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Ding L, Zhang CM. Occurrence, ecotoxicity and ecological risks of psychoactive substances in surface waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171788. [PMID: 38499097 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Psychoactive substances (PSs) represent a subset of emerging contaminants. Their widespread production and utilization contribute to a growing ecological burden and risk on a global scale. Conventional wastewater treatment methods have proven insufficient in adequately removing psychoactive substances, leading to their occurrence in surface water ecosystems worldwide. As of present, however, a thorough understanding of their geographical prevalence and distribution patterns remains elusive. Further, in the existing literature, there is a scarcity of comprehensive overviews that systematically summarize the toxicity of various psychoactive substances towards aquatic organisms. Through summarizing almost 140 articles, the present study provides an overview of the sources, pollution status, and biotoxicity of psychoactive substances in surface waters, as well as an assessment of their ecological risks. Concentrations of several psychoactive substances in surface waters were found to be as high as hundreds or even thousands of ng·L-1. In parallel, accumulation of psychoactive substances in the tissues or organs of aquatic organisms was found to potentially cause certain adverse effects, including behavioral disorders, organ damage, and DNA changes. Oxidative stress was found to be a significant factor in the toxic effects of psychoactive substances on organisms. The application of the risk quotient approach indicated that psychoactive substances posed a medium to high risk in certain surface water bodies, as well as the need for sustained long-term attention and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ding
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Chong-Miao Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
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2
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Construction of Mg-doped ZnO/g-C3N4@ZIF-8 multi-component catalyst with superior catalytic performance for the degradation of illicit drug under visible light. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Nika MC, Aalizadeh R, Thomaidis NS. Non-target trend analysis for the identification of transformation products during ozonation experiments of citalopram and four of its biodegradation products. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126401. [PMID: 34182420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During ozonation in wastewater treatment plants, ozone reacts with emerging pollutants, which are partially removed through the secondary treatment, as long as, with their biotransformation products, triggering the formation of ozonation transformation products (TPs). Although the transformation of parent compounds (PCs) and their metabolites has been reported in the literature, the probable transformation of biotransformation products has not been investigated so far. This study evaluates the fate of citalopram (CTR) and four of its biotransformation products (DESCTR, CTRAM, CTRAC and CTROXO) during ozonation experiments. A Gaussian curve-based trend analysis was performed for the first time for the automated detection of TPs in ozone concentrations ranging from 0.06 to 12 mg/L. In total 46 ozonation TPs were detected; 7 TPs of CTR, 10 of DESCTR, 9 of CTRAM, 12 of CTRAC and 8 of CTROXO and were structurally elucidated based on their high resolution tandem mass spectra interpretation and tandem mass spectra similarity with the respective PC. Results have demonstrated that the examined compounds follow common transformation pathways in reaction with ozone and that common TPs were formed through the ozonation of different structurally-alike compounds. Moreover, the toxicity of the identified TPs was predicted with an in-house risk assessment program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Christina Nika
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Reza Aalizadeh
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
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4
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Nowak K, Szpot P, Jurek T, Zawadzki M. Quantification of methadone and its metabolites: EDDP and EMDP determined in autopsy cases using LC-MS/MS. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:1003-1012. [PMID: 33512019 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a method for the determination of methadone, EDDP, and EMDP in postmortem biological materials using liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate (pH9) and UHPLC-MS/MS technique. Methadone-d9 and EDDP-d3 were used as the internal standards. The method validation results for blood and urine were as follows: linearity: 0.5-1000 ng/ml; R2 > 0.9993 for methadone, EDDP and R2 > 0.9944 for EMDP. Intra- and inter-day precision: 0.1%-7.5% and 0.3%-8.6%, respectively; intra- and inter-day accuracy: -11.8% to 13.9% and -9.3 to 14.8%, respectively; recovery: 91.5%-123.0%; matrix effect: 83.5%-123.9%. This study also describes 18 postmortem cases, where methadone concentrations ranged 2.3-1180 ng/ml in blood (n = 17), from 11.0 to >10,000 ng/ml in urine (n = 13) and 135.2-409.0 in vitreous humor (VH, n = 3). EDDP concentrations ranged from not detectable to 180 ng/mL in blood, from 42.4 to >10,000 ng/ml in urine and 18.3-36.5 in VH. EMDP concentrations were found in four cases in blood from below LLOQ to 1.8 ng/ml and in seven cases in urine, ranged 2.1-243.0 ng/ml. EMDP was not detected in VH samples. The EDDP/methadone ratios and blood/urine ratios for methadone and EDDP in EMDP-positive and negative cases were performed. The paper presents mass spectra of other methadone metabolites, than EDDP and EMDP (ring hydroxylated methadone, ring hydroxylated EDDP, ring hydroxylated EMDP, methadol, and DDP). Simultaneous determination of methadone and its metabolites in order to unequivocally interpret the results of toxicological tests seems to be useful in cases related to prescription/illicit use of methadone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Nowak
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.,Institute of Toxicology Research, Borowa, Poland
| | - Paweł Szpot
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.,Institute of Toxicology Research, Borowa, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jurek
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Zawadzki
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.,Institute of Toxicology Research, Borowa, Poland
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Sieira BJ, Montes R, Touffet A, Rodil R, Cela R, Gallard H, Quintana JB. Chlorination and bromination of 1,3-diphenylguanidine and 1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine: Kinetics, transformation products and toxicity assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 385:121590. [PMID: 31784125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This works investigates the chlorination and bromination of two rubber and polymer related chemicals, which have emerged as relevant water contaminants, i.e. 1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG) and 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG). Kinetic constants at different pH values were obtained and modelled, taking into account the pKa values of DTG/DPG and HClO, showing that the maximum reaction rate (kapp > 104 M-1 s-1) is obtained at pH values 8.8 for DPG and 9.1 for DTG. Bromination is also very fast, although unlike chlorination, deviation from the model was observed at neutral pH, which was attributed to formation of metastable transformation product (TP). A total of 35 TPs, corresponding to halogenation, hydroxylation, formation of monophenylguanidine derivatives and cyclization reactions, were tentatively identified. Furthermore it was found that chloroform can be formed up to a 25% molar yield, while dichloroacetonitrile was formed into less than a 3% yield. Several ecotoxicological endpoints were predicted by quantitative structure-activity relationship models (QSAR) for the TPs, some of which were predicted to be more toxic than DPG/DTG. Also a chlorinated solution investigated by a Vibrio Fisheri acute toxicity test, confirmed that toxicity increases with chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benigno J Sieira
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Arnaud Touffet
- Institute de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Poitiers (ENSIP), Université de Poitiers, 1, rue Marcel Doré, TSA 41105, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Hervé Gallard
- Institute de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Poitiers (ENSIP), Université de Poitiers, 1, rue Marcel Doré, TSA 41105, 86073 Poitiers, France.
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Kostanjevecki P, Petric I, Loncar J, Smital T, Ahel M, Terzic S. Biodegradation study of methadone by adapted activated sludge: Elimination kinetics, transformation products and ecotoxicological evaluation. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 214:719-728. [PMID: 30293025 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The biotransformation study of difficult-to-degrade opioid analgesic methadone (MTHD) was performed by activated sludge culture adapted to high concentration of methadone (10 mg/L). The study included determination of elimination kinetics of the parent compound, taxonomic characterization of microbial culture, identification of biotransformation products (TPs) and assessment of ecotoxicological effects of biotransformation processes. The chemical analyses were performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, whereas the ecotoxicological assessment was made based on determinations of toxicity to freshwater algae. Changes of the adapted sludge culture during the experiment were followed using the 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Depending on the experimental conditions, the elimination efficiency of methadone (10 mg/L) varied from 9% to 93% with the corresponding half-lives from 11.4 days to 1.5 days. A significantly faster elimination (t1/2 from 1.5 days to 5.8 days) was achieved at cometabolic conditions, using glucose-containing media, as compared to the experiments with MTHD as a single organic carbon source (t1/2 = 11.4 days). Moreover, increased biotransformation rate following the additional supplementation of ammonia, revealed a possible importance of nitrogen availability for the transformation at cometabolic conditions. The elimination of parent compound was associated with the formation of 3 different TPs, two of which were identical to main human metabolites of MTHD, 2-Ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) and 2-ethyl-5-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-pyrroline (EMDP). EDDP represented over 90% of the total TP concentration at the end of experiment. The biodegradation of MTHD was associated with a pronounced drop in algal toxicity, confirming a rather positive ecotoxicological outcome of the achieved biotransformation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kostanjevecki
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ines Petric
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jovica Loncar
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tvrtko Smital
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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González-Mariño I, Rodríguez I, Rojo L, Cela R. Photodegradation of nitenpyram under UV and solar radiation: Kinetics, transformation products identification and toxicity prediction. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 644:995-1005. [PMID: 30743897 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation of the neonicotinoid insecticide nitenpyram (NPY) under UV and solar irradiation has been investigated in water solutions in order to assess its persistence in the environment and its transformation into other potentially more toxic species. Time-courses were followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Transformation products (TPs) were identified by their accurate product ion spectra, obtained with a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer after their liquid chromatographic separation. NPY was rapidly photodegraded under all the investigated conditions, following a first-order model and with half-lives varying from seconds to <10 min. Quantum yields were between 0.0385 and 0.0534 mol einstein-1. The identified TPs, some of them reported for the first time in this study, were formed through different reactions involving the nitro-ethylene moiety of the parent insecticide. Conversely to the lability of NPY, its TPs were more photo-stable in both ultrapure and river water. Moreover, in-silico toxicity assessment showed that most of them display a higher acute toxicity than NPY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria González-Mariño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Isaac Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lorena Rojo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Khalit WNAW, Tay KS. The fate of sotalol in aqueous chlorination: Kinetics, mechanisms and ecotoxicity assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 145:214-220. [PMID: 28738204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Unmetabolized pharmaceuticals often enter the water treatment plants and exposed to various treatment processes. Among these water treatment processes, disinfection is a process which involves the application of chemical oxidation to remove pathogen. Untreated pharmaceuticals from primary and secondary treatment have the potential to be exposed to the chemical oxidation process during disinfection. This study investigated the kinetics and mechanism of the degradation of sotalol during chlorination process. Chlorination with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as main reactive oxidant has been known as one of the most commonly used disinfection methods. The second order rate constant for the reaction between sotalol and free available chlorine (FAC) was found to decrease from 60.1 to 39.1M-1min-1 when the pH was increased from 6 to 8. This result was mainly attributed by the decreased of HOCl concentration with increasing pH. In the real water samples, the presence of the higher amount of organic content was found to reduce the efficiency of chlorination in the removal of sotalol. This result showed that sotalol competes with natural organic matter to react with HOCl during chlorination. After 24h of FAC exposure, sotalol was found to produce three stable transformation by-products. These by-products are mainly chlorinated compounds. According to the acute and chronic toxicity calculated using ECOSAR computer program, the transformation by-products are more harmful than sotalol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kheng Soo Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Prosen H, Fontanals N, Borrull F, Marcé RM. Determination of seven drugs of abuse and their metabolites in surface and wastewater using solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3621-3631. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Prosen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Núria Fontanals
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
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Li AJ, Wu P, Law JCF, Chow CH, Postigo C, Guo Y, Leung KSY. Transformation of acesulfame in chlorination: Kinetics study, identification of byproducts, and toxicity assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 117:157-166. [PMID: 28391120 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Acesulfame (ACE) is one of the most commonly used artificial sweeteners. Because it is not metabolized in the human gut, it reaches the aquatic environment unchanged. In the present study, the reactivity of ACE in free chlorine-containing water was investigated for the first time. The degradation of ACE was found to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. The first-order rate increased with decreasing pH from 9.4 to 4.8 with estimated half-lives from 693 min to 2 min. Structural elucidation of the detected transformation products (TPs) was performed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Integration of MS/MS fragments, isotopic pattern and exact mass allowed the characterization of up to 5 different TPs in the ultrapure water extracts analyzed, including two proposed new chlorinated compounds reported for the first time. Unexpectedly, several known and regulated disinfection by-products (DBPs) were present in the ACE chlorinated solution. In addition, two of the six DBPs are proposed as N-DBPs. Time-course profiles of ACE and the identified by-products in tap water and wastewater samples were followed in order to simulate the actual disinfection process. Tap water did not significantly affect degradation, but wastewater did; it reacted with the ACE to produce several brominated-DBPs. A preliminary assessment of chlorinated mixtures by luminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri showed that these by-products were up to 1.8-fold more toxic than the parent compound. The generation of these DBPs, both regulated and not, representing enhanced toxicity, make chlorine disinfection a controversial treatment for ACE. Further efforts are urgently needed to both assess the consequences of current water treatment processes on ACE and to develop new processes that will safely treat ACE. Human health and the health of our aquatic ecosystems are at stake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Key Laboratory of Tropical Agro-environment, Ministry of Agriculture of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pengran Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Japhet Cheuk-Fung Law
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Chi-Hang Chow
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, China; School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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11
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Drugs of abuse in drinking water – a review of current detection methods, occurrence, elimination and health risks. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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12
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Wang DG, Zheng QD, Wang XP, Du J, Tian CG, Wang Z, Ge LK. Illicit drugs and their metabolites in 36 rivers that drain into the Bohai Sea and north Yellow Sea, north China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:16495-16503. [PMID: 27167374 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6824-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Illicit drugs and their metabolites have recently been recognized as an emerging group of contaminants due to their potential ecotoxicological impact in aquatic ecosystems. To date, information on the occurrence of these compounds in the aquatic environment of China remains limited. In this study, we collected surface water samples from 36 rivers in north China that discharge into the Bohai Sea and north Yellow Sea and measured the concentrations of amphetamine-like compounds, ketamines, cocainics, and opioids. The occurrence and spatial patterns of these substances show significant differences between the rivers and regions. Two designer drugs, methamphetamine (METH) and ketamine (KET), were the most abundant compounds detected in the entire set of samples (detection frequency of 92 and 69 %). The concentrations of METH and KET ranged from <0.1 to 42.0 ng L(-1) (mean = 4.53 ng L(-1)) and <0.05 to 4.50 ng L(-1) (mean = 0.49 ng L(-1)), respectively. The high detection frequencies of METH and KET are consistent with the fact that they are the main illicit drugs consumed in China. The high concentrations of these illicit drugs and their metabolites were found in areas that have a high population density. The riverine input of total illicit drugs into the Bohai Sea and north Yellow Sea was estimated to be in the range of 684 to 1160 kg per year.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Gao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China.
| | - Qiu-Da Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Juan Du
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Chong-Guo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Zhuang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Lin-Ke Ge
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
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Lan T, Yuan LJ, Hu XX, Zhou Q, Wang J, Huang XX, Dai DP, Cai JP, Hu GX. Effects of CYP2C19 variants on methadone metabolism in vitro. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:634-639. [PMID: 27199033 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CYP2C19 is an important member of the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzyme super family and is responsible for clearing approximately 10% of commonly used clinical drugs that undergo phase I metabolism. Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C19 significantly influence the efficacy and safety of some drugs, which might cause undesirable adverse effects or cure failure at standard dosages. The aim of this study was to clarify the catalytic activities of 31 CYP2C19 alleles on the oxidative in vitro metabolism of methadone. Insect microsomes expressing the CYP2C19 alleles were incubated with 50-2000 μM methadone for 30 min at 37 °C and terminated by cooling to -80 °C immediately. Methadone and its metabolite EDDP were analyzed by an ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) system. Of the 31 tested CYP2C19 allelies variants, CYP2C19*1 is the wild-type. Compared with CYP2C19*1, two CYP2C19 variants (CYP2C19*3 and *35FS) had no detectable enzyme activity, one variant L16F exhibited slightly increased intrinsic clearance values, and one variant N277K showed no significant difference. In addition, 26 variants exhibited significantly decreased values (from 1.48% to 80.40%). These findings suggest that more attention should be paid in clinical administration of methadone to individuals carrying these CYP2C19 alleles. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lan
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ling-Jing Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiang-Xin Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Da-Peng Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital & Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Ping Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital & Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Xin Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Susana Y. Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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15
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Rodríguez-Álvarez T, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Cela R. Reactivity of β-blockers/agonists with aqueous permanganate. Kinetics and transformation products of salbutamol. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 79:48-56. [PMID: 25965887 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The possible oxidation of two β-blockers, atenolol and propranolol, and one β-agonist, salbutamol, with aqueous potassium permanganate (KMnO4) was investigated by liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Under strong oxidation conditions (2 mg L(-1) KMnO4, 24 h), only salbutamol did significantly react. In this way, the oxidation kinetics of salbutamol was further investigated at different concentrations of KMnO4, chloride, phosphate and sample pH by means of a full factorial experimental design. Depending on these factors, half-lives were in the range 1-144 min for drug and it was observed that KMnO4 concentration was the most significant factor, resulting in increased reaction rate as it is increased. Moreover, the reaction of salbutamol is also enhanced at basic pH and to a minor extent by the presence of phosphates, being both factors more relevant at low KMnO4 concentrations. The use of an accurate-mass LC-QTOF-MS system permitted the identification of a total of seven transformation products (TPs). The transformation path of the drug begins by the attack of KMnO4 on two double bonds of the aromatic ring of salbutamol via 3 + 2 and 2 + 2 addition reactions, which resulted in the ring opening and that continues with oxidative reactions to finally produce smaller size TPs, ending with tert-butyl-formamide, as the smallest TP identified. Reaction in real samples showed a slower and partial oxidation of the pharmaceutical, due to other competing water organic constituents, but still exceeding 60%. Moreover, the software predicted toxicity of TPs indicates that they are expected not to be more toxic than salbutamol, in contrast to the results obtained for the predicted toxicity of chlorination TPs, excepting predicted developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Rodríguez-Álvarez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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16
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Montes R, Rodríguez I, Casado J, López-Sabater M, Cela R. Determination of the cardiac drug amiodarone and its N-desethyl metabolite in sludge samples. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1394:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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