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Rasaq WA, Thiruchenthooran V, Wirkijowska K, Valentin M, Bobak Ł, Adaobi Igwegbe C, Białowiec A. Hydrothermal carbonization of combined food waste: A critical evaluation of emergent products. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 189:44-57. [PMID: 39173471 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) increasingly appears as an eco-friendly method for managing food waste (FW). In this work, a combination of FW was subjected to HTC, and products were critically evaluated. This involved a lab-scale pressure reactor and optimization of HTC conditions: temperature (220-340 °C) and residence time (90-260 min) via central composite design type of response surface methodology (CCD-RSM). Results showed varying temperatures and residence time to impact the hydrochar (HC) and hydrothermal carbonization aqueous phase (HTC-AP) properties. Although HC produced through HTC exhibited lower ash content (<2%) despite higher fixed carbon (>55 %) with respect to the raw FW, the heating value of HC ranged from 19.2 to 32.5 MJ/kg. Temperature primarily influenced FW conversion, affecting carbonaceous properties. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) were found to be predominant in the HTC-AP under all tested operating conditions (77.3, 48.4, and 37.1 wt% for HTC at 340, 280, and 220 °C in 180 min, respectively). Total phosphorus recovery in HC and HTC-AP respectively peaked at 340 °C and 220 °C in 180 min. The study concludes that HTC holds promise for energy-dense biofuel production, nutrient recovery, and fostering a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waheed A Rasaq
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., Wrocław 51-630, Poland.
| | - Vaikunthavasan Thiruchenthooran
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, Wrocław 50-375, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Wirkijowska
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., Wrocław 51-630, Poland.
| | - Marvin Valentin
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., Wrocław 51-630, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Bobak
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław 51-630, Poland.
| | - Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., Wrocław 51-630, Poland; Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka 420218, Nigeria.
| | - Andrzej Białowiec
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., Wrocław 51-630, Poland.
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Kotoka F, Gutierrez L, Verliefde A, Cornelissen E. Selective separation of nutrients and volatile fatty acids from food wastes using electrodialysis and membrane contactor for resource valorization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120290. [PMID: 38367499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Transport and selectivity parameters describe the quantity and purity of nutrients and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) separated from fermentation media. However, the complexity of fermentation media and low nutrient concentrations hinder the optimal conditions of such parameters. Exploring technologies to overcome such limitations is crucial for selectively separating VFAs from nutrients in fermented media. The objectives of this study were to investigate the: (1) flux, (2) recovery, (3) concentration factor, and (4) specific energy consumption of nutrients (NH4+, K+, NO3-, and PO43-) and VFAs (acetic, propionic, and butyric acid) via electrodialysis (ED), and (5) selectively separate the VFAs from the nutrients in the ED concentrate using a hydrophobic membrane contactor (HMC). Synthetic feed and real industrial fermented food wastes were used for ED and HMC experiments. The ED consumed 0.395 kWh/kg, recovering 64-95% of the nutrients and VFAs, corresponding to 4.1-9.4 and 0.6-22.1 g/L nutrients and VFAs, respectively. The HMC selectively separated over 94% of VFAs after ED, with <2% nutrients contamination in the final VFA stream. The results suggest that applying HMC after ED can concentrate and selectively separate VFAs from nutrients in fermented food wastes, which can be valorized for bio-based fertilizers and chemical platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Kotoka
- Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Belgium; Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Frieda Saeysstraat 1, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Leonardo Gutierrez
- Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Belgium; Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Frieda Saeysstraat 1, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Facultad del Mar y Medio Ambiente, Universidad del Pacifico, Ecuador
| | - Arne Verliefde
- Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Belgium; Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Frieda Saeysstraat 1, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emile Cornelissen
- Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Belgium; Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Frieda Saeysstraat 1, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; KWR Water Research Institute, the Netherlands
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Rathika K, Kumar S, Yadav BR. Enhanced energy and nutrient recovery via hydrothermal carbonisation of sewage sludge: Effect of process parameters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167828. [PMID: 37839482 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Integration of waste management with energy and resource recovery is being widely explored to achieve sustainability. To achieve this, sewage sludge was treated with hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) at temperatures ranging from 180 °C-260 °C with an increment of 20 °C for three different duration of 1 h, 3 h, and 5 h. The energy and resource recovery potential of the HTC treatment was evaluated through of hydrochar (HC) and process water (PW) properties. Dehydration and decarboxylation reactions resulted in reduced H/C and O/C atomic ratios of 1.35 and 0.45 respectively in HC-260-3, exhibiting peat-like propertied. The calorific value of HC-260-5 was enhanced to 5.9 MJ/kg (increase of 25.8 %) due to the combined effect of H/C and O/C atomic ratios, increased volatile organics and fixed carbon. A maximum energy recovery efficiency of 82.44 % was realised at 240 °C for 3 h rendering it the optimal process condition to ensure energy enrichment. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of HC samples indicated an enhanced combustion behaviour with an increased HTC severity. The elevated levels of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in PW (maximum 2296 mg/L) made it viable for energy recovery in anaerobic digestion units. Additionally, the PW contains significant concentrations of N and P (2091.68 mg/L and 40.51 mg/L, respectively), indicating enhanced resource/nutrient recovery potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rathika
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur 440020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur 440020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Bholu Ram Yadav
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur 440020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Arcas-Pilz V, Gabarrell X, Orsini F, Villalba G. Literature review on the potential of urban waste for the fertilization of urban agriculture: A closer look at the metropolitan area of Barcelona. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167193. [PMID: 37741375 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Urban agriculture (UA) activities are increasing in popularity and importance due to greater food demands and reductions in agricultural land, also advocating for greater local food supply and security as well as the social and community cohesion perspective. This activity also has the potential to enhance the circularity of urban flows, repurposing nutrients from waste sources, increasing their self-sufficiency, reducing nutrient loss into the environment, and avoiding environmental cost of nutrient extraction and synthetization. The present work is aimed at defining recovery technologies outlined in the literature to obtain relevant nutrients such as N and P from waste sources in urban areas. Through literature research tools, the waste sources were defined, differentiating two main groups: (1) food, organic, biowaste and (2) wastewater. Up to 7 recovery strategies were identified for food, organic, and biowaste sources, while 11 strategies were defined for wastewater, mainly focusing on the recovery of N and P, which are applicable in UA in different forms. The potential of the recovered nutrients to cover existing and prospective UA sites was further assessed for the metropolitan area of Barcelona. Nutrient recovery from current composting and anaerobic digestion of urban sourced organic matter obtained each year in the area as well as the composting of wastewater sludge, struvite precipitation and ion exchange in wastewater effluent generated yearly in existing WWTPs were assessed. The results show that the requirements for the current and prospective UA in the area can be met 2.7 to 380.2 times for P and 1.7 to 117.5 times for N depending on the recovery strategy. While the present results are promising, current perceptions, legislation and the implementation and production costs compared to existing markets do not facilitate the application of nutrient recovery strategies, although a change is expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Arcas-Pilz
- Sostenipra Research Group (2021 SGR 00734), Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals ICTA-UAB (CEX2019-0940-M), Z Building, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Gabarrell
- Sostenipra Research Group (2021 SGR 00734), Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals ICTA-UAB (CEX2019-0940-M), Z Building, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francesco Orsini
- DISTAL-Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gara Villalba
- Sostenipra Research Group (2021 SGR 00734), Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals ICTA-UAB (CEX2019-0940-M), Z Building, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Kwapinska M, Pisano I, Leahy JJ. Hydrothermal carbonization of milk/dairy processing sludge: Fate of plant nutrients. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118931. [PMID: 37688960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Dairy processing sludge (DPS) is a byproduct generated in wastewater treatment plants located in dairy (milk) processing companies (waste activated sludge). DPS presents challenges in terms of its management (as biosolids) due to its high moisture content, prolonged storage required, uncontrolled nutrient loss and accumulation of certain substances in soil in the proximity of dairy companies. This study investigates the potential of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) for recovery of nutrients in the form of solid hydrochar (biochar) produced from DPS originating from four different dairy processing companies. The HTC tests were carried out at 160 °C, 180 °C, 200 °C and 220 °C, and a residence time of 1h. The elemental properties of hydrochars (biochars), the content of primary and secondary nutrients, as well as contaminants were examined. The transformation of phosphorus in DPS during HTC was investigated. The fraction of plant available phosphorus was determined. The properties of hydrochar (biochar) were compared against the European Union Fertilizing Products Regulation. The findings of this study demonstrate that the content of nutrient in hydrochars (biochars) meet the requirements for organo-mineral fertilizer with nitrogen and phosphorus as the declared nutrients (13.9-26.7%). Further research on plant growth and field tests are needed to fully assess the agronomic potential of HTC hydrochar (biochar).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Kwapinska
- Dairy Processing Technology Centre, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Italo Pisano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | - James J Leahy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland.
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Qaramaleki SV, Mohedano ÁF, Coronella CJ. Phosphorus recovery from aqueous product of hydrothermal carbonization of cow manure. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 168:301-310. [PMID: 37331265 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The work studies the recovery of nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) from the process water of acid-assisted hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of cow manure. Three organic acids (formic acid, oxalic acid, and citric acid) and sulfuric acid were evaluated as additives in HTC. Using 0.3 M sulfuric acid, more than 99% of phosphorus and 15.6% of nitrogen from manure are extracted and dissolved during HTC at 170 °C with 10 min reaction time in a batch reactor. Nutrients (mainly phosphorus) were recovered through precipitation from process water by raising the ionic strength of the solution by addition of salts of magnesium and ammonia, and by raising the pH to 9.5. Subsequently, phosphorus-rich solids were recovered containing almost all (greater than 95%) of the dissolved phosphorus in the sulfuric and formic acid assisted runs. Morphology and qualitative chemical analysis of the precipitates were determined. It is shown by XRD that the precipitate formed from process water generated by HTC with oxalic acid is crystalline, although the diffraction pattern could not be matched with any expected substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed V Qaramaleki
- 1664 N. Virginia St, Chemical and Materials Engineering Dept, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States
| | - Ángel F Mohedano
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Charles J Coronella
- 1664 N. Virginia St, Chemical and Materials Engineering Dept, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States.
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7
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Pecchi M, Baratieri M, Maag AR, Goldfarb JL. Uncovering the transition between hydrothermal carbonization and liquefaction via secondary char extraction: A case study using food waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 168:281-289. [PMID: 37329834 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ability to perform both processes in the same reactor, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) are considered two distinct processes differentiated by their reaction temperatures. As temperatures increase from the less severe HTC range into the HTL regime, the product distribution progressively favors an organic bio-oil phase relative to solid hydrochar. Solvents are commonly used to extract bio-oil from the solid residues produced during HTL, and to separate the amorphous secondary char from the coal-like primary char of HTC hydrochars. This suggests secondary char is a HTL biocrude precursor. Lipid-rich food waste was hydrothermally processed between 190 and 340 °C, spanning HTC to HTL conditions. Higher temperatures produce more gas, less liquid, and similar amounts of a progressively less oxygenated hydrochars, suggesting a gradual transition from HTC to HTL. However, analyses of ethanol-separated primary chars and secondary chars tell a different story. While the primary char is progressively more carbonized with temperature, the secondary char composition sharply changes at 250 °C. That is, lipid hydrolysis begins around 220 °C, but proceeds rather completely at 250 °C and above. A lower HTL temperature reduces the energy cost of the hydrothermal process, yet enables full lipid hydrolysis into long chain fatty acids while minimizing recondensation and repolymerization of fatty acids onto the primary char and their subsequent amidation. This maximizes the conversion of lipid-rich feedstocks into liquid fuel precursors with up to 70 % energy recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Pecchi
- Department of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, USA; Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Italy
| | - Marco Baratieri
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alex R Maag
- Department of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jillian L Goldfarb
- Department of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, USA.
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8
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Wu R, Chen M, Qin Y, Liu S, Li X. Combined hydrothermal and biological treatments for valorization of fruit and vegetable waste into liquid organic fertilizer. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 221:115262. [PMID: 36639011 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of hydrothermal treatment, biological treatment and their combination on nutrients recovery from fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) and evaluated the feasibility of fruit and vegetable waste juice (FVWJ) from the combined treatment as liquid organic fertilizer. In this study, following conditions were determined suitable for FVW treatment: the temperature of 165 °C and retention time of 45 min for hydrothermal treatment, 20 h for biological treatment, and Weissella, as the dominant microbial genus present in FVW, was suggested as inoculum for biological treatment. In the combined treatment, based on the above conditions of hydrothermal and biological treatments, the yield of FVWJ was 93.03 g out of 100 g FVW, and concentrations of organic matter (1.45%, w/w), primary nutrients (0.51%, w/w), and toxic components in the FVWJ complied with the requirements for use concentration in both Chinese and European standards for liquid organic fertilizer. The economic analysis showed the net saving of 13.60 USD per ton FVW, indicating that it is an economical approach to valorize fruit and vegetable waste into liquid organic fertilizer through the combined treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renming Wu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Mingsheng Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Yifeng Qin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Shuchang Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Xudong Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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9
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N-doped activated carbon as support of Pd-Sn bimetallic catalysts for nitrate catalytic reduction. Catal Today 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2023.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Śliz M, Tuci F, Czerwińska K, Fabrizi S, Lombardi L, Wilk M. Hydrothermal carbonization of the wet fraction from mixed municipal solid waste: Hydrochar characteristics and energy balance. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 151:39-48. [PMID: 35926280 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) may be pre-treated in a mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) plant to produce an exiting stream with improved combustible characteristics. The process also produces a second waste stream, which is generally separated on a size basis by industrial sieving equipment. It contains fractions with a high moisture content such as residual food waste, soiled paper and cardboard, and small fragments of other materials. Samples of this stream, collected at an existing plant, were characterized and processed by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at laboratory scale, at various temperatures (180, 200 and 220 °C), reaction times (1, 4 and 8 h) and solid to water ratios (0.15 and 0.07). The primary energy balance, on a hypothetical industrial scale, was performed. In brief, the results confirmed that the produced hydrochar was a brittle, hydrophobic, solid carbonaceous product which gave a better combustion performance as the residence time of the HTC process was increased. Moreover, the dewaterability of the carbonized waste was greatly improved when compared to raw, wet samples. The results of the primary energy balance confirmed that the energy contained in the produced hydrochar was higher than the energy consumption for the process itself, under all the HTC working conditions. The energy consumed in the process was in the range of 40-70 % of the energy content of the produced hydrochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Śliz
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - F Tuci
- University of Florence, via Santa Marta 3, Firenze 50139, Italy
| | - K Czerwińska
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - S Fabrizi
- Niccolò Cusano University, via don Carlo Gnocchi 3, Rome 00166, Italy
| | - L Lombardi
- Niccolò Cusano University, via don Carlo Gnocchi 3, Rome 00166, Italy
| | - M Wilk
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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11
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Multi-Variate and Multi-Response Analysis of Hydrothermal Carbonization of Food Waste: Hydrochar Composition and Solid Fuel Characteristics. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15155342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To maximize food waste utilization, it is necessary to understand the effect of process variables on product distribution. To this day, there is a lack of studies evaluating the effects of the multiple variables of HTC on food waste. A Design of Experiment (DoE) approach has been used to investigate the influence of three process variables on the product distribution and composition of process streams from the HTC of food waste. This work evaluates the effect of hydrothermal carbonization process conditions on the composition and utilization capabilities of hydrochar from food waste. Parametric analysis was carried out with a design of experiments of central composite rotatable design (CCRD) and response surface methodology (RSM). Derringer’s desirability function was employed to perform a multi-response evaluation. The optimized process conditions were 260.4 °C, 29.5 min reaction time, and 19.6% solid load. The predicted optimized responses were EMC = 2.7%, SY = 57.1%, EY = 84.7%, ED = 1.5, and HHV of 31.8 MJ/Kg, with a composite desirability of 0.68. Temperature and solid load had a significant effect on all evaluated responses, while reaction time was non-significant.
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12
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Hämäläinen A, Kokko M, Kinnunen V, Hilli T, Rintala J. Hydrothermal carbonization of pulp and paper industry wastewater treatment sludges - characterization and potential use of hydrochars and filtrates. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 355:127258. [PMID: 35526710 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The pulp and paper industry's mixed sludge represents waste streams with few other means of disposal than incineration. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) could be advantageous for the sludge refinement into value-added products, thus complementing the concept of pulp and paper mills as biorefineries. Laboratory HTC was performed on mixed sludge (at 32% and 15% total solids) at temperatures of 210-250 °C for 30 or 120 min, and the characteristics of the HTC products were evaluated for their potential for energy, carbon, and nutrient recovery. The energy content increased from 14.9 MJ/kg in the mixed sludge up to 20.5 MJ/kg in the hydrochars. The produced filtrates had 12-15-fold higher COD and 3-5-fold higher volumetric methane production than untreated sludge filtrates, even though the methane yield against g-COD was lower. The increased value of the hydrochars in terms of energy content and carbon sequestration potential promote HTC deployment in sludge treatment and upgrading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hämäläinen
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O.Box 541, 33104 Tampere University, Finland.
| | - Marika Kokko
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O.Box 541, 33104 Tampere University, Finland
| | | | - Tuomo Hilli
- Fifth Innovation Oy, Väinölänkatu 26, 33500, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jukka Rintala
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O.Box 541, 33104 Tampere University, Finland
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13
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Witek-Krowiak A, Gorazda K, Szopa D, Trzaska K, Moustakas K, Chojnacka K. Phosphorus recovery from wastewater and bio-based waste: an overview. Bioengineered 2022; 13:13474-13506. [PMID: 36700471 PMCID: PMC9275867 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2077894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus is one of the most important macronutrients needed for the growth of plants. The fertilizer production market uses 80% of natural, non-renewable phosphorus resources in the form of phosphate rock. The depletion of those deposits forces a search for other alternatives, including biological waste. This review aims to indicate the most important ways to recover phosphorus from biowaste, with particular emphasis on wastewater, sewage sludge, manure, slaughter or food waste. A comparison of utilized methods and directions for future research based on the latest research is presented. Combining biological, chemical, and physical methods with thermal treatment appears to be the most effective way for the treatment of wastewater sludge in terms of phosphorus recovery. Hydrothermal, thermochemical, and adsorption on thermally treated adsorbents are characterized by a high phosphorus recovery rate (over 95%). For animal by-products and other biological waste, chemical methods seems to be the most optimal solution with a recovery rate over 96%. Due to its large volume and relatively low phosphorus content, wastewater is a resource that requires additional treatment to recover the highest possible amount of phosphorus. Pretreatment of wastewater with combined methods seems to be a possible way to improve phosphorus recovery. A compressive evaluation of combined methods is crucial for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Witek-Krowiak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gorazda
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland
| | - Daniel Szopa
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland,CONTACT Daniel Szopa Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, Wrocław50-372, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Trzaska
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Chojnacka
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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14
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Abstract
The presence of inorganic salts either as part of the substrate or added to the reaction medium are known to significantly affect the reaction pathways during hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) of biomass. This work aims to understand the influence of salts on hydrothermal carbonisation by processing cellulose in the presence of one or more inorganic salts with different valency. Batch experiments and Differential Scanning Calorimetry were used to investigate the change in reaction pathways during hydrothermal conversion. The effect of salts on the rate of HTC of cellulose can be correlated with the Lewis acidity of the cation and the basicity of the anion. The effect of the anion was more pH-dependent than the cation because it can protonate during the HTC process as organic acids are produced. The introduction of salts with Lewis acidity increases the concentration of low molecular weight compounds in the process water. The addition of a second salt can influence the catalytic effect of the first salt resulting in greater levulinic acid yields at the expense of hydrochar formation. Salts also play an important role in cellulose dissolution and can be used to modify the yield and composition of the hydrochars.
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15
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Sub- and Near-Critical Hydrothermal Carbonization of Animal Manures. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To produce hydrochar with less volatile matter (VM) and more fixed carbon (FC) to increase its stability, this study compared the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of hen (HM) and swine (SM) manures at typical HTC sub-critical temperature of 210 °C and slightly super-critical temperature of 400 °C. Physico-chemical properties such as proximate analysis; ultimate analysis; Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area; higher heating value (HHV); chemical oxygen demand (COD); and inorganic nutrients of hydrochar, gaseous, and liquid products were determined. As expected, both VM and yield decreased with temperature. The heats of HTC reactions were estimated to be exothermic, ranging from −5.7 to −8.6 MJ/kg. The FC approximately doubled, while VM significantly decreased with a yield of 42.7%, suggesting the high potential of producing more stable hydrochar via near-critical HTC (NCHTC) treatment of SM. Additional work is needed before recommendations on carbonization temperatures can be made. Specifically, there is a need to experimentally investigate how the chars produced from each carbonization condition influence plant growth and soil emissions.
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16
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Motavaf B, Dean RA, Nicolas J, Savage PE. Hydrothermal carbonization of simulated food waste for recovery of fatty acids and nutrients. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125872. [PMID: 34523573 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We conducted Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of simulated food waste under different reaction conditions (180 to 220 °C, 15 and 30 min), with the aim of recovering both fatty acids from the hydrochar and nutrients from the aqueous-phase products. HTC of the simulated food waste produced hydrochar that retained up to 78% of the original fatty acids. These retained fatty acids were extracted from the hydrochar using ethanol, a food-grade solvent, and gave a net recovery of fatty acid of ∼ 50%. The HTC process partitioned more than 50 wt% of the phosphorus and around 38 wt% of the nitrogen into the aqueous-phase products. A reaction path consistent with decarboxylation predominated during HTC under all of the reaction conditions investigated. A path consistent with dehydration was also observed, but only for the more severe reaction conditions. This work illustrates the potential that HTC has for valorization of food waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Motavaf
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 121D Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Robert A Dean
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 121D Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Joseph Nicolas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 121D Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Phillip E Savage
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 121D Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
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17
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Choe U, Mustafa AM, Zhang X, Sheng K, Zhou X, Wang K. Effects of hydrothermal pretreatment and bamboo hydrochar addition on anaerobic digestion of tofu residue for biogas production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 336:125279. [PMID: 34038842 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of hydrothermal pretreatment (HTP) of tofu residue (TR) and co-digestion of TR with hydrochar (HC) and a liquid fraction (LF) of hydrothermal pretreatment on biogas production was studied. The highest biogas and methane yield observed with the pretreated TR at HTP temperature of 140 °C reached 288 and 207 L/Kg VS, 24 and 37% above than the raw TR (control), respectively, and the highest content of methane 72%. Adding 4 g/L of HC (produced at 200 °C) enhanced the methane and biogas yield by 18 and 19% compared to untreated TR, respectively. It was found that HTP at temperature 140 °C and additive HC-200 (4 g/L) was the most efficient for biogas production from tofu residue and significantly reduced the digestion time needed from 20 to 10-13 days to reach 95% of biogas yield, which may result in substantial economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ungyong Choe
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Science, Yusheng Scientist Road, Unjong District, Pyongyang 00850, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed M Mustafa
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resourses Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ximing Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kuichuan Sheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuefei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resourses Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kaiying Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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18
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Wu L, Wei W, Wang D, Ni BJ. Improving nutrients removal and energy recovery from wastes using hydrochar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:146980. [PMID: 33865133 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is an eco-friendly, flexible and efficient way to valorise wet solid wastes, producing a carbon-rich material named as hydrochar. Considerable efforts have been devoted to studying the feasibility of using hydrochar in waste management to achieve the goal of circular economy. However, a comprehensive evaluation of the impacts of hydrochar on energy recovery from anaerobic digestion (AD), nutrient reclamation, and wastewater treatment is currently lacking. To understand the influence of hydrochar type on its application, this review will firstly introduce the mechanisms and biomass treatment for hydrochar preparation. Most recent studies regarding the improvement of methane (CH4) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production after dosing hydrochar in anaerobic digesters are quantitatively summarized and deeply discussed. The potential of using various hydrochar as slow-fertilizer to support the growth of plants are analysed by providing quantitative data. The usage of hydrochar in remediating pollutants from wastewater as effective adsorbent is also evaluated. Based on the review, we also address the challenges and demonstrate the opportunities for the future application of hydrochar in waste management. Conclusively, this review will not only provide a systematic understanding of the up-to-date developments of improving the nutrients removal and energy recovery from wastes by using hydrochar but also several new directions for the application of hydrochar in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Wei Wei
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Dongbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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19
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Usmani Z, Sharma M, Awasthi AK, Sharma GD, Cysneiros D, Nayak SC, Thakur VK, Naidu R, Pandey A, Gupta VK. Minimizing hazardous impact of food waste in a circular economy - Advances in resource recovery through green strategies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126154. [PMID: 34492935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent trends in food waste and its management have increasingly started to focus on treating it as a reusable resource. The hazardous impact of food waste such as the release of greenhouse gases, deterioration of water quality and contamination of land areas are a major threat posed by food waste. Under the circular economy principles, food waste can be used as a sustainable supply of high-value energy, fuel, and nutrients through green techniques such as anaerobic digestion, co-digestion, composting, enzymatic treatment, ultrasonic, hydrothermal carbonization. Recent advances made in anaerobic co-digestion are helping in tackling dual or even multiple waste streams at once with better product yields. Integrated approaches that employ pre-processing the food waste to remove obstacles such as volatile fractions, oils and other inhibitory components from the feedstock to enhance their bioconversion to reduce sugars. Research efforts are also progressing in optimizing the operational parameters such as temperature, pressure, pH and residence time to enhance further the output of products such as methane, hydrogen and other platform chemicals such as lactic acid, succinic acid and formic acid. This review brings together some of the recent progress made in the green strategies towards food waste valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Usmani
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya 793101, India
| | - Minaxi Sharma
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya 793101, India; Food Technology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh 173101, India
| | | | | | | | - S Chandra Nayak
- DOS in Biotechnology, University of Mysore Manasagangotri, Mysore, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Faculty of Science, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, India; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow-226 029, India
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; Center for Safe and Improved Food, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
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20
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Saha N, McGaughy K, Davis SC, Reza MT. Assessing hydrothermal carbonization as sustainable home sewage management for rural counties: A case study from Appalachian Ohio. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 781:146648. [PMID: 33798886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Improper management of home sewage treatment systems (HSTS) presents major challenges in the developing world, and even in many parts of developed countries, which contribute to health, environmental, economic, and social problems. Hydrothermal treatment, a thermochemical conversion process that is particularly useful for wet wastes, can produce fertilizers from septic tank wastes while eliminating human pathogens. However, hydrothermal treatment requires high temperature and high pressure, which might need additional economical justification when targeted for rural communities. The aim of this study was to investigate the economic feasibility of a hydrothermal treatment facility that can treat septic waste generated in Athens County, Ohio, a rural Appalachian county in the U.S., where failing HSTS have been observed quite frequently. Two different cases were considered for economic analysis, where Case I assumed a decentralized facility and Case II assumed a centralized facility. Results showed that both cases are economically feasible, where Case I and II reached breakeven in years 4 and 6, respectively. Additionally, despite the greater capital investment requirement for Case I, there was also a greater return on investment (ROI) of 2.85 compared to 1.52 for Case II. A sensitivity analysis was examined to determine the effect of solid content in either the septic tank or the reactor's feed, selling price of the fertilizer, and septage pumping costs on the project feasibility. The sensitivity analysis showed that pumping cost is the most significant factor affecting the project feasibility, while the ROI varied about ±80% and ± 200% for Case I and II, respectively, due to only about ±18% change in pumping cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nepu Saha
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
| | - Kyle McGaughy
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
| | - Sarah C Davis
- Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Affairs, Ohio University, Building 21, The Ridges, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - M Toufiq Reza
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA.
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21
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Gao S, Lu D, Qian T, Zhou Y. Thermal hydrolyzed food waste liquor as liquid organic fertilizer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 775:145786. [PMID: 33621877 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermal hydrolysis (TH) is an efficient technology for food waste (FW) management. This study investigated the nutrients released from FW under various TH temperature (140, 160, 180, 200 and 220 °C) and evaluated the feasibility of the hydrolyzed liquor (HL) as liquid organic fertilizer. The phytotoxicity and biotoxicity of HL was analyzed using wheat seed and Pseudomonas putida. Results revealed that TH could effectively solubilize FW and release nutrients (N, P and K) and organic substances. The highest content of total nitrogen (TN, 1685 mgN/L) and phosphorus (TP, 235 mgP/L) in the HL was obtained under 180 °C. The K+ was 278-293 mg/L regardless of treatment temperature. Secondary nutrients (Ca and Mg) and micro metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Al, Co and Mn) were all detected at relatively high level, while heavy metals (As and Cd) were generally lower than 0.5 mg/L. Twenty types of free amino acid were identified and the maximum total concentration was 4965.13 mg/L. 2% HL displayed higher germination index (>80%) and enhanced root and shoot lengths. No biotoxicity was observed as confirmed by the bioassay. This study proposes a feasible method to solubilize food waste and produce liquid organic fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Gao
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637141, Singapore; College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan Lu
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Tingting Qian
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Yan Zhou
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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22
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Upgrading the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste by Low Temperature Hydrothermal Processes. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14113041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In comparison to lignocellulosic biomass, which is suitable for thermo-chemical valorization, the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is mainly treated via composting or anaerobic digestion (AD). An efficient utilization of OFMSW is difficult due to variations in its composition. Based on the characteristics of OFMSW, hydrothermal treatment (HTT) experiments at temperatures < 200 °C as an alternative OFMSW-processing were evaluated in this study. The raw OFMSW was characterized with a dry matter (DM)-based organic dry matter (oDM) content of 77.88 ± 1.37 %DM and a higher heating value (HHV) of 15,417 ± 1258 J/gDM. Through HTT at 150, 170 and 185 °C, the oDM contents as well as H/C and O/C ratios were lowered while the HHV increased up to 16,716 ± 257 J/gDM. HTT led to improved fuel properties concerning ash melting, corrosion stress and emission behavior. Negative consequences of the HTT process were higher contents of ash in the biochar as well as accumulated heavy metals. In the sense of a bioeconomy, it could be beneficial to first convert raw OFMSW into CH4 through AD followed by HTT of the AD-digestate for the generation of solid fuels and liquid products. This could increase the overall utilization efficiency of OFMSW.
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23
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González-Arias J, Carnicero A, Sánchez ME, Martínez EJ, López R, Cara-Jiménez J. Management of off-specification compost by using co-hydrothermal carbonization with olive tree pruning. Assessing energy potential of hydrochar. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 124:224-234. [PMID: 33631447 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work the management of a waste called off-specification compost (OSC) was proposed via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). The composition of this residue makes it not suitable for agronomic purposes because of the Spanish regulation requirements. Therefore, a way of management and/or valorisation needs to be found. The energy recovery through co-HTC with olive tree pruning (OTP) was evaluated. Blending of OSC with lignocellulosic biomass allows to obtain a coal-like product with physicochemical properties similar to those of a lignite, characterised by its high carbon content. Blends of 25, 50 and 75% of OSC with OTP were analysed. The individual OSC does not present good parameters for being used as solid fuel based on its chemical composition, however, the blend of 75% of biomass with 25% of OSC does. With a higher heating value of 26.19 MJ/kg, this blend shows the best energy yield and energy densification ratio. Thermogravimetric and kinetic analysis reveal that as biomass content in the blend increases, the more the hydrochar behaves as a solid fuel, therefore OSC can be used for energy purposes while its current use of landfill disposal can be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- J González-Arias
- Chemical and Environmental Bioprocess Engineering Group, Natural Resources Institute (IRENA), University of León, León, Spain
| | - A Carnicero
- Chemical and Environmental Bioprocess Engineering Group, Natural Resources Institute (IRENA), University of León, León, Spain
| | - M E Sánchez
- Chemical and Environmental Bioprocess Engineering Group, Natural Resources Institute (IRENA), University of León, León, Spain
| | - E J Martínez
- Chemical and Environmental Bioprocess Engineering Group, Natural Resources Institute (IRENA), University of León, León, Spain
| | - R López
- Department Area of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - J Cara-Jiménez
- Chemical and Environmental Bioprocess Engineering Group, Natural Resources Institute (IRENA), University of León, León, Spain.
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24
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Nobre C, Alves O, Durão L, Şen A, Vilarinho C, Gonçalves M. Characterization of hydrochar and process water from the hydrothermal carbonization of Refuse Derived Fuel. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 120:303-313. [PMID: 33333468 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was used as a thermochemical conversion process to upgrade Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). The effect of process temperature (250 °C, 275 °C and 300 °C), residence time (30 min and 120 min), and RDF-to-water ratio (1:15 and 1:5) on the main characteristics of the produced hydrochars and process waters was assessed. The HTC process yielded hydrochars with enhanced fuel properties when compared to the original feedstock, namely higher carbon content and heating value. The hydrochars also presented reduced oxygen and ash contents. The hydrochar produced at 300 °C for 120 min presented the lowest ash content (3.3 wt%, db) whereas the highest heating value was found for the hydrochar obtained at 275 °C for 120 min (28.1 MJ/kg, db). The HTC process was also responsible for a significant reduction in chlorine concentration, showing dechlorination efficiencies between 69.2 and 77.9%. However, the HTC process generated acidic process waters with high COD values (maximum 27.2 gO2/L), which need to be further managed or valorized. Energy calculations were also performed, revealing that lower water amounts, lower temperatures, and longer residence times, represent optimal conditions for higher hydrochar yields and consequently good process efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Nobre
- MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center, Department of Science and Technology of Biomass, FCT- NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Octávio Alves
- MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center, Department of Science and Technology of Biomass, FCT- NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; VALORIZA, Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal
| | - Luís Durão
- MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center, Department of Science and Technology of Biomass, FCT- NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; VALORIZA, Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal
| | - Ali Şen
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cândida Vilarinho
- MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center, Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4804-533 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Margarida Gonçalves
- MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center, Department of Science and Technology of Biomass, FCT- NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; VALORIZA, Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal
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25
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Rahman MS, Schefe C, Rajput S, Keizer D, Weatherley A. O-aryl and Carbonyl Carbon Contents of Food Waste and Biosolid Predict P Availability in an Acidic Soil. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.609788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic waste streams, otherwise known as organic amendments (OA), contain potentially valuable nutrients which may additionally increase legacy nutrient availability in soil. This is particularly the case for phosphorus (P) where declining reserves of rock phosphate add an extra dimension to their utility. In acidic soils, OA have been reported to increase P availability through the action of O-aryl and carbonyl groups (represent organic acid compounds) by substituting previously fixed, legacy P and forming organometallic complexes to reduce P sorption. This study aimed to investigate if signature P (orthophosphate) and C (O-aryl and carbonyl) content of OA could be used to predict soil P availability, to replace traditional ways of testing OA and also for future prescriptive applications. Food waste and biosolid were the sources of OA in this study, with pyrolysis and composting processes used to create a range of functional groups. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was utilized to identify forms of C (solid-state 13C NMR) and P compounds (solution-state 31P NMR) in these OA. The O-aryl, carbonyl, and orthophosphate content were higher in pyrolysis and composted materials compared to their feedstock substrate. The effect of OA addition on soil P availability was monitored in a 110-day laboratory incubation study. Results showed an increase in soil P availability (Olsen P) and a decrease in soil P buffering capacity (PBC) after incubation. The increase in soil P availability was not predicted well by the NMR-derived orthophosphate content of OA, which may be due to the overestimation of plant-available orthophosphate content by the solution-state 31P NMR. Furthermore, an additional increase in soil ΔOlsen P (difference between observed and expected) was obtained above the Olsen P added from OA indicating substitution of previously fixed soil P. Both indices of P availability namely ΔOlsen P (r = 0.63–0.83) and ΔPBC (difference between treatment—control) (r = −0.50 to −0.80) showed strong (but opposite) correlations with the ratio of O-aryl to carbonyl C content of OA. It was concluded that the ratio of O-aryl and carbonyl C content of OA could be used to predict the P availability in acidic soil.
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26
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Gupta D, Mahajani SM, Garg A. Investigation on hydrochar and macromolecules recovery opportunities from food waste after hydrothermal carbonization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:142294. [PMID: 33370893 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the performance of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was investigated on real food waste (FW) to improve resource recovery opportunities. The HTC was performed in a high pressure batch reactor (without addition of water) at desired temperatures for different durations to study the properties of solid hydrochar (HC) and process water (PW) produced during the process. The reaction temperature and run time of 200 °C and 1 h, respectively were found suitable to produce the HC (high heating value = ~30 MJ/kg) having properties similar to that of the peat/lignite coal. Moreover, durable pellets could also be prepared from HC without addition of binder. The kinetic constants for HC combustion were also predicted using non-isothermal model-free approach for the data obtained from thermo-gravimetric analysis. In the PW samples recovered after HTC, several value-added compounds like 2,5-hydroxymethyl furfural, humic-like substances (HLS), proteins, carbohydrates and volatile fatty acids could be detected in appreciable quantities. However, longer reaction resulted in further degradation of above macromolecules into VFAs. Based on the observations, a pathway for FW degradation during HTC process is proposed. Moreover, the HLS and proteins mixture recovered from the PW sample exhibited no adverse impact on seed growth. The present study demonstrates that the HTC can be a potential treatment method for FW to recover a variety of useful materials. Further studies should focus on developing cost-effective methods for the recovery of various macromolecules from PW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Gupta
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sanjay M Mahajani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anurag Garg
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
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Zheng X, Ye Y, Jiang Z, Ying Z, Ji S, Chen W, Wang B, Dou B. Enhanced transformation of phosphorus (P) in sewage sludge to hydroxyapatite via hydrothermal carbonization and calcium-based additive. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:139786. [PMID: 32806377 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) recovery from sewage sludge is one of the promising substitutes to the phosphate ores to alleviate the shortage of P supply in the future. In this study, how hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) temperature functioned in the migration and transformation of P from sewage sludge during HTC process was clarified. The enhancement effect of Ca-based additive on the transformation of P to hydroxyapatite via HTC was systematically studied. Additionally, leaching characteristics of P in the hydrochars with Ca-based additive were analyzed to assess their P-bioavailability. Results indicated that favoring by increased pH in the process water, HTC temperature played a significant role in the migration and transformation of P during HTC. Therefore, higher HTC temperature was beneficial for P enrichment and transformation to apatite phosphorus in the hydrochars. Both alkaline environment and existence of sufficient calcium ions were essential for enhanced formation of apatite phosphorus during HTC. Adding CaO could stimulate almost complete transformation of non-apatite inorganic phosphorus to apatite phosphorus such as hydroxyapatite, causing a maximum increase of apatite phosphorus by 252%. Concurrently, P-bioavailability by 2% (w/w) formic acid extraction of the hydrochars increased by 233% at CaO = 4%. These findings were confirmed by XRD analyses. Ca-associated apatite phosphorus such as Ca5(PO4)3OH and Ca2P2O7 ∙ 2H2O, was detected in the hydrochars. With the assistance of thermochemical calculation, transformation pathways of P after CaO addition have been proposed, which coincided with our experimental results well. The stable P-containing minerals of hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH) was calculated at equilibrium state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Zheng
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yutong Ye
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zhengwei Jiang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zhi Ying
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Shasha Ji
- Shanghai Urban Construction Design and Research Institute, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Binlin Dou
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering, Shanghai 200093, China
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28
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Jia C, Luo J, Zhang S, Zhu X. N-rich hydrochar derived from organic solvent as reaction medium generates toxic N-containing mineral in its pyrochar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 729:138970. [PMID: 32388130 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Low-grade hydrochar is often thermally activated to produce pyrochar. However, the interaction between inherent metals and N element during hydrochar activation process has never been considered. Present study revealed that a highly toxic N-containing mineral (MCN, M: metal) can be formed in N-rich hydrochar-based pyrochar via N rearrangement and subsequent carbothermal reactions. This atypical hydrochar is mainly produced from organic wastes with K2CO3 or Na2CO3 (such as food waste) in an organic solvent medium. The CN- concentration of studied pyrochar can reach to 9807 mg/kg, which is mainly determined by content and type of metal in hydrochar. The low N conversion rate (<4.2%) indicates that formation of MCN is independent of N content in hydrochar. Essentially, formation of MCN can be significantly inhibited by FeCl3 via the anionic interactions between Fe and K salt. This discovery can likely offer a new guide for the application of N-rich hydrochar-based pyrochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiewen Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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29
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Sharma HB, Panigrahi S, Sarmah AK, Dubey BK. Downstream augmentation of hydrothermal carbonization with anaerobic digestion for integrated biogas and hydrochar production from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste: A circular economy concept. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 706:135907. [PMID: 31846879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Developing a treatment technology which minimizes the production of by-product (waste) is need of an hour. In this study, municipal yard waste (primary raw material) was microwave-pretreated before anaerobic digestion (AD) to improve biogas production. The anaerobically digested, Pretreated Yard Waste (PTY) and the Untreated Yard Waste (UTY) (waste/secondary raw material) was Hydrothermally Carbonized as a downstream treatment technique to produce energy rich hydrochar. The Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was conducted at a temperature of 180 °C and 200 °C for 6 h to produce carbon-rich hydrochar. Physicochemical, structural and combustion properties of PTY and UTY hydrochar were characterized and compared using a range of techniques to gain detailed insight into individual hydrochar samples. Microwave pretreatment of yard waste enhanced the biogas production from 264 ± 11 mL/g VS to 370 ± 14 mL/g VS. The carbon content and higher heating value of digestate increased considerably from 44 and 44.35% to 53-56% and15-16 MJ/kg to 21-23 MJ/kg, respectively after HTC. Thermal gravimetric analysis of the prepared hydrochar showed that the high-temperature carbonization increased the combustion properties of hydrochar. The hydrochar prepared from PTY showed enhanced physicochemical, structural and combustion properties as compared to hydrochar prepared from UTY. The finding asserted that the pretreatment of yard waste before AD not only improved biogas production but also improved yield with better quality hydrochar when its resulting digestate was hydrothermally carbonized. AD of yard waste yields biogas and HTC of the resulting digestate yields hydrochar; both are biofuel, hence, augmenting HTC as a downstream treatment process along with AD would result in the creation of near-zero loss process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Bhakta Sharma
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology - Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Sagarika Panigrahi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology - Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Ajit K Sarmah
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faulty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Brajesh K Dubey
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology - Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
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30
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Fang C, Huang R, Dykstra CM, Jiang R, Pavlostathis SG, Tang Y. Energy and Nutrient Recovery from Sewage Sludge and Manure via Anaerobic Digestion with Hydrothermal Pretreatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1147-1156. [PMID: 31790234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Global expectation for sustainability has prompted the transition of practices in wastewater treatment plants toward not only waste management but also energy and nutrient recovery. It has been shown that low-temperature hydrotherm (HT) treatment can enhance downstream biogas production via anaerobic digestion (AD). Yet, because the application of combined HT and AD is still at an early stage, a systematic understanding of the dynamic speciation evolution of important elements is still lacking. This study investigates energy and nutrient recovery from sewage sludge and swine manure via combined HT-AD treatment. Bench-scale investigation was conducted to evaluate biogas production and understand the dynamic evolution of organic carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) speciation. C and P speciations were characterized using complementary chemical and spectroscopic techniques, including 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, P X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, and sequential chemical extraction. Results from this study suggest that low-temperature HT pretreatment can achieve enhanced biogas production for sludge compared to the minimal effect on the biogas production from manure. It also provides guidance for P recovery from liquid digestate and solid residue after the AD process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ci Fang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Dr. , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0340 , United States
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Rixiang Huang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Dr. , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0340 , United States
| | - Christy M Dykstra
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Dr. , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0512 , United States
| | - Rongfeng Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Spyros G Pavlostathis
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Dr. , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0512 , United States
| | - Yuanzhi Tang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Dr. , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0340 , United States
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Dr. , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0512 , United States
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31
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Dye Adsorption and Electrical Property of Oxide-Loaded Carbon Fiber Made by Electrospinning and Hydrothermal Treatment. FIBERS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fib7080074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Our current study deals with the dye adsorption and electrical property of a partially carbonized composite fiber containing transition metal oxides including, iron oxide, nickel oxide, and titanium oxide. The fiber was made by electrospinning, carbonization, and hydrothermal treatment. During the electrospinning, titanium oxide particles were dispersed in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polymer-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution. Nickel chloride and iron nitrate were added into the solution to generate nickel oxide and iron oxide in the subsequent heat treatment processes. The polymer fiber was oxidized first at an elevated temperature of 250 °C to stabilize the structure of PAN. Then, we performed higher temperature heat treatment at 500 °C in a furnace with hydrogen gas protection to partially carbonize the polymer fiber. After that, the oxide-containing fiber was coated with activated carbon in a diluted sugar solution via hydrothermal carbonization at 200 °C for 8 h. The pressure reached 1.45 MPa in the reaction chamber. The obtained product was tested in view of the dye, Rhodamine B, adsorption using a Vis-UV spectrometer. Electrical property characterization was performed using an electrochemical work station. It was found that the hydrothermally treated oxide-containing fiber demonstrated obvious dye adsorption behavior. The visible light absorption intensity of the Rhodamine B dye decreased with the increase in the soaking time of the fiber in the dye solution. The impedance of the fiber was increased due to the hydrothermal carbonization treatment. We also found that charge build-up was faster at the surface of the specimen without the hydrothermally treated carbon layer. Electricity generation under visible light excitation is more intensive at the hydrothermally treated fiber than at the one without the hydrothermal treatment. This result is consistent with that obtained from the dye adsorption/decomposition test because the charge generation is more efficient at the surface of the hydrothermally treated fiber, which allows the dye to be decomposed faster by the treated fibers with activated carbon.
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32
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Choe U, Mustafa AM, Lin H, Xu J, Sheng K. Effect of bamboo hydrochar on anaerobic digestion of fish processing waste for biogas production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 283:340-349. [PMID: 30925314 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effect of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) temperature and bamboo hydrochar (BHC) addition on biogas production in anaerobic digestion of fish processing waste (FPW) was studied. HTC temperature (200-280 °C) had significant effects on methane yield and content, but the BHC had little effects. The maximum biogas yield observed with HTC at 200 °C and a BHC adding ratio of 1:2 (dry mass ratio of FPW to BHC) reached 292 L/kg volatile solids (VS), which were 64% higher than the control group with only FPW, with the maximum methane yield of 219 L/kg-VS and highest net methane energy yield of 3410 kJ/kg-VS. The obtained results can be used to design an efficient anaerobic digestion process for treating and effectively utilizing fish processing waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ungyong Choe
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Science, Yusheng Scientist Road, Unjong District, Pyongyang 00850, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed M Mustafa
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Hongjian Lin
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kuichuan Sheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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33
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Tasca AL, Puccini M, Gori R, Corsi I, Galletti AMR, Vitolo S. Hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge: A critical analysis of process severity, hydrochar properties and environmental implications. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 93:1-13. [PMID: 31235045 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of sewage sludge reduces the waste volume and can be source of energy and valuable products. Furthermore, HTC offers several advantages over conventional dry-thermal pre-treatments, as no prior drying is requested, and the high quality of the char produced promotes applications as energy production and storage, wastewater remediation, and soil amendment. Relationships between char yields, physicochemical properties and process parameters are here analysed, with the aim to provide insight into the choice of the process severity required to fit the desired application. Moreover, presence and fate of heavy metals and organic contaminants are discussed. The highest reaction temperature is the main parameter affecting the physicochemical characteristics of the char produced, while the heating rate governs the heat mass transfer and the rate of intermediates formation. Depolymerization of the biomass results in a reduction of the oxygen to carbon ratio and, therefore, in augmented high heating values, further increased by deposition of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural. Recirculation of process water may enhance dehydration reactions and the deposition of degraded polymers, increasing dewaterability and yield, but field trials are recommended to assess the feasibility of this option. An overuse of chars for energy generation purposes would be deleterious for the environmental life cycle. Further research is encouraged to assess the pollutants abatement and their degradation pathways when incorporated in the carbonaceous product, to promote the application of hydrochars as soil amendment, as well as for environmental remediation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Luca Tasca
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Puccini
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Gori
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Florence, via S. Marta 3, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Corsi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Strada Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Sandra Vitolo
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy
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Jin H, Yan D, Zhu N, Zhang S, Zheng M. Immobilization of metal(loid)s in hydrochars produced from digested swine and dairy manures. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 88:10-20. [PMID: 31079621 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion technology is widely used for treatment of swine and dairy manures in livestock farms, but the digested swine and dairy manures (SD-S, SD-D) must be properly disposed. In this study, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was used to deal with SD-S and SD-D. The resulting hydrochars (HC-S and HC-D) were investigated for the migration, speciation and potential environmental risk of metal(loid)s therein. The results showed that about 20%-50% of metal(loid)s in SD-S and 11%-36% in SD-D lost through the dissolution of the metal(loid)s in solution during HTC process. The remaining metal(loid)s were more concentrated in HC-D compared to HC-S. The concentrations of water-extractable metal(loid)s showed clear decrease trend in HC-S and HC-D. The bioavailable metal(loid) fraction (acid soluble/exchangeable fraction and reducible fraction) were transformed into the stable fraction (residual fraction) during HTC process. The results indicated that HTC process could immobilize most metal(loid)s leaching from HC-S and HC-D, except for Zn and Cd in HC-S. The maximum leaching concentrations of all metal(loid)s happened at pH of 2; meanwhile less fraction of metal(loid)s can be leached out from HC-D into water. The environmental risk assessment values suggested that HC-D was more environment-friendly than HC-S. This study provides a useful support for reuse of HC-S and HC-D as pollution remediation and soil amendment with very low leaching toxicity and potential ecological risk of metal(loid)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Jin
- Circular Agriculture Research Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; East China Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Development and Utilization of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Demin Yan
- Nanjing Forest Police College, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Circular Agriculture Research Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; East China Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Development and Utilization of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Songhe Zhang
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Mengjie Zheng
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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35
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Chew KW, Chia SR, Show PL, Ling TC, Arya SS, Chang JS. Food waste compost as an organic nutrient source for the cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 267:356-362. [PMID: 30029182 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the prospective of substituting inorganic medium with organic food waste compost medium as a nutrient supplement for the cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris FSP-E. Various percentages of compost mixtures were replaced in the inorganic medium to compare the algal growth and biochemical composition. The use of 25% compost mixture combination was found to yield higher biomass concentration (11.1%) and better lipid (10.1%) and protein (2.0%) content compared with microalgae cultivation in fully inorganic medium. These results exhibited the potential of combining the inorganic medium with organic food waste compost medium as an effective way to reduce the cultivation cost of microalgae and to increase the biochemical content in the cultivated microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Wayne Chew
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shir Reen Chia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Tau Chuan Ling
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shalini S Arya
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 107, Taiwan; Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 107, Taiwan
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36
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Zhao K, Li Y, Zhou Y, Guo W, Jiang H, Xu Q. Characterization of hydrothermal carbonization products (hydrochars and spent liquor) and their biomethane production performance. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 267:9-16. [PMID: 30005272 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To optimize the energy yield (EY) of food waste (FW) via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), a response surface method was applied. Hydrochars and spent liquor were further conducted to evaluate their characterization and anaerobic digestion potential. Results found that optimal parameters for HTC of FW were suggested as temperature of 260 °C, reaction time of 4 h and moisture of 80%, with higher EY of 66.1%. Higher heating value, good combustion quality, lower H/C and O/C ratios indicated that hydrochar could be utilized as a safe solid fuel. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) experiment showed that spent liquor and hydrochars could be used as feedstocks for anaerobic digestion. Interestingly, hydrochars added in the spent liquor could promote the specific methane yield, which was 2.53 times higher than no addition of hydrochars. The finding of this study could provide useful information for HTC of FW and the utilization of hydrochars and spent liquor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading Utilization, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum Beijing (CUPB), Beijing 102249, PR China
| | - Yeqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading Utilization, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum Beijing (CUPB), Beijing 102249, PR China.
| | - Ying Zhou
- University of Rostock, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department Waste Management, Justus-v.-Liebig-Weg 6, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Wenyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading Utilization, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum Beijing (CUPB), Beijing 102249, PR China
| | - Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading Utilization, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum Beijing (CUPB), Beijing 102249, PR China
| | - Quan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading Utilization, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum Beijing (CUPB), Beijing 102249, PR China
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37
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Volpe M, Wüst D, Merzari F, Lucian M, Andreottola G, Kruse A, Fiori L. One stage olive mill waste streams valorisation via hydrothermal carbonisation. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 80:224-234. [PMID: 30455003 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An olive waste stream mixture, coming from a three phase-continuous centrifugation olive oil mill industry, with a typical wet basis mass composition of olive pulp 39 wt%, kernels 5 wt% and olive mill waste water 56 wt%, was subjected to hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) at 180, 220 and 250 °C for a 3-hour residence time in a 2-litre stainless steel electrically heated batch reactor. The raw feedstock and corresponding hydrochars were characterised in terms of proximate and ultimate analyses, higher heating values and energy properties. Results showed an increase in carbonisation of samples with increasing HTC severity and an energy densification ratio up to 142% (at 250 °C). Hydrochar obtained at 250 °C was successfully pelletised using a lab scale pelletiser without binders or expensive drying procedures. Energy characterisation (HHV, TGA), ATR-FTIR analysis, fouling index evaluation and pelletisation results suggested that olive mill waste hydrochars could be used as energy dense and mechanical stable bio-fuels. Characterisation of HTC residues in terms of mineral content via induced coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) as well as Total and Dissolved Organic Carbon enabled to evaluate their potential use as soil improvers. Nutrients and polyphenolic compounds in HTC liquid fractions were evaluated for the estimation of their potential use as liquid fertilisers. Results showed that HTC could represent a viable route for the valorisation of olive mill industry waste streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Volpe
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Dominik Wüst
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy; University of Hohenheim, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Department of Conversion Technologies and of Biobased Resources, Garbenstrasse 9, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Fabio Merzari
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Michela Lucian
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Gianni Andreottola
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Andrea Kruse
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Department of Conversion Technologies and of Biobased Resources, Garbenstrasse 9, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Luca Fiori
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy.
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38
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Xu J, Mustafa AM, Lin H, Choe UY, Sheng K. Effect of hydrochar on anaerobic digestion of dead pig carcass after hydrothermal pretreatment. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 78:849-856. [PMID: 32559980 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Incineration and burial are the current practices for pig carcasses disposal but are not environmentally friendly. Anaerobic digestion can be a better alternative if the process inhibition by carcass digestion can be ameliorated. This study successfully mitigated the inhibition in anaerobic digestion of carcasses by hydrochar addition and by co-digestion with RS and HRS. Biogas production from SP of the pretreated hydrothermal carcasses was enhanced by 60.7 to 90.8% through hydrochar addition. The highest biogas production of 450 mL/g-VS was obtained at 4 g-hydrochar/L addition. The methane content was also increased from 57.5% to up to 69.8%. Each gram of hydrochar removed 25 mg of ammonium and 50 mg of VFA. Hydrochar addition promoted the conversion of VFA to biogas by strengthening the intensity of functional groups and the immobilization of microbial biomass. Co-digestion of SP with RS or HRS also increased the biogas production, and the optimal production of 428 mL/g VS was obtained at 70% SP and 30% RS. The co-digestion of carcass SP with RS and the addition of hydrochar can be a promising solution for improving biogas production from a pig carcass, and can be potentially developed as a sustainable waste management method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ahmed M Mustafa
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Hongjian Lin
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Ung Yong Choe
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kuichuan Sheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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39
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Li L, Wang Y, Xu J, Flora JRV, Hoque S, Berge ND. Quantifying the sensitivity of feedstock properties and process conditions on hydrochar yield, carbon content, and energy content. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 262:284-293. [PMID: 29723788 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a wet, low temperature thermal conversion process that continues to gain attention for the generation of hydrochar. The importance of specific process conditions and feedstock properties on hydrochar characteristics is not well understood. To evaluate this, linear and non-linear models were developed to describe hydrochar characteristics based on data collected from HTC-related literature. A Sobol analysis was subsequently conducted to identify parameters that most influence hydrochar characteristics. Results from this analysis indicate that for each investigated hydrochar property, the model fit and predictive capability associated with the random forest models is superior to both the linear and regression tree models. Based on results from the Sobol analysis, the feedstock properties and process conditions most influential on hydrochar yield, carbon content, and energy content were identified. In addition, a variational process parameter sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine how feedstock property importance changes with process conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Yiying Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, 301 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Jiting Xu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Carolina, 301 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Joseph R V Flora
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Shamia Hoque
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Nicole D Berge
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, United States.
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40
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Yuan T, Cheng Y, Huang W, Zhang Z, Lei Z, Shimizu K, Utsumi M. Fertilizer potential of liquid product from hydrothermal treatment of swine manure. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 77:166-171. [PMID: 30008406 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Compared with composting, hydrothermal treatment (HTT) technology can dramatically shorten the duration for manure waste treatment. This study firstly investigated the effect of HTT on solubilization of N, P and organics from swine manure, and then evaluated the phytotoxicity of liquid product from hydrothermally treated manure by seed germination test. Results show that 98% of N in manure could be converted into soluble form after HTT at 200 °C for 60 min. Soluble P in hydrothermally treated manure (at 150 °C for 60 min) was 2.7 times that in raw manure. The germination indices (GI) were all greater than 100% when the liquid product (from HTT at 150 °C for 60 min) or its diluted samples being used. Results from this study suggest that HTT could be a promising technology for producing safe and value-added liquid fertilizers from swine manure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yuan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yanfei Cheng
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Weiwei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Coal Gasification and Energy Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhenya Zhang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Zhongfang Lei
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Shimizu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Motoo Utsumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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41
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Tradler SB, Mayr S, Himmelsbach M, Priewasser R, Baumgartner W, Stadler AT. Hydrothermal carbonization as an all-inclusive process for food-waste conversion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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