMID: 29431214 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells and basophils are key contributors to allergies and other inflammatory diseases since they are the most prominent source of histamine as well as numerous additional inflammatory mediators which drive inflammatory responses. However, a closer understanding of their precise roles in allergies and other pathological conditions has been marred by the considerable heterogeneity that these cells display, not only between mast cells and basophils themselves but also across different tissue locations and species. While both cell types share the ability to rapidly degranulate and release histamine following high-affinity IgE receptor cross-linking, they differ markedly in their ability to either react to other stimuli, generate inflammatory eicosanoids or release immunomodulating cytokines and chemokines. Furthermore, these cells display considerable pharmacological heterogeneity which has stifled attempts to develop more effective anti-allergic therapies. Mast cell- and basophil-specific transcriptional profiling, at rest and after activation by innate and adaptive stimuli, may help to unravel the degree to which these cells differ and facilitate a clearer understanding of their biological functions and how these could be targeted by new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Ulrike Raap
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Felice Rivellese
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Bernhard F Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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8
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Jacques D, Bkaily G. Endocardial endothelial cell hypertrophy takes place during the development of hereditary cardiomyopathy. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 453:157-161. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Bais S, Kumari R, Prashar Y, Gill NS. Review of various molecular targets on mast cells and its relation to obesity: A future perspective. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2017; 11 Suppl 2:S1001-S1007. [PMID: 28778429 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are stimulatory factors in prognosis of various immunogenic and allergic diseases in human body. These cells play an important role in various immunological and metabolic diseases. The aim of present article is to explore the molecular targets to suppress the over expression of mast cells in obesity. The last 20 years literature were searched by various bibliographic data bases like Pubmed, google Scholar, Scopus and web of Science. The data were collected by keywords like "Mast Cell" "obesity" and "role of mast cell or role in obesity". Articles and their abstract were reviewed with a counting of 827 publications, in which 87 publications were considered for study and remaining was excluded because of its specificity to the subject. This review explains the characteristics, molecular targets and role of mast cells in obesity and existing research with mast cells to the area of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souravh Bais
- Department of Pharmacology, Rayat Institute of Pharmacy, Railmajra, SBS Nagar District, Punjab 144506, India.
| | - Reena Kumari
- Department of Pharmacology, Rayat Institute of Pharmacy, Railmajra, SBS Nagar District, Punjab 144506, India
| | - Yash Prashar
- Department of Pharmacology, Rayat Institute of Pharmacy, Railmajra, SBS Nagar District, Punjab 144506, India
| | - N S Gill
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rayat Institute of Pharmacy, Railmajra, SBS Nagar District, Punjab 144506, India
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10
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Gu Y, Lewis DF, Alexander JS, Wang Y. Upregulation of cathepsin C expression contributes to endothelial chymase activation in preeclampsia. Hypertens Res 2017; 40:976-981. [PMID: 28878298 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2017.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chymase is an ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme)-independent angiotensin II-forming enzyme whose expression is increased in the maternal vascular endothelium in preeclampsia. However, mechanisms underlying chymase activation in preeclampsia remain unclear. Cathepsin C is a key enzyme in the activation of several serine proteases including chymase. In this study, we determined whether increased cathepsin C expression/activity might be responsible for the upregulation of chymase expression in preeclampsia. Maternal vascular cathepsin C, chymase and ACE expression were examined through immunohistochemical staining of subcutaneous fat tissue sections of normal and preeclamptic pregnant women. The role of cathepsin C in endothelial chymase and ACE expression was determined in cells treated with cathepsin C. Consequences of chymase activation were then determined by measurement of angiotensin II production in cells treated with the ACE inhibitor captopril and the chymase inhibitor chymostatin, separately and in combination. Expression of both cathepsin C and chymase, but not ACE expression, was markedly increased in the maternal vascular endothelium in subjects with preeclampsia compared with normal pregnant controls. Exogenous cathepsin C induced a dose-dependent increase in expression of mature cathepsin C and chymase, but not ACE, in endothelial cells. Moreover, angiotensin II production was significantly inhibited in cells treated with captopril or chymostatin alone and was further inhibited in cells treated with both inhibitors. These results suggest that cathepsin C upregulation induces chymase activation and subsequently promotes angiotensin II generation in endothelial cells. These data also provide evidence of upregulation of the cathepsin C-chymase-angiotensin signaling axis in maternal vasculature in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - David F Lewis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - J Steven Alexander
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
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Davenport AP, Hyndman KA, Dhaun N, Southan C, Kohan DE, Pollock JS, Pollock DM, Webb DJ, Maguire JJ. Endothelin. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:357-418. [PMID: 26956245 PMCID: PMC4815360 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelins comprise three structurally similar 21-amino acid peptides. Endothelin-1 and -2 activate two G-protein coupled receptors, ETA and ETB, with equal affinity, whereas endothelin-3 has a lower affinity for the ETA subtype. Genes encoding the peptides are present only among vertebrates. The ligand-receptor signaling pathway is a vertebrate innovation and may reflect the evolution of endothelin-1 as the most potent vasoconstrictor in the human cardiovascular system with remarkably long lasting action. Highly selective peptide ETA and ETB antagonists and ETB agonists together with radiolabeled analogs have accurately delineated endothelin pharmacology in humans and animal models, although surprisingly no ETA agonist has been discovered. ET antagonists (bosentan, ambrisentan) have revolutionized the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension, with the next generation of antagonists exhibiting improved efficacy (macitentan). Clinical trials continue to explore new applications, particularly in renal failure and for reducing proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. Translational studies suggest a potential benefit of ETB agonists in chemotherapy and neuroprotection. However, demonstrating clinical efficacy of combined inhibitors of the endothelin converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase has proved elusive. Over 28 genetic modifications have been made to the ET system in mice through global or cell-specific knockouts, knock ins, or alterations in gene expression of endothelin ligands or their target receptors. These studies have identified key roles for the endothelin isoforms and new therapeutic targets in development, fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, and cardiovascular and neuronal function. For the future, novel pharmacological strategies are emerging via small molecule epigenetic modulators, biologicals such as ETB monoclonal antibodies and the potential of signaling pathway biased agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly A Hyndman
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Southan
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Donald E Kohan
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer S Pollock
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David M Pollock
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David J Webb
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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12
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Kosanovic D, Luitel H, Dahal BK, Cornitescu T, Janssen W, Danser AHJ, Garrelds IM, De Mey JGR, Fazzi G, Schiffers P, Iglarz M, Fischli W, Ghofrani HA, Weissmann N, Grimminger F, Seeger W, Reiss I, Schermuly RT. Chymase: a multifunctional player in pulmonary hypertension associated with lung fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2015; 46:1084-94. [PMID: 26113671 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00018215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Limited literature sources implicate mast-cell mediator chymase in the pathologies of pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary fibrosis. However, there is no evidence on the contribution of chymase to the development of pulmonary hypertension associated with lung fibrosis, which is an important medical condition linked with increased mortality of patients who already suffer from a life-threatening interstitial lung disease.The aim of this study was to investigate the role of chymase in this particular pulmonary hypertension form, by using a bleomycin-induced pulmonary hypertension model.Chymase inhibition resulted in attenuation of pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary fibrosis, as evident from improved haemodynamics, decreased right ventricular remodelling/hypertrophy, pulmonary vascular remodelling and lung fibrosis. These beneficial effects were associated with a strong tendency of reduction in mast cell number and activity, and significantly diminished chymase expression levels. Mechanistically, chymase inhibition led to attenuation of transforming growth factor β1 and matrix-metalloproteinase-2 contents in the lungs. Furthermore, chymase inhibition prevented big endothelin-1-induced vasoconstriction of the pulmonary arteries.Therefore, chymase plays a role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension associated with pulmonary fibrosis and may represent a promising therapeutic target. In addition, this study may provide valuable insights on the contribution of chymase in the pulmonary hypertension context, in general, regardless of the pulmonary hypertension form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djuro Kosanovic
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Himal Luitel
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bhola Kumar Dahal
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany Risk Factor Modification Centre (RFMC), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Teodora Cornitescu
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Janssen
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Dept of Pharmacology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Garrelds
- Dept of Pharmacology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jo G R De Mey
- Dept of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Dept of Pharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gregorio Fazzi
- Dept of Pharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Schiffers
- Dept of Pharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Iglarz
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwill, Switzerland
| | | | - Hossein Ardeschir Ghofrani
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Irwin Reiss
- Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Both authors contributed equally
| | - Ralph Theo Schermuly
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany Both authors contributed equally
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Landolina N, Gangwar RS, Levi-Schaffer F. Mast cells' integrated actions with eosinophils and fibroblasts in allergic inflammation: implications for therapy. Adv Immunol 2015; 125:41-85. [PMID: 25591464 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) and eosinophils (Eos) are the key players in the development of allergic inflammation (AI). Their cross-talk, named the Allergic Effector Unit (AEU), takes place through an array of soluble mediators and ligands/receptors interactions that enhance the functions of both the cells. One of the salient features of the AEU is the CD48/2B4 receptor/ligand binding complex. Furthermore, MCs and Eos have been demonstrated to play a role not only in AI but also in the modulation of its consequence, i.e., fibrosis/tissue remodeling, by directly influencing fibroblasts (FBs), the main target cells of these processes. In turn, FBs can regulate the survival, activity, and phenotype of both MCs and Eos. Therefore, a complex three players, MCs/Eos/FBs interaction, can take place in various stages of AI. The characterization of the soluble and physical mediated cross talk among these three cells might lead to the identification of both better and novel targets for the treatment of allergy and its tissue remodeling consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Landolina
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roopesh Singh Gangwar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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14
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Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Endothelin@25 - new agonists, antagonists, inhibitors and emerging research frontiers: IUPHAR Review 12. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5555-72. [PMID: 25131455 PMCID: PMC4290702 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of endothelin (ET)-1 in 1988, the main components of the signalling pathway have become established, comprising three structurally similar endogenous 21-amino acid peptides, ET-1, ET-2 and ET-3, that activate two GPCRs, ETA and ETB . Our aim in this review is to highlight the recent progress in ET research. The ET-like domain peptide, corresponding to prepro-ET-193-166 , has been proposed to be co-synthesized and released with ET-1, to modulate the actions of the peptide. ET-1 remains the most potent vasoconstrictor in the human cardiovascular system with a particularly long-lasting action. To date, the major therapeutic strategy to block the unwanted actions of ET in disease, principally in pulmonary arterial hypertension, has been to use antagonists that are selective for the ETA receptor (ambrisentan) or that block both receptor subtypes (bosentan). Macitentan represents the next generation of antagonists, being more potent than bosentan, with longer receptor occupancy and it is converted to an active metabolite; properties contributing to greater pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic efficacy. A second strategy is now being more widely tested in clinical trials and uses combined inhibitors of ET-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase such as SLV306 (daglutril). A third strategy based on activating the ETB receptor, has led to the renaissance of the modified peptide agonist IRL1620 as a clinical candidate in delivering anti-tumour drugs and as a pharmacological tool to investigate experimental pathophysiological conditions. Finally, we discuss biased signalling, epigenetic regulation and targeting with monoclonal antibodies as prospective new areas for ET research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Maguire
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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15
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Molecular targets on mast cells and basophils for novel therapies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:530-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kosanovic D, Dahal BK, Peters DM, Seimetz M, Wygrecka M, Hoffmann K, Antel J, Reiss I, Ghofrani HA, Weissmann N, Grimminger F, Seeger W, Schermuly RT. Histological characterization of mast cell chymase in patients with pulmonary hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm Circ 2014; 4:128-36. [PMID: 25006428 DOI: 10.1086/675642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous findings demonstrated an increase in pulmonary mast cells (MCs) in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). Also, literature suggests a potential role for MCs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, a comprehensive investigation of lungs from patients is still needed. We systematically investigated the presence/expression of MCs/MC chymase in the lungs of IPAH and COPD patients by (immuno)histochemistry and subsequent quantification. We found that total and perivascular chymase-positive MCs were significantly higher in IPAH patients than in donors. In addition, chymase-positive MCs were located in proximity to regions with prominent expression of big-endothelin-1 in the pulmonary vessels of IPAH patients. Total and perivascular MCs around resistant vessels were augmented and a significant majority of them were degranulated (activated) in COPD patients. While the total chymase-positive MC count tended to increase in COPD patients, the perivascular number was significantly enhanced in all vessel sizes analyzed. Surprisingly, MC and chymase-positive MC numbers positively correlated with better lung function in COPD. Our findings suggest that activated MCs, possibly by releasing chymase, may contribute to pulmonary vascular remodeling in IPAH. Pulmonary MCs/chymase may have compartment-specific (vascular vs. airway) functions in COPD. Future studies should elucidate the mechanisms of MC accumulation and the role of MC chymase in pathologies of these severe lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djuro Kosanovic
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany ; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Bhola Kumar Dahal
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany ; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Michael Seimetz
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Irwin Reiss
- Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Norbert Weissmann
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Werner Seeger
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany ; Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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Houde M, Jamain MD, Labonté J, Desbiens L, Pejler G, Gurish M, Takai S, D'Orléans-Juste P. Pivotal role of mouse mast cell protease 4 in the conversion and pressor properties of Big-endothelin-1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 346:31-7. [PMID: 23596057 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.202275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The serine protease chymase has been reported to generate intracardiac angiotensin-II (Ang-II) from Ang-I as well as an intermediate precursor of endothelin-1 (ET-1), ET-1 (1-31) from Big-ET-1. Although humans possess only one chymase, several murine isoforms are documented, each with its own specific catalytic activity. Among these, mouse mast cell protease 4 (mMCP-4) is the isoform most similar to the human chymase for its activity. The aim of this study was to characterize the capacity of mMCP-4 to convert Big-ET-1 into its bioactive metabolite, ET-1, in vitro and in vivo in the mouse model. Basal mean arterial pressure did not differ between wild-type (WT) and mMCP-4(-/-) mice. Systemic administration of Big-ET-1 triggered pressor responses and increased blood levels of immunoreactive (IR) ET-1 (1-31) and ET-1 that were reduced by more than 50% in mMCP-4 knockout (-/-) mice compared with WT controls. Residual responses to Big-ET-1 in mMCP-4(-/-) mice were insensitive to the enkephalinase/neutral endopeptidase inhibitor thiorphan and the specific chymase inhibitor TY-51469 {2-[4-(5-fluoro-3-methylbenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)sulfonamido-3-methanesulfonylphenyl]thiazole-4-carboxylic acid}. Soluble fractions from the lungs, left cardiac ventricle, aorta, and kidneys of WT but not mMCP-4(-/-) mice generated ET-1 (1-31) from exogenous Big-ET-1 in a TY-51469-sensitive fashion as detected by high-performance liquid chromatography/ matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry. Finally, pulmonary endogenous levels of IR-ET-1 were reduced by more than 40% in tissues derived from mMCP-4(-/-) mice compared with WT mice. Our results show that mMCP-4 plays a pivotal role in the dynamic conversion of systemic Big-ET-1 to ET-1 in the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Houde
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Endothelin-converting enzyme-1 inhibition and renoprotection in end-stage renal disease. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:929-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Ling L, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Endothelin-2, the forgotten isoform: emerging role in the cardiovascular system, ovarian development, immunology and cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:283-95. [PMID: 22118774 PMCID: PMC3572556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-2 [ET-2; also known as vasoactive intestinal contractor (VIC), in rodents] differs from endothelin-1 (ET-1) by only two amino acids, and unlike the third isoform, endothelin-3 (ET-3), it has the same affinity as ET-1 for both ET(A) and ET(B) receptors. It is often assumed that ET-2 would mimic the actions of the more abundant ET-1 and current pharmacological interventions used to inhibit the ET system would also block the actions of ET-2. These assumptions have focused research on ET-1 with ET-2 studied in much less detail. Recent research suggests that our understanding of the ET family requires re-evaluation. Although ET-2 is very similar in structure as well as pharmacology to ET-1, and may co-exist in the same tissue compartments, there is converging evidence for an important and distinct ET-2 pathway. Specifically is has been demonstrated that ET-2 has a key role in ovarian physiology, with ET-2-mediated contraction proposed as a final signal facilitating ovulation. Furthermore, ET-2 may also have a pathophysiological role in heart failure, immunology and cancer. Comparison of ET-2 versus ET-1 mRNA expression suggests this may be accomplished at the level of gene expression but differences may also exist in peptide synthesis by enzymes such as endothelin converting enzymes (ECEs) and chymase, which may allow the two pathways to be distinguished pharmacologically and become separate drug targets. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Endothelin. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.168.issue-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowell Ling
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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The dual endothelin converting enzyme/neutral endopeptidase inhibitor SLV-306 (daglutril), inhibits systemic conversion of big endothelin-1 in humans. Life Sci 2012; 91:743-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Allahdadi KJ, Hannan JL, Ergul A, Tostes RC, Webb RC. Internal pudendal artery from type 2 diabetic female rats demonstrate elevated endothelin-1-mediated constriction. J Sex Med 2011; 8:2472-83. [PMID: 21718448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes is a risk factor for female sexual dysfunction (FSD). FSD has several etiologies, including a vasculogenic component that could be exacerbated in diabetes. The internal pudendal artery supplies blood to the vagina and clitoris and diabetes-associated functional abnormalities in this vascular bed may contribute to FSD. AIM The Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat is a non-obese model of type 2 diabetes with elevated endothelin-1 (ET-1) activity. We hypothesize that female GK rats have diminished sexual responses and that the internal pudendal arteries demonstrate increased ET-1 constrictor sensitivity. METHODS Female Wistar and GK rats were used. Apomorphine (APO)-mediated genital vasocongestive arousal (GVA) was measured. Functional contraction (ET-1 and phenylephrine) and relaxation (acetylcholine, ACh) in the presence or absence of the ETA receptor antagonist (ETA R; atrasentan) or Rho-kinase inhibitor (Y-27632) were assessed in the internal pudendal and mesenteric arteries. Protein expression of ET-1 and RhoA/Rho-kinase signaling pathway was determined in the internal pudendal and mesenteric arteries. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE APO-mediated GVAs; contraction and relaxation of internal pudendal and mesenteric arteries; ET-1/RhoA/Rho-kinase protein expression. RESULTS GK rats demonstrated no APO-induced GVAs. Internal pudendal arteries, but not mesenteric arteries, from GK rats exhibited greater contractile sensitivity to ET-1 compared with Wistar arteries. ETA R blockade reduced ET-1-mediated constriction in GK internal pudendal and mesenteric arteries. Rho-kinase inhibition reduced ET-1-mediated constriction of GK internal pudendal but not mesenteric arteries; however, it had no effect on arteries from Wistar rats. RhoA protein expression was elevated in GK internal pudendal arteries. At the highest concentrations, ACh-mediated relaxation was greater in the GK internal pudendal artery; however, no difference was observed in the mesenteric artery. CONCLUSIONS Female GK rats demonstrate decreased sexual responses that may be because of increased constrictor sensitivity to the ET-1/RhoA/Rho-kinase signaling in the internal pudendal artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyan J Allahdadi
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Mast cells are best known for their role in allergic reactions but are also now recognized for their important contributions to a number of disparate inflammatory conditions through the release of inflammatory mediators, serglycin and other proteoglycans, and proteases. Because these tissue resident inflammatory cells express proteases in such great abundance and their enzymatic activity results in cleavage of a multitude of proteins and peptides, which in turn modify tissue function, their substrate specificity, tissue distribution, and mode of action have become the subjects of great interest. Although mast cell protease-dependent proteolysis is critical to host defense against invading pathogens, regulation of these hydrolytic enzymes is essential to limiting self-induced damage as well. Indeed, dysregulated release of mast cell proteases is now recognized to contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of inflammatory conditions including asthma, abdominal aortic aneurysm formation, vessel damage in atherosclerosis and hypertension, arthritis, and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Understanding how mast cell proteases contribute to inflammation will thus help unravel molecular mechanisms that underlie such immunologic disorders and will help identify new therapeutic targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Dai
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212
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23
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Lima VV, Giachini FR, Hardy DM, Webb RC, Tostes RC. O-GlcNAcylation: a novel pathway contributing to the effects of endothelin in the vasculature. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 300:R236-50. [PMID: 21068200 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00230.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) or O-GlcNAcylation on serine and threonine residues of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins is a posttranslational modification that alters the function of numerous proteins important in vascular function, including kinases, phosphatases, transcription factors, and cytoskeletal proteins. O-GlcNAcylation is an innovative way to think about vascular signaling events both in physiological conditions and in disease states. This posttranslational modification interferes with vascular processes, mainly vascular reactivity, in conditions where endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels are augmented (e.g. salt-sensitive hypertension, ischemia/reperfusion, and stroke). ET-1 plays a crucial role in the vascular function of most organ systems, both in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Recognition of ET-1 by the ET(A) and ET(B) receptors activates intracellular signaling pathways and cascades that result in rapid and long-term alterations in vascular activity and function. Components of these ET-1-activated signaling pathways (e.g., mitogen-activated protein kinases, protein kinase C, RhoA/Rho kinase) are also targets for O-GlcNAcylation. Recent experimental evidence suggests that ET-1 directly activates O-GlcNAcylation, and this posttranslational modification mediates important vascular effects of the peptide. This review focuses on ET-1-activated signaling pathways that can be modified by O-GlcNAcylation. A brief description of the O-GlcNAcylation biology is presented, and its role on vascular function is addressed. ET-1-induced O-GlcNAcylation and its implications for vascular function are then discussed. Finally, the interplay between O-GlcNAcylation and O-phosphorylation is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor V Lima
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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24
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van Albada ME, Bartelds B, Wijnberg H, Mohaupt S, Dickinson MG, Schoemaker RG, Kooi K, Gerbens F, Berger RMF. Gene expression profile in flow-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension with neointimal lesions. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 298:L483-91. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00106.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a pulmonary angioproliferative disease with high morbidity and mortality, characterized by a typical pattern of pulmonary vascular remodeling including neointimal lesions. In congenital heart disease, increased pulmonary blood flow has appeared to be a key mediator in the development of these characteristic lesions, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the pulmonary vascular lesions are largely unknown. We employed a rat model of flow-associated PAH, which induced specific pulmonary neointimal lesions. We identified gene expression profiles in rats specifically related to the addition of increased pulmonary blood flow to monocrotaline and the associated occurrence of neointimal lesions. Increased pulmonary blood flow induced the expression of the transcription factors activating transcription factor-3 (ATF3) and early growth response factor-1 (EGR-1), for which presence was confirmed in neointimal lesions. Monocrotaline alone induced increased numbers of activated mast cells and their products. We further identified molecular pathways that may be involved in treatment with the prostacyclin analog iloprost, a vasoactive compound with clinically beneficial effects in patients with PAH, which were similar to pathways described in samples from patient studies. These pathways, associated with the development of angioproliferative lesions as well as with the response to therapy in PAH, may provide new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatrijs Bartelds
- Center for Congenital Heart Disease, Beatrix Children's Hospital and
| | - Hans Wijnberg
- Center for Congenital Heart Disease, Beatrix Children's Hospital and
| | - Saffloer Mohaupt
- Center for Congenital Heart Disease, Beatrix Children's Hospital and
| | | | | | - Krista Kooi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans Gerbens
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf M. F. Berger
- Center for Congenital Heart Disease, Beatrix Children's Hospital and
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25
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Wang T, Han SX, Zhang SF, Ning YY, Chen L, Chen YJ, He GM, Xu D, An J, Yang T, Zhang XH, Wen FQ. Role of chymase in cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary artery remodeling and pulmonary hypertension in hamsters. Respir Res 2010; 11:36. [PMID: 20356378 PMCID: PMC2853423 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cigarette smoking is an important risk factor for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Chymase has been shown to function in the enzymatic production of angiotensin II (AngII) and the activation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in the cardiovascular system. The aim of this study was to determine the potential role of chymase in cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary artery remodeling and PAH. Methods Hamsters were exposed to cigarette smoke; after 4 months, lung morphology and tissue biochemical changes were examined using immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, radioimmunoassay and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results Our results show that chronic cigarette smoke exposure significantly induced elevation of right ventricular systolic pressures (RVSP) and medial hypertrophy of pulmonary arterioles in hamsters, concurrent with an increase of chymase activity and synthesis in the lung. Elevated Ang II levels and enhanced TGF-β1/Smad signaling activation were also observed in smoke-exposed lungs. Chymase inhibition with chymostatin reduced the cigarette smoke-induced increase in chymase activity and Ang II concentration in the lung, and attenuated the RVSP elevation and the remodeling of pulmonary arterioles. Chymostatin did not affect angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in hamster lungs. Conclusions These results suggest that chronic cigarette smoke exposure can increase chymase activity and expression in hamster lungs. The capability of activated chymase to induce Ang II formation and TGF-β1 signaling may be part of the mechanism for smoking-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling. Thus, our study implies that blockade of chymase might provide benefits to PAH smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, and Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
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