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Al-Sari' MI, Haritash AK. A multi-criteria approach to test and evaluate the efficiency of two composting systems under two different climates. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2024; 74:540-555. [PMID: 38874908 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2024.2365707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The selection of the appropriate composting system, climate conditions, and duration of the composting process are important parameters for municipal solid waste composting. Therefore, this research aimed to design, test, and evaluate two different static composting systems under two different climate regions, Palestine and India, following a multi-criteria approach. A forced-aeration composting system was designed for use in Palestine, and a naturally aerated one was used in India. Three experiments were conducted, two of them in Palestine and one in India. The operational parameters were controlled and monitored during the composting process, while the physio-chemical and biological parameters were tested to evaluate the compost end quality. The results showed that both systems provide good efficiency toward formation of final compost (39-43 days in Palestine, and 31 days in India), and the average materials' volume reduction was almost 60%. The physio-chemical analysis showed that most of the parameters comply with the threshold limits specified by the Palestinian Standards Institution (PSI) and Indian Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) except for minor deviations. Both systems provided a high fertility index (4.3, 4.7, and 4.8), and a high clean index (4.6, 5.0, and 4.7). However, the results of the biological parameters showed that all the experiments met PSI, but none of them met FCO, suggesting that the outer edges of the composting system didn't heat enough to inactivate pathogenic microbes, therefore, developing the system by adding turning option could overcome this shortcoming. It was concluded that the forced aeration system is suitable for Palestine, while the natural aeration system is suitable for India.Implications: Municipal solid waste management is facing technical and financial challenges worldwide due to the increasing generation of solid waste following the population growth. The current improper management of this waste stream through landfilling is adding pressure on the environment as a result of methane emissions and landfill leachate. Therefore, composting of the organic fraction through selection of an appropriate composting system can solve many waste management problems and contribute to environmental sustainability. This research focuses on design, test and evaluate two composting systems in two regions with different climatic conditions, Palestine and India as both are facing waste management problems. The outcome of this research optimized the composting process which can be replicated and scaled up in other countries worldwide with similar climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A K Haritash
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
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2
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V. KK, Mahendiran R, Subramanian P, Karthikeyan S, Surendrakumar A, Kumargouda V, Y. R, Choudhary S, Singh R, Verma AK. Optimization of biogas potential using kinetic models, response surface methodology, and instrumental evidence for biodegradation of tannery fleshings during anaerobic digestion. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220721. [PMID: 37744453 PMCID: PMC10512448 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The optimization of the batch size experiment was run for a hydraulic retention time of 45 days using proteolytic enzyme pretreatment. The highest amounts of biogas were produced in comparison to conventional BDS (25:75), which is not processed with enzymes, and there was an increase in the biogas generation of 13.9 and 18.57%. The kinetic models show the goodness of fit between 0.993 and 0.998 and the correlation coefficient's value domain was [-1, 1] from a statistical perspective. The Box-Behnken design was carried out using the response surface methodology at different levels of independent parameters to optimize the process. Different instruments were evaluated to determine the chemical structure change and the contamination of the different treatments and the raw sample of tannery fleshings was determined. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted to determine the loss of weight on thermal degradation. The Fourier transform infrared spectrometry was carried out to determine the different functional groups, such as -OH, -CH, -NH, and C-O, present in the samples of tannery fleshings. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis were carried out to determine the morphological alterations in the substrate, digestate, enzyme-pretreated fleshings, and the chemical composition of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavan Kumar V.
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, CTAE, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - R. Mahendiran
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India
| | - P. Subramanian
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India
| | - S. Karthikeyan
- Post Harvest Technology Centre, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India
| | - A. Surendrakumar
- Department of Farm Machinery and Power, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India
| | - V. Kumargouda
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560065, India
| | - Ravi Y.
- ICAR-National Research Centre Seed Spices, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305206, India
| | - Sharda Choudhary
- ICAR-National Research Centre Seed Spices, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305206, India
| | - Ravindra Singh
- ICAR-National Research Centre Seed Spices, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305206, India
| | - Arvind K. Verma
- ICAR-National Research Centre Seed Spices, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305206, India
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Chatterjee S, Das A, Paul D, Chakraborty S, Choudhury P. Utilization of fleshing waste of leather processing for the growth of zygomycetes: A new substrate for economical production of bio-polymer chitosan. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 343:118141. [PMID: 37245305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A simple scalable method has been developed to obtain protein hydrolysate from fleshing waste generated during leather processing. UV-Vis, FTIR and Solid State C13 NMR analyses identified that prepared protein hydrolysate is basically collagen hydrolysate. DLS and MALDI-TOF-MS spectra indicated that the prepared protein hydrolysate is mostly comprised of di- and tri-peptides and less poly-dispersed than the standard commercial product. A combination of 0.3% Yeast extract, 1% Protein Hydrolysate (PHz) and 2% Glucose is found to be the most efficient nutrient composition for the fermentative growth of three well-known chitosan producing zygomycetes group of fungi. Mucor sp. showed highest yield of biomass (2.74 g/L) as well as chitosan (335 mg/L). Biomass and chitosan yield for Rhizopus oryzae were found 1.53 g/L; 239 mg/L. Same for Absidia coerulea were 2.05 g/L and 212 mg/L, respectively. This work shows promising prospect of utilization of fleshing waste of leather processing for the low-cost production of industrially important biopolymer chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Chatterjee
- Regional Center Kolkata, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute 3/1C, Matheswar Tala Road, Kolkata, 700046, India.
| | - Ashmita Das
- Regional Center Kolkata, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute 3/1C, Matheswar Tala Road, Kolkata, 700046, India
| | - Debasmita Paul
- Regional Center Kolkata, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute 3/1C, Matheswar Tala Road, Kolkata, 700046, India
| | - Sayan Chakraborty
- Regional Center Kolkata, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute 3/1C, Matheswar Tala Road, Kolkata, 700046, India
| | - Poushali Choudhury
- Regional Center Kolkata, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute 3/1C, Matheswar Tala Road, Kolkata, 700046, India
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Hashem MA, Hasan M, Hasan MA, Sahen MS, Payel S, Mizan A, Nur-A-Tomal MS. Composting of limed fleshings generated in a tannery: sustainable waste management. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:39029-39041. [PMID: 36595172 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-25070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In tanneries, limed fleshing is an unavoidable waste generated in beamhouse operation. Proper management of limed fleshing with protein, fat, lime, and sulfide will help to protect the natural environment and at least reduce the pollution that ends up in it. In this study, excluding any pretreatment, limed fleshing is used for compost production. Chopped and mixed limed fleshing with chicken manure, cow dung, and sawdust was heaped onto a horizontal bamboo frame. Three composting heaps were fabricated weighing 720, 700, and 760 kg. The turning of composting materials in the heaps causes temperature changes in the thermophilic range. The thermophilic temperatures in these heaps were 69.07 °C (heap 1), 69.9 °C (heap 2), and 69.19 °C (heap 3) which ensured the death of the pathogenic organism. The quality of compost was assessed based on the nutrients-nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S) content. NPKS in the compost fulfils the requirements of the investigated materials as compost. The largest amounts of metals- zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) of the compost detected in the heaps were, respectively, 200.3, 37.4, 20.3, 12.0, and 3.9 mg/kg. Cadmium (Cd) in the compost was below the detection limit. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs show the decomposing of composting materials. This study indicates that limed fleshing can be converted into nutrient-enriched compost without any pretreatment. Using an easy, simple, and adaptable technique could reduce the volume of solid waste generated in the tannery to reduce environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abul Hashem
- Department of Leather Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh.
| | - Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Anik Hasan
- Department of Leather Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sahariar Sahen
- Department of Leather Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
| | - Sofia Payel
- Department of Leather Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
| | - Al Mizan
- Department of Leather Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahruk Nur-A-Tomal
- Department of Leather Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
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Mozhiarasi V, Natarajan TS. Slaughterhouse and poultry wastes: management practices, feedstocks for renewable energy production, and recovery of value added products. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2022:1-24. [PMID: 35194536 PMCID: PMC8830992 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-022-02352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The slaughterhouse and poultry industry is possibly one of the fastest-growing sectors driven by the increasing demand in food availability. Subsequently, the wastes produced from the slaughterhouse and poultry industry are in huge quantities, which could be a promising resource for the recovery of value added products, and bioenergy production to minimize the dependence on fossil fuels. Furthermore, the wastes from slaughterhouses and poultry are a hub of pathogens that is capable of infecting humans and animals. This demands the emerging need for an effective and safe disposal method to reduce the spread of diseases following animal slaughtering. In light of that, the state of the production of slaughterhouse and poultry wastes was presented at first. Following this, the impact of solid waste exposure in terms of air, water, and soil pollution and the associated health challenges due to improper solid waste management practices were presented to highlight the importance of the topic. Secondly, the potency of these solid wastes and the various waste-to-energy technologies that have been employed for effective management and resource utilization of wastes generated from slaughterhouses and poultry were reviewed in detail. Finally, this review also highlights the opportunities and challenges associated with effective solid waste management, future requirements for the development of effective technologies for the recovery of value added products (like keratin, fibreboards), and biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velusamy Mozhiarasi
- CLRI Regional Centre, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Punjab Jalandhar, 144021 India
| | - Thillai Sivakumar Natarajan
- Environmental Science Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Chennai, 600020 Tamil Nadu India
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Kavan Kumar V, Mahendiran R, Subramanian P, Karthikeyan S, Surendrakumar A. Optimization of inoculum to substrate ratio for enhanced methane yield from leather fleshings in a batch study. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yang W, Fan X, Li S, Ma Z, Cheng Y, Kou J. Can white clover facilitate apple orchard residue composting? ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:2428-2437. [PMID: 31825742 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1703822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to assess the efficiency of white clove (WC) as an alternative nitrogen source for composting and to facilitate the utilization of orchard waste, WC as compared with chicken manure (CM) was aerobically composted with apple tree leaves (ATL) in initial C/N ratios of 25(R25), 30(R30) and 35(R35). The results show that WC facilitated the rapid and harmless treatment of ATL with the compost temperature above 55°C for more than 3 days. After composting, for all final products, organic matter content was 69.9%-72.9%, electrical conductivity (EC) 1.48-2.31 ms cm-1, germination index (GI) more than 80% and C/N ratios less than 20. Among all treatments, the product from R30 was most nutrient-rich. Compared with CM, WC facilitated the harmless treatment of ATL and required less time for high quality compost production. It is concluded that WC is an excellent replacement for animal manure as a nitrogen source in field composting of orchard waste in areas with limited transportation. WC and ATL can produce high quality organic fertilizer and initial C/N ratio of 30 is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenquan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Fan
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangwei Li
- Gulang Grassland Station, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau of Gulang County, Gulang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhu Ma
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyang Cheng
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiancun Kou
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
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Hu X, Zhang T, Tian G, Zhang L, Bian B. Pilot-scale vermicomposting of sewage sludge mixed with mature vermicompost using earthworm reactor of frame composite structure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:144217. [PMID: 33434844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To improve the efficiency of sludge vermicomposting, a new cost-effective method is provided. It uses a new earthworm reactor with a frame composite structure for vermicomposting and reuses mature vermicompost to condition the sludge. Under the optimum conditions (proportion of earthworm droppings: 15%; thickness of sludge laying: 6 cm; moisture content of initial sludge mixture: 75%), the method of continuous operation described herein works well and presents three advantages compared with the traditional vermicomposting method: the short time required for vermicomposting (20.25 h); covering a small area (5 m2/t·d); and a low cost. In addition, the vermicompost obtained from sludge vermicomposting shows better stability and maturity (C/N: 14.96; GI: 86.42%; TOC: 188.5 mg/g; ash content: 516.2 mg/g). The investigation of the associated mechanisms, including 3D-EEM, TGA, SEM and microbial community analyses, revealed that the addition of mature vermicompost can speed up the progress of decomposition and humification of organic matter in sludge. The process of vermicomposting and adding mature vermicompost significantly modified the microbial community of sewage sludge, and the changes in microorganisms in vermicompost were related to the microorganisms in the earthworm gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuren Hu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Ganpei Tian
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; Green Economy Development Institute, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bo Bian
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China.
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Ravindran B, Karmegam N, Yuvaraj A, Thangaraj R, Chang SW, Zhang Z, Kumar Awasthi M. Cleaner production of agriculturally valuable benignant materials from industry generated bio-wastes: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 320:124281. [PMID: 33099155 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bio-wastes from different agro-based industries are increasing at a rapid rate with the growing human population's demand for the products. The industries procure raw materials largely from agriculture, finish it with the required major product, and produce huge bio-wastes which are mostly disposed unscientifically. This creates serious environmental problems and loss of resources and nutrients. Traditional bio-wastes disposal possess several demerits which again return with negative impact over the eco-system. Anaerobic digestion, composting, co-composting, and vermicomposting are now-a-days given importance due to the improved and modified methods with enhanced transformation of bio-wastes into suitable soil amendments. The advanced and modified methods like biochar assisted composting and vermicomposting is highlighted with the updated knowledge in the field. Hence, the present study has been carried to compile the effective and efficient methods of utilizing industry generated bio-wastes for circularity between agriculture - industrial sectors to promote sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Suwon 16227, South Korea
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S W Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Suwon 16227, South Korea
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Smith BAM, Eudoxie G, Stein R, Ramnarine R, Raghavan V. Effect of neem leaf inclusion rates on compost physico-chemical, thermal and spectroscopic stability. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 114:136-147. [PMID: 32659686 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Neem leaves possess antimicrobial, insecticidal and nitrification inhibitory biochemicals that may influence compost stability. However, if neem-based compost achieves stability, it can prove useful by providing fertilizer-cum-pesticide properties. Therefore, conventional (physico-chemical), thermogravimetric (TGA) and spectroscopic analyses (FTIR and 13C SS NMR) were used to evaluate the effects of neem leaf content on stability. Treatments included 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% neem leaves by volume combined with complimentary amounts of corn stover to form 50% of the substrate formulation (SF). Cow manure constituted the additional 50%. Despite all treatments reaching ambient temperature (32 °C ± 1 °C) by the 40th day, Solvita® results showed high CO2 respiration, thereby classifying the compost treatments as active, whereas decreased C:N ratio, NH4+: NO3- ratio and NH4+ values among treatments indicated stability. Furthermore, TGA, FTIR and 13C NMR revealed degradation of labile organic matter and showed that complex aromatic and lignin compounds were also degraded, particularly when neem leaves were added to the mixture, suggesting that aromatisation does not always indicate stability in compost. Spearman's rank correlation showed that physico-chemical methods were poorly correlated to respirometric, thermal and spectroscopic methods. It also suggests that these respirometric and advanced methods are important in understanding the mechanisms affecting neem compost stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A M Smith
- Department of Food Production, Faculty of Food & Agriculture, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Gaius Eudoxie
- Department of Food Production, Faculty of Food & Agriculture, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Robin Stein
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, McGill University, Canada
| | - Ravindra Ramnarine
- Department of Food Production, Faculty of Food & Agriculture, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Vijaya Raghavan
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Canada
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Wainaina S, Awasthi MK, Sarsaiya S, Chen H, Singh E, Kumar A, Ravindran B, Awasthi SK, Liu T, Duan Y, Kumar S, Zhang Z, Taherzadeh MJ. Resource recovery and circular economy from organic solid waste using aerobic and anaerobic digestion technologies. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 301:122778. [PMID: 31983580 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With the inevitable rise in human population, resource recovery from waste stream is becoming important for a sustainable economy, conservation of the ecosystem as well as for reducing the dependence on the finite natural resources. In this regard, a bio-based circular economy considers organic wastes and residues as potential resources that can be utilized to supply chemicals, nutrients, and fuels needed by mankind. This review explored the role of aerobic and anaerobic digestion technologies for the advancement of a bio-based circular society. The developed routes within the anaerobic digestion domain, such as the production of biogas and other high-value chemicals (volatile fatty acids) were discussed. The potential to recover important nutrients, such as nitrogen through composting, was also addressed. An emphasis was made on the innovative models for improved economics and process performance, which include co-digestion of various organic solid wastes, recovery of multiple bio-products, and integrated bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Wainaina
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden.
| | - Surendra Sarsaiya
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin Altensteinstr. 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ekta Singh
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, Maharashtra, India
| | - B Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, South Korea
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Yumin Duan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Sunil Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
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Boruah T, Barman A, Kalita P, Lahkar J, Deka H. Vermicomposting of citronella bagasse and paper mill sludge mixture employing Eisenia fetida. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 294:122147. [PMID: 31557650 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The vermicomposting potential of Eisenia fetida on citronella bagasse and paper mill sludge mixture was studied. The experiment was carried out in pots by taking a mixture of citronella bagasse and paper mill sludge in 3:2 ratios. The physico-chemical properties such as pH, conductivity, total organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, trace elements and heavy metals were studied in the end products. The ash content, humification index, C/N ratio and scanning electron microscopic analysis were done to understand the maturity of the vermicompost. Results revealed that bioconversion of citronella bagasse and paper mill sludge mixture is accompanied with reduction of C/N ratio and humification index; enhancement of nutrients profile, nitrogen fixing, phosphate and potassium solubilizing bacterial population. SEM analysis showed that there was more disintegration in vermicompost samples than the initial raw materials and compost. Further, earthworm population and biomass has significantly increased by the end of the experimental trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Boruah
- Environmental Botany and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati 14, Assam, India
| | - A Barman
- Environmental Botany and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati 14, Assam, India
| | - P Kalita
- Environmental Botany and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati 14, Assam, India
| | - J Lahkar
- CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - H Deka
- Environmental Botany and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati 14, Assam, India.
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Qiao C, Ryan Penton C, Liu C, Shen Z, Ou Y, Liu Z, Xu X, Li R, Shen Q. Key extracellular enzymes triggered high-efficiency composting associated with bacterial community succession. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 288:121576. [PMID: 31176934 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A consortium of key bacterial taxa plays critical roles in the composting process. In order to elucidate the identity and mechanisms by which specific bacterial species drive high-efficiency composting, the succession of key bacterial consortia and extracellular enzymes produced during the composting process were monitored in composting piles with varying initial C/N ratios. Results showed that C/N ratios of 25 and 35 enhanced composting efficiency through elevated temperatures, higher germination indices, enhanced cellulose and hemicellulose degradation, and higher cellulase and dehydrogenase activities. The activities of cellulase and β-glucosidase, cellulase and protease, and cellulase and β-glucosidase exhibited significant relationships with bacterial community composition within the mesophilic, thermophilic, and mature phases, respectively. Putative key taxa, linked to a higher composting efficiency, such as Nonomuraea, Desemzia, Cellulosimicrobium, Virgibacillus, Clostridium, and Achromobacter, exhibited significantly positive relationships with extracellular enzyme activities, suggesting a significant contribution to these taxa to the development of composting maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cece Qiao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China; College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - C Ryan Penton
- College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Chao Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zongzhuan Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yannan Ou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhengyang Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xu Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Rong Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
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14
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Ravindran B, Lee SR, Chang SW, Nguyen DD, Chung WJ, Balasubramanian B, Mupambwa HA, Arasu MV, Al-Dhabi NA, Sekaran G. Positive effects of compost and vermicompost produced from tannery waste-animal fleshing on the growth and yield of commercial crop-tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) plant. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 234:154-158. [PMID: 30616187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of solid waste has intensified with the increase in world population and industrialization. Most importantly, wastes of animal origin such as animal manures and tannery wastes are a major under-utilized resource in most countries with potential for utilization in crop production. This study evaluated the potential of solid state hydrolyzed tannery animal fleshing (SSF-ANFL) and submerged state hydrolyzed tannery ANFL (SmF-ANFL) vermicompost and compost amended soils on the growth, yield and chemical characteristics of tomatoes. It was interesting to observe that of most measured parameters, the SSF amended treatments resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) the highest measurements compared to the SmF amended treatments. On average, the SSF vermicompost resulted in a 10%, 8.9% and 14% higher plant height, stem girth and leaf numbers, respectively, compared to other treatments combined. It was also noteworthy that, for the same parameters, the SSF-ANFL based treatments resulted in a 7.7%, 10.1% and 7.4% higher plant height, stem girth and leaf numbers, respectively, relative to the SmF-ANFL based treatments. The study demonstrates the potential of animal fleshing based vermicomposts as nutrient sources in crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, South Korea.
| | - Sang Ryong Lee
- Department of Agro-biotechnology & Convergence, Jeonju University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, South Korea.
| | - Dinh Duc Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, South Korea
| | - Woo Jin Chung
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, South Korea
| | | | - Hupenyu Allan Mupambwa
- Sam Nujoma Marine and Coastal Resources Research Centre, Sam Nujoma Campus, University of Namibia, P. Bag 462, Henties Bay, Namibia
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ganesan Sekaran
- Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai, 600 020, Tamilnadu, India
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15
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Ravindran B, Nguyen DD, Chaudhary DK, Chang SW, Kim J, Lee SR, Shin J, Jeon BH, Chung S, Lee J. Influence of biochar on physico-chemical and microbial community during swine manure composting process. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 232:592-599. [PMID: 30517840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Excessive nutrients and toxic gas emissions from animal manure management are of great global concern, with negative environmental and economic consequences worldwide. Due to biochar recalcitrance and sorption properties, this study investigated the effect of the biochar(BC) derived from bamboo, amendment on swine manure(SM) composting efficiency through physical, physio-chemical, gaseous emissions, microbiological, and phytotoxic analysis during the 56 day process of in-vessel composting. The treatments were set-up from different ratios of biochar to swine manure mixed with sawdust(SD)(i.e. SM + SD + 3%BC(T1), SM:SD + 5 %BC(T2) and SM:SD + 10 %BC (T3)), while treatment without biochar amendment was used as a control, SM:SD(C). The results showed that, compared to the control, biochar amended compost mixtures had significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) bulk density, organic matter(OM), C:N ratio, NH3 emission, pathogenic microorganisms, and phytotoxicity effect (Cress seed, Lepidium sativum Linn.). On the other hand, biochar amendment mixtures had increased total porosity, water holding capacity, rapid thermophilic temperature, and nitrate nitrogen. However, with the most prominent effects in terms of the nutrient quality and degradation rate of compost mixtures, the amendment of 10% biochar is recommended for swine manure management through the composting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, South Korea.
| | - Dinh Duc Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, South Korea
| | - Dhiraj Kumar Chaudhary
- Ecology Laboratory, Dept. of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Kyonggi University, 154-42 Gwanggyosan-Ro, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, South Korea
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, South Korea.
| | - Jaisoo Kim
- Ecology Laboratory, Dept. of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Kyonggi University, 154-42 Gwanggyosan-Ro, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, South Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Lee
- Department of Agro-biotechnology & convergence, Jeonju University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - JoungDu Shin
- Department of Climate Change and Agro-ecology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, WanJu Gun, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - SeokJoo Chung
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, South Korea
| | - JaeJoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, South Korea
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16
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Khatua C, Sengupta S, Krishna Balla V, Kundu B, Chakraborti A, Tripathi S. Dynamics of organic matter decomposition during vermicomposting of banana stem waste using Eisenia fetida. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 79:287-295. [PMID: 30343756 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of how dynamics of physical and chemical changes occur during vermicomposting process would be helpful for determining the stability and maturity of vermicompost. For improving the knowledge about this issue several instrumental techniques were used in the present study to analyse the physical and chemical changes as a function of vermicomposting time of banana stem waste (BS) spiked with cow dung (CD) in different proportions using earthworm Eisenia fetida. Chemical analysis by ICP-AES showed gradual increase in the plant nutrients (P, Ca, K, Mg, Fe) up to 60 day of vermicomposting in all the treatments. But among different treatments, K, Mg and Fe were considerably higher in the BS2CD1 blend. The FTIR showed strong NO stretching vibration with increasing BS content signifying the presence of nitrate in the final compost. The TG analysis of final BS-CD composts described the lower mass loss (52-55%) in the final compared to the initial stage due to high level of humification by earthworms. The maturity of the final compost was confirmed by DSC analysis which exhibited lowering of relative intensity of exothermic peaks related to the easily degradable material at 320-330 °C and complex organic moieties at 495-530 °C. Decrease in the humification index (Q4/6, Q2/4, Q2/6) at 60 day confirmed the stability of vermicomposts. All the treatments showed <2 mg CO2-C g-1 vermicompost C day-1 respiration rates and >70% germination indices (GI) for rice and pea seeds. These findings defined a clear comparison between the treatments during vermicomposting in terms of stability and maturity and revealed that BS2CD1 can be utilized as nutrient-rich stable compost for enhanced crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Khatua
- Bioceramics & Coating Division, CSIR - Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute, 196 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (ACSIR), CSIR - Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute Campus, 196 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Somoshree Sengupta
- Bioceramics & Coating Division, CSIR - Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute, 196 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (ACSIR), CSIR - Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute Campus, 196 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Vamsi Krishna Balla
- Bioceramics & Coating Division, CSIR - Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute, 196 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (ACSIR), CSIR - Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute Campus, 196 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Biswanath Kundu
- Bioceramics & Coating Division, CSIR - Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute, 196 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (ACSIR), CSIR - Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute Campus, 196 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ashis Chakraborti
- Department of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohonpur, Nadia 741246, India
| | - Sudipta Tripathi
- Institute of Agricultural Science, University of Calcutta, 51/2, Hazra Road, Kolkata 700019, India.
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17
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Ramesh RR, Muralidharan V, Palanivel S. Preparation and application of unhairing enzyme using solid wastes from the leather industry-an attempt toward internalization of solid wastes within the leather industry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:2121-2136. [PMID: 29110233 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Usage of the animal fleshing waste as the source of carbon and nitrogen for animal skin unhairing protease (EC 3.4.21) production along with agro-industrial wastes like wheat bran has been investigated. Thermal hydrolysis of delimed fleshing waste for 3 h yielded a fleshing hydrolysate (FH) having a protein content of 20.86 mg/mL and total solids of 46,600 ppm. The FH was lyophilized and spray dried to obtain fleshing hydrolysate powder (FHP) to be used along with wheat bran and rice bran for protease production. The carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and sulfur contents of the FHP were found to be 40.1, 13.8, 5.4, and 0.2%. The control solid-state fermented (SSF) medium without FHP showed a maximum activity of only 550 U/g. A maximum protease activity of 956 U/g was obtained by using 6% FHP (taken based on the combined total weight of wheat bran and rice bran) after 96 h of fermentation, resulting in a 1.7-fold increase in the protease activity. The total cost of producing 1 kg of FHP and the cost of producing 1000 kU of protease using FHP along with wheat bran and rice bran were found to be USD 24.62 and USD 2.08, respectively; 25% of SSF protease along with 40% water was found to be capable of unhairing the sheepskins in 7 h eliminating the hazardous conventional lime sulfide unhairing system. Thus, the leather industry's solid waste internalized for the production of unhairing enzyme resulted in a sustainable solution for pollution problems. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renganath Rao Ramesh
- Leather Process Technology Department, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600 020, India
| | - Vimudha Muralidharan
- Leather Process Technology Department, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600 020, India
| | - Saravanan Palanivel
- Leather Process Technology Department, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600 020, India.
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18
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Swati A, Hait S. A Comprehensive Review of the Fate of Pathogens during Vermicomposting of Organic Wastes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018; 47:16-29. [PMID: 29415111 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.07.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Management of both municipal and industrial organic wastes remains a major threat to biota and the environment due to the presence of pathogens in abundance. Vermicomposting employing earthworms is increasingly gaining attention as a sustainable and ecofriendly technique to transform and sanitize a variety of organic wastes into nutrient-rich biofertilizer. Although considerable research has been undertaken to show that vermicomposting can significantly reduce pathogenic contents, there is little effort to summarize the various mechanisms responsible for it. With the aim to assess the fate of pathogens during vermicomposting of various organic wastes, this article provides a comprehensive summary on the occurrence of pathogens in a variety of wastes vis-à-vis pathogens standards, the efficacy of the process for pathogen reduction, and current knowledge of the plausible mechanisms involved. It is evident from the present study that earthworms and endosymbiotic microbes during vermicomposting tend to eliminate pathogens by enhancing enzymatic activities in both gut- and cast-associated processes. Pathogen reduction during vermicomposting can be plausibly attributed to direct actions like microbial inhibition due to intestinal enzymatic action, and secretion of coelomic fluids with antibacterial properties, as well as indirect actions like stimulation of endemic microbes leading to competition and antagonism, and aeration by burrowing activity. Further, the pathogen reduction during vermicomposting is largely selective, and earthworms exert a differential effect according to the earthworm species and whether the pathogen considered is Gram-positive or -negative, owing to its cell wall composition. However, further research is necessary to understand the exact mechanisms involved for pathogen reduction during vermistabilization of municipal and industrial organic wastes.
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19
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Jeong KH, Kim JK, Ravindran B, Lee DJ, Wong JWC, Selvam A, Karthikeyan OP, Kwag JH. Evaluation of pilot-scale in-vessel composting for Hanwoo manure management. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:201-206. [PMID: 28892692 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated the effect of in-vessel composting process on Hanwoo manure in two different South Korea regions (Pyeongchang and Goechang) with sawdust using vertical cylindrical in-vessel bioreactor for 42days. The stability and quality of Hanwoo manure in both regions were improved and confirmed through the positive changes in physico-chemical and phytotoxic properties using different commercial seed crops. The pH and electrical conductivity (EC, ds/m) of composted manure in both regions were slightly increased. At the same time, carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio and ammonium nitrogen:nitrate nitrogen (NH4+-N:NO3--N) ratio decreased to 13.4-16.1 and 0.36-0.37, respectively. The germination index (GI, %) index was recorded in the range of 67.6-120.9%, which was greater than 50%, indicating phytotoxin-free compost. Although, composted manure values in Goechang region were better in significant parameters, overall results confirmed that the composting process could lead to complete maturation of the composted product in both regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Hwa Jeong
- Animal Environment Division, Department of Animal Biotechnology and Environment, National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), RDA, Wanju-Gun, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Jung Kon Kim
- Animal Environment Division, Department of Animal Biotechnology and Environment, National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), RDA, Wanju-Gun, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Animal Environment Division, Department of Animal Biotechnology and Environment, National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), RDA, Wanju-Gun, Jeonju, South Korea.
| | - Dong Jun Lee
- Animal Environment Division, Department of Animal Biotechnology and Environment, National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), RDA, Wanju-Gun, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Jonathan Woon-Chung Wong
- Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ammaiyappan Selvam
- Department of Plant Science, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Obuli P Karthikeyan
- Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwag
- Animal Environment Division, Department of Animal Biotechnology and Environment, National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), RDA, Wanju-Gun, Jeonju, South Korea
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20
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Soobhany N, Gunasee S, Rago YP, Joyram H, Raghoo P, Mohee R, Garg VK. Spectroscopic, thermogravimetric and structural characterization analyses for comparing Municipal Solid Waste composts and vermicomposts stability and maturity. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 236:11-19. [PMID: 28390272 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This is the first-ever study of its kind for an extensive assessment and comparison of maturity indexes between compost and vermicompost that have been derived from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). The spectroscopic (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and structural characterization (scanning electron microscope: SEM) were recorded. FT-IR spectra showed an increase in conversion of polysaccharides species and aliphatic methylene groups in vermicompost compared to compost as depicted from the variation of the intensity of the peaks. TG curves of final vermicompost showed a much lower mass loss when compared to compost, indicating higher stability in feedstock. SEM micrographs of the vermicompost reflected strong fragmentation of material than composts which revealed the extent of intra-structural degradation of MSW. These findings elucidate on a clear comparison between composts and vermicomposts in terms of maturity indexes for soil enhancement and in agriculture as organic fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuhaa Soobhany
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mauritius, Réduit, 80837, Mauritius
| | - Sanjana Gunasee
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mauritius, Réduit, 80837, Mauritius; Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Yogeshwari Pooja Rago
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mauritius, Réduit, 80837, Mauritius
| | - Hashita Joyram
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mauritius, Réduit, 80837, Mauritius
| | - Pravesh Raghoo
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mauritius, Réduit, 80837, Mauritius
| | | | - Vinod Kumar Garg
- Centre for Environmental Sciences and Technology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India.
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21
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Onwosi CO, Igbokwe VC, Odimba JN, Eke IE, Nwankwoala MO, Iroh IN, Ezeogu LI. Composting technology in waste stabilization: On the methods, challenges and future prospects. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 190:140-157. [PMID: 28040590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Composting technology has become invaluable in stabilization of municipal waste due to its environmental compatibility. In this review, different types of composting methods reportedly applied in waste management were explored. Further to that, the major factors such as temperature, pH, C/N ratio, moisture, particle size that have been considered relevant in the monitoring of the composting process were elucidated. Relevant strategies to improve and optimize process effectiveness were also addressed. However, during composting, some challenges such as leachate generation, gas emission and lack of uniformity in assessing maturity indices are imminent. Here in, these challenges were properly addressed and some strategies towards ameliorating them were proffered. Finally, we highlighted some recent technologies that could improve composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwudi O Onwosi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Victor C Igbokwe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Joyce N Odimba
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ifeanyichukwu E Eke
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Mary O Nwankwoala
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ikemdinachi N Iroh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Lewis I Ezeogu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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22
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Bhat SA, Singh J, Vig AP. Instrumental characterization of organic wastes for evaluation of vermicompost maturity. J Anal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-017-0112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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23
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Sandhya KV, Abinandan S, Vedaraman N, Velappan KC. Extraction of fleshing oil from waste limed fleshings and biodiesel production. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 48:638-643. [PMID: 26445362 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was focused on extraction of fleshing oil from limed fleshings with different neutralization process by ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) followed by solvent extraction. The production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from limed fleshing oil by two stage process has also been investigated. The central composite design (CCD) was used to study the effect of process variables viz., amount of flesh, particle size and time of fleshing oil extraction. The maximum yield of fleshing oil from limed fleshings post neutralization by ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) was 26.32g and 12.43g obtained at 200g of flesh, with a particle size of 3.90mm in the time period of 2h. Gas chromatography analysis reveals that the biodiesel (FAME) obtained from limed fleshings is rich in oleic and palmitic acids with weight percentages 46.6 and 32.2 respectively. The resulting biodiesel was characterized for its physio-chemical properties of diesel as per international standards (EN14214).
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Sandhya
- Chemical Engineering Division, CSIR-CLRI, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Abinandan
- Chemical Engineering Division, CSIR-CLRI, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Vedaraman
- Chemical Engineering Division, CSIR-CLRI, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - K C Velappan
- Chemical Engineering Division, CSIR-CLRI, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India
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24
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Ravindran B, Kumari SKS, Stenstrom TA, Bux F. Evaluation of phytotoxicity effect on selected crops using treated and untreated wastewater from different configurative domestic wastewater plants. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2016; 37:1782-1789. [PMID: 26806819 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1132776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the phytotoxicity effect of untreated and treated wastewater collected from two different configurations of domestic wastewater treatment plants in South Africa. The phytotoxicity effect on vegetable seed growth was studied in terms of germination index (GI), relative seed germination (RSG) and relative root elongation (RRE) using four commercial crop varieties, viz., tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), radish (Raphanus sativus), carrot (Daucus carota) and onion (Allium cepa). According to phyototoxicity limits, 80% germination and above is regarded as non-toxic and less than 50% GI is regarded as highly toxic and not suitable for agricultural purposes. In our study, seeds were irrigated with concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of treated effluent (TE) and untreated effluent (UTE). The TE results were best with the highest GI (%) recorded as tomato, 177; carrot, 158.5; onion, 132; and lettuce, 124. The results of this study indicate that TE showed no phytotoxicty effects and recorded above 80% GI. The UTE irrigated crops reached a GI of only 50% and above which is clear evidence of the beneficial effect of waste water treatment. The overall results confirmed that treated wastewater has a beneficial effect on agricultural crops and can be used as a liquid fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ravindran
- a Department of Biotechnology , Institute for Water & Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology , Durban , South Africa
| | - S K Sheena Kumari
- a Department of Biotechnology , Institute for Water & Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology , Durban , South Africa
| | - T A Stenstrom
- a Department of Biotechnology , Institute for Water & Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology , Durban , South Africa
| | - F Bux
- a Department of Biotechnology , Institute for Water & Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology , Durban , South Africa
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Ge J, Huang G, Huang J, Zeng J, Han L. Mechanism and kinetics of organic matter degradation based on particle structure variation during pig manure aerobic composting. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 292:19-26. [PMID: 25781372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of the dynamic structure of composting particles may facilitate our understanding of the mechanisms of organic matter degradation during pig manure-wheat straw aerobic composting. In this study, changes in the size, shape, pores, chemical compositions, and crystal structures of pig manure particles during composting were investigated. The results showed that the median diameter (D50) decreased exponentially, while the particle aspect ratio and sphericity were unchanged, suggesting that particles were degraded uniformly along different radial directions. Pores had a mean diameter of 15-30 μm and were elliptical. The particle porosity increased linearly mainly because of hemicellulose degradation. Furthermore, the influence of particle structure variation on the first order rate constant (k) of organic matter degradation was corrected, which may facilitate the optimization of operation conditions. The k value was proportional to the reciprocal of D50 according to the specific surface area of particles, and it decreased with increased porosity due to the stabilized chemical compositions and crystal structures of particles. However, the applicability of these data to other composting materials should be verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Ge
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guangqun Huang
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianfei Zeng
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lujia Han
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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26
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Mupambwa HA, Mnkeni PNS. Optimization of fly ash incorporation into cow dung-waste paper mixtures for enhanced vermidegradation and nutrient release. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2015; 44:972-981. [PMID: 26024277 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2014.10.0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to establish an appropriate mixture ratio of fly ash (F) to optimized cow dung-waste paper mixtures (CP) to develop a high-quality vermicompost using earthworms (). Fly ash was mixed with cow dung-waste paper mixtures at ratios of (F:CP) 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1, and 3:1 or CP alone and composted for 14 wk. Olsen P, inorganic N (NO, NO, and NH), C:N ratio, ash content, microbial biomass C, and humification parameters were measured together with scanning electron micrograph images to determine compost maturity. Based on C:N ratio, the extent of vermidegradation of the waste mixtures followed the decreasing order (F:CP) of 1:3 > 1:2 > 1:1 > CP alone > 2:1 > 3:1. Similarly, Olsen P was significantly higher ( < 0.05) where earthworms were added. The mean percentage increase in extractable P was in the order CP alone > 1:2 > 1:3 > 1:1 > 2:1 > 3:1, with earthworm addition almost doubling P release across the 1:1, 1:2, and CP alone treatments. Fly ash incorporation enhanced conversion of organic N to the plant-available inorganic forms, with the 1:3 treatment resulting in the highest conversion. Scanning electron micrograph images confirmed the extent of vermidegradation reflected by the various humification parameters determined. Fly ash incorporation at the 1:2 ratio proved to be the most appropriate because it allows processing of more fly ash while giving a vermicompost with desirable maturity and nutritional properties.
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Ravindran B, Wong JWC, Selvam A, Murugesan K, Mohanapriya D, Sekaran G. Influence of fermented tannery solid waste on morphological, biochemical, yield and nutritional responses of tomato plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:4327-4335. [PMID: 25296938 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The non-tanned proteinaceous tannery solid waste animal fleshing (ANFL), containing high nutritive value, was hydrolyzed using bacteria Selenomonas ruminantium HM000123 through submerged (SmF) and solid-state (SSF) fermentation processes. In addition, the effects of ANFL fermentative hydrolysate on growth, yield and biochemical properties of tomato plants were investigated. The treatments included T1 (SmF-ANFL), T2 (SSF-ANFL), T3 (recommended dose of NPK fertilizers) and a control without any amendment. Hydrolysates of both SmF-ANFL and SSF-ANFL treatments increased the biomass and yield as evidenced by plant height, stem girth, number of leaves and fruit yield when compared with both NPK and control plants. In this 90-day study, significant (p ≤ 0.05) changes were observed in SSF-ANFL treated plants compared to the other treatments. Protein profile analyzed through SDS-PAGE indicates the expression of a high molecular weight protein (205 kDa) and other proteins in the leaves of the SSF-ANFL treated plants. Overall results revealed that SSF-ANFL can be successfully utilized as a fertilizer particularly for cultivating tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ravindran
- Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China,
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28
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Arivizhivendhan KV, Boopathy R, Maharaja P, Regina Mary R, Sekaran G. Bioactive prodigiosin-impregnated cellulose matrix for the removal of pathogenic bacteria from aqueous solution. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09172a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prodigiosin impregnated column reactor (PICCR) was developed for the removal of pathogenic bacteria from water/wastewater. The impregnation of prodigiosin on cellulose matrix significantly improved the activity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Boopathy
- Environmental Technology Division
- Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR)
- Chennai – 600 020
- India
| | - P. Maharaja
- Environmental Technology Division
- Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR)
- Chennai – 600 020
- India
| | - R. Regina Mary
- PG & Research Department of Zoology
- Auxilium College
- Vellore – 623 006
- India
| | - G. Sekaran
- Environmental Technology Division
- Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR)
- Chennai – 600 020
- India
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29
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Alptekin E, Canakci M, Sanli H. Biodiesel production from vegetable oil and waste animal fats in a pilot plant. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 34:2146-54. [PMID: 25151441 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, corn oil as vegetable oil, chicken fat and fleshing oil as animal fats were used to produce methyl ester in a biodiesel pilot plant. The FFA level of the corn oil was below 1% while those of animal fats were too high to produce biodiesel via base catalyst. Therefore, it was needed to perform pretreatment reaction for the animal fats. For this aim, sulfuric acid was used as catalyst and methanol was used as alcohol in the pretreatment reactions. After reducing the FFA level of the animal fats to less than 1%, the transesterification reaction was completed with alkaline catalyst. Due to low FFA content of corn oil, it was directly subjected to transesterification. Potassium hydroxide was used as catalyst and methanol was used as alcohol for transesterification reactions. The fuel properties of methyl esters produced in the biodiesel pilot plant were characterized and compared to EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 biodiesel standards. According to the results, ester yield values of animal fat methyl esters were slightly lower than that of the corn oil methyl ester (COME). The production cost of COME was higher than those of animal fat methyl esters due to being high cost biodiesel feedstock. The fuel properties of produced methyl esters were close to each other. Especially, the sulfur content and cold flow properties of the COME were lower than those of animal fat methyl esters. The measured fuel properties of all produced methyl esters met ASTM D6751 (S500) biodiesel fuel standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertan Alptekin
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Kocaeli University, 41380 Izmit, Turkey; Alternative Fuels R&D Center, Kocaeli University, 41275 Izmit, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Canakci
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Kocaeli University, 41380 Izmit, Turkey; Alternative Fuels R&D Center, Kocaeli University, 41275 Izmit, Turkey.
| | - Huseyin Sanli
- Alternative Fuels R&D Center, Kocaeli University, 41275 Izmit, Turkey; Golcuk Vocational High School, Kocaeli University, 41650 Golcuk, Turkey
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30
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Ravindran B, Contreras-Ramos SM, Wong JWC, Selvam A, Sekaran G. Nutrient and enzymatic changes of hydrolysed tannery solid waste treated with epigeic earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae and phytotoxicity assessment on selected commercial crops. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:641-651. [PMID: 23818071 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1897-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Animal fleshing (ANFL) is the predominant proteinaceous solid waste generated during processing of leather and it is confronting disposal problems. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of epigeic earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae to utilize and transform the fermented ANFL in the solid state (SSF) and submerged state (SmF) into a value added product along a low residence period (25 days). A total of six treatment units containing different waste mixture compositions were established. Fifty healthy and non-clitellated earthworms were introduced in three different treatment containers: control, SSF, and SmF (+worm). Another set of treatment mixtures (control, SSF, SmF) was established without earthworms (-worm) to compare the results. The products were characterized for physico-chemical, enzymatic analysis and seedling growth parameters to compare the differences in the process with and without earthworms. The changes observed in the analytical parameters were in the following order: SSF > SmF > control mixtures (p < 0.05). The vermicompost showed a significant reduction in heavy metals, total organic carbon and an increase in total Kjeldhal nitrogen as compared to the product untreated by earthworms. The maximum enzymatic activities were observed after 21 days of vermicomposting. The relative seed germination of vermicompost extracts were in the order of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) > green gram (Vigna radiata) > cucumber (Cucumis sativus) > bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.) and showed no phytotoxicity effects. The results indicated that the combination of both ANFL hydrolysis through fermentation and vermicomposting is a good alternative to the management of this kind of waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ravindran
- Environmental Technology Division, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600 020, India,
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Bioconversion of garden waste, kitchen waste and cow dung into value-added products using earthworm Eisenia fetida. Saudi J Biol Sci 2013; 20:149-54. [PMID: 23961230 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid waste management is a worldwide problem and it is becoming more and more complicated day by day due to rise in population, industrialization and changes in our life style. Transformation of industrial sludges into vermicompost is of double interest: on the one hand, a waste is converted into value added product, and, on the other, it controls a pollutant that is a consequence of increasing industrialization. Garden waste, kitchen waste and cow dung were subjected to recycle through vermicomposting by using the epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida under field conditions. The pH, moisture content, total organic carbon, humus, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in vermicompost was analysed. It was found that moisture content, total organic carbon, humus, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium was high in cow dung, followed by kitchen waste and garden waste. This study clearly indicates that vermicomposting of garden waste, kitchen waste and cow dung can not only produce a value added produce (vermicomposting) but at the same time reduce the quantity of waste.
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Vig AP, Singh J, Wani SH, Singh Dhaliwal S. Vermicomposting of tannery sludge mixed with cattle dung into valuable manure using earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny). BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:7941-7945. [PMID: 21676611 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The present study revealed the role of earthworm in converting tannery sludge into a valuable product. Tannery sludge was toxic to earthworm, therefore it was mixed with cattle dung in different proportions viz. 0:100 (T(0)), 10:90 (T(10)), 25:75 (T(25)), 50:50 (T(50)) and 75:25 (T(75)) on dry weight basis. The minimum mortality and highest population buildup of worms was in T(0) mixture. Nitrogen, sodium, phosphorus and pH increased from initial in the range of 7.3-66.6%, 16.90-70.58%, 8.57-44.8% and 2.8-13.65%, respectively. On the other hand potassium, organic carbon and electrical conductivity decreased in the range of 4.34-28.5%, 7.54-22.35% and 32.35-53.12%, respectively. C:N ratio decreased from 20.53% to 47.36% in the final products. Transition metals increased significantly from the initial value and within the permissible limit. The result indicated that vermicomposting with Eisenia fetida is better for changing this sludge into nutrient rich manure in a short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Pal Vig
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
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