1
|
Baranauskaitė A, Strazdaitė-Žielienė Ž, Servienė E, Butkauskas D, Prakas P. Molecular Identification of Protozoan Sarcocystis in Different Types of Water Bodies in Lithuania. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:life13010051. [PMID: 36676000 PMCID: PMC9864107 DOI: 10.3390/life13010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Representatives of the genus Sarcocystis are unicellular parasites having a two-host life cycle and infecting mammals, birds, and reptiles. Until now, Sarcocystis spp. have been mainly investigated in definitive and intermediate hosts. Only a few studies have been conducted on the detection of Sarcocystis parasites in water samples. The aim of this research was to examine whether the prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. parasitizing farm animals varies in different types of water bodies. Water samples (n = 150) were collected from the entire territory of Lithuania, dividing water bodies into five groups (lakes, rivers, ponds/canals, swamps, and the inshore zone of the territorial Baltic Sea area). One-liter samples were filtered and subsequently analyzed using nested PCR. At least one of the analyzed Sarcocystis spp. (S. arieticanis, S. bertrami, S. bovifelis, S. capracanis, S. cruzi, S. hirsuta, S. miescheriana, and S. tenella) was determined in all examined samples from water bodies. No significant difference in Sarcocystis spp. prevalence between different types of water sources was detected. Our research proved that selecting appropriate primers is important for the accurate identification of parasites in samples collected from water bodies.
Collapse
|
2
|
Moreno-Mesonero L, Amorós I, Moreno Y, Alonso JL. Simultaneous detection of less frequent waterborne parasitic protozoa in reused wastewater using amplicon sequencing and qPCR techniques. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 314:115029. [PMID: 35430514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne parasitic protozoa (WPP) infections have a worldwide distribution and are a source for epidemic and endemic human diseases. Although a variety of protozoa are commonly detected in wastewater and cited as causative agents of outbreaks, effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) used for irrigation can contain other pathogenic protozoa that are not currently being controlled. The lack of control on a routine basis using rapid and sensitive methods to detect these parasites in water may keep them under-recognized. This study focused on using molecular tools, 18 S rRNA amplicon-based sequencing and qPCR, to characterize WPP distribution in wastewater samples from urban WWTPs used for irrigation. A total of eight wastewater samples (from secondary and tertiary disinfection treatment effluents) were collected. Potentially pathogenic protozoa identified by 18 S rRNA sequencing and/or qPCR in the analyzed samples included Acanthamoeba spp., Blastocystis sp., Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba hartmanni, Giardia intestinalis assemblage A and Toxoplasma gondii Positive results by qPCR were in non-quantifiable levels. Blastocystis sp. was the most represented protozoa among the sequences retrieved from the amplicon sequencing. Blastocystis ST1 and ST2 were the most abundant subtypes among the obtained OTUs. Moreover, Blastocystis sp. ST3, ST4, ST6 and ST8 were also detected, although in lower abundances. Results of this study showed that WWTP effluents used for irrigation can provide a source of WPP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Moreno-Mesonero
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - I Amorós
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Y Moreno
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - J L Alonso
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ríos-Castro R, Romero A, Aranguren R, Pallavicini A, Banchi E, Novoa B, Figueras A. High-Throughput Sequencing of Environmental DNA as a Tool for Monitoring Eukaryotic Communities and Potential Pathogens in a Coastal Upwelling Ecosystem. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:765606. [PMID: 34805343 PMCID: PMC8595318 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.765606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine environment includes diverse microeukaryotic organisms that play important functional roles in the ecosystem. With molecular approaches, eukaryotic taxonomy has been improved, complementing classical analysis. In this study, DNA metabarcoding was performed to describe putative pathogenic eukaryotic microorganisms in sediment and marine water fractions collected in Galicia (NW Spain) from 2016 to 2018. The composition of eukaryotic communities was distinct between sediment and water fractions. Protists were the most diverse group, with the clade TSAR (Stramenopiles, Alveolata, Rhizaria, and Telonemida) as the primary representative organisms in the environment. Harmful algae and invasive species were frequently detected. Potential pathogens, invasive pathogenic organisms as well as the causative agents of harmful phytoplanktonic blooms were identified in this marine ecosystem. Most of the identified pathogens have a crucial impact on the aquacultural sector or affect to relevant species in the marine ecosystem, such as diatoms. Moreover, pathogens with medical and veterinary importance worldwide were also found, as well as pathogens that affect diatoms. The evaluation of the health of a marine ecosystem that directly affects the aquacultural sector with a zoonotic concern was performed with the metabarcoding assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ríos-Castro
- Inmunology and Genomics, Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Inmunology and Genomics, Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Raquel Aranguren
- Inmunology and Genomics, Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Division of Oceanography, National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisa Banchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Division of Oceanography, National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics, Trieste, Italy
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Inmunology and Genomics, Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Inmunology and Genomics, Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Farrell ML, Joyce A, Duane S, Fitzhenry K, Hooban B, Burke LP, Morris D. Evaluating the potential for exposure to organisms of public health concern in naturally occurring bathing waters in Europe: A scoping review. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 206:117711. [PMID: 34637971 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Globally, water-based bathing pastimes are important for both mental and physical health. However, exposure to waterborne organisms could present a substantial public health issue. Bathing waters are shown to contribute to the transmission of illness and disease and represent a reservoir and pathway for the dissemination of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) organisms. Current bathing water quality regulations focus on enumeration of faecal indicator organisms and are not designed for detection of specific waterborne organisms of public health concern (WOPHC), such as antimicrobial resistant (AMR)/pathogenic bacteria, or viruses. This investigation presents the first scoping review of the occurrence of waterborne organisms of public health concern (WOPHC) in identified natural bathing waters across the European Union (EU), which aimed to critically evaluate the potential risk of human exposure and to assess the appropriateness of the current EU bathing water regulations for the protection of public health. Accordingly, this review sought to identify and synthesise all literature pertaining to a selection of bacterial (Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio spp., Pseudomonas spp., AMR bacteria), viral (Hepatitis spp., enteroviruses, rotavirus, adenovirus, norovirus), and protozoan (Giardia spp., and Cryptosporidium spp.) contaminants in EU bathing waters. Sixty investigations were identified as eligible for inclusion and data was extracted. Peer-reviewed investigations included were from 18 countries across the EU, totalling 87 investigations across a period of 35 years, with 30% published between 2011 and 2015. A variety of water bodies were identified, with 27 investigations exclusively assessing coastal waters. Waterborne organisms were classified into three categories; bacteria, viruses, and protozoa; amounting to 58%, 36% and 17% of the total investigations, respectively. The total number of samples across all investigations was 8,118, with detection of one or more organisms in 2,449 (30%) of these. Viruses were detected in 1281 (52%) of all samples where WOPHC were found, followed by bacteria (865(35%)) and protozoa (303(12%)). Where assessed (442 samples), AMR bacteria had a 47% detection rate, emphasising their widespread occurrence in bathing waters. Results of this scoping review highlight the potential public health risk of exposure to WOPHC in bathing waters that normally remain undetected within the current monitoring parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maeve Louise Farrell
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Ecology Group, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Centre for One Health, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
| | - Aoife Joyce
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Ecology Group, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Centre for One Health, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Sinead Duane
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Ecology Group, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Centre for One Health, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Whitaker Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Kelly Fitzhenry
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Ecology Group, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Centre for One Health, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Brigid Hooban
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Ecology Group, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Centre for One Health, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Liam P Burke
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Ecology Group, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Centre for One Health, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Dearbháile Morris
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Ecology Group, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Centre for One Health, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kamrani F, Nouri Sepehr M, Heidari A, Dehghanifard E, Miahipour A, Sezavar M. The Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia Parasites in Drinking Water Resources of Alborz province , the Central Part of Iran in 2018. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2021. [DOI: 10.34172/ijep.2021.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Giardia and Cryptosporidium are common parasitic protozoa that cause acute intestinal infections in children. These two parasites are mostly found in aquatic environments, including raw water, wastewater, and even treated water. Objective: The present study aimed to examine parasitic contamination of drinking water resources by cysts and the oocyst of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Alborz province, Iran. Materials and Methods: Water samples from three rivers and seven randomly-selected wells of Alborz province were examined using Sheather, formol-ether, and immuno-fluorescence assay (IFA) techniques. The prepared slides were examined with optical and fluorescence microscopes. Results: IFA technique revealed that 28% of the wells were contaminated with both parasites. It was also shown that all rivers’ drainage basins were contaminated with Cryptosporidium parasite, while 66% of rivers’ drainage basins were contaminated with Giardia parasite. Conclusion: The results showed that water resources of Alborz province contained Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts, which required health care officials to pay serious attention to treating drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Kamrani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri Sepehr
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Aliehsan Heidari
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Emad Dehghanifard
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Miahipour
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Moniereh Sezavar
- Department of Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kondo Nakada LY, Urbano Dos Santos L, Guimarães JR. Pre-ozonation of surface water: An effective water treatment process to reduce the risk of infection by Giardia in drinking water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115144. [PMID: 32673973 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Giardia is a protozoan parasite of primary concern for the drinking water industry. High contact times are required for Giardia inactivation by chlorination, while ozonation may be effective at much lower Ct products. In this study, we have assessed the occurrence of Giardia cysts in raw water, and in chlorinated or ozonated water from a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) in Brazil, over a 16-month period. Moreover, we analyzed the effects of primary disinfection on cysts, and calculated the infection risk caused by the occurrence of Giardia cysts in raw water, chlorinated or ozonated water. Furthermore, we assessed the correlation of Giardia cysts with indicator bacteria in raw water. Data referring to concentration of Giardia cysts in raw water showed adherence to a gamma distribution at a significance level α = 0.05. The detection frequency and the mean concentration of Giardia cysts were higher in raw water (86.6%, 26 cysts∙L-1), than in chlorinated (46.1%, 15.7 cysts·L-1) or ozonated water (43.5%, 11.1 cysts·L-1). Overall, Giardia non-viable cysts were detected more frequently in ozonated water (80%) than in chlorinated water (68.2%) or raw water (37.7%). Ozonation and chlorination resulted, respectively, in ≈27.5- and ≈13- fold reduction of Giardia infection risk, when compared to the risk calculated for raw water. Total coliform and Escherichia coli proved to be suitable surrogates to predict the occurrence of Giardia cysts in raw surface water, however, the indicator bacteria may not be suitable surrogates to predict the disinfection of Giardia cysts, as no correlation was found between indicator bacteria and Giardia cysts in treated water. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the efficacy of chlorine and ozone at Ct products actually applied at a full-scale drinking water treatment plant against Giardia cysts naturally occurring in the source water, i.e. real situation. Ozonation has proven more efficient than chlorination against Giardia cysts in surface water. Escherichia coli proved to be suitable surrogate to predict Giardia cysts in raw surface water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liane Yuri Kondo Nakada
- University of Campinas - School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design - Department of Infrastructure and Environment, Avenida Albert Einstein, 951 -Cidade Universitária, 13083852 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Urbano Dos Santos
- University of Campinas - School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design - Department of Infrastructure and Environment, Avenida Albert Einstein, 951 -Cidade Universitária, 13083852 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Guimarães
- University of Campinas - School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design - Department of Infrastructure and Environment, Avenida Albert Einstein, 951 -Cidade Universitária, 13083852 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barrera JP, Carmena D, Rodríguez E, Checa R, López AM, Fidalgo LE, Gálvez R, Marino V, Fuentes I, Miró G, Montoya A. The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) as a potential natural reservoir of human cryptosporidiosis by Cryptosporidium hominis in Northwest Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2172-2182. [PMID: 32302466 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. are ubiquitous intestinal protozoa that parasitize domestic and wild animals, as well as human beings. Due to their zoonotic potential, the objective of the present study was to determine the presence of these pathogens in the fox population (Vulpes vulpes) located in Northwest Spain. A total of 197 faecal samples from legally hunted foxes were collected in the autonomous region of Galicia. The presence of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. was investigated by PCR-based methods amplifying the small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssu rRNA) gene of the parasites. Attempts to genotype obtained positive samples were subsequently conducted at the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and β-giardin (bg) genes of G. duodenalis, and the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene of Cryptosporidium. Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. were identified in 19 (9.6%) and 12 (6.1%) of the investigated samples, respectively. However, five Cryptosporidium species were detected at the ssu rRNA locus: C. hominis (33.4%, 4/12), C. canis (25.0%, 3/12), C. parvum (16.7%, 2/12), C. ubiquitum (8.3%, 1/12) and C. suis (8.3%, 1/12). An additional Cryptosporidium-positive sample was identified at the genus level only. Typing and subtyping of Giardia- and Cryptosporidium-positive samples were unsuccessful. The detection of C. hominis in wild foxes indicates the probable overlapping of sylvatic and domestic cycles of this parasite in rural settings. Besides, this finding raises the question of whether red foxes may act as natural reservoirs of C. hominis. The detection of C. parvum and C. suis is suggestive of active transmission events between farm and wild animals, opening up the possibility of transmission to human beings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Barrera
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Rodríguez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Checa
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M López
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Lugo, Lugo, Spain
| | - Luis E Fidalgo
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Lugo, Lugo, Spain
| | - Rosa Gálvez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentina Marino
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Montoya
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Géba E, Rousseau A, Le Guernic A, Escotte-Binet S, Favennec L, La Carbona S, Gargala G, Dubey JP, Villena I, Betoulle S, Aubert D, Bigot-Clivot A. Survival and infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts bioaccumulated by Dreissena polymorpha. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:504-515. [PMID: 32737913 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The study was aimed to understand the depuration process of Cryptosporidium parvum and Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), to consider the use of the zebra mussel as a bioremediation tool. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two experiments were performed: (i) individual exposure of mussel to investigate oocyst transfers between bivalves and water and (ii) in vivo exposure to assess the ability of the zebra mussel to degrade oocysts. RESULTS (i) Our results highlighted a transfer of oocysts from the mussels to the water after 3 and 7 days of depuration; however, some oocysts were still bioaccumulated in mussel tissue. (ii) Between 7 days of exposure at 1000 or 10 000 oocysts/mussel/day and 7 days of depuration, the number of bioaccumulated oocysts did not vary but the number of infectious oocysts decreased. CONCLUSION Results show that D. polymorpha can release oocysts in water via (pseudo)faeces in depuration period. Oocysts remain bioaccumulated and infectious oocyst number decreases during the depuration period in zebra mussel tissues. Results suggest a degradation of bioaccumulated C. parvum and T. gondii oocysts. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study highlighted the potential use of D. polymorpha as a bioremediation tool to mitigate of protozoan contamination in water resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Géba
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims Cedex 2, France.,EA7510, ESCAPE (EpidémioSurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - A Rousseau
- EA7510, ESCAPE (EpidémioSurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France.,ACTALIA Food Safety Department, Saint-Lô, France
| | - A Le Guernic
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - S Escotte-Binet
- EA7510, ESCAPE (EpidémioSurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - L Favennec
- EA7510, ESCAPE (EpidémioSurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements), Université de Rouen, Rouen Cedex, France
| | - S La Carbona
- ACTALIA Food Safety Department, Saint-Lô, France
| | - G Gargala
- EA7510, ESCAPE (EpidémioSurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements), Université de Rouen, Rouen Cedex, France
| | - J P Dubey
- United States Department Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - I Villena
- EA7510, ESCAPE (EpidémioSurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - S Betoulle
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - D Aubert
- EA7510, ESCAPE (EpidémioSurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - A Bigot-Clivot
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims Cedex 2, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Benito M, Menacho C, Chueca P, Ormad MP, Goñi P. Seeking the reuse of effluents and sludge from conventional wastewater treatment plants: Analysis of the presence of intestinal protozoa and nematode eggs. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 261:110268. [PMID: 32148324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Some of the microorganisms present in urban wastewater, which include intestinal protozoa and nematodes, can be pathogenic. Their (oo)cyst and egg transmissible stages are very resistant to environmental stresses and disinfectants and they are therefore difficult to remove. Thus, they can constitute a health risk if water or sludge obtained in the purification of wastewater is reused for agricultural purposes. In this context, the presence of intestinal protozoa and nematodes were studied in influents, effluents and sludge from five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the north of Spain by optical microscopy and PCR techniques. The removal efficiency of different wastewater treatments was also compared. The presence of protozoa has increased among the population discharging waste to WWTPs in recent years. Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba spp. and nematodes were detected in all of the WWTPs. Indeed, this is the first report of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba moshkovskii in Spanish WWTPs. The water treatments studied showed different removal efficiencies for each species of intestinal protozoa, with the aerated lagoons providing the best results. (Oo)cysts were also detected in sludge even after aerobic digestion and dehydration. To avoid risks, (oo)cyst viability should be analysed whenever the sludge is to be used as a fertilizer. This study reinforces the necessity of establishing legal limits on the presence of protozoa in WWTP effluents and sludges, especially if reuse is planned. Further studies are necessary for a better understanding of the presence and behaviour of intestinal parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Benito
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technologies, EINA, University of Zaragoza, C/María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain; Area of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, C/Domingo Miral s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Carmen Menacho
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technologies, EINA, University of Zaragoza, C/María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain; Area of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, C/Domingo Miral s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Water and Environmental Health Research Group, Environmental Sciences Institute (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Patricia Chueca
- Area of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, C/Domingo Miral s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - María P Ormad
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technologies, EINA, University of Zaragoza, C/María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain; Water and Environmental Health Research Group, Environmental Sciences Institute (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Pilar Goñi
- Area of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, C/Domingo Miral s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Water and Environmental Health Research Group, Environmental Sciences Institute (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Géba E, Aubert D, Durand L, Escotte S, La Carbona S, Cazeaux C, Bonnard I, Bastien F, Palos Ladeiro M, Dubey JP, Villena I, Geffard A, Bigot-Clivot A. Use of the bivalve Dreissena polymorpha as a biomonitoring tool to reflect the protozoan load in freshwater bodies. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 170:115297. [PMID: 31756612 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum, Toxoplasma gondii and Giardia duodenalis are worldwide pathogenic protozoa recognized as major causal agents of waterborne disease outbreaks. To overcome the normative process (ISO 15553/2006) limitations of protozoa detection in aquatic systems, we propose to use the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), a freshwater bivalve mollusc, as a tool for biomonitoring protozoan contamination. Mussels were exposed to three concentrations of C. parvum oocysts, G. duodenalis cysts or T. gondii oocysts for 21 days followed by 21 days of depuration in clear water. D. polymorpha accumulated protozoa in its tissues and haemolymph. Concerning T. gondii and G. duodenalis, the percentage of protozoa positive mussels reflected the contamination level in water bodies. As for C. parvum detection, oocysts did accumulate in mussel tissues and haemolymph, but in small quantities, and the limit of detection was high (between 50 and 100 oocysts). Low levels of T. gondii (1-5 oocysts/mussel) and G. duodenalis (less than 1 cyst/mussel) were quantified in D. polymorpha tissues. The ability of zebra mussels to reflect contamination by the three protozoa for weeks after the contamination event makes them a good integrative matrix for the biomonitoring of aquatic ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Géba
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex 2, France; EA7510, ESCAPE, EpidémioSurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096, Reims, France
| | - Dominique Aubert
- EA7510, ESCAPE, EpidémioSurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096, Reims, France
| | - Loïc Durand
- ACTALIA Food Safety Department, 310 Rue Popielujko, 50000, Saint-Lô, France
| | - Sandy Escotte
- EA7510, ESCAPE, EpidémioSurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096, Reims, France
| | | | - Catherine Cazeaux
- ACTALIA Food Safety Department, 310 Rue Popielujko, 50000, Saint-Lô, France
| | - Isabelle Bonnard
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex 2, France
| | - Fanny Bastien
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex 2, France
| | - Mélissa Palos Ladeiro
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex 2, France
| | - Jitender P Dubey
- United States Department Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, building 1001, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA
| | - Isabelle Villena
- EA7510, ESCAPE, EpidémioSurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096, Reims, France
| | - Alain Geffard
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex 2, France
| | - Aurélie Bigot-Clivot
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex 2, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Labadie P, Alligant S, Berthe T, Budzinski H, Bigot-Clivot A, Collard F, Dris R, Gasperi J, Guigon E, Petit F, Rocher V, Tassin B, Tramoy R, Treilles R. Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Seine River Basin: Overview of Recent Research. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2019_381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFor over 30 years, the sources and the transfer dynamics of micropollutants have been investigated in the PIREN-Seine programme. Recent works included a wide range of chemicals and biological contaminants of emerging concern (i.e. contaminants whose occurrence, fate and impact are scarcely documented). This chapter presents a brief overview of research recently conducted on contaminants as diverse as macro- and microplastics, poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), pathogenic protozoa, antibiotics and the associated antibiotic resistance. The multiscalar study of plastics and PFASs at a large spatial scale is rare; the results produced in recent years on the Seine River catchment have provided an original contribution to the investigation of the dynamics of these contaminants in urban environments. The results also highlighted that pathogenic protozoa are ubiquitous in the Seine River basin and that the contamination of bivalves such as Dreissena polymorpha could reflect the ambient biological contamination of watercourses. The widespread occurrence of antibiotics in the Seine River was demonstrated, and it was shown that the resistome of biofilms in highly urbanised rivers constitutes a microenvironment where genetic support for antibiotic resistance (clinical integrons) and resistance genes for trace metals are concentrated.
Collapse
|
12
|
Couso-Pérez S, Ares-Mazás E, Gómez-Couso H. First Report of Cryptosporidium Molnari-Like Genotype and Cryptosporidium parvum Zoonotic Subtypes (IIaA15G2R1 And IIaA18G3R1) in Brown Trout (Salmo trutta). J Parasitol 2019. [DOI: 10.1645/18-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seila Couso-Pérez
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Elvira Ares-Mazás
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Hipólito Gómez-Couso
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xiao S, Yin P, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Sun L, Yuan H, Lu J, Hu S. Occurrence, genotyping, and health risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in recreational lakes in Tianjin, China. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 141:46-56. [PMID: 29775772 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are critical parasites in the etiology of diarrhea worldwide, and often cause waterborne outbreaks. The presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in recreational lakes was investigated with molecular characterization, and a comprehensive quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) of protozoan infections was performed, considering multiple exposure pathways, differences in age, sex, and disease severity, and the genotypes of the protozoa. Forty-three (82.7%) and 51 (98.1%) water samples were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts, respectively, with average counts of 3.65 oocysts/10 L and 12.58 cysts/10 L, respectively. Six Cryptosporidium species and three Giardia lamblia assemblages were confirmed with molecular analyses. The protozoan concentration was significantly associated with water turbidity, but not with the total coliform numbers. Swimming in the lakes entailed the highest incidence risk of 5.72 × 10-4 per person per year (pppy) (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03-43.33 × 10-4) for Cryptosporidium and 4.04 × 10-4 pppy (95% CI: 0.01-32.66 × 10-4) for Giardia, whereas wading entailed the lowest risk (2.20 × 10-4 and 1.70 × 10-4 pppy, respectively). The annual burdens attributable to recreational-water-associated cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis were 3.44 (95% CI: 0.04-23.51) and 1.81 (95% CI: 0.01-12.96) disability-adjusted life years per 1,000,000 individuals per year, respectively. Children were more likely to have an individual disease burden than adults, and males were more likely than females. Sensitivity analysis highlighted the great importance of controlling the proportion of exposed individuals and reducing the frequency of exposure. The methodology and results of this study will allow us to better evaluate and reduce the burden of Cryptosporidium and/or Giardia infections associated with recreational water use in China and other countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Xiao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China.
| | - Pengna Yin
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Liping Sun
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Hongying Yuan
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Jingfang Lu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Sike Hu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ahmed SA, Guerrero Flórez M, Karanis P. The impact of water crises and climate changes on the transmission of protozoan parasites in Africa. Pathog Glob Health 2018; 112:281-293. [PMID: 30332341 PMCID: PMC6381522 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2018.1523778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Waterborne protozoa (WBP) are important cause of several outbreaks all over the world. The report system of WBP in Africa is weak. More than one third of African countries (21/54) reported WBP with absent reports in the remaining countries (33/54). The top reported WBP were Cryptosporidium, Giardia, FLA and Entamoeba contaminating different African water resources. Other protozoa were less documented even though it is abundant and robust. More than one protozoa were detected in contaminated African water including drinking sources, a prediction index to popular epidemics and real presence of undocumented WBP outbreaks. Risk factors in Africa were observed to be abundant and multi-factorial 'socioeconomic, governmental, pathogen in water and climate change. Climate change is an important factor impacting Africa. Increasing droughts in Africa with other extreme weather events will lead to water crises. Incidence and transmission of WBP will change, with new manifested strains/species. Recognizing future consequences of water crises in Africa are important. Governments and population unity will be needed to protect against expected raise and spread of WBP diseases and water shortages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahira A. Ahmed
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Milena Guerrero Flórez
- Center for Health Studies CESUN, University of Nariño. Ciudad Universitaria-Torobajo, Pasto, Colombia
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hamilton KA, Waso M, Reyneke B, Saeidi N, Levine A, Lalancette C, Besner MC, Khan W, Ahmed W. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Wastewater and Surface Water Environments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018; 47:1006-1023. [PMID: 30272766 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2018.04.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
and spp. are significant contributors to the global waterborne disease burden. Waterways used as sources of drinking water and for recreational activity can become contaminated through the introduction of fecal materials derived from humans and animals. Multiple studies have reported the occurence or concentrations of these pathogens in the environment. However, this information has not been comprehensively reviewed. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for and can be beneficial, but it often relies on the concentrations in environmental sources reported from the literature. A thorough literature review was conducted to develop an inventory of reported and concentrations in wastewater and surface water available in the literature. This information can be used to develop QMRA inputs. and (oo)cyst concentrations in untreated wastewater were up to 60,000 oocysts L and 100,000 cysts L, respectively. The maximum reported concentrations for and in surface water were 8400 oocysts L and 1000 cysts L, respectively. A summary of the factors for interpretation of concentration information including common quantification methods, survival and persistence, biofilm interactions, genotyping, and treatment removal is provided in this review. This information can help in identifying assumptions implicit in various QMRA parameters, thus providing the context and rationale to guide model formulation and application. Additionally, it can provide valuable information for water quality practitioners striving to meet the recreational water quality or treatment criteria. The goal is for the information provided in the current review to aid in developing source water protection and monitoring strategies that will minimize public health risks.
Collapse
|
16
|
Xiao S, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Sun L, Hu S. Presence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in recreational lake water in Tianjin, China: a preliminary study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2353. [PMID: 29402951 PMCID: PMC5799358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20902-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in recreational water in China. A total of 52 samples were collected from recreational lakes in Tianjin during a high-occurrence season (June-October) for the waterborne cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, and the occurrence and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were investigated. The results showed that 82.7% (43) and 98.1% (51) of samples were positive for Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cysts, respectively. The mean concentration of parasites was 3.65 oocysts/10 L and 12.58 cysts/10 L, respectively. Molecular characterization revealed that the presence of Cryptosporidium parvum, C. andersoni, C. hominis, C. meleagridis, C. fragile, C. ubiquitum, and Giardia lamblia assemblage A, B and D. The protozoan contamination in the studied lakes may originate from animal feces on ground, which was washed into the lake by stormwater runoff. Nevertheless, there is a potential risk of infection during recreational activities in the lake because the dominant detected protozoan genotypes are common human pathogens. Moreover, microbial indicators analysis does not adequately indicate the protozoan contamination in recreational water. The information from this study will be valuable for future protozoan source tracking, and any further control interventions against Cryptosporidium and/or Giardia infection associated with recreational water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Xiao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, 300384, P.R. China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300384, P.R. China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, 300384, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, 300384, P.R. China
| | - Liping Sun
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, 300384, P.R. China
| | - Sike Hu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xiao S, Hu S, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Pan W. Influence of sewage treatment plant effluent discharge into multipurpose river on its water quality: A quantitative health risk assessment of Cryptosporidium and Giardia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 233:797-805. [PMID: 29141237 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sewage treatment plants (STPs) are one of the sources of pathogens discharged into surface water. An investigation was carried out over the duration of 12 months in Henan Province, China, to evaluate the health influence of municipal wastewater effluent discharge on water quality of the receiving water. A discharge-based quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was employed, taking into account the vegetables consumption habits of the Chinese, population subgroups with different immune statuses and ages, to evaluate the incremental disease burden from agricultural irrigation and swimming exposure scenarios associated with increased concentration of the protozoan Cryptosporidium and/or Giardia in the receiving river. The results shown that all the STP influent samples contained Cryptosporidium and Giardia with average density of 142.31 oocysts/L and 1187.06 cysts/L, respectively. The QMRA results demonstrated that the estimated additional health burdens due to discharged effluent for both parasites were slightly violated the threshold of 10-6 DALYs per person per year set by WHO. Mitigation measures should be planned and executed by season since more disease burdens were borne during hot season than other seasons. The sensitivity analysis highlighted the great importance of stability of STP treatment process. This study provides useful information to improve the safety of surface water and deduce the disease burden of the protozoa in Henan Province and other region inside and outside China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Xiao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China.
| | - Sike Hu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Wenwei Pan
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Petersen HH, Enemark HL. Viability Assessment of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts by Vital Dyes: Dry Mounts Overestimate the Number of "Ghost" Oocysts. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 15:141-144. [PMID: 29185793 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Viability assessment of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts is crucial for evaluation of the public health significance of this important zoonotic protozoon. Viability is commonly assessed in wet mounts after acid pretreatment and staining with fluorogenic vital dyes. However, in some studies, oocyst viability is evaluated in dry mounts after staining in suspension. Here, we evaluate the effect of acid pretreatment in nine replicate samples and compare the assessment of oocyst viability after evaluation in wet and dry mounts, respectively. Although acid pretreatment had no significant effect on the viability scores, data obtained by scoring oocysts in dry mounts resulted in ∼25% underestimation of the proportion of viable oocyst (82.5% ± 0.9% [wet mount +acid], 57.7% ± 2.3% [dry mount, ÷ acid], 76.0% ± 1.7% [wet mount, ÷ acid]), while the proportions of nonviable oocysts (DAPI+/PI+) were comparable for wet and dry mounts (9.7% ± 0.4% [wet mount +acid], 12.1 ± 1.5% [dry mount, ÷ acid], 15.5% ± 1.1% [wet mount, ÷ acid]).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi H Petersen
- 1 Section for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Heidi L Enemark
- 2 Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute , Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Berglund B, Dienus O, Sokolova E, Berglind E, Matussek A, Pettersson T, Lindgren PE. Occurrence and removal efficiency of parasitic protozoa in Swedish wastewater treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:821-827. [PMID: 28458199 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba histolytica and Dientamoeba fragilis are parasitic protozoa and causative agents of gastroenteritis in humans. G. intestinalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in particular are the most common protozoa associated with waterborne outbreaks in high-income countries. Surveillance of protozoan prevalence in wastewater and evaluation of wastewater treatment removal efficiencies of protozoan pathogens is therefore imperative for assessment of human health risk. In this study, influent and effluent wastewater samples from three wastewater treatment plants in Sweden were collected over nearly one year and assessed for prevalence of parasitic protozoa. Quantitative real-time PCR using primers specific for the selected protozoa Cryptosporidium spp., G. intestinalis, E. histolytica, Entamoeba dispar and D. fragilis was used for protozoan DNA detection and assessment of wastewater treatment removal efficiencies. Occurrence of G. intestinalis, E. dispar and D. fragilis DNA was assessed in both influent (44, 30 and 39 out of 51 samples respectively) and effluent wastewater (14, 9 and 33 out of 51 samples respectively) in all three wastewater treatment plants. Mean removal efficiencies of G. intestinalis, E. dispar and D. fragilis DNA quantities, based on all three wastewater treatment plants studied varied between 67 and 87%, 37-75% and 20-34% respectively. Neither E. histolytica nor Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in any samples. Overall, higher quantities of protozoan DNA were observed from February to June 2012. The high prevalence of protozoa in influent wastewater indicates the need for continued monitoring of these pathogens in wastewater-associated aquatic environments to minimise the potential risk for human infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Berglund
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Olaf Dienus
- County Hospital Ryhov, Division of Medical Services, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina Sokolova
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Berglind
- County Hospital Ryhov, Division of Medical Services, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Andreas Matussek
- County Hospital Ryhov, Division of Medical Services, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Jönköping, Sweden; Karolinska University Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Pettersson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per-Eric Lindgren
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; County Hospital Ryhov, Division of Medical Services, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Jönköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ramo A, Del Cacho E, Sánchez-Acedo C, Quílez J. Occurrence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in urban wastewater treatment plants in north-eastern Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:628-638. [PMID: 28454035 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the presence and removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater treatment plants at the 20 most populated towns in Aragón (north-eastern Spain). Samples of influent and effluent wastewater and dewatered sewage sludge were collected seasonally from 23 plants and processed according to USEPA Method 1623. All samples from raw and treated wastewater tested positive for Giardia, at an average concentration of 3247±2039cysts/l and 50±28cysts/l, respectively. Cryptosporidium was identified in most samples from both raw (85/92) and treated (78/92) wastewaters in a concentration significantly lower than Giardia, at both influent (96±105oocysts/l) and effluent samples (31±70oocysts/l) (P<0.001). The (oo)cyst counts peaked in summer in most plants. The removal efficiency was higher for Giardia (1.06-log to 2.34-log) than Cryptosporidium (0.35-log to 1.8-log). Overall, high removal efficiency values were found for Giardia after secondary treatment based on activated sludge, while tertiary treatment (microfiltration, chlorination and/or ultraviolet irradiation) was needed to achieve the greatest removal or inactivation of Cryptosporidium. Most samples of treated sludge were positive for Giardia (92/92) and Cryptosporidium (45/92), at an average concentration of 20-593cysts/g and 2-44oocyst/g, respectively. The molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were attempted at the SSU rRNA/GP60 and bg/tpi loci, respectively. G. duodenalis sub-assemblage AII was identified in all plants, with a large proportion of samples (15/47) harboring mixed assemblages (AII+B). Nine Cryptosporidium species and six subtypes were identified, with C. parvum IIaA15G2R1 being the most prevalent. The presence of significant numbers of (oo)cysts in samples of final effluents and treated sludge reveals the limited efficacy of conventional treatments in removing (oo)cysts and highlights the potential environmental impact and public health risks associated with disposal and reclamation of wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ramo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Emilio Del Cacho
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Caridad Sánchez-Acedo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joaquín Quílez
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Santos PRD, Daniel LA. Occurrence and removal of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts from a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2017; 38:1245-1254. [PMID: 27573723 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1223175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sewage and sewage sludge have been recognized as potential sources of two important waterborne pathogenic protozoa: Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. Due to the lack of studies about the occurrence of these pathogens in sewage and sludge in Brazil, an investigation was conducted at various stages of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) aiming to assess the occurrence of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, their removal by the treatment processes, which are upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and dissolved air flotation process, and also the correlations between protozoa and indicator microorganisms. Significant quantities of cysts were detected in 100% of the analyzed wastewater samples, while oocysts were detected only in 39.0% of all wastewater samples. The overall removal of Giardia spp. cysts from the WWTP was on average 2.03 log, and the UASB reactor was more efficient than flotation. The sludge samples presented high quantities of (oo)cysts, implying the risks of contamination in the case of sludge reuse or inadequate disposal. Giardiasis prevalence was estimated between 2.21% and 6.7% for the population served by the WWTP, while cryptosporidiosis prevalence was much lower. Significant positive correlation was obtained only between cysts and Clostridium spores in anaerobic effluent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Ribeiro Dos Santos
- a Hydraulics and Sanitation Department, Engineering School of São Carlos , University of São Paulo , São Carlos - São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Daniel
- a Hydraulics and Sanitation Department, Engineering School of São Carlos , University of São Paulo , São Carlos - São Paulo , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rosado-García FM, Guerrero-Flórez M, Karanis G, Hinojosa MDC, Karanis P. Water-borne protozoa parasites: The Latin American perspective. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:783-798. [PMID: 28460996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Health systems, sanitation and water access have certain limitations in nations of Latin America (LA): typical matters of developing countries. Water is often contaminated and therefore unhealthy for the consumers and users. Information on prevalence and detection of waterborne parasitic protozoa are limited or not available in LA. Only few reports have documented in this field during the last forty years and Brazil leads the list, including countries in South America and Mexico within Central America region and Caribbean islands. From 1979 to 2015, 16 outbreaks of waterborne-protozoa, were reported in Latin American countries. T. gondii and C. cayetanensis were the protozoa, which caused more outbreaks and Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. were the most frequently found protozoa in water samples. On the other hand, Latin America countries have not got a coherent methodology for detection of protozoa in water samples despite whole LA is highly vulnerable to extreme weather events related to waterborne-infections; although Brazil and Colombia have some implemented laws in their surveillance systems. It would be important to coordinate all surveillance systems in between all countries for early detection and measures against waterborne-protozoan and to establish effective and suitable diagnosis tools according to the country's economic strength and particular needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Félix Manuel Rosado-García
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, PR China; National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology of Cuba, Cuba
| | - Milena Guerrero-Flórez
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, PR China; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Doctorate in Biotechnology, Universidad de Nariño, Research Group of Functional Materials and Catalysis, GIMFC, Colombia
| | - Gabriele Karanis
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, PR China; Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining City, 810016, Qinghai Province, PR China
| | | | - Panagiotis Karanis
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
De Sanctis M, Del Moro G, Chimienti S, Ritelli P, Levantesi C, Di Iaconi C. Removal of pollutants and pathogens by a simplified treatment scheme for municipal wastewater reuse in agriculture. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:17-25. [PMID: 27951439 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The availability of high quality water has become a constraint in several countries. Agriculture represents the main water user, therefore, wastewater reuse in this area could increase water availability for other needs. This research was aimed to provide a simplified scheme for treatment and reuse of municipal and domestic wastewater based on Sequencing Batch Biofilter Granular Reactors (SBBGRs). The activity was conducted at pilot-scale and particular attention was dedicated to the microbiological quality of treated wastewater to evaluate the risk associated to its reuse. The following microorganisms were monitored: Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, somatic coliphages, adenovirus, enterovirus, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum. The possibility of SBBGR enhancement with sand filtration was also evaluated. The SBBGR removed >90% of suspended solids and chemical oxygen demand, and 80% and 60% of total nitrogen and phosphorous, respectively. SBBGR was also effective in removing microbial indicators, from 1 (for C. perfringens) up to 4 (for E. coli) log units of these microorganisms. In particular, the quality of SBBGR effluent was already compatible with the WHO criteria for reuse (E. coli ≤103CFU/100mL). Sand filtration had positive effects on plant effluent quality and the latter could even comply with more restrictive reuse criteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Sanctis
- Water Research Institute, CNR, Via F. De Blasio 5, 70123 Bari, Italy.
| | - Guido Del Moro
- Water Research Institute, CNR, Via F. De Blasio 5, 70123 Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia Chimienti
- Water Research Institute, CNR, Via F. De Blasio 5, 70123 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Levantesi
- Water Research Institute, CNR, Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Claudio Di Iaconi
- Water Research Institute, CNR, Via F. De Blasio 5, 70123 Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lora-Suarez F, Rivera R, Triviño-Valencia J, Gomez-Marin JE. Detection of protozoa in water samples by formalin/ether concentration method. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 100:377-381. [PMID: 27219047 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Methods to detect protozoa in water samples are expensive and laborious. We evaluated the formalin/ether concentration method to detect Giardia sp., Cryptosporidium sp. and Toxoplasma in water. In order to test the properties of the method, we spiked water samples with different amounts of each protozoa (0, 10 and 50 cysts or oocysts) in a volume of 10 L of water. Immunofluorescence assay was used for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Toxoplasma oocysts were identified by morphology. The mean percent of recovery in 10 repetitions of the entire method, in 10 samples spiked with ten parasites and read by three different observers, were for Cryptosporidium 71.3 ± 12, for Giardia 63 ± 10 and for Toxoplasma 91.6 ± 9 and the relative standard deviation of the method was of 17.5, 17.2 and 9.8, respectively. Intraobserver variation as measured by intraclass correlation coefficient, was fair for Toxoplasma, moderate for Cryptosporidium and almost perfect for Giardia. The method was then applied in 77 samples of raw and drinkable water in three different plant of water treatment. Cryptosporidium was found in 28 of 77 samples (36%) and Giardia in 31 of 77 samples (40%). Theses results identified significant differences in treatment process to reduce the presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. In conclusion, the formalin ether method to concentrate protozoa in water is a new alternative for low resources countries, where is urgently need to monitor and follow the presence of theses protozoa in drinkable water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Lora-Suarez
- Grupo GEPAMOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Quindio, Armenia, Colombia.
| | - Raul Rivera
- Grupo GEPAMOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Quindio, Armenia, Colombia
| | - Jessica Triviño-Valencia
- Grupo GEPAMOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Quindio, Armenia, Colombia.
| | - Jorge E Gomez-Marin
- Grupo GEPAMOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Quindio, Armenia, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kerambrun E, Palos Ladeiro M, Bigot-Clivot A, Dedourge-Geffard O, Dupuis E, Villena I, Aubert D, Geffard A. Zebra mussel as a new tool to show evidence of freshwater contamination by waterborne Toxoplasma gondii. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:498-508. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Kerambrun
- Unité Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques; UMR-I 02 (SEBIO); Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne; Reims France
| | - M. Palos Ladeiro
- Unité Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques; UMR-I 02 (SEBIO); Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne; Reims France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie; EA 3800 SFR CAP-Santé FED 4231; Hôpital Maison Blanche; Reims France
| | - A. Bigot-Clivot
- Unité Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques; UMR-I 02 (SEBIO); Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne; Reims France
| | - O. Dedourge-Geffard
- Unité Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques; UMR-I 02 (SEBIO); Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne; Reims France
| | - E. Dupuis
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie; EA 3800 SFR CAP-Santé FED 4231; Hôpital Maison Blanche; Reims France
| | - I. Villena
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie; EA 3800 SFR CAP-Santé FED 4231; Hôpital Maison Blanche; Reims France
| | - D. Aubert
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie; EA 3800 SFR CAP-Santé FED 4231; Hôpital Maison Blanche; Reims France
| | - A. Geffard
- Unité Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques; UMR-I 02 (SEBIO); Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne; Reims France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Public health significance of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in wildlife: Critical insights into better drinking water management. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2015; 5:88-109. [PMID: 28560163 PMCID: PMC5439462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an enteric parasite that is transmitted via the faecal-oral route, water and food. Humans, wildlife and domestic livestock all potentially contribute Cryptosporidium to surface waters. Human encroachment into natural ecosystems has led to an increase in interactions between humans, domestic animals and wildlife populations. Increasing numbers of zoonotic diseases and spill over/back of zoonotic pathogens is a consequence of this anthropogenic disturbance. Drinking water catchments and water reservoir areas have been at the front line of this conflict as they can be easily contaminated by zoonotic waterborne pathogens. Therefore, the epidemiology of zoonotic species of Cryptosporidium in free-ranging and captive wildlife is of increasing importance. This review focuses on zoonotic Cryptosporidium species reported in global wildlife populations to date, and highlights their significance for public health and the water industry.
Collapse
|
27
|
Adamska M, Sawczuk M, Kolodziejczyk L, Skotarczak B. Assessment of molecular methods as a tool for detecting pathogenic protozoa isolated from water bodies. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2015; 13:953-959. [PMID: 26608757 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2015.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Several species belong to the Cryptosporidium and Giardia genus, the main parasitic protozoa occurring in water, but only some of them are infectious to humans. We investigated the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and identified their species in the water samples collected from natural water bodies in north-western Poland. A total of 600 samples from water bodies used for bathing, sewage discharge, as drinking water sources and watering places for animals were screened. The samples were collected during a 3-year period in each of the four seasons and filtered using Filta-Max (IDEXX Laboratories, USA). Genomic DNA was extracted from all samples and used as a target sequence for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and TaqMan real-time PCR, as well as for reverse line blotting (RLB) methods. PCR methods seem to be more sensitive to detect Giardia and Cryptosporidium DNA in water samples than RLB methods. All PCR products were sequenced and three were identified as C. parvum and four as G. intestinalis. The overall prevalence of C. parvum (0.5%) and G. intestinalis (0.6%) in the samples suggests that the risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in north-western Poland is minimal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Adamska
- Department of Genetics, Szczecin University, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland E-mail:
| | - M Sawczuk
- Department of Genetics, Szczecin University, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland E-mail:
| | - L Kolodziejczyk
- Chair and Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - B Skotarczak
- Department of Genetics, Szczecin University, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ehsan MA, Casaert S, Levecke B, Van Rooy L, Pelicaen J, Smis A, De Backer J, Vervaeke B, De Smedt S, Schoonbaert F, Lammens S, Warmoes T, Geurden T, Claerebout E. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in recreational water in Belgium. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2015; 13:870-878. [PMID: 26322773 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2015.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in different recreational water bodies in Belgium and to estimate the infection risk associated with swimming and other recreational activities. Cryptosporidium oocysts and/or Giardia cysts were detected in three out of 37 swimming pools, seven out of 10 recreational lakes, two out of seven splash parks and four out of 16 water fountains. In the swimming pools no infection risk for Cryptosporidium could be calculated, since oocysts were only detected in filter backwash water. The risk of Giardia infection in the swimming pools varied from 1.13×10(-6) to 2.49×10(-6) per swim per person. In recreational lakes, the infection risk varied from 2.79×10(-5) to 5.74×10(-5) per swim per person for Cryptosporidium and from 7.04×10(-5) to 1.46×10(-4) for Giardia. For other outdoor water recreation activities the estimated infection risk was 5.71×10(-6) for Cryptosporidium and 1.47×10(-5) for Giardia. However, most positive samples in the recreational lakes belonged to species/genotypes that are either animal-specific or predominantly found in animals. No Cryptosporidium was found in splash parks and water fountains, but the presence of Giardia cysts suggests a risk for human infection. The infection risk of Giardia infection during a 3.5-minute visit to a splash park for children equalled 1.68×10(-4).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Amimul Ehsan
- Laboratory for Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium E-mail: ; †Contributed equally to this work
| | - Stijn Casaert
- Laboratory for Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium E-mail: ; †Contributed equally to this work
| | - Bruno Levecke
- Laboratory for Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium E-mail:
| | - Liesbet Van Rooy
- Agency for Care and Health, Flemish Ministry for Welfare, Public Health and Family, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Anne Smis
- Agency for Care and Health, Flemish Ministry for Welfare, Public Health and Family, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joke De Backer
- Agency for Care and Health, Flemish Ministry for Welfare, Public Health and Family, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Filip Schoonbaert
- Agency for Care and Health, Flemish Ministry for Welfare, Public Health and Family, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Thomas Geurden
- Laboratory for Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium E-mail:
| | - Edwin Claerebout
- Laboratory for Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mahmoudi MR, Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E, Kazemi B, Haghighi A, Mirzaei A, Mohammadiha A, Jahantab S, Xiao L, Karanis P. Cryptosporidium genotypes and subtypes distribution in river water in Iran. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2015; 13:600-606. [PMID: 26042990 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2014.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the diversity and public health significance of Cryptosporidium species in river waters in Iran. In the present study, we determined the genotype and subtype distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. in river water samples in Iran. A total of 49 surface water samples were collected from rivers and surface water in Guilan and Tehran provinces during 2009-2010. Water samples were filtrated through a 1.2-μm pore size membrane filter or by Filta-Max filter followed by immunomagnetic separation or sucrose purification methods. Genotype and subtype of Cryptosporidium were identified by sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA and 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes, respectively. A total of 24 (48.97%) water samples were positive for Cryptosporidium species by the 18sRNA-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-sequencing technique. DNA sequencing revealed the presence of five species of Cryptosporidium (C. parvum, C. hominis, C. muris, C. andersoni, and C. canis) in the water samples of the study area and, to our knowledge, the first report of C. muris in Iran. The results of GP60 gene analysis showed that all C. parvum and C. hominis isolates belonged to the IId and Id subtype families, respectively. The investigated river water supplies were heavily contaminated by pathogenic species of Cryptosporidium from humans and livestock. There is potential risk of waterborne cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Mahmoudi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran E-mail: ; Research Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Chamran Expressway, Tehran, Iran
| | - E Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - B Kazemi
- Research Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Haghighi
- Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Chamran Expressway, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Mirzaei
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Iilam University of Medical Sciences, Iilam, Iran
| | - A Mohammadiha
- Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Chamran Expressway, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Jahantab
- Tehran Province Water & Wastewater Co. (TPWW), Tehran, Iran
| | - L Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Services, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - P Karanis
- Qinghai University, Medical School, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases (CBID), Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Quinghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Health risk assessment related to waterborne pathogens from the river to the tap. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:2967-83. [PMID: 25764059 PMCID: PMC4377946 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120302967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A two-year monitoring program of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, Giardia duodenalis cysts, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens spores and adenovirus was conducted in three large rivers in France used for recreational activities and as a resource for drinking water production. Fifty-liter river water and one thousand-liter tap water samples were concentrated using hollow-fiber ultrafiltration and analyzed by molecular biology or laser-scanning cytometry. In order to evaluate watershed land use influence on microorganism concentration changes, occurrence and seasonality of microorganisms were studied. The highest concentrations of protozoan parasites and C. perfringens were found for one of the three sites, showing a high proportion of agricultural territories, forests and semi-natural environments, which may be partly attributable to soil leaching due to rainfall events. On the contrary, the highest concentrations of adenoviruses were found at the two other sites, probably due to strong urban activities. Health risk assessment was evaluated for each waterborne pathogen regarding exposure during recreational activities (for a single or five bathing events during the summer). The calculated risk was lower than 0.5% for parasites and varied from 1% to 42% for adenovirus. A theoretical assessment of microorganism removal during the drinking water treatment process was also performed, and it showed that an absence of microorganisms could be expected in finished drinking water. This hypothesis was confirmed since all tested tap water samples were negative for each studied microorganism, resulting in a risk for drinking water consumption lower than 0.01% for parasites and lower than 0.5% for adenovirus.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Faecal samples were obtained from 433 wild birds being treated in wildlife recovery centres in Galicia (Northwest Spain), between February 2007 and September 2009. The birds belonged to 64 species representing 17 different orders. Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected by an immunofluorescence antibody test and identified at the molecular level by established PCR-sequencing methods. The overall prevalence of Giardia was 2·1% and that of Cryptosporidium, 8·3%. To our knowledge, this is the first description of Giardia sp. in Tyto alba and Caprimulgus europaeus; and of Cryptosporidium sp. in Apus apus, Athene noctua, C. europaeus, Falco tinnunculus, Morus bassanus, Parabuteo unicinctus and Strix aluco. Furthermore, the first PCR-sequence confirmed detection of Giardia duodenalis assemblage B in, Buteo buteo, Coturnix coturnix and Pica pica; G. duodenalis assemblage D in Garrulus glandarius; and G. duodenalis assemblage F in Anas platyrhynchos; Cryptosporidium parvum in Accipiter nisus, B. buteo, Milvus migrans, Pernis apivorus and P. pica; and Cryptosporidium meleagridis in Streptopelia turtur. The study findings demonstrate the wide spread of Giardia and Cryptosporidium between wild birds.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ehsan A, Geurden T, Casaert S, Paulussen J, De Coster L, Schoemaker T, Chalmers R, Grit G, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E. Occurrence and potential health risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in different water catchments in Belgium. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:6. [PMID: 25616782 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4157-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Human wastewater and livestock can contribute to contamination of surface water with Cryptosporidium and Giardia. In countries where a substantial proportion of drinking water is produced from surface water, e.g., Belgium, this poses a constant threat on drinking water safety. Our objective was to monitor the presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in different water catchment sites in Belgium and to discriminate between (oo)cysts from human or animal origin using genotyping. Monthly samples were collected from raw water and purified drinking water at four catchment sites. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected using USEPA method 1623 and positive samples were genotyped. No contamination was found in purified water at any site. In three catchments, only low numbers of (oo)cysts were recovered from raw water samples (<1/liter), but raw water samples from one catchment site were frequently contaminated with Giardia (92 %) and Cryptosporidium (96 %), especially in winter and spring. Genotyping of Giardia in 38 water samples identified the presence of Giardia duodenalis assemblage AI, AII, BIV, BIV-like, and E. Cryptosporidium andersoni, Cryptosporidium suis, Cryptosporidium horse genotype, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Cryptosporidium hominis were detected. The genotyping results suggest that agriculture may be a more important source of surface water contamination than human waste in this catchment. In catchment sites with contaminated surface water, such as the Blankaart, continuous monitoring of treated water for the presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia would be justified and (point) sources of surface water contamination should be identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amimul Ehsan
- Laboratory for Parasitology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Castro-Hermida JA, González-Warleta M, Mezo M. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis as pathogenic contaminants of water in Galicia, Spain: The need for safe drinking water. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 218:132-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
34
|
Giardia and Cryptosporidium in cetaceans on the European Atlantic coast. Parasitol Res 2014; 114:693-8. [PMID: 25418072 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium was investigated in cetacean specimens stranded on the northwestern coast of Spain (European Atlantic coast) by analysis of 65 samples of large intestine from eight species. The parasites were identified by direct immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and by PCR amplification of the β-giardin gene, the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and the SSU-rDNA gene of Giardia and the SSU-rDNA gene of Cryptosporidium. Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected in 7 (10.8 %) and 9 samples (13.8 %), respectively. In two samples, co-infection with both parasites was observed. Giardia duodenalis assemblages A, C, D and F, and Cryptosporidium parvum were identified. This is the first report of G. duodenalis in Balaenoptera acutorostrata, Kogia breviceps and Stenella coeruleoalba and also the first report of Cryptosporidium sp. in B. acutorostrata and of C. parvum in S. coeruleoalba and Tursiops truncatus. These results extend the known host range of these waterborne enteroparasites.
Collapse
|
35
|
Agua para biberones y parásitos patógenos. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2014; 32:206-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
36
|
Galván AL, Magnet A, Izquierdo F, Fernández Vadillo C, Peralta RH, Angulo S, Fenoy S, del Aguila C. A year-long study of Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in recreational, drinking and wastewater from the central area of Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 468-469:368-375. [PMID: 24041604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A year-long longitudinal study was undertaken to evaluate the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and freshwater bathing beaches (FBBs) from the central area of Spain. Water samples were collected according to USEPA Method 1623, and concentrated by the IDEXX Filta-Max® system. Cryptosporidium species were detected based on PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analyses of the ssuRNA gene. C. hominis and/or C. parvum isolates were subtyped by DNA sequencing of the Gp60 gene. Among 150 samples, 23 (15.3%) were positive by IFAT and 40 (26.7%) by PCR. Cryptosporidium spp. was more frequent in WWTPs (26.2 and 50.8%) and FBBs (12.5 and 17.5%) by IFAT and PCR respectively. Effluent waters from DWTPs were negative for this parasite suggesting that they are suitable for public use. Tertiary treatment in the WWTPs demonstrated a high removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium in the samples evaluated. Cryptosporidium species identified included C. hominis, C. parvum, C. ubiquitum, C. andersoni and C. muris. Subtyping analysis revealed C. hominis IbA10G2 and IeA11G3T3 alleles, which is the first report of the latter in water samples. Cryptosporidium highest frequency was observed in winter and spring. Our data provide information about the occurrence and diversity of Cryptosporidium in water of human use from the central area of Spain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Galván
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Urbanización Montepríncipe, CP 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain; Escuela de Microbiología, Grupo de Parasitología, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 67 No. 53-108, Medellín, Colombia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Robertson LJ, Casaert S, Valdez-Nava Y, Ehsan MA, Claerebout E. Drying of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts to slides abrogates use of vital dyes for viability staining. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 96:68-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
38
|
García-Presedo I, Pedraza-Díaz S, González-Warleta M, Mezo M, Gómez-Bautista M, Ortega-Mora LM, Castro-Hermida JA. The first report of Cryptosporidium bovis, C. ryanae and Giardia duodenalis sub-assemblage A-II in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Spain. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:658-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
39
|
Barker SF, Packer M, Scales PJ, Gray S, Snape I, Hamilton AJ. Pathogen reduction requirements for direct potable reuse in Antarctica: evaluating human health risks in small communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 461-462:723-733. [PMID: 23770553 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Small, remote communities often have limited access to energy and water. Direct potable reuse of treated wastewater has recently gained attention as a potential solution for water-stressed regions, but requires further evaluation specific to small communities. The required pathogen reduction needed for safe implementation of direct potable reuse of treated sewage is an important consideration but these are typically quantified for larger communities and cities. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was conducted, using norovirus, giardia and Campylobacter as reference pathogens, to determine the level of treatment required to meet the tolerable annual disease burden of 10(-6) DALYs per person per year, using Davis Station in Antarctica as an example of a small remote community. Two scenarios were compared: published municipal sewage pathogen loads and estimated pathogen loads during a gastroenteritis outbreak. For the municipal sewage scenario, estimated required log10 reductions were 6.9, 8.0 and 7.4 for norovirus, giardia and Campylobacter respectively, while for the outbreak scenario the values were 12.1, 10.4 and 12.3 (95th percentiles). Pathogen concentrations are higher under outbreak conditions as a function of the relatively greater degree of contact between community members in a small population, compared with interactions in a large city, resulting in a higher proportion of the population being at risk of infection and illness. While the estimates of outbreak conditions may overestimate sewage concentration to some degree, the results suggest that additional treatment barriers would be required to achieve regulatory compliance for safe drinking water in small communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Fiona Barker
- Department of Resource Management and Geography, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010 Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cho EJ, Yang JY, Lee ES, Kim SC, Cha SY, Kim ST, Lee MH, Han SH, Park YS. A waterborne outbreak and detection of cryptosporidium oocysts in drinking water of an older high-rise apartment complex in seoul. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 51:461-6. [PMID: 24039290 PMCID: PMC3770878 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
From May to June 2012, a waterborne outbreak of 124 cases of cryptosporidiosis occurred in the plumbing systems of an older high-rise apartment complex in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The residents of this apartment complex had symptoms of watery diarrhea and vomiting. Tap water samples in the apartment complex and its adjacent buildings were collected and tested for 57 parameters under the Korean Drinking Water Standards and for additional 11 microbiological parameters. The microbiological parameters included total colony counts, Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus, fecal streptococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, total culturable viruses, and Norovirus. While the tap water samples of the adjacent buildings complied with the Korean Drinking Water Standards for all parameters, fecal bacteria and Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in the tap water samples of the outbreak apartment complex. It turned out that the agent of the disease was Cryptosporidium parvum. The drinking water was polluted with sewage from a septic tank in the apartment complex. To remove C. parvum oocysts, we conducted physical processes of cleaning the water storage tanks, flushing the indoor pipes, and replacing old pipes with new ones. Finally we restored the clean drinking water to the apartment complex after identification of no oocysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Cho
- Seoul Waterworks Research Institute, Seoul 716-010, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Palos Ladeiro M, Bigot A, Aubert D, Hohweyer J, Favennec L, Villena I, Geffard A. Protozoa interaction with aquatic invertebrate: interest for watercourses biomonitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:778-789. [PMID: 23001759 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Giardia duodenalis are human waterborne protozoa. These worldwide parasites had been detected in various watercourses as recreational, surface, drinking, river, and seawater. As of today, water protozoa detection was based on large water filtration and on sample concentration. Another tool like aquatic invertebrate parasitism could be used for sanitary and environmental biomonitoring. In fact, organisms like filter feeders could already filtrate and concentrate protozoa directly in their tissues in proportion to ambient concentration. So molluscan shellfish can be used as a bioindicator of protozoa contamination level in a site since they were sedentary. Nevertheless, only a few researches had focused on nonspecific parasitism like protozoa infection on aquatic invertebrates. Objectives of this review are twofold: Firstly, an overview of protozoa in worldwide water was presented. Secondly, current knowledge of protozoa parasitism on aquatic invertebrates was detailed and the lack of data of their biological impact was pointed out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Palos Ladeiro
- Unité Interactions Animal-Environnement, EA 4689, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, 51100, Reims, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Fletcher SM, Stark D, Harkness J, Ellis J. Enteric protozoa in the developed world: a public health perspective. Clin Microbiol Rev 2012; 25:420-49. [PMID: 22763633 PMCID: PMC3416492 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.05038-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Several enteric protozoa cause severe morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals worldwide. In developed settings, enteric protozoa are often ignored as a cause of diarrheal illness due to better hygiene conditions, and as such, very little effort is used toward laboratory diagnosis. Although these protozoa contribute to the high burden of infectious diseases, estimates of their true prevalence are sometimes affected by the lack of sensitive diagnostic techniques to detect them in clinical and environmental specimens. Despite recent advances in the epidemiology, molecular biology, and treatment of protozoan illnesses, gaps in knowledge still exist, requiring further research. There is evidence that climate-related changes will contribute to their burden due to displacement of ecosystems and human and animal populations, increases in atmospheric temperature, flooding and other environmental conditions suitable for transmission, and the need for the reuse of alternative water sources to meet growing population needs. This review discusses the common enteric protozoa from a public health perspective, highlighting their epidemiology, modes of transmission, prevention, and control. It also discusses the potential impact of climate changes on their epidemiology and the issues surrounding waterborne transmission and suggests a multidisciplinary approach to their prevention and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Damien Stark
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Division of Microbiology, SydPath, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - John Harkness
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Division of Microbiology, SydPath, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - John Ellis
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nasser A, Vaizel-Ohayon D, Aharoni A, Revhun M. Prevalence and fate of giardia cysts in wastewater treatment plants. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:477-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
44
|
Stark D, Roberts T, Marriott D, Harkness J, Ellis JT. Detection and transmission of Dientamoeba fragilis from environmental and household samples. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 86:233-6. [PMID: 22302854 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dientamoeba fragilis is a commonly occurring pathogenic protozoan often detected at higher rates in stool samples than Giardia intestinalis. However, little is known about its life cycle and mode of transmission. A total of 210 environmental and household samples were examined for the presence of D. fragilis by culture and polymerase chain reaction. Of 100 environmental samples, D. fragilis was detected only in untreated sewage. In the household samples D. fragilis was detected in 30% of household contacts tested and was not detected in any domestic pets. This study provides evidence that environmental transmission of D. fragilis is unlikely and that pets played no role in transmission of the disease in this study. Direct transmission from infected persons is the most likely mode of transmission for D. fragilis. The study also highlights the need for household contacts to be screened, given the propensity of close contacts to become infected with the organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Stark
- Division of Microbiology, SydPath, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ajonina C, Buzie C, Ajonina IU, Basner A, Reinhardt H, Gulyas H, Liebau E, Otterpohl R. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium in a wastewater treatment plant in North Germany. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2012; 75:1351-1358. [PMID: 23095153 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.721167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the most common human parasitic protozoa and is responsible for many waterborne outbreaks in several industrialized countries. The oocyst, which is the infective form, is known to be highly resistant to wastewater treatment procedures and represents a potential hazard to human populations through contaminated raw or treated wastewater. In this investigation, the occurrence of Cryptosporidium in wastewater samples was monitored and removal efficiency was assessed. Treated (effluent) and untreated (influent) wastewater samples were collected seasonally over a period of 2 years. Oocysts were repeatedly detected in influent and effluent samples collected from the treatment plant during all sampling seasons, with a mean concentration of 782 oocysts/L. The seasonal distribution showed that oocysts are predominant during autumn and winter. Molecular analyses via the small (18S) subunit of rRNA amplification and subsequent sequencing with an objective of characterizing the oocysts revealed that Cryptosporidium parvum was the dominant Cryptosporidium parasite present in wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ajonina
- Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Helmi K, Skraber S, Burnet JB, Leblanc L, Hoffmann L, Cauchie HM. Two-year monitoring of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia occurrence in a recreational and drinking water reservoir using standard microscopic and molecular biology techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 179:163-175. [PMID: 20890786 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1726-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Starting in 2006, a monitoring of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum occurrence was conducted for 2 years in the largest drinking water reservoir of Luxembourg (Esch-sur-Sûre reservoir) using microscopy and qPCR techniques. Parasite analyses were performed on water samples collected from three sites: site A located at the inlet of the reservoir, site B located 18 km downstream site A, at the inlet of the drinking water treatment plant near the dam of the reservoir and site C where the finished drinking water is injected in the distribution network. Results show that both parasites are present in the reservoir throughout the year with a higher occurrence of G. lamblia cysts compared to C. parvum oocysts. According to our results, only 25% of the samples positive by microscopy were confirmed by qPCR. (Oo)cyst concentrations were 10 to 100 times higher at site A compared to site B and they were positively correlated to the water turbidity and negatively correlated to the temperature. Highest (oo)cyst concentrations were observed in winter. In contrast, no relationship between the concentrations of (oo)cysts in the reservoir and rain events could be established. Though a correlation has been observed between both parasites and faecal indicators in the reservoir, some discrepancies highlight that the latter do not represent a reliable tool to predict the presence/absence of these pathogenic protozoa. In summer 2007, the maximal risk of parasite infection per exposure event for swimmers in the reservoir was estimated to be 0.0015% for C. parvum and 0.56% for G. lamblia. Finally, no (oo)cysts could be detected in large volumes of finished drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karim Helmi
- Department of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Occurrence, source, and human infection potential of cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in source and tap water in shanghai, china. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:3609-16. [PMID: 21498768 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00146-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotyping studies on the source and human infection potential of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water have been almost exclusively conducted in industrialized nations. In this study, 50 source water samples and 30 tap water samples were collected in Shanghai, China, and analyzed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 1623. To find a cost-effective method to replace the filtration procedure, the water samples were also concentrated by calcium carbonate flocculation (CCF). Of the 50 source water samples, 32% were positive for Cryptosporidium and 18% for Giardia by Method 1623, whereas 22% were positive for Cryptosporidium and 10% for Giardia by microscopy of CCF concentrates. When CCF was combined with PCR for detection, the occurrence of Cryptosporidium (28%) was similar to that obtained by Method 1623. Genotyping of Cryptosporidium in 17 water samples identified the presence of C. andersoni in 14 water samples, C. suis in 7 water samples, C. baileyi in 2 water samples, C. meleagridis in 1 water sample, and C. hominis in 1 water sample. Therefore, farm animals, especially cattle and pigs, were the major sources of water contamination in Shanghai source water, and most oocysts found in source water in the area were not infectious to humans. Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 2 of 30 tap water samples. The combined use of CCF for concentration and PCR for detection and genotyping provides a less expensive alternative to filtration and fluorescence microscopy for accurate assessment of Cryptosporidium contamination in water, although the results from this method are semiquantitative.
Collapse
|
48
|
Navarro-i-Martinez L, del Águila C, Bornay-Llinares FJ. Cryptosporidium: un género en revisión. Situación en España. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2011; 29:135-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|