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Heffron J, Samsami M, Juedemann S, Lavin J, Tavakoli Nick S, Kieke BA, Mayer BK. Mitigation of viruses of concern and bacteriophage surrogates via common unit processes for water reuse: A meta-analysis. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 252:121242. [PMID: 38342066 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Water reuse is a growing global reality. In regulating water reuse, viruses have come to the fore as key pathogens due to high shedding rates, low infectious doses, and resilience to traditional wastewater treatments. To demonstrate the high log reductions required by emerging water reuse regulations, cost and practicality necessitate surrogates for viruses for use as challenge organisms in unit process evaluation and monitoring. Bacteriophage surrogates that are mitigated to the same or lesser extent than viruses of concern are routinely used for individual unit process testing. However, the behavior of these surrogates over a multi-barrier treatment train typical of water reuse has not been well-established. Toward this aim, we performed a meta-analysis of log reductions of common bacteriophage surrogates for five treatment processes typical of water reuse treatment trains: advanced oxidation processes, chlorination, membrane filtration, ozonation, and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. Robust linear regression was applied to identify a range of doses consistent with a given log reduction of bacteriophages and viruses of concern for each treatment process. The results were used to determine relative conservatism of surrogates. We found that no one bacteriophage was a representative or conservative surrogate for viruses of concern across all multi-barrier treatments (encompassing multiple mechanisms of virus mitigation). Rather, a suite of bacteriophage surrogates provides both a representative range of inactivation and information about the effectiveness of individual processes within a treatment train. Based on the abundance of available data and diversity of virus treatability using these five key water reuse treatment processes, bacteriophages MS2, phiX174, and Qbeta were recommended as a core suite of surrogates for virus challenge testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Heffron
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Environmentally Integrated Dairy Management Research Unit, 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, WI 54449, USA.
| | - Maryam Samsami
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Samantha Juedemann
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Jennifer Lavin
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Shadi Tavakoli Nick
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Burney A Kieke
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, 1000 N Oak Ave., Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | - Brooke K Mayer
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
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2
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Blanchon C, Toulza E, Calvayrac C, Eichendorff S, Travers MA, Vidal-Dupiol J, Montagnani C, Escoubas JM, Stavrakakis C, Plantard G. Inactivation of two oyster pathogens by photocatalysis and monitoring of changes in the microbiota of seawater: A case study on Ostreid herpes virus 1 μVar and Vibrio harveyi. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 346:140565. [PMID: 38303385 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The pollution of seawater by both biotic (bacteria, viruses) and abiotic contaminants (biocides, pharmaceutical residues) frequently leads to economic losses in aquaculture activities mostly mortality events caused by microbial infection. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) such as heterogeneous photocatalysis allow the removal of all organic contaminants present in water and therefore could reduce production losses in land-based farms. Oysters in land-based farms such as hatcheries and nurseries suffer from a large number of mortality events, resulting in significant losses. If photocatalysis has been widely studied for the decontamination, its application for disinfection is still overlooked, especially on seawater for viruses. We therefore studied seawater disinfection using the photocatalysis (UV365/TiO2) method in the context of Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (POMS). POMS has been defined as a polymicrobial disease involving an initial viral infection with Ostreid Herpes Virus 1, accompanied by multiple bacterial infections. We investigated the impact of treatment on Vibrio harveyi, a unique opportunistic pathogenic bacterium, and on a complex microbial community reflecting a natural POMS event. Viral inactivation was monitored using experimental infections to determine whether viral particles were still infectious after. Changes in the total bacterial community in seawater were studied by comparing UV365/TiO2 treatment with UV365-irradiated seawater and untreated seawater. In the case of OsHV-1, a 2-h photocatalytic treatment prevents POMS disease and oyster mortality. The same treatment also inactivates 80% of viable Vibrio harveyi culture (c.a. 1.5 log). Since OsHV-1 and Vibrio harveyi are effectively inactivated without long-term destabilization of the total bacterial microbiota in the seawater, photocatalysis appears to be a relevant alternative for disinfecting seawater in land-based oyster beds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Blanchon
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France; Biocapteurs Analyses Environnement, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 66000, Perpignan, France; Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 66650, Banyuls sur Mer, France; PROMES-CNRS UPR 8521, Process Material and Solar Energy, Rambla de la Thermodynamique, 66100, Perpignan, France
| | - Eve Toulza
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France.
| | - Christophe Calvayrac
- Biocapteurs Analyses Environnement, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 66000, Perpignan, France; Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 66650, Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Stanislawa Eichendorff
- PROMES-CNRS UPR 8521, Process Material and Solar Energy, Rambla de la Thermodynamique, 66100, Perpignan, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Travers
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Jeremie Vidal-Dupiol
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | | | - Gaël Plantard
- PROMES-CNRS UPR 8521, Process Material and Solar Energy, Rambla de la Thermodynamique, 66100, Perpignan, France
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3
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Mahy JG, Luizi F. Review on the management of water quality for bio-mineral swimming pools in Western Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:872. [PMID: 37351694 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we depict the state of the art concerning the water quality management of bio-mineral bathing pools, and compare these to traditional swimming pools. Bio-mineral pools use a combination of mechanic filtration, bio-filtration, and UV-treatment to disinfect the water. Studies in test tanks have shown that bio-filtration is effective in maintaining the water quality with regard to the treatment of organic pollution. Concerning biological risks, the bio-mineral pool relies on UV-treatment to degrade bacteria. Unlike chemical disinfectant treatments, UV disinfection does not lose its effectiveness in the event of high traffic in the pool. However, as only the water taken up by the filtration system is disinfected, it is essential that all the water in the pool is filtered. If the pool has a dead zone, its water is not disinfected and there is a risk of localized pathogen development. As the development of bio-mineral pools spreads in Europe, legislation gradually follows. The health parameters measured differ slightly from one country to another, but there are constants: the measurement of Escherichia coli, Enterococci, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In terms of biological swimming pools, regulatory homogeneity across Europe does not exist. From these comparisons, Austrian legislation segmenting water quality into 4 categories ranging from "excellent" to "poor" represents legislation that combines health and safety with indications of possible malfunctions. Next, a study of three real sites of bio-mineral pools is presented. It appears that whatever the type of pool, bio-mineral filtration makes it possible to achieve performances comparable to those encountered in chlorinated swimming pools concerning the risks associated with fecal contamination and external pollution. On the other hand, when frequentation is high, as is the case in small pools used for aquafitness, monitoring the risks of inter-bather contamination, as illustrated by the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, reveals a recurring problem. Knowing that this parameter is not evaluated in bathing waters in the natural environment and that numerous studies show that Staphyloccocus aureus are always detected, even on beaches, we propose the definition of three thresholds: i.e., 0 CFU/100 mL (threshold value in Wallonia) for water of excellent quality, less than 20 CFU/100 mL (threshold value in France) for water of very good quality, less than 50 CFU/100 mL (contribution of bathers by simple immersion) for good quality water, and more than 50 CFU/100 mL for poor quality water. This document could therefore be converted into a manual for operators on the use and management of bio-mineral baths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien G Mahy
- Department of Chemical Engineering - Nanomaterials, Catalysis and Electrochemistry (NCE), University of Liège, Allée du Six Août 11, 4000, Liege, Belgium.
- Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS), Rue d'Egmont 5, 1000, Bruxelles, Belgium.
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre-Eau Terre Environnement, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec (QC), G1K 9A9, Quebec City, Canada.
| | - Frédéric Luizi
- Aquatic Science S.A., Zoning des Hauts Sarts, 3ème Avenue 1, 4040, Herstal, Belgium
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Costa LRDC, Féris LA. Use of ozonation technology to combat viruses and bacteria in aquatic environments: problems and application perspectives for SARS-CoV-2. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:2490-2502. [PMID: 35078388 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2034981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a global health threat with a large number of confirmed cases and deaths worldwide. Person-to-person transmission through respiratory droplets and contact with aerosol-infected surfaces are the main ways in which the virus spreads. However, according to the updated literature, the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has also been detected in aqueous matrices, with the main route of transmission being feces and masks from patients diagnosed with the disease. Given the emergence of public health and environmental protection from the presence of lethal viruses and bacteria, this review article aims to report the major challenges associated with the application of ozonation in water contaminated with viruses and bacteria, in order to clarify whether these communities can survive or infect after the disinfection process and if it is efficient. Available data suggest that ozonation is able to increase the inactivation effect of microorganisms by about 50% in the logarithmic range, reducing infectivity. In addition, the evidence-based knowledge reported in this article is useful to support water and sanitation safety planning and to protect human health from exposure to cited contaminants through water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liliana Amaral Féris
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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5
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Zhang C, Xiong W, Li Y, Lin L, Zhou X, Xiong X. Continuous inactivation of human adenoviruses in water by a novel g-C 3N 4/WO 3/biochar memory photocatalyst under light-dark cycles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 442:130013. [PMID: 36155297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Viruses transmitted by water have raised considerable concerns for public health. A novel memory photocatalyst of g-C3N4/WO3/biochar was successfully developed for effective inactivation of human adenoviruses (HAdVs) in water, in which WO3 as an electron-storage reservoir and biochar as an electron shuttle is employed to synergistically improve photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4. The tertiary composite exhibited continuous photocatalytic performance for HAdVs inactivation without regrowth in water under light-dark cycles, i.e., ∼3.9-log inactivation under 6-h visible light irradiation and an additional ∼1.1-log inactivation under the following 6-h dark. The enhanced virucidal mechanism was attributed to the heterojunction formation and especially the electron-transfer pathway switching via biochar incorporation, contributing to electron transfer and storage in the light phase and then electron release in the dark phase, along with obviously increased generation of the virus-killing •OH radicals under light-dark cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Xikang Road #1, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Wei Xiong
- School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, PR China; Key Laboratory of Dongting Lake Aquatic Eco-Environmental Control and Restoration of Hunan Province, Changsha 410114, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Li Lin
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, PR China; Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, PR China.
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Xinyan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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Fu J, Xu Y, Arts EJ, Bai Z, Chen Z, Zheng Y. Viral disinfection using nonthermal plasma: A critical review and perspectives on the plasma-catalysis system. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136655. [PMID: 36191766 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The transmission of viral infections via aerosol has become a serious threat to public health. This has produced an ever-increasing demand for effective forms of viral inactivation technology/processes. Plasma technology is rising in popularity and gaining interest for viral disinfection use. Due to its highly effectively disinfection and flexible operation, non-thermal plasma (NTP) is a promising technology in decontaminating bacteria or virus from air or surfaces. This review discusses the fundamentals of non-thermal plasma and the disinfection mechanisms of the biocidal agents produced in plasma, including ultraviolet (UV) photons, reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species. Perspectives on the role of catalysts and its potential applications in cold plasma disinfection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jile Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Fine Chemicals Green Manufacturing, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yiyi Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric J Arts
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhengyu Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Fine Chemicals Green Manufacturing, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
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7
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Al-Hazmi HE, Shokrani H, Shokrani A, Jabbour K, Abida O, Mousavi Khadem SS, Habibzadeh S, Sonawane SH, Saeb MR, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Badawi M. Recent advances in aqueous virus removal technologies. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135441. [PMID: 35764113 PMCID: PMC9233172 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has triggered a massive research, but still urgent detection and treatment of this virus seems a public concern. The spread of viruses in aqueous environments underlined efficient virus treatment processes as a hot challenge. This review critically and comprehensively enables identifying and classifying advanced biochemical, membrane-based and disinfection processes for effective treatment of virus-contaminated water and wastewater. Understanding the functions of individual and combined/multi-stage processes in terms of manufacturing and economical parameters makes this contribution a different story from available review papers. Moreover, this review discusses challenges of combining biochemical, membrane and disinfection processes for synergistic treatment of viruses in order to reduce the dissemination of waterborne diseases. Certainly, the combination technologies are proactive in minimizing and restraining the outbreaks of the virus. It emphasizes the importance of health authorities to confront the outbreaks of unknown viruses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein E Al-Hazmi
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hanieh Shokrani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Shokrani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Karam Jabbour
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | - Otman Abida
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | | | - Sajjad Habibzadeh
- Surface Reaction and Advanced Energy Materials Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shirish H Sonawane
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Michael Badawi
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques LPCT UMR CNRS, 7019, Nancy, France.
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The UV Dose Used for Disinfection of Drinking Water in Sweden Inadequately Inactivates Enteric Virus with Double-Stranded Genomes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148669. [PMID: 35886521 PMCID: PMC9316100 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Irradiation with ultraviolet light (UV) at 254 nm is effective in inactivating a wide range of human pathogens. In Sweden, a UV dose of 400 J/m2 is often used for the treatment of drinking water. To investigate its effect on virus inactivation, enteric viruses with different genomic organizations were irradiated with three UV doses (400, 600, and 1000 J/m2), after which their viability on cell cultures was examined. Adenovirus type 2 (double-stranded DNA), simian rotavirus 11 (double-stranded RNA), and echovirus 30 (single-stranded RNA) were suspended in tap water and pumped into a laboratory-scale Aquada 1 UV reactor. Echovirus 30 was reduced by 3.6-log10 by a UV dose of 400 J/m2. Simian rotavirus 11 and adenovirus type 2 were more UV resistant with only 1-log10 reduction at 400 J/m2 and needed 600 J/m2 for 2.9-log10 and 3.1-log10 reductions, respectively. There was no significant increase in the reduction of viral viability at higher UV doses, which may indicate the presence of UV-resistant viruses. These results show that higher UV doses than those usually used in Swedish drinking water treatment plants should be considered in combination with other barriers to disinfect the water when there is a risk of fecal contamination of the water.
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Gu X, Huang D, Chen J, Li X, Zhou Y, Huang M, Liu Y, Yu P. Bacterial Inactivation and Biofilm Disruption through Indigenous Prophage Activation Using Low-Intensity Cold Atmospheric Plasma. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8920-8931. [PMID: 35438974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms can be pervasive and problematic in water treatment and distribution systems but are difficult to eradicate due to hindered penetration of antimicrobial chemicals. Here, we demonstrate that indigenous prophages activated by low-intensity plasma have the potential for efficient bacterial inactivation and biofilm disruption. Specifically, low-intensity plasma treatment (i.e., 35.20 W) elevated the intracellular oxidative reactive species (ROS) levels by 184%, resulting in the activation of prophage lambda (λ) within antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli K-12 (lambda+) [E. coli (λ+)]. The phage activation efficiency was 6.50-fold higher than the conventional mitomycin C induction. Following a cascading effect, the activated phages were released upon the lysis of E. coli (λ+), which propagated further and lysed phage-susceptible E. coli K-12 (lambda-) [E. coli (λ-)] within the biofilm. Bacterial intracellular ROS analysis and ROS scavenger tests revealed the importance of plasma-generated ROS (e.g., •OH, 1O2, and •O2-) and associated intracellular oxidative stress on prophage activation. In a mixed-species biofilm on a permeable membrane surface, our "inside-out" strategy could inactivate total bacteria by 49% and increase the membrane flux by 4.33-fold. Furthermore, the metagenomic analysis revealed that the decrease in bacterial abundance was closely associated with the increase in phage levels. As a proof-of-concept, this is the first demonstration of indigenous prophage activations by low-intensity plasma for antibiotic-resistant bacterial inactivation and biofilm eradication, which opens up a new avenue for managing associated microbial problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Gu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Songjiang, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Dan Huang
- College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Juhong Chen
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0131, United States
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Songjiang, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yongquan Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Songjiang, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Manhong Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Songjiang, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Songjiang, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Pingfeng Yu
- College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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10
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Filipić A, Lukežič T, Bačnik K, Ravnikar M, Ješelnik M, Košir T, Petkovšek M, Zupanc M, Dular M, Aguirre IG. Hydrodynamic cavitation efficiently inactivates potato virus Y in water. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 82:105898. [PMID: 34973580 PMCID: PMC8799611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne plant viruses can destroy entire crops, leading not only to high financial losses but also to food shortages. Potato virus Y (PVY) is the most important potato viral pathogen that can also affect other valuable crops. Recently, it has been confirmed that this virus is capable of infecting host plants via water, emphasizing the relevance of using proper strategies to treat recycled water in order to prevent the spread of the infectious agents. Emerging environmentally friendly methods such as hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) provide a great alternative for treating recycled water used for irrigation. In the experiments conducted in this study, laboratory HC based on Venturi constriction with a sample volume of 1 L was used to treat water samples spiked with purified PVY virions. The ability of the virus to infect plants was abolished after 500 HC passes, corresponding to 50 min of treatment under pressure difference of 7 bar. In some cases, shorter treatments of 125 or 250 passes were also sufficient for virus inactivation. The HC treatment disrupted the integrity of viral particles, which also led to a minor damage of viral RNA. Reactive species, including singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide, were not primarily responsible for PVY inactivation during HC treatment, suggesting that mechanical effects are likely the driving force of virus inactivation. This pioneering study, the first to investigate eukaryotic virus inactivation by HC, will inspire additional research in this field enabling further improvement of HC as a water decontamination technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijana Filipić
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Tadeja Lukežič
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Bačnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Ravnikar
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Meta Ješelnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tamara Košir
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Petkovšek
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aškerčeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Zupanc
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aškerčeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Dular
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aškerčeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ion Gutierrez Aguirre
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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11
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Augsburger N, Rachmadi AT, Zaouri N, Lee Y, Hong PY. Recent Update on UV Disinfection to Fulfill the Disinfection Credit Value for Enteric Viruses in Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16283-16298. [PMID: 34881878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation alone or in combination with other oxidation processes is increasingly being considered for water disinfection because of stringent regulatory requirements for pathogen inactivation. To fulfill this requirement, an appropriate UV dose or fluence (mJ/cm2) is applied to combat enteric viruses in surface or treated water. There is a need for a cumulative review on the effectiveness of current and emerging UV technologies against various types of human enteric viruses. We extracted the kinetics data from 52 selected experimental studies on enteric virus inactivation using low pressure (LP-UV), medium pressure (MP-UV), UV-LED, and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and applied a simple linear regression analysis to calculate the range of UV fluence (mJ/cm2) needed for 4-log10 inactivation. The inactivation of adenoviruses with LP-UV, MP-UV, and UV/H2O2 (10 mg/L) required the highest fluence, which ranged from 159 to 337, 45, and 115 mJ/cm2, respectively. By contrast, when using LP-UV, the inactivation of other enteric viruses, such as the Caliciviridae and Picornaviridae family and rotavirus, required fluence that ranged from 19 to 69, 18 to 43, and 38 mJ/cm2, respectively. ssRNA viruses exhibit higher sensitivity to UV radiation than dsRNA and DNA viruses. In general, as an upgrade to LP-UV, MP-UV is a more promising strategy for eliminating enteric viruses compared to AOP involving LP-UV with added H2O2 or TiO2. The UV-LED technology showed potential because a lower UV fluence (at 260 and/or 280 nm wavelength) was required for 4-log10 inactivation compared to that of LP-UV for most strains examined in this critical review. However, more studies evaluating the inactivation of enteric viruses by means of UV-LEDs and UV-AOP are needed to ascertain these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Augsburger
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andri Taruna Rachmadi
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor Zaouri
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Science and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Pei-Ying Hong
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Anand S, Mahajan D, Kataki S, Chatterjee S, Sharma PK, Rai PK, Narang R. Conceptualizing a novel Hybrid Decontamination System (HDS) based on UV/H 2O 2 treatment for the enhanced decontamination and reuse of N95 FFRs. ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 5:100276. [PMID: 38620736 PMCID: PMC8423981 DOI: 10.1016/j.envc.2021.100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing Pandemic of COVID-19 caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has severely stressed the worldwide healthcare system and has created dangerous shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) including N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs). Even though suppliers struggled to meet global demand for N95 masks at an unprecedented level, a shortage of FFR appears as a significant factor in the transmission of the disease to frontline workers. CDC, USA has mentioned that FFR decontamination and reuse may be necessary during times of shortage to ensure guaranteed availability. Hence present stressed condition faced by the healthcare sector seeks for an affordable decontamination strategy that can be replicated easily broadening the utility of FFR decontamination across a range of healthcare settings. After reviewing available literature on the various disinfection techniques that may be used for the decontamination of FFRs, a first of its kind, portable Hybrid Decontamination System/procedure has been conceptualized and designed. This system combines the disinfecting properties of both vaporous hydrogen peroxide (VHP) and ultra-violet C irradiation (UV C) to ensure maximum decontamination of N95 respirators. The instrument will be equipped with a hydrogen peroxide chamber and UV light source. Sterilization of the FFRs will be done through treatment with VHP followed by UV light treatment. The proposed system will allow the user to completely sterilize the FFRs in a time-efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Anand
- Scientist 'E' Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | | | - Sampriti Kataki
- Defence Research Laboratory, Defence Research Development Organization, Post Bag No. 02, Tezpur, Assam 784 001, India
| | - Soumya Chatterjee
- Scientist 'E' Defence Research Laboratory, Defence Research Development Organization, Post Bag No. 02, Tezpur, Assam 784 001, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Sharma
- Scientist 'D' Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Rai
- Scientist 'G' and Associate Director Environment Safety Group, Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Rajiv Narang
- Scientist, H and Director Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Timarpur, Delhi, India
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Kokkinos P, Venieri D, Mantzavinos D. Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Viral Disinfection. A Systematic Review. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:283-302. [PMID: 34125359 PMCID: PMC8200792 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09481-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Water and wastewater virological quality is a significant public health issue. Viral agents include emerging and re-emerging pathogens characterized by extremely small size, and high environmental stability. Since the mainly used conventional disinfection methods are usually not able to achieve complete disinfection of viral and other microbial targets, in real water and wastewater matrices, effective strategies for the treatment, use and reuse of water and the development of next-generation water supply systems are required. The scope of the present systematic review was to summarize research data on the application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for viral disinfection of water and wastewater. A literature survey was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. This comprehensive research yielded 23 records which met the criteria and were included and discussed in this review. Most of the studies (14/23) used only MS2 bacteriophage as an index virus, while the remaining studies (9/23) used two or more viral targets, including phages (MS2, T4, T7, phiX174, PRD-1, S2, ϕB124-14, ϕcrAssphage) and/or Adenovirus, Aichivirus, Norovirus (I, II, IV), Polyomavirus (JC and BK), Sapovirus, Enterovirus, Coxsackievirus B3, Echovirus, and Pepper mild mottle virus. The vast majority of the studies applied a combination of two or more treatments and the most frequently used process was ultraviolet light-hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) advanced oxidation. The review is expected to highlight the potential of the AOPs for public health protection from the waterborne viral exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Kokkinos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, University Campus, Caratheodory 1, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Danae Venieri
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece
| | - Dionissios Mantzavinos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, University Campus, Caratheodory 1, 26504 Patras, Greece
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Kuzniewski S. Prevalence, environmental fate, treatment strategies, and future challenges for wastewater contaminated with SARS-CoV-2. REMEDIATION (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 31:97-110. [PMID: 34539159 PMCID: PMC8441782 DOI: 10.1002/rem.21691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been detected in untreated and treated wastewater and studies have shown that the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 is proportional to the prevalence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in communities. This article presents a literature review of the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, its environmental fate, recommended treatment strategies for contaminated wastewater, and treatment challenges to be faced in the future. The environmental fate of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater is not straightforward because it can be a source of infection when present in the treated wastewater depending on the permeability of the wastewater treatment plant containment area, and can also leach into aquifers, which may serve as drinking water supplies. Secondly, there are different practices that can mitigate the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate from infected feces and urine. The World Health Organization has recommended the use of ultraviolet radiation (UV), disinfection, and filtration for wastewater contaminated with SARS-CoV-2, processes also common in wastewater treatment facilities. This article discusses these strategies referencing studies performed with surrogate viruses and shows that SARS-CoV-2 treatment can be complicated due to the interference from other aqueous chemical and physical factors. Considering that COVID-19 is not the first and certainly not the last pandemic, it is imperative to develop an effective multitreatment strategy for wastewater contaminated with contagious viruses and, preferably, those that are compatible with current wastewater treatment methods.
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15
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Application of Floating TiO2 Photocatalyst for Methylene Blue Decomposition and Salmonella typhimurium Inactivation. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11070794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing level of wastewater as well as pollution of freshwater by various bacteria are essential worldwide issues which have to be solved. In this contribution, nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 films deposited by magnetron sputtering on high-density polystyrene (HDPE) beads were applied as floating photocatalysts for Salmonella typhimurium bacterial inactivation in water for the first time. Additionally, the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye in the presence of HDPE beads with TiO2 film under UV-B irradiation was investigated. The suitability to adopt such floating photocatalyst structures for practical applications was tested in cycling experiments. The detailed surface morphology, crystal structure, elemental mapping, surface chemical composition and bond analysis of deposited TiO2 films were investigated by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope techniques. The bacterial viability as well as MB decomposition experiments showed promising results by demonstrating that 6% of bacterial colonies were formed after the first run and only about 1% after the next four runs, which is an appropriate outcome for practical applications. NPN uptake results showed that the permeability of the outer membrane was significantly increased as well.
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Wu JY, Gu L, Hua ZL, Li XQ, Lu Y, Chu KJ. Effects of Escherichia coli pollution on decomposition of aquatic plants: Variation due to microbial community composition and the release and cycling of nutrients. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123252. [PMID: 32634663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the effects of Escherichia coli (E. coli) pollution on agricultural pond ecosystems with vegetation at different life stages is essential for the protection of ecological functions. However, no comprehensive study has yet shown the responses of epiphytic microbial communities to E. coli invasion during plant decay. Thus, this study was conducted to clarify variation in the decay of the following aquatic plants-Myriophyllum aquaticum, Nymphaea tetragona and Phragmites australis after E. coli pollution. Exogenous E. coli especially shifted the epiphytic microbial composition and distribution of P. australis. Stronger effects of E. coli on the archaeal community (edges/nodes = 0.818 < 1, modularity = 0.654; lower clustered structure, 0.389) were found than on the bacterial community (edges/nodes = 1.538 > 1, modularity = 1.291 > 0.654; higher clustered, 0.593). During plant decomposition, E. coli weakened methanogenesis by regulating the network of core genera Methanobacterium and Methanospirillum (spearman, P < 0.05), stimulated the accumulation of organic matters in water (P < 0.05). Similarly, nitrification and denitrification increased and decreased through network regulation in relative biomass of genera Devosia and Desulfovibrio (P < 0.05), respectively. The results provided theoretical supports for eutrophication management in pond ecosystems threatened by E. coli pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; National Engineering Research Center of Water Resources Efficient Utilization and Engineering Safety, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Li Gu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; National Engineering Research Center of Water Resources Efficient Utilization and Engineering Safety, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Zu-Lin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Ke-Jian Chu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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17
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Kataki S, Chatterjee S, Vairale MG, Sharma S, Dwivedi SK. Concerns and strategies for wastewater treatment during COVID-19 pandemic to stop plausible transmission. RESOURCES, CONSERVATION, AND RECYCLING 2021; 164:105156. [PMID: 32921917 PMCID: PMC7473346 DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Along with outbreak of the pandemic COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2, the problem of biomedical wastewater disposal has caused widespread public concern, as reportedly the presence is confirmed in wastewater. Keeping in mind (i) available evidence indicating need to better understand potential of wastewater mediated transmission and (ii) knowledge gaps in its occurrence, viability, persistence, and inactivation in wastewater, in this present work, we wanted to re-emphasize some strategies for management of SARS-CoV-2 contaminated wastewater to minimise any possible secondary transmission to human and environment. The immediate challenges to consider while considering wastewater management are uncertainty about this new biothreat, relying on prediction based treatments options, significant population being the latent asymptomatic carrier increased risk of passing out of the virus to sewage network, inadequacy of wastewater treatment facility particularly in populated developing countries and increased generation of wastewater due to increased cleanliness concern. In absence of regulated central treatment facility, installation of decentralized wastewater treatment units with single or multiple disinfection barriers in medical units, quarantine centre, isolation wards, testing facilities seems to be urgent for minimizing any potential risk of wastewater transmission. Employing some emerging disinfectants (peracetic acid, performic acid, sodium dichloro isocyanurate, chloramines, chlorine dioxide, benzalconium chloride) shows prospects in terms of virucidal properties. However, there is need of additional research on coronaviruses specific disinfection data generation, regular monitoring of performance considering all factors influencing virus survival, performance evaluation in actual water treatment, need of augmenting disinfection dosages, environmental considerations to select the most appropriate disinfection technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampriti Kataki
- Biodegradation Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Assam, India
| | - Soumya Chatterjee
- Biodegradation Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Assam, India
| | - Mohan G Vairale
- Biodegradation Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Assam, India
| | - Sonika Sharma
- Biodegradation Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Assam, India
| | - Sanjai K Dwivedi
- Biodegradation Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Assam, India
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18
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Synergistic decomposition of imidacloprid by TiO2-Fe3O4 nanocomposite conjugated with persulfate in a photovoltaic-powered UV-LED photoreactor. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-018-0230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Microbiological Constraints for Use of Reclaimed and Reconditioned Water in Food Production and Processing Operations. Food Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819972.ch41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Rubio-Clemente A, Chica E, Peñuela G. Total coliform inactivation in natural water by UV/H 2O 2, UV/US, and UV/US/H 2O 2 systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:4462-4473. [PMID: 30324379 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pathogens in drinking water can seriously affect human health. Therefore, water disinfection is needed, but conventional processes, such as chlorination, result in the production of dangerous disinfection by-products. In this regard, an alternative solution to tackle the problem of bacterial pollution may be the application of advanced oxidation processes. In this work, the inactivation of total coliforms, naturally present in a Colombian surface water by means of UV/H2O2, UV/US, and the UV/US/H2O2 advanced oxidation processes, was investigated. Under the investigated conditions, complete bacterial inactivation (detection limit equal to 1 CFU 100 mL-1) was found within 5 min of treatment by UV/H2O2 and UV/US/H2O2 systems. UV/US oxidation process also resulted in total bacterial load elimination, but after 15 min of treatment. Bacterial reactivation after 24 h and 48 h in the dark was measured and no subsequent regrowth was observed. This phenomenon could be attributed to the high oxidation capacity of the evaluated oxidation systems. However, the process resulting in the highest oxidation potential at the lowest operating cost, in terms of energy consumption, was UV/H2O2 system. Therefore, UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation system can be used for disinfection purposes, enabling drinking water production meeting the requirements of regulated parameters in terms of water quality, without incurring extremely high energy costs. Nonetheless, further researches are required for minimizing the associated electric costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Rubio-Clemente
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Murcia UCAM, Avenida de los Jerónimos, s/n., Murcia, Spain.
- Grupo GDCON, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede de Investigaciones Universitarias (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Tecnológico de Antioquia-Institución Universitaria TdeA, Calle 78b No. 72A-220, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Edwin Chica
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gustavo Peñuela
- Grupo GDCON, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede de Investigaciones Universitarias (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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21
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Schiavano GF, De Santi M, Sisti M, Amagliani G, Brandi G. Disinfection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis in drinking tap water using ultraviolet germicidal irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2018; 39:3221-3227. [PMID: 28862077 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1375028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria are resistant to conventional water treatments, and are opportunistic human pathogen, particularly in hospitalized patients. The aim of this investigation was to assess the effectiveness of an ultraviolet UV-C lamp treatment against Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis in drinking tap water. Ultraviolet treatments (0-192 mJ/cm2) were performed using UV lamp immerged onto cylindrical glass tubes containing artificially contaminated water. The results showed that susceptibility to UV varied considerably according to the strains and the diameter of the tube. With a dose of 32 mJ/cm2, a significant inactivation (p < .05) of 3 log (99.9%) or more was obtained in only 5 of the 14 strains. To obtain a complete inactivation of all strains an irradiation of 192 mJ/cm2 was needed, a dose that is much higher than the limits recommended by the international standards for UV disinfection of drinking water. In conclusion, it may be difficult to standardize a UV dose for the elimination of waterborne mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuditta Fiorella Schiavano
- a Department of Biomolecular Science, Toxicological, Hygiene and Environmental Sciences Unit , University of Urbino Carlo Bo , Urbino , PU , Italy
| | - Mauro De Santi
- a Department of Biomolecular Science, Toxicological, Hygiene and Environmental Sciences Unit , University of Urbino Carlo Bo , Urbino , PU , Italy
| | - Maurizio Sisti
- a Department of Biomolecular Science, Toxicological, Hygiene and Environmental Sciences Unit , University of Urbino Carlo Bo , Urbino , PU , Italy
| | - Giulia Amagliani
- a Department of Biomolecular Science, Toxicological, Hygiene and Environmental Sciences Unit , University of Urbino Carlo Bo , Urbino , PU , Italy
| | - Giorgio Brandi
- a Department of Biomolecular Science, Toxicological, Hygiene and Environmental Sciences Unit , University of Urbino Carlo Bo , Urbino , PU , Italy
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22
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Li GQ, Huo ZY, Wu QY, Lu Y, Hu HY. Synergistic effect of combined UV-LED and chlorine treatment on Bacillus subtilis spore inactivation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:1233-1240. [PMID: 29929290 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An ultraviolet (UV)-based advanced oxidation process (AOP) for disinfecting water is introduced in this paper. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of UV light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs)/chlorine AOP (UV/Cl2) for Bacillus subtilis spore inactivation. Chlorine was combined with 265 and 280 nm LEDs (UV265/Cl2, UV280/Cl2) and investigated. The addition of 4.0 mg/L of free chlorine at pH 7.0 in the presence of 125 mJ/cm2 of UV irradiation resulted in an additional 1.8-log reduction in UV265/Cl2 and 1.5-log reduction in UV280/Cl2. There was no observed enhancement in spore inactivation with the addition of a radical scavenger, t-BuOH, which indicated the role of •OH in the synergistic effect. To quantitatively evaluate the synergism, the primary treatment with UV/Cl2 was followed by further UV or Cl2 treatment. After UV/Cl2 pretreatment at different pH levels, the 265 and 280 nm LEDs treatment enhanced an approximate 0.4-0.5-log reduction compared to UV only, and Cl2 treatment enhanced an approximate 0.7-1.1-log reduction compared to Cl2 only. In addition, at pH 7.0, in UV265/Cl2-Cl2 and UV280/Cl2-Cl2, the inactivation rate constant k increased by approximately 2 and 1.5 times, respectively. The CT for the lag phases (CTlag) reduced to approximately 67 and 58%, respectively. Similar results were obtained at pH 7.5 and 8.0, and in the secondary effluent. The synergistic effect on spore inactivation suggested that the pathogen inactivation efficiency of sequential UV and chlorine disinfection processes, which are commonly applied, can be significantly enhanced by adding chlorine prior to UV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Li
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Zheng-Yang Huo
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Yun Lu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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23
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Nelson KL, Boehm AB, Davies-Colley RJ, Dodd MC, Kohn T, Linden KG, Liu Y, Maraccini PA, McNeill K, Mitch WA, Nguyen TH, Parker KM, Rodriguez RA, Sassoubre LM, Silverman AI, Wigginton KR, Zepp RG. Sunlight-mediated inactivation of health-relevant microorganisms in water: a review of mechanisms and modeling approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1089-1122. [PMID: 30047962 PMCID: PMC7064263 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00047f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Health-relevant microorganisms present in natural surface waters and engineered treatment systems that are exposed to sunlight can be inactivated by a complex set of interacting mechanisms. The net impact of sunlight depends on the solar spectral irradiance, the susceptibility of the specific microorganism to each mechanism, and the water quality; inactivation rates can vary by orders of magnitude depending on the organism and environmental conditions. Natural organic matter (NOM) has a large influence, as it can attenuate radiation and thus decrease inactivation by endogenous mechanisms. Simultaneously NOM sensitizes the formation of reactive intermediates that can damage microorganisms via exogenous mechanisms. To accurately predict inactivation and design engineered systems that enhance solar inactivation, it is necessary to model these processes, although some details are not yet sufficiently well understood. In this critical review, we summarize the photo-physics, -chemistry, and -biology that underpin sunlight-mediated inactivation, as well as the targets of damage and cellular responses to sunlight exposure. Viruses that are not susceptible to exogenous inactivation are only inactivated if UVB wavelengths (280-320 nm) are present, such as in very clear, open waters or in containers that are transparent to UVB. Bacteria are susceptible to slightly longer wavelengths. Some viruses and bacteria (especially Gram-positive) are susceptible to exogenous inactivation, which can be initiated by visible as well as UV wavelengths. We review approaches to model sunlight-mediated inactivation and illustrate how the environmental conditions can dramatically shift the inactivation rate of organisms. The implications of this mechanistic understanding of solar inactivation are discussed for a range of applications, including recreational water quality, natural treatment systems, solar disinfection of drinking water (SODIS), and enhanced inactivation via the use of sensitizers and photocatalysts. Finally, priorities for future research are identified that will further our understanding of the key role that sunlight disinfection plays in natural systems and the potential to enhance this process in engineered systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Nelson
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Photocatalytic inactivation of human adenovirus 40: Effect of dissolved organic matter and prefiltration. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Niwano Y, Tada M, Tsukada M. Antimicrobial Intervention by Photoirradiation of Grape Pomace Extracts via Hydroxyl Radical Generation. Front Physiol 2017; 8:728. [PMID: 28983258 PMCID: PMC5613144 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The annual production of grape worldwide amounts to almost 70 million tons, and around 80% is used for winemaking. The two major wastes from winemaking process, pomace and lees account for 20 and 7% of the grapes, respectively. They have been expected as a valuable resource to be recycled because they are rich in polyphenols. Polyphenols possess prooxidatve activity as well as antioxidative one just like a two sides of a coin. A typical example of the prooxidative activity is antibacterial activity of catechins. The activity is exerted through oxidation of phenolic hydroxyl moiety coulpled with reduction of dissolved oxygen leading to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation. In addition, once the oxidation of phenolic hydroxyl moiety is augmented by photoirradiation, highly reactive hydroxyl radical (·OH) is generated. Accordingly, there have been several reports showing that photoirardiation of polyphenols exerts bactericidal activity via ·OH generation. This review focuses mainly on antimicrobial intervention by photoirradiation of grape pomace extract in relation to ·OH generation analyzed by an electron spin resonance-spin trapping method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Niwano
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Mika Tada
- Center for General Education, Tohoku Institute of TechnologySendai, Japan
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Rattanakul S, Oguma K. Analysis of Hydroxyl Radicals and Inactivation Mechanisms of Bacteriophage MS2 in Response to a Simultaneous Application of UV and Chlorine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:455-462. [PMID: 27997138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous application of UV and chlorine (expressed as UV/Cl2) as a water treatment method may be a good disinfection option for UV-resistant microorganisms, such as human adenoviruses (HAdVs). In this study, we developed two approaches using UV/Cl2: one to quantitate the OH• radicals based on the degradation of the probe compound para-chlorobenzoic acid (pCBA) and the other to use bacteriophage MS2 to understand the virus inactivation mechanisms in response to UV, chlorine and UV/Cl2 disinfection using reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), attachment and genome penetration assays. The results revealed that OH• radicals were produced at a concentration of 2.70 × 10-14 M in the UV/Cl2 treatment with a practical chlorine dose of 1 mg/L and with a minimum UV254 fluence of approximately 10 mJ/cm2, whereas UV or chlorine alone did not produce OH• radicals. In the UV/Cl2 treatment, synergistic effects on viral genome damage were observed, but were not directly due to OH• radicals. The ability of MS2 to penetrate the genome of the host bacteria was impaired, but its ability to attach to the host was not affected by the treatment. We concluded that the major cause of virus inactivation in response to UV/Cl2 was the damage to the viral genome caused by combination actions of chlorine species and OH• radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surapong Rattanakul
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Oguma
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan
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Schmitz BW, Kitajima M, Campillo ME, Gerba CP, Pepper IL. Virus Reduction during Advanced Bardenpho and Conventional Wastewater Treatment Processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9524-32. [PMID: 27447291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated wastewater treatment for the removal of 11 different virus types (pepper mild mottle virus; Aichi virus; genogroup I, II, and IV noroviruses; enterovirus; sapovirus; group-A rotavirus; adenovirus; and JC and BK polyomaviruses) by two wastewater treatment facilities utilizing advanced Bardenpho technology and compared the results with conventional treatment processes. To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing full-scale treatment processes that all received sewage influent from the same region. The incidence of viruses in wastewater was assessed with respect to absolute abundance, occurrence, and reduction in monthly samples collected throughout a 12 month period in southern Arizona. Samples were concentrated via an electronegative filter method and quantified using TaqMan-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results suggest that Plant D, utilizing an advanced Bardenpho process as secondary treatment, effectively reduced pathogenic viruses better than facilities using conventional processes. However, the absence of cell-culture assays did not allow an accurate assessment of infective viruses. On the basis of these data, the Aichi virus is suggested as a conservative viral marker for adequate wastewater treatment, as it most often showed the best correlation coefficients to viral pathogens, was always detected at higher concentrations, and may overestimate the potential virus risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley W Schmitz
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona , 2959 West Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, Arizona 85745, United States
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University , Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Maria E Campillo
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona , 2959 West Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, Arizona 85745, United States
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona , 2959 West Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, Arizona 85745, United States
| | - Ian L Pepper
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona , 2959 West Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, Arizona 85745, United States
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28
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Gottselig SM, Dunn-Horrocks SL, Woodring KS, Coufal CD, Duong T. Advanced oxidation process sanitization of eggshell surfaces. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1356-62. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Sun P, Tyree C, Huang CH. Inactivation of Escherichia coli, Bacteriophage MS2, and Bacillus Spores under UV/H2O2 and UV/Peroxydisulfate Advanced Disinfection Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4448-58. [PMID: 27014964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet light (UV) combined with peroxy chemicals, such as H2O2 and peroxydisulfate (PDS), have been considered potentially highly effective disinfection processes. This study investigated the inactivation of Escherichia coli, bacteriophage MS2, and Bacillus subtilis spores as surrogates for pathogens under UV/H2O2 and UV/PDS conditions, with the aim to provide further understanding of UV-based advanced disinfection processes (ADPs). Results showed that one additional log of inactivation of E. coli was achieved with 0.3 mM H2O2 or PDS at 5.2 × 10(-5) Einstein·L(-1) photo fluence (at 254 nm) compared with UV irradiation alone. Addition of H2O2 and PDS greatly enhanced the inactivation rate of MS2 by around 15 folds and 3 folds, respectively, whereas the inactivation of B. subtilis spores was slightly enhanced. Reactive species responsible for the inactivation were identified to be •OH, SO4(·-), and CO3(·-) based on manipulation of solution conditions. The CT value of each reactive species was calculated with respect to each microbial surrogate, which showed that the disinfection efficacy ranked as •OH > SO4(·-) > CO3(·-) ≫ O2(·-)/HO2(·). A comprehensive dynamic model was developed and successfully predicted the inactivation of the microbial surrogates in surface water and wastewater matrices. The concepts of UV-efficiency and EE/O were employed to provide a cost-effective evaluation for UV-based ADPs. Overall, the present study suggests that it will be beneficial to upgrade UV disinfection to UV/H2O2 ADP for the inactivation of viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhe Sun
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Division of Energy and Environment, Southern Research Institute , Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Corey Tyree
- Division of Energy and Environment, Southern Research Institute , Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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30
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Zhang CM, Xu LM, Xu PC, Wang XC. Elimination of viruses from domestic wastewater: requirements and technologies. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:69. [PMID: 26931609 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Domestic wastewater contains various pathogens, which, if not sufficiently eliminated, may enter the receiving water bodies and cause water-transmitted diseases. Among the waterborne pathogens, viruses may occur, survive and/or decay much differently from bacteria in water. In many cases, the diseases caused by viruses are more severe. Therefore, research efforts are mainly directed at the behavior of viruses in water environments, as well as the elimination of viruses from wastewater. In this paper, an overview of the occurrence of viruses in wastewater is presented, together with their categories, methods of detection and potential to cause waterborne diseases. As wastewater treatment plants are critical nodes for the influx and termination of virus transmission, the behavior of viruses at each stage of treatment is reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the unit operations, which play crucial roles in virus removals, such as coagulation and membrane filtration, and that for virus inactivation, such as chemical disinfection and UV irradiation. Future needs for the development of new technologies for virus elimination, source control, and finding more suitable indicators of viral pathogens are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Miao Zhang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Li-Mei Xu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Xu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
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Monteiro GS, Staggemeier R, Klauck CR, Bernardes AM, Rodrigues MAS, Spilki FR. Degradation and inactivation of adenovirus in water by photo-electro-oxidation. BRAZ J BIOL 2015; 75:S37-42. [PMID: 26628240 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.00813suppl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study analyzed the efficiency of the photo-electro-oxidation process as a method for degradation and inactivation of adenovirus in water. The experimental design employed a solution prepared from sterile water containing 5.107 genomic copies/L (gc/L) of a standard strain of human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-5) divided into two equal parts, one to serve as control and one treated by photo-electro-oxidation (PEO) for 3 hours and with a 5A current. Samples collected throughout the exposure process were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for viral genome identification and quantitation. Prior to gene extraction, a parallel DNAse treatment step was carried out to assess the integrity of viral particles. Integrated cell culture (ICC) analyses assessed the viability of infection in a cell culture. The tested process proved effective for viral degradation, with a 7 log10 reduction in viral load after 60 minutes of treatment. The DNAse-treated samples exhibited complete reduction of viral load after a 75 minute exposure to the process, and ICC analyses showed completely non-viable viral particles at 30 minutes of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Monteiro
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - R Staggemeier
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - C R Klauck
- Graduate Program in Environmental Quality, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - A M Bernardes
- Graduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - M A S Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Environmental Quality, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - F R Spilki
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
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Mayer BK, Yang Y, Gerrity DW, Abbaszadegan M. The Impact of Capsid Proteins on Virus Removal and Inactivation During Water Treatment Processes. Microbiol Insights 2015; 8:15-28. [PMID: 26604779 PMCID: PMC4639511 DOI: 10.4137/mbi.s31441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of the amino acid composition of protein capsids on virus inactivation using ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and titanium dioxide photocatalysis, and physical removal via enhanced coagulation using ferric chloride. Although genomic damage is likely more extensive than protein damage for viruses treated using UV, proteins are still substantially degraded. All amino acids demonstrated significant correlations with UV susceptibility. The hydroxyl radicals produced during photocatalysis are considered nonspecific, but they likely cause greater overall damage to virus capsid proteins relative to the genome. Oxidizing chemicals, including hydroxyl radicals, preferentially degrade amino acids over nucleotides, and the amino acid tyrosine appears to strongly influence virus inactivation. Capsid composition did not correlate strongly to virus removal during physicochemical treatment, nor did virus size. Isoelectric point may play a role in virus removal, but additional factors are likely to contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Yang
- Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Huo X, Chang DW, Tseng JH, Burch MD, Lin TF. Exposure of Microcystis aeruginosa to Hydrogen Peroxide under Light: Kinetic Modeling of Cell Rupture and Simultaneous Microcystin Degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:5502-5510. [PMID: 25821997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of hydrogen peroxide on the cell integrity of a cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa, and on the release and degradation of microcystins (MCs) under simulated sunlight was investigated. The cyanobacterium was exposed to H2O2 in the range of 0-60 mg·L(-1) for 3.5 h. Production of OH radical in the solution was estimated by a chemical probe method. More than 99% (2 log) of the M. aeruginosa cells were ruptured or damaged by 3 h for all the treatments. Loss of cell integrity over time revealed two distinct phases. Cells retained their integrity during the initial lag phase and rapidly ruptured following first-order reaction afterward. A linear relationship was found between the duration of the lag phase and the steady-state concentration of OH radical. Release of MCs was closely correlated with the loss of cell integrity. Sequential reaction models were developed to simulate the release and degradation of MCs. These models were able to quantitatively describe the kinetics of all reactions under different H2O2 doses and extended exposure time. In particular, the models successfully predicted the concentration change of MCs using independently measured parameters. These models provide a simple and quantitative means to estimate the interaction of oxidants and cells and the consequent release of metabolites during oxidation treatment of cyanobacterium-laden waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchen Huo
- †College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - De-Wei Chang
- ‡Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Hua Tseng
- ‡Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Michael D Burch
- §Australian Water Quality Centre, South Australian Water Corporation, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Tsair-Fuh Lin
- ‡Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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Mattle MJ, Vione D, Kohn T. Conceptual model and experimental framework to determine the contributions of direct and indirect photoreactions to the solar disinfection of MS2, phiX174, and adenovirus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:334-42. [PMID: 25419957 DOI: 10.1021/es504764u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight inactivates waterborne viruses via direct (absorption of sunlight by the virus) and indirect processes (adsorption of sunlight by external chromophores, which subsequently generate reactive species). While the mechanisms underlying these processes are understood, their relative importance remains unclear. This study establishes an experimental framework to determine the kinetic parameters associated with a virus' susceptibility to solar disinfection and proposes a model to estimate disinfection rates and to apportion the contributions of different inactivation processes. Quantum yields of direct inactivation were determined for three viruses (MS2, phiX174, and adenovirus), and second-order rate constants associated with indirect inactivation by four reactive species ((1)O2, OH(•), CO3(•-), and triplet states) were established. PhiX174 exhibited the greatest quantum yield (1.4 × 10(-2)), indicating that it is more susceptible to direct inactivation than MS2 (2.9 × 10(-3)) or adenovirus (2.5 × 10(-4)). Second-order rate constants ranged from 1.7 × 10(7) to 7.0 × 10(9) M(-1) s(-1) and followed the sequence MS2 > adenovirus > phiX174. A predictive model based on these parameters accurately estimated solar disinfection of MS2 and phiX174 in a natural water sample and approximated that of adenovirus within a factor of 6. Inactivation mostly occurred by direct processes, though indirect inactivation by (1)O2 also contributed to the disinfection of MS2 and adenovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Mattle
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Castro-Acosta RM, Rodríguez-Limas WA, Valderrama B, Ramírez OT, Palomares LA. Effect of metal catalyzed oxidation in recombinant viral protein assemblies. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:25. [PMID: 24533452 PMCID: PMC3928578 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein assemblies, such as virus-like particles, have increasing importance as vaccines, delivery vehicles and nanomaterials. However, their use requires stable assemblies. An important cause of loss of stability in proteins is oxidation, which can occur during their production, purification and storage. Despite its importance, very few studies have investigated the effect of oxidation in protein assemblies and their structural units. In this work, we investigated the role of in vitro oxidation in the assembly and stability of rotavirus VP6, a polymorphic protein. Results The susceptibility to oxidation of VP6 assembled into nanotubes (VP6NT) and unassembled VP6 (VP6U) was determined and compared to bovine serum albumin (BSA) as control. VP6 was more resistant to oxidation than BSA, as determined by measuring protein degradation and carbonyl content. It was found that assembly protected VP6 from in vitro metal-catalyzed oxidation. Oxidation provoked protein aggregation and VP6NT fragmentation, as evidenced by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Oxidative damage of VP6 correlated with a decrease of its center of fluorescence spectral mass. The in vitro assembly efficiency of VP6U into VP6NT decreased as the oxidant concentration increased. Conclusions Oxidation caused carbonylation, quenching, and destruction of aromatic amino acids and aggregation of VP6 in its assembled and unassembled forms. Such modifications affected protein functionality, including its ability to assemble. That assembly protected VP6 from oxidation shows that exposure of susceptible amino acids to the solvent increases their damage, and therefore the protein surface area that is exposed to the solvent is determinant of its susceptibility to oxidation. The inability of oxidized VP6 to assemble into nanotubes highlights the importance of avoiding this modification during the production of proteins that self-assemble. This is the first time that the role of oxidation in protein assembly is studied, evidencing that oxidation should be minimized during the production process if VP6 nanotubes are required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Laura A Palomares
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A,P, 510-3, C,P, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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Zhang Y, Zhou L, Zhang Y, Tan C. Inactivation ofBacillus subtilisSpores Using Various Combinations of Ultraviolet Treatment with Addition of Hydrogen Peroxide. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:609-14. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment; Ministry of Education (Tongji University); Shanghai China
| | - Lingling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse; College of Environmental Science & Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai China
| | - Yongji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment; Ministry of Education (Tongji University); Shanghai China
| | - Chaoqun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment; Ministry of Education (Tongji University); Shanghai China
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Beck SE, Rodriguez RA, Linden KG, Hargy TM, Larason TC, Wright HB. Wavelength dependent UV inactivation and DNA damage of adenovirus as measured by cell culture infectivity and long range quantitative PCR. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 48:591-598. [PMID: 24266597 DOI: 10.1021/es403850b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Adenovirus is regarded as the most resistant pathogen to ultraviolet (UV) disinfection due to its demonstrated resistance to monochromatic, low-pressure (LP) UV irradiation at 254 nm. This resistance has resulted in high UV dose requirements for all viruses in regulations set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Polychromatic, medium-pressure (MP) UV irradiation has been shown to be much more effective than 254 nm, although the mechanisms of polychromatic UV inactivation are not completely understood. This research analyzes the wavelength-specific effects of UV light on adenovirus type 2 by analyzing in parallel the reduction in viral infectivity and damage to the viral genome. A tunable laser from the National Institute of Standards and Technology was used to isolate single UV wavelengths. Cell culture infectivity and PCR were employed to quantify the adenoviral inactivation rates using narrow bands of irradiation (<1 nm) at 10 nm intervals between 210 and 290 nm. The inactivation rate corresponding to adenoviral genome damage matched the inactivation rate of adenovirus infectivity at 253.7 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, and 290 nm, suggesting that damage to the viral DNA was primarily responsible for loss of infectivity at those wavelengths. At 260 nm, more damage to the nucleic acid was observed than reduction in viral infectivity. At 240 nm and below, the reduction of viral infectivity was significantly greater than the reduction of DNA amplification, suggesting that UV damage to a viral component other than DNA contributed to the loss of infectivity at those wavelengths. Inactivation rates were used to develop a detailed spectral sensitivity or action spectrum of adenovirus 2. This research has significant implications for the water treatment industry with regard to polychromatic inactivation of viruses and the development of novel wavelength-specific UV disinfection technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Beck
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder , UCB 428, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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