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Ducret J, Barbeau B. A revised digestion method to characterize manganese content in solids. MethodsX 2024; 12:102731. [PMID: 38707215 PMCID: PMC11068846 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantifying manganese (Mn) content in solids is critical for understanding its roles in aquatic ecosystems, soils, water treatment plants and distribution systems. No studies have yet used standard Mn oxides to compare the performance of the numerous digestion methods found in the literature. Nine digestion methods (including USEPA 3050B) were compared using four Mn oxides with varying oxidation states. The HCl concentrate (12.4 M) heated to at least at 40 °C provided quantitative digestion of all Mn oxides tested with ≈ 100 % recovery. HCl concentration is important only for MnO2 digestion, while temperature influences both MnO and MnO2 recovery. Complete recovery of various Al, Cu and Fe standard oxides using a 12.4 M HCl digestion at 95 °C. Digestion of environmental samples for Al, Ca, Fe, Mg and Mn content yielded higher metal content using the HCl method (except for Al). HCl 12.4 M digestion provided better performance than other digestion methods found in the scientific literature because of its high reducing capacity. •Most digestion methods found in the literature do not digest all Mn oxidation states.•Hydrochloric acid is shown to be essential to dissolve all oxidation state of Mn oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Ducret
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, 2500 chemin de Polytechnique, H3T 1J4, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, 2500 chemin de Polytechnique, H3T 1J4, Montreal, QC, Canada
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2
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Tsai MH, Chao SJ, Luo CL, Hua LC, Hu CC, Mahata BK, Huang C. Selective dissolution of zinc and lead from duplex β-phase brasses in low and high conductivity water. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141835. [PMID: 38552799 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
This study provides insights regarding the selective metal leaching of brass in various tap water conditions, which benefits water utilities to predict the potential of metal released from brass water meters. The long-term time-dependent selective metal dissolution of brass with various β phase fractions have not previously been investigated. In this study, a 201-d immersion experiment was carried out in low and high conductivity tap water (LCTW and HCTW, respectively). Three commercialized brass samples in different β phase fractions (β = 51%, β = 43%, β = 39%), named brass 51, brass 43, and brass 39, respectively, were used. The results showed that brass 51 had the most negative corrosion potential (-0.17 V) and the lowest polarization resistance (8.5 kΩ) compared to brass 43 and brass 39 (-0.04 V and 10.1-14.7 kΩ, respectively) in LCTW. This trend was verified by the 201-d immersion experiment in which brass 51 exhibited the highest zinc leaching rate (21-30 μg L-1 cm-2 d-1), followed by brass 43 and brass 39 (16-23 μg L-1 cm-2 d-1) in both waters. The leaching amounts of lead and copper were extremely low compared to zinc. In LCTW, the uniform corrosion (UC) mechanism dominated from day 1 to day 120. Afterwards, UC was replaced by the galvanic corrosion (GC) mechanism, with the selective leaching coefficient of Zn over Cu (SZn/Cu) increasing from 10 to 25 to 40-80. In HCTW, however, the SZn/Cu reached 300-1000, and the transition of UC to GC occurred earlier on day 30 due to the rapid formation of the ZnO layer on the brass surface that hindered the ion attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Han Tsai
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ju Chao
- Division of Water Research Technology, Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Cai-Lin Luo
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Lap-Cuong Hua
- IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering Department, Westvest 7, 2611, AX Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Chi-Chang Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
| | - Biplab Kumar Mahata
- International College of Semiconductor Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India
| | - Chihpin Huang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
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3
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Zhang H, Zhang S, Liu Y, Yang M, Zhou X, Abbas G, Wang L, Lu J. Effects of chloride on corrosion scale compositions and heavy metal release in drinking water distribution systems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133452. [PMID: 38198869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Variations in water chemistry may lead to the release of harmful heavy metals in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs). In this study, the effects of chloride on the release of heavy metals such as Fe, Mn, As, Cr, Mo, V, Sr, and Co were examined using steel and cast iron pipe loops. After chloride was added, the relative contents of goethite (α-FeOOH), lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), and siderite (FeCO3) in pipe scales increased, but the contents of magnetite (Fe3O4) decreased. The most prevalent compounds were α-FeOOH and γ-FeOOH. When the chloride levels were increased, the effluent concentrations of Fe, Mn, As, Cr, Mo, V, Sr, and Co significantly increased. These heavy metals were released presumably because of the destabilization and dissolution of corrosion scales induced by chloride and adsorption site competition. Strong positive correlations were also observed between Fe&Mn, Fe/Mn&As, Fe/Mn&Cr, Fe/Mn&Mo, Fe/Mn&V, Fe/Mn&Sr, and Fe/Mn&Co, indicating the co-release of Fe, Mn, and other metals. This study may be helpful for the potential strategies on avoidance of heavy metal release and improvement of water supply security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Shan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Yuekai Liu
- Qingdao Municiple Engineering Design & Research Institute, Qingdao 266000, PR China
| | - Min Yang
- China Northwest Architecture Design and Research Institute Co. Ltd, Xi'an 710018, PR China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Shenzhen Water Resources Planning and Design Institute Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | - Long Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Jinsuo Lu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
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4
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Hu J, Chen Q, Liu F, Qiang Z, Yu J. Copper ion affects oxidant decay and combined aspartic acid transformation during chlorination in water pipes: Differentiated action on the yield of trihalomethanes and haloacetonitriles. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 251:121153. [PMID: 38246080 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The chlorination of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secreted by biofilm often induces the formation of high-toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water distribution systems. The protein components in EPS are the main precursors of DBPs, which mostly exist in the form of combined amino acids. The paper aimed to study the action of a pipe corrosion product (Cu2+) on the formation of DBPs (trihalomethanes, THMs; haloacetonitriles, HANs) with aspartic acid tetrapeptide (TAsp) as a precursor. Cu2+ mainly promoted the reaction of oxidants with TAsp (i.e., TAsp-induced decay) to produce DBPs, rather than self-decay of oxidants to generate BrO3‒ and ClO3‒. Cu2+ increased THMs yield, but decreased HANs yield due to the catalytic hydrolysis. Cu2+ was more prone to promote the reaction of TAsp with HOCl than with HOBr, leading to a DBPs shift from brominated to chlorinated species. The chemical characterizations of Cu2+-TAsp complexations demonstrate that Cu2+ combined with TAsp at the N and O sites in both amine and amide groups, and the intermediate identification suggests that Cu2+ enhanced the stepwise chlorination process by promoting the substitution of chlorine and the breakage of CC bonds. The effect of Cu2+ on THMs yield changed from promoting to inhibiting with the increase of pH, while that on HANs yield was inhibiting regardless of pH variation. Additionally, the impact of Cu2+ on the formation of DBPs was also affected by Cu2+ dose, Cl2/C ratio and Br- concentration. This study helps to understand the formation of EPS-derived DBPs in water pipes, and provides reference for formulating control strategies during biofilm outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chao-wang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China; Innovation Research Center for Advanced Environmental Technology, Eco-industrial Innovation Institute ZJUT, 2 Rong-chang East Road, Quzhou 324400, China
| | - Qiaonv Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chao-wang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Innovation Research Center for Advanced Environmental Technology, Eco-industrial Innovation Institute ZJUT, 2 Rong-chang East Road, Quzhou 324400, China; Zhejiang TianNeng Resource Recycling Technology Co., Ltd, Huzhou 313100, China
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jianming Yu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chao-wang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Hu J, Wang R, Li S, Wu J, Qiang Z. Mechanisms of iopamidol transformation catalyzed by a copper corrosion product (c-Cu 2O) during peroxymonosulfate disinfection. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 462:132821. [PMID: 37879278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) is an alternative disinfectant for drinking water. This study aimed to investigate the transformation of iopamidol (IPM) catalyzed by a main copper corrosion product (c-Cu2O) with PMS as a disinfectant. The observed pseudo-first-order constant (kobs) for the IPM degradation in the c-Cu2O/PMS system (0.033 min-1) was 3 times that in the CuO/PMS system (0.011 min-1). The quenching tests and the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments indicate that O2•- and 1O2 contributed to IPM degradation in the c-Cu2O/ PMS system. The complexation of metastable Cu(II) with a PMS molecule polarized the OO bond and then facilitated the electron transfer from the PMS molecule to other PMS and O2 molecules, which directly and indirectly promoted the yield of O2•- and 1O2. The iodine balance indicated that 26.0% of initial TOI was converted to IO3-, and CHI3 only accounted for 0.6% of the residual TOI. In the c-Cu2O/PMS system, IPM conversion was started with amide C-N bond breakage, deiodination reaction and hydrogen abstraction. This study helps to better understand the conversion mechanisms of iodine-containing organic micropollutants when PMS is deployed as a disinfectant in copper pipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- College of Environment, Center for Membrane and Water Science & Technology, Zhe, jiang University of Technology, 18 Chao-wang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China; Innovation Research Center for Advanced Environmental Technology, Eco-industrial Innovation Institute ZJUT, 2 Rong-chang East Road, Quzhou 324400, China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- College of Environment, Center for Membrane and Water Science & Technology, Zhe, jiang University of Technology, 18 Chao-wang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shangkun Li
- College of Environment, Center for Membrane and Water Science & Technology, Zhe, jiang University of Technology, 18 Chao-wang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China; Zhejiang Huanke Environmental Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Environment, Center for Membrane and Water Science & Technology, Zhe, jiang University of Technology, 18 Chao-wang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco, Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China
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6
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Tan C, Liu H. Inhibition of Hexavalent Chromium Release from Drinking Water Distribution Systems: Effects of Water Chemistry-Based Corrosion Control Strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18433-18442. [PMID: 36719710 PMCID: PMC10690716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In drinking water distribution systems, the oxidation of zerovalent chromium, Cr(0), in iron corrosion scales by chlorine residual disinfectant is the dominant reaction to form carcinogenic hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI). This study investigates inhibitive corrosion control strategies through adjustments of chemical water parameters (i.e., pH, silicate, phosphate, calcium, and alkalinity) on Cr(VI) formation through oxidation of Cr(0)(s) by free chlorine under drinking water conditions. The results show that an increase in pH, silicate, alkalinity, and calcium suppressed Cr(VI) formation that was mainly attributed to in situ surface precipitation of new Cr(III) solids on the surface of Cr(0)(s), including Cr(OH)3(s), Cr2(SiO3)3(s), CrPO4(s), Cr2(CO3)3(s), and Cr10Ca(CO3)16(s). The Cr(III) surface precipitates were much less reactive with chlorine than Cr(0)(s) and suppressed the Cr redox reactivity. The concentration of surface Cr(III) solids was inversely correlated with the rate constant of Cr(VI) formation. Adding phosphate either promoted or inhibited the Cr(VI) formation, depending on the phosphate concentration. This study provides fundamental insight into the Cr(VI) formation mechanisms via Cr(0) oxidation by chlorine and the importance of surface precipitation of Cr(III) solids with different corrosion control strategies and suggests that increasing the pH/alkalinity and addition of phosphate or silicate can be effective control strategies to minimize Cr(VI) formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Tan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, University of California at
Riverside, Riverside, California92521, United States
| | - Haizhou Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, University of California at
Riverside, Riverside, California92521, United States
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7
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Li M, Zhang D, Zhang R, Wang F, Song Y, Chen F, Yang J, Li C. Recent advances in the unlined cast iron pipe scale characteristics, cleaning techniques and harmless disposal methods: An overview. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139849. [PMID: 37595692 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water discoloration and its potential health risks (e.g., heavy metals, pathogens, carcinogenic organics) have aroused wide public concerns around the world, and the characteristics and corresponding cleaning techniques of pipe scales are one of the most important research fields closely related to people's lives and health. This Overview Article summarizes the latest research achievements about the new insights into the unlined cast iron pipe corrosion scale characteristics as well as the advanced cleaning techniques applied in drinking water distribution systems. The typical pollutants such as heavy metal ions, pathogens and disinfection by-products (DBPs) in pipe scales and the main cleaning techniques including unidirectional flushing (UDF), air scouring, ice pigging and guided ultrasonic waves (GUW) are categorized and elaborated. In the final part, the current challenges and future opportunities are also further discussed from the viewpoint of evolution process of pipe scales as well as the widespread application of advanced cleaning techniques. Moreover, the possible technical route for the innocent treatment and resource utilization of pipe scale waste is also proposed. It is anticipated that this review will attract more attention toward the in-depth study of pipe scales and their cleaning techniques to enjoy cleaner and healthier drinking water for people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Yang Song
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, China.
| | - Feiyong Chen
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Nanjing Chibo Environmental Technology (China) Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 210044, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Changming Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
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8
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Lee WS, Aziz HA, Tajarudin HA. Removal of Fe and Mn from the groundwater by using zeolite with Rossellomorea sp. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2023; 95:e10913. [PMID: 37475142 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater is one of the alternatives to surface water that can be used for drinking water; however, it normally exists with high iron and manganese content. In this study, a column study was conducted to observe the elimination of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) in the groundwater under different retention times by using zeolite immobilized with iron-oxidizing bacteria (IOB). Rossellomorea sp., representing an IOB, was found from the isolation process and was further cultured in the laboratory for immobilization into the natural zeolite as replacement materials for the sand filter. When the zeolite assisted with the Rossellomorea sp. was used, the elimination of Fe and Mn were 99.34% and 88.92%, respectively, compared to the removal of Fe and Mn, which were 93.62% and 93.73%, respectively, for media without immobilization. The presence of Rossellomorea sp. enhances the Fe oxidation, resulting in high removal of Fe. The Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models were performed in both raw zeolite and zeolite with IOB. The total coliform (most probable number [MPN]) increased from 70.8 to 307.6 MPN/100 mL because of the Rossellomorea sp. present that promotes the growth of coliform bacteria. In conclusion, the immobilization of zeolite with IOB is a potential technique to extract the Fe and Mn in the groundwater. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Zeolite incorporated with Rossellomorea sp. has higher removal performance of Fe, whereas the removal of Mn reduced compared to the raw zeolite. The presence of Rossellomorea sp. enhances the oxidation of ferrous iron and improves the removal of Fe in the groundwater because the ferric iron is the priority ion to be exchanged. The removal of UV254 increase when Rossellomorea sp. present in the zeolite because the Rossellomorea sp. consume the natural organic matter as carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Si Lee
- School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia
| | - Hamidi Abdul Aziz
- School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia
- Solid Waste Management Cluster, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia
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Peng Z, Li J, Zhao W, Tian Y. Stability of arsenic(Ⅲ, Ⅴ) in galvanized steel pipe scales coexisting with colloidal polystyrene microplastics under drinking water conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 330:138762. [PMID: 37088206 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The stability of metalloid arsenic (As(Ⅲ)) and As(V) in corrosion scales of drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) is closely related to drinking water safety. The effects of colloidal microplastics entering the DWDS on the stability of As(Ⅲ) and As(V) have not been understood. This study investigated the migration and transformation behaviors of As (Ⅲ) and As(V) in the galvanized steel pipe scales employing speciation simulation and sequential extraction methods. The stability of As(Ⅲ) and As(V) in the pipe scales coexisting with colloidal polystyrene microplastics (CPMPs) under drinking water conditions was studied for the first time from the release behaviors and form distributions. Finally, the optimum water quality conditions for As(Ⅲ) and As(V) fixation were summarized. The existing forms of As(Ⅲ) and As(V) under different pH conditions, the competitive action of anions, and the hydrolysis of cations all would significantly affect the stability of As(Ⅲ) and As(V). Sequential extraction method results revealed that the content of As fractions increased in different forms after the pipe scales adsorbed As(Ⅲ) and As(V). The contents of As and iron (Fe) in the form of residual fractions increased in the presence of CPMPs. The effect of three cations on the stability of As(Ⅲ) and As(V) was Fe3+ > Zn2+ > Ca2+. Neutral to weak alkalescence, proper Cl- and cation concentrations were conducive to the fixation of As in DWDS. Notably, the presence of CPMPs could increase the stability of As(Ⅲ) and As(V) in corrosion scales, thus reducing the risk of metalloid As release in DWDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Peng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China; Southwest Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute of China, 11 Xinghui Middle Road, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610081, China
| | - Weigao Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Yimei Tian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Zhao L, Liu D, Zhang H, Wang J, Zhang X, Liu S, Chen C. Study on electrochemical reduction mechanisms of iron oxides in pipe scale in drinking water distribution system. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 231:119597. [PMID: 36702021 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron release from pipe scale is an important reason for water quality deterioration in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) globally. Disruption of pipe scale, release and transformation of iron compounds are hot topics in the field of water supply. The aim of this study is to determine whether and how ferric components in pipe scale be reduced under anoxic condition. In this study, new investigation approaches were applied, which include simplifying the complex scale into electrode pairs, developing novel simulating reactors and conducting tailored electrochemical assays. A galvanic cell reactor with anode of metallic iron (Fe0) and various cathode made of certain iron oxide (FeOx) was firstly developed to simulate the complex niche and components of pipe scale. Electrochemical methods were used to study the reduction characteristics of scale. The results proved that reduction of iron oxide scale did occur under anoxic condition. Electromotive forces between various electrodes match the Nernst Equation quite well. As main components in pipe scale, lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) was found to be the most reducible iron oxide but at low rate, while goethite (α-FeOOH) has weak reducibility but can be quickly reduced. As a result of electrochemical reactions, goethite in pipe scale was transformed into magnetite (Fe3O4). By these means, electrochemical reaction mechanisms of pipe scale disruption were revealed, which is helpful to restrain pipe corrosion and water deterioration in DWDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvtong Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Dibo Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Haiya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, 215163, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, 215163, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuming Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, 215163, Suzhou, China.
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11
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Tian Y, Peng Z, Liu Y, Jia S, Shen H, Zhao W. Characteristics of vanadium release from layered steel pipe scales to bulk, steady, and occluded water in drinking water distribution systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156465. [PMID: 35660623 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The release of vanadium (V) from drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) can endanger water quality and human health. Therefore, in this study, the physicochemical characteristics of old steel pipe scales were analyzed, and dynamic pipeline devices were constructed. Subsequently, static release experiments were conducted to find an optimum scale-water ratio and investigate the release behaviors of V in lumpy pipe scales. Besides, the release behaviors of V from layered pipe scales to bulk, steady, and occluded water under the combined effect of multiple water quality conditions were studied for the first time. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was adopted to explain the release behaviors of V in the dynamic pipeline. Results revealed that the adsorption performance of the layered scales decreased in the order of surface layer > porous core layer > hard shell-like layer. The release behaviors of V in the lumpy pipe scales were mainly divided into rapid desorption and colloidal agglomeration stages. The Double constant and Weber-Morris models can suitably describe release stage I (R2 > 0.919) and release stage II (R2 > 0.948), respectively. Notably, the release of V was aggravated by low pH, high temperature, and high SO42- concentration, and the release amount of V in the pipeline was more significant than the layered pipe scales. Steady water in the gaps of scales contained more V than bulk water, and the malignant occluded water encased in scales contained relatively low V concentrations. In short, the main mechanism of V release was competitive adsorption in the early stage, and pH was the main influencing factor in the later stage. The above results are of great significance for revealing the release behaviors of V and reducing its release in DWDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Tian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhu Peng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shichao Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hailiang Shen
- Computational Hydraulics International, 147 Wyndham St. N., Ste. 202, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Weigao Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China.
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12
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Li G, Zhao Y, An G, Shi B. Mn(II) Oxidation by Free Chlorine Catalyzed by the Hydrolytic Products of Ferric and Aluminum Species under Drinking Water Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10775-10784. [PMID: 35876009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mn(II) oxidation by free chlorine can be applied to remove Mn(II) at water treatment plants. This reaction also results in particulate MnOx formation and accumulation in drinking water distribution systems. This study investigated the effect of Fe(III) and Al(III) hydrolysis products (mainly precipitates) on Mn(II) oxidation by free chlorine under drinking water conditions. The results showed that Fe3+ added as FeCl3 and Al(III) added as polyaluminum chloride (PACl) at tens to hundreds of micrograms per liter dramatically catalyzed Mn(II) oxidation by free chlorine. Through hydrolytic precipitation at circumneutral pH, Fe3+ and Al13 (the dominant preformed Al species in PACl) generated Fe(OH)3-like particles and Al13 aggregates, respectively, which initiated heterogeneous Mn(II) oxidation. Kinetic modeling indicated that, once some MnOx was formed, MnOx and Fe(OH)3 catalyzed the subsequent Mn(II) oxidation to an equal extent. The particles (aggregates) formed from Al13 species exhibited a weaker catalytic capacity in comparison to MnOx and Fe(OH)3 at equivalent molar concentrations. Interestingly, unlike Al13 species in PACl, Al(III) added as AlCl3 had a negligible influence on Mn(II) oxidation, even when Al(OH)3(am) precipitates were formed. The catalytic effects of Fe3+ and Al13 hydrolysis products were confirmed by experiments with natural water and finished water, and the lower Mn(II) oxidation rate was mainly attributed to organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu An
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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13
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Zhang H, Liu Y, Wang L, Liu S. Iron release and characteristics of corrosion scales and bacterial communities in drinking water supply pipes of different materials with varied nitrate concentrations. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134652. [PMID: 35447205 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Changes of drinking water quality can lead to iron release in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), which is one of the most important reasons for the deterioration of tap water quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of nitrate on the iron release and characteristics of corrosion scales and bacterial communities in DWDSs using simplified pipe section reactors. With nitrate addition, the percentages of goethite (α-FeOOH), hematite (Fe2O3), and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) in scales were decreased, whereas those of magnetite (Fe3O4) were increased. The growth of nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB) was promoted significantly, with the fractions of 25.70% and 23.79% in the steel and cast iron pipes, respectively. Approximately 3.40% of iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) were reduced in both pipes. Moreover, under higher nitrate levels, iron release was inhibited obviously. The maximum decreased percentages of total iron in the steel and cast iron pipes were 44.90% (with 10.00 mg/L NO3--N) and 88.29% (with 30.00 mg/L NO3--N), respectively. This study may be helpful for improving drinking water supply safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Yuekai Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Luobin Wang
- North China Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute CO., LTD., Tianjin, 300074, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
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14
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Facilely tuning the intrinsic catalytic sites of the spinel oxide for peroxymonosulfate activation: From fundamental investigation to pilot-scale demonstration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202682119. [PMID: 35858430 PMCID: PMC9335229 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202682119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have shown a great potential for pollutant degradation, but their feasibility for large-scale water treatment application has not been demonstrated. Herein, we develop a facile coprecipitation method for the scalable production (∼10 kg) of the Cu-Fe-Mn spinel oxide (CuFeMnO). Such a catalyst has rich oxygen vacancies and symmetry-breaking sites, which endorse it with a superior PMS-catalytic capacity. We find that the working reactive species and their contributions are highly dependent on the properties of target organic pollutants. For the organics with electron-donating group (e.g., -OH), high-valent metal species are mainly responsible for the pollutant degradation, whereas for the organics with electron-withdrawing group (e.g., -COOH and -NO2), hydroxyl radical (•OH) as the secondary oxidant also plays an important role. We demonstrate that the CuFeMnO-PMS system is able to achieve efficient and stable removal of the pollutants in the secondary effluent from a municipal wastewater plant at both bench and pilot scales. Moreover, we explore the application prospect of this PMS-based AOP process for large-scale wastewater treatment. This work describes an opportunity to scalably prepare robust spinel oxide catalysts for water purification and is beneficial to the practical applications of the heterogeneous PMS-AOPs.
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15
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Pilot investigation on biostability of drinking water distribution systems under water source switching. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5273-5286. [PMID: 35794486 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Water quality deterioration of drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) caused by water source switching has been reported previously. However, systematic investigation of the biostability of DWDS under water source switching is limited. Aged pipes, including three commonly used pipe materials dug out from a practical DWDS, were used to systematically investigate the biofilm stability mechanism of DWDS under water source switching to quality-improved water. An increase in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration in the bulk water during the initial stage of the switching period was observed, indicating the risk of biofilm release through aged pipe surfaces after water source switching. Sloughing of biofilms might contribute to temporary instability. From day 35, the ATP concentration in the polyethylene (PE) and plastic stainless steel composite (PS) pipes were maintained at approximately 2.40 and 2.56 ng/L, respectively. In contrast, the ATP concentration in the ductile iron (DI) pipes was higher, at approximately 3.43 ng/L from day 42. The water quality variation could cause areas of the biofilm to slough and reduce the biomass of biofilm, causing partial alteration of the microbial community. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing-based functional prediction revealed that the biofilm could increase the abundance of chlorine-resistant bacteria attributed to the increase in Pseudomonas and Methylobacterium after switching to quality-improved water. Moreover, the profiles of specific pathways linked to human diseases, antibiotic resistance, and antibiotic biosynthesis revealed that the safety of the biofilm could improve after switching to quality-improved water. KEY POINTS: • The PE and PS biofilm showed improved resistance to water quality perturbation. • Greater number of Methylobacterium was found in the biofilm after water source switching. • 3.16S gene-based metagenomics prediction revealed that the safety of the biofilm under water source switching.
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16
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Lin H, Hu Y. Impact of different source-water switching patterns on the stability of drinking water in an estuarine urban water distribution system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:49059-49069. [PMID: 35217958 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Source-water switching can lead to instability in drinking water distribution systems. In estuarine cities using surface water as source water where salt tide occasionally happens, the influence can be particularly complex due to changes of Larson Index (LI). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different switching patterns on the stability of water in an estuarine city. Fluctuated LI was found in the current distribution system. LI of the new source water was lower and more stable. Susceptible areas with a high frequency of over standard water quality were identified and pipe scales there were mainly composed of relatively stable iron oxides with dense crystal structures (Fe3O4 and α-FeOOH). Two old pipe sections were used to simulate different switching patterns. The microbial risk did not increase significantly when the original and new water sources were combined in different ratios (2∶8, 5∶5), when multiple water sources were used (3∶3∶4) or when salinity increased. The better water quality, lower LI of the new source water, and stability of the current distribution system together contributed to the biostability. Total iron increased after switching, then declined and stabilized for most switching patterns. Salt tide can lead to sharp iron release. The results provided insightful information for distribution systems that have cast iron pipes and that might encounter source-water switching patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Lin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China.
| | - Yue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
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17
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Zhang H, Liu D, Zhao L, Wang J, Xie S, Liu S, Lin P, Zhang X, Chen C. Review on corrosion and corrosion scale formation upon unlined cast iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:173-189. [PMID: 35725069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The qualified finished water from water treatment plants (WTPs) may become discolored and deteriorated during transportation in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), which affected tap water quality seriously. This water stability problem often occurs due to pipe corrosion and the destabilization of corrosion scales. This paper provides a comprehensive review of pipe corrosion in DWDSs, including corrosion process, corrosion scale formation, influencing factors and monitoring technologies utilized in DWDSs. In terms of corrosion process, corrosion occurrence, development mechanisms, currently applied assays, and indices used to determine the corrosion possibility are summarized, as well as the chemical and bacterial influences. In terms of scale formation, explanations for the nature of corrosion and scale formation mechanisms are discussed and its typical multilayered structure is illustrated. Furthermore, the influences of water quality and microbial activity on scale transformation are comprehensively discussed. Corrosion-related bacteria at the genus level and their associated corrosion mechanism are also summarized. This review helps deepen the current understanding of pipe corrosion and scale formation in DWDSs, providing guidance for water supply utilities to ensure effective measures to maintain water quality stability and guarantee drinking water safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiya Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Dibo Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lvtong Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Shuguang Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuming Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pengfei Lin
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China.
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18
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Wu Z, Yang J, Wei Z, Su Q, Yuan S, Wang X, Long S, Liu S, Zhang G. Novel Fe2+ responsive nanofibrous membrane for corrosion detection and adsorption. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Mohamed AMG, Mohamed MMA, Farrag AEHA, Ali ASRM. Novel elimination method of iron and manganese ions from drinkable groundwater in Assiut, Egypt, by using sodalite-bearing modified illite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:26850-26859. [PMID: 34860344 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17765-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The world's interest now is focusing on the applying of the principles of sustainable development in managing natural resources, especially in managing freshwater, which is one of the greatest challenges the whole world face. In this paper, the illite ore was tested to remove the excess of iron and manganese from groundwater which is used for drinking and household purposes in Assiut. To accomplish this goal, the study was based on two directions. The first direction focused on achieving a physicochemical analytical survey for all the groundwater produced by wells in Assiut governorate, and its averages are plotted on GIS maps, to illustrate the difference in the concentrations of iron and manganese. However, the second direction focused on the preparation and examination of the modified illite ore, and it was characterized by using XRD, SEM, FT-IR, and XRF techniques. The results showed that the sodalite-bearing modified illite (SBMI) was able to remove the excess of iron and manganese from raw groundwater with the efficiency of 99% and 97%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abd El Hay Ali Farrag
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Box. No. 71516, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Al-Shimaa Roshdy Mohamed Ali
- Assiut and New Valley Company for Water and Wastewater, Assiut, Egypt
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, Box. No. 72511, El-Kharja, Egypt
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20
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Tian Y, Yu T, Shen J, Zheng G, Li H, Zhao W. Cr release after Cr(III) and Cr(VI) enrichment from different layers of cast iron corrosion scales in drinking water distribution systems: the impact of pH, temperature, sulfate, and chloride. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:18778-18792. [PMID: 34699006 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15754-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chromium accumulated from source water and pipeline lining materials in corrosion scales could potentially be released into bulk water in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS). This study examined the influence of pH (pH 4, pH 5.5, pH 7, pH 8.5, pH 10), temperature (5 °C, 15 °C, 25 °C), sulfate (50 mg/L, 150 mg/L, 250 mg/L), and chloride (50 mg/L, 150 mg/L, 250 mg/L) on chromium accumulation and release between iron corrosion scale phase and the surrounding water phase. For the first time, the accumulation and release behaviors of chromium were assessed and compared in two distinct layers of iron corrosion scales based on the speciation distributions of heavy metals. Results showed that in the outer and inner layers of corrosion scales, chromium exhibited an almost similar trend but significant differences in quantity, with the outer layer accumulating less and releasing more. In particular, the average difference of chromium released after Cr(VI) enrichment from the outer and inner layers was 50.53 μg/L under the same conditions. Further studies conclusively showed that in Cr(VI) accumulation process, a portion of Cr(VI) would be reduced to Cr(III) by Fe(II) in iron corrosion scales. The mechanisms of chromium retention based on different iron (oxyhydr)oxides were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Tian
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Tiantian Yu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jingyi Shen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Guolei Zheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Weigao Zhao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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21
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Nakamura T, Tsukizawa T, Oya M. Combined Use of Reducing Agents and Biodegradable Chelating Agent for Iron Rust Removal. J Oleo Sci 2022; 71:493-504. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University
| | - Toru Tsukizawa
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University
| | - Masaru Oya
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University
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22
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Lin X, Xu Q, Li Y, Zhao B, Li L, Qiang Z. Modeling iron release from cast iron pipes in an urban water distribution system caused by source water switch. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 110:73-83. [PMID: 34593196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Significant iron release from cast iron pipes in water distribution systems (WDSs), which usually occurs during the source water switch period, is a great concern of water utilities because of the potential occurrence of "red water" and customer complaints. This study developed a new method which combined in-situ water stagnation experiments with mathematical models and numerical simulations to predict the iron release caused by source water switch. In-situ water stagnation experiments were conducted to determine the total iron accumulation in nine cast iron pipes in-service in Beijing when switching the local water to treated Danjiangkou Reservior water. Results showed that the difference in the concentration increment of total iron in 24 hr (ΔCITI,24), i.e. short-term iron release, caused by source water switch was mainly dependent on the difference in the key quality parameters (pH, hardness, nitrate, Larson Ratio and dissolved oxygen (DO)) between the two source waters. The iron release rate (RFe) after switch, i.e. long-term iron release, was closely related to the pipe properties as well as the DO and total residual chlorine (TRC) concentrations. Mathematical models of ΔCITI,24 and RFe were developed to quantitatively reveal the relationship between iron release and the key quality parameters. The RFe model could successfully combine with EPANET-MSX, a numerical simulator of water quality for WDSs to extend the iron release modeling from pipe level to network level. The new method is applicable to predicting iron release during source water switch, thus facilitating water utilities to take preventive actions to avoid "red water".
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yuxian Li
- Beijing Waterworks Group Co. Ltd., Beijing 100031, China
| | - Bei Zhao
- Beijing Waterworks Group Co. Ltd., Beijing 100031, China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Waterworks Group Co. Ltd., Beijing 100031, China
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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23
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Liu C. The role of metal oxides on oxidant decay and disinfection byproduct formation in drinking waters: Relevance to distribution systems. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 110:140-149. [PMID: 34593185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining a residual disinfectant/oxidant (e.g., chlorine and chlorine dioxide), is a generally used strategy to control microbial contaminants and bacterial regrowth in distribution systems. Secondarily oxidant, such as hypobromous acid (HOBr), can be formed during chlorination of bromide-containing waters. The decay of oxidants and formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) due to the interaction between oxidants and selected metal oxides were studied. Selected metal oxides generally enhanced the decay of these halogen-containing oxidants via three pathways: (1) catalytic disproportionation to yield an oxidized form of halogen (i.e., halate) and reduced form (halide for chlorine and bromine or chlorite for chlorine dioxide), (2) oxygen formation, and (3) oxidation of a metal in a reduced form (e.g., cuprous oxide) to a higher oxidation state. Cupric oxide (CuO) and nickel oxide (NiO) showed significantly strong abilities for the first pathway, and oxygen formation was a side reaction. Cuprous oxide can react with oxidants via the third pathway, while goethite was not involved in these reactions. The ability of CuO on catalytic disproportionation of HOBr remained stable up to four cycles. In chlorination process, bromate formation tends to be important (exceeding 10 µg/L) when initial bromide concentration is above 400 µg/L in the presence of dissolved organic matter. Increasing initial bromide concentrations increased the formation of DBPs and calculated cytotoxicity, and the maximum was observed at pH 8.6 during chlorination process. Therefore, the possible disinfectant loss and DBP formation should be carefully considered in drinking water distribution systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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24
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Guo Q, Li Z, Chen T, Yang B, Ding C. Implications for emergency response to the severe odor incident occurred in source water: Potential odorants and control strategy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:67022-67031. [PMID: 34244936 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sudden odor incidents occurring in the source water have been a severe problem for water suppliers. In order to apply emergency control measures effectively, it is necessary to identify the target compounds responsible for odor incidents rapidly. The present work identified the odorants and explored emergency disposal mechanisms for sudden and severe odors in the QT River's drinking water source (HZ city, China). Medicinal, chemical, septic, and musty odors with strong intensities were detected in the source water. The effect of conventional treatments of drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) on odors' removal was limited, which was evident by the presence of medicinal, chemical, and musty odors with moderate intensities in the effluent of DWTP. Total seventeen odorants were identified successfully in the source water of QT River and the effluent of DWTP. The measured OAVs and reconstituting the identified odorants explained 87, 87, 89, and 94% of medicinal, chemical, septic, and musty odors, respectively, in the source water of the QT River and 90, 87, and 88% of medicinal, chemical, and musty odors in the effluent. Styrene, phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2-tert-butylphenol, and 2-methylphenol were associated with the medicinal odor, while propyl sulfide, diethyl disulfide, propyl disulfide, and indole were related to the septic odor. Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) were responsible for the musty odor, and cyclohexanone, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, and nitrobenzene were involved with the chemical odor. Based on the characteristics of identified odorants, powdered activated carbon (PAC) was applied to control the odors in the QT River. The results indicated that the medicinal, chemical, septic, and musty odors could be removed entirely after adding 15 mg/L PAC, which effectively controlled emergency odor problems. Overall, the study would offer a scientific basis and operational reference for emergency odor management and control in DWTP with similar complicated odor incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Guo
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, 224051, China.
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Zhaoxia Li
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, 224051, China
| | - Tianming Chen
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, 224051, China
| | - Bairen Yang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, 224051, China
| | - Cheng Ding
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, 224051, China.
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25
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Sitzenfrei R. Using complex network analysis for water quality assessment in large water distribution systems. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 201:117359. [PMID: 34171648 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Assessing and modelling the water quality in a water distribution system (WDS) are highly important to ensure a reliable supply with sufficient water quality. Owing to the high computational burden of such an analysis, frequently, simplifications are required or surrogate models are used (e.g., reducing the level of detail of the network model), neglecting significant aspects. For large (currently all-pipe) models and/or recurrent simulations (e.g., integrated studies, sensitivity analysis, deep uncertainty analysis, design, and optimization), the computational burden further increases. In this study, a novel complex network analysis-based approach for high-computational efficiency water quality assessment in a WDS is developed and comprehensively tested (R² values in comparison with state-of-the-art nodal water qualities in median of 0.95 are achieved). The proposed model is successfully utilized in a design study to identify the design solutions exceeding water quality thresholds with a correct identification rate between 96% and 100%. The computational efficiency is determined to be a factor 4.2e-06 less than that of state-of-the-art models. Therefore, the proposed model significantly improves the water quality assessment for such tasks in large WDSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sitzenfrei
- Unit of Environmental Engineering, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 13, Innsbruck 6020 Tirol, Austria.
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Jing Z, Lu Z, Mao T, Cao W, Wang W, Ke Y, Zhao Z, Wang X, Sun W. Microbial composition and diversity of drinking water: A full scale spatial-temporal investigation of a city in northern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 776:145986. [PMID: 33640542 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The microbiological water quality of drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) is of primary importance for public health. The detachment of biofilm attached on the pipe wall attribution to water source switch and the occurrence of potentially pathogenic chlorine-resistant bacteria (CRB) under chlorine disinfection get lots of attention. Studies examining microbial communities after the water source switch, particularly in low-salinity water, have been scant. The UV‑chlorine combined disinfection applied in one of the investigated drinking water plants provided insight into the control of CRBs. We applied high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to characterize the bacterial communities of the DWDS in northern China over 1 year. A network comprising four different DWDSs was sampled at 48 sites every season (temperate continental monsoon climate), and the impact of key spatial-temporal and physicochemical parameters was investigated. Overall, the entire bacterial community was not significantly different among the four DWDSs (spatial parameter) but varied with seasons (temporal parameter). The switch in water sources might increase the relative abundance of potentially opportunistic pathogens in DWDSs. UV‑chlorine combined disinfection can decrease community diversity and is likely to control the growth of potential opportunistic pathogens in DWDSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Jing
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Environmental Material for Water Purification, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zedong Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ted Mao
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China; MW Technologies, Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wenfeng Cao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weibo Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanchu Ke
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhinan Zhao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Environmental Material for Water Purification, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Environmental Material for Water Purification, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Wenjun Sun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China.
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27
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Wen E, Yang X, Chen H, Shaheen SM, Sarkar B, Xu S, Song H, Liang Y, Rinklebe J, Hou D, Li Y, Wu F, Pohořelý M, Wong JWC, Wang H. Iron-modified biochar and water management regime-induced changes in plant growth, enzyme activities, and phytoavailability of arsenic, cadmium and lead in a paddy soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124344. [PMID: 33162240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of raw (RawBC) and iron (Fe)-modified biochar (FeBC) derived from Platanus orientalis Linn branches on the plant growth, enzyme activity, and bioavailability and uptake of As, Cd, and Pb by rice in a paddy soil with continuously flooded (CF) or alternately wet and dry (AWD) irrigation in a pot experiment. Application of RawBC (3%, w/w) significantly increased soil pH, while FeBC decreased it. The FeBC was more effective in reducing As and Pb bioavailability, particularly under the AWD water regime, while RawBC was more conducive in reducing Cd bioavailability under the CF water regime. The FeBC decreased As concentration, but increased concentrations of Cd and Pb in the straw and brown rice, as compared to the untreated soil. Soil catalase and urease activities were enhanced by RawBC, but decreased by FeBC treatment. The FeBC increased the grain yield by 60% and 32% in CF and AWD treatments, respectively. The FeBC can be recommended for immobilization of As in paddy soils, but a potential human health risk from Cd and Pb in FeBC-treated soils should be considered due to increased uptake and translocation of the metals to brown rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ergang Wen
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong, Foshan 528000, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xing Yang
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong, Foshan 528000, China; University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water, and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil, and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hanbo Chen
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong, Foshan 528000, China; Agronomy College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Sabry M Shaheen
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water, and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil, and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment, and Arid Land Agriculture, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; University of Kafrelsheikh, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, 33516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Song Xu
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Hocheol Song
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Yong Liang
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water, and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil, and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, 530005 Nanning, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Michael Pohořelý
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic; Department of Power Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jonathan W C Wong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong, Foshan 528000, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 311300, China.
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Pan R, Zhang K, Cen C, Zhou X, Xu J, Wu J, Wu X. Characteristics of biostability of drinking water in aged pipes after water source switching: ATP evaluation, biofilms niches and microbial community transition. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116293. [PMID: 33412444 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Delivering quality-changed water often contributes to the biological instability of drinking water distribution systems (DWDS). However, the potential effects of quality-changed water on the biostability within DWDS are not well understood, especially after water switching to quality-improved water. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of quality-improved water on DWDS, focusing on the stability of biofilm. The practical aged-pipe was assembled into pipe reactors to simulate the effect of switching to quality-improve water. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration of bulk water in the pipe reactors increased from ∼1.2 ng/L to almost above 5 ng/L when fed water switching to TP 2. Biomass quantified by measuring ATP concentration confirmed that the risk of biofilm release through aged cast-iron (CI) pipe surfaces after water source switching. The changes in water characteristics due to quality-improved water source could cause bacteria release in DWDS at the initial period (at the first 7 days). However, the DWDS can establish the new stable phase after 42 days. Over time, biomass in the bulk water of the distribution system decreased significantly (The ATP concentration in the bulk maintains around 3 ng/L) after 42 days, indicating the improvement of water quality. The biofilm was dominated by bacteria related to iron-cycling process, and at the genus level, Desulfovibrio had the highest relative abundance, however, it decreased significantly (from 48% to 9.3%) after water source switching. And there was a slightly increase in the fraction of iron-oxidizing bacteria (IOB) and siderophore-producing bacteria (SPB), but a relatively higher increase in nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB), nitrobacteria (NOB), and iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) was observed. Taken together, these results and the corrosion morphology, indicate that pipe biofilm and corrosion were chemically and microbially stable after re-stability under water source switching. In addition, the bulk water environment showed a marked decrease in selected bacteria at genus level, including pathogenic species, indicating the improvement of quality in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Pan
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kejia Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Cheng Cen
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyan Zhou
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Xu
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiajia Wu
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaogang Wu
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
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Hu J, Chen H, Dong H, Zhu L, Qiang Z, Yu J. Transformation of iopamidol and atrazine by peroxymonosulfate under catalysis of a composite iron corrosion product (Fe/Fe 3O 4): Electron transfer, active species and reaction pathways. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123553. [PMID: 32755737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cast iron pipes are commonly applied in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs); peroxymonosulfate (PMS) is a promising alternative for drinking water disinfection; organic micropollutants is still present in drinking water after waterworks' treatment. However, iron corrosion products may affect the reactions between a disinfectant and organic micropollutants. The study investigated the transformation of iopamidol (IPM) and atrazine (ATZ) by PMS under the catalysis of a composite iron corrosion product (Fe/Fe3O4). The pseudo-first-order rate constants (k) for the degradation of IPM and ATZ were 1.47 and 1.03 min-1, respectively. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments indicated that PMS was effectively activated to yield sulfate radical (SO4•-) and hydroxyl radical (HO•), mainly via the reduction by Fe component, dissolved Fe2+ and generated Feocta2+. SO4•- contributed more than HO• to the degradation of IPM and ATZ, and the radical yield achieved 0.97 mol/mol. The k values reached maximum with Fe/Fe3O4 and PMS doses of 2.5 g L-1 and 25 mg L-1, respectively. The optimum mass fraction of Fe3O4 in Fe/Fe3O4 (MFmag) and pH were 10% and 7.0, respectively. The k values increased with increasing temperature, while decreased in the presence of water matrix. Most of the iodine released from IPM was oxidized to IO3-, and NH4+ was the dominant species of nitrogen released from ATZ. The identification of transformation intermediates showed that the radical chain reactions of IPM was mainly initiated from single electron transfer and radical adduct formation, while those of ATZ was primarily initiated from hydrogen atom abstraction and radical adduct formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- College of Environment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chao-wang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Environment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chao-wang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Huiyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lulu Zhu
- Ningbo Huayan Energy Efficiency Environmental Protection Safety Design and Research Co., Ltd., 123 Bao-shan Road, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianming Yu
- College of Environment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chao-wang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Zhang S, Tian Y, Guo Y, Shan J, Liu R. Manganese release from corrosion products of cast iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems: Effect of water temperature, pH, alkalinity, SO 42- concentration and disinfectants. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127904. [PMID: 32799153 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Manganese accumulated in corrosion scales on drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) can be released into bulk water, causing discolouration and thereby leading to customer concerns about drinking water quality. A static release experiment was conducted on iron pipe scales under three different temperatures, pH values, alkalinity values, sulfate (SO42-) concentrations, and disinfectants to study the separate effect of these factors on Mn release from pipe scales under stagnant conditions. Results showed that more Mn was released from corrosion scales under the conditions of lower pH, lower alkalinity, higher temperature, and higher SO42- concentrations. Three commonly used disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and monochloramine (NH2Cl) were found to inhibit the release of Mn from iron corrosion scales, with the ranked order of inhibitory effect of ClO2≈NaClO > NH2Cl under the same CT (product of disinfectant concentration and contact time) value. The orthogonal experimental results indicated that SO42- and alkalinity had extremely significant effects on the release of Mn from pipe scales, while pH and disinfectant type had a significant impact on the release of Mn from pipe scales. Thus, the SO42- concentration and alkalinity of the bulk water should be determined to avoid excessive release of Mn into drinking water. However, further investigation of the effect of disinfectants on Mn release in DWDSs is necessary. This research helps establish a systematic understanding of the influential factors in Mn release from pipe scales into bulk water, as well as their significant relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China; Renai College, Tianjin University, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301636, China
| | - Yimei Tian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Yajing Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China; Beifang Investigation, Design & Research Co. LTD, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Jinlin Shan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ran Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
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31
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Chen X, Liu H, Sun X, Zan B, Liang M. Chloride corrosion behavior on heating pipeline made by AISI 304 and 316 in reclaimed water. RSC Adv 2021; 11:38765-38773. [PMID: 35493262 PMCID: PMC9044296 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06695a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to transport reclaimed water safely through stainless steel (SS) heat-supply pipeline networks during their idle period, one must understand the degree to which chlorine in reclaimed water is corrosive to SS. In this study, electrochemical methods were used to evaluate the corrosion resistances of two types of SS materials, AISI 304 and AISI 316, in simulated reclaimed water at chloride concentrations of 25 to 400 mg L−1, which are similar to those present in practice. The differences in corrosion resistance between the two types of SS material were investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization tests (Tafel curves). The passivation layers on the two types of SS exhibited obvious similarities under several experimental conditions. However, EIS, polarization resistance, effective capacitance, Tafel curve, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) data showed that AISI 316 has better corrosion resistance than AISI 304. The corrosion behaviours could be described as a series of reactions between Fe, Cr, and H2O that generate several precipitated products such as Fe2O3, Cr2O3, FeOOH, and CrOOH. It would be economical if heating pipes were used to transport reclaimed water during its idle period. The most important thing is to study the causes and processes of the corrosion on it for practical application.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Botao Zan
- University of Washington, Seattle, 98105, WA, USA
| | - Meisheng Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
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32
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Lytle DA, Tang M, Francis AT, O'Donnell AJ, Newton JL. The effect of chloride, sulfate and dissolved inorganic carbon on iron release from cast iron. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 183:116037. [PMID: 32629179 PMCID: PMC7520071 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Iron corrosion in drinking water distribution systems causes water discoloration, water quality deterioration, hydraulic loss, and even pipe failures, which are usually influenced by pipe scale structure, water hydraulics, water chemistry, and other factors. This work evaluated the effects of chloride, sulfate, and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) on iron release from a 90-year-old cast iron pipe section at water pH 8.0 under stagnant conditions. Experimental results showed that the addition of 150 mg/L sulfate to water significantly increased the mean total iron concentrations to 1.13-2.68 mg/L, relative to 0.54-0.79 mg/L for the baseline water with only 10 mg C/L DIC. Similar results were observed under conditions when chloride was added, and when sulfate and chloride were added together. In contrast, the mean total iron concentrations were significantly reduced by 53-80% in waters with higher DIC of 50 mg C/L, as compared to similar waters with lower DIC of 10 mg C/L. The Larson Ratio could be a good indicator for iron release depending on the circumstances. Iron release was predicted by molecular radial diffusion modelling that accounted for water quality, scale characteristics, hydraulics, and other condition-related information. The results provided insightful information for water systems that have cast iron pipes and galvanized iron pipes and that might encounter changes in water treatment and water sources. More studies are needed to better understand the cast iron corrosion mechanisms under the examined water chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren A Lytle
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, CESER, WID, DWMB, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA.
| | - Min Tang
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Postdoctoral Fellow at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - Andrew T Francis
- School of Energy, Environmental, Biological & Medical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, 601 Engineering Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012
| | - Alissa J O'Donnell
- School of Energy, Environmental, Biological & Medical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, 601 Engineering Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012
| | - James L Newton
- School of Energy, Environmental, Biological & Medical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, 601 Engineering Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012
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Zhang H, Zhao L, Liu D, Wang J, Zhang X, Chen C. Early period corrosion and scaling characteristics of ductile iron pipe for ground water supply with sodium hypochlorite disinfection. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 176:115742. [PMID: 32244104 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The corrosion and scaling phenomenon have crucial impact on drinking water distribution systems (DWDS), which might lead to pipe blockage or leakage, colored water and other chemical stability issues. In this study, a simulating pipe system with continuous water flow was prepared to investigate the characteristics of corrosion and scaling on ductile iron pipe transporting ground water with sodium-hypochlorite (NaOCl) disinfection. Electrochemical assays, such as polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectra were applied to monitor the corrosion and scaling process. Results showed the morphology and components of scale were closely related with the electrochemical analysis results. The corrosion current density decreased continuously as corrosion and scaling proceeded. The process could be divided into three stages. During Stage I (0-20 days), the corrosion current intensity of low NaOCl dosage experiments (1, 2 mg/L) were higher than those of high NaOCl dosage experiments (5, 10 mg/L). The difference could be explained by different oxidation potentials, pH and CaCO3 deposition. During Stage II (20-80 days), higher proportions of Fe3O4 in scale in experiments with no or low NaOCl dosages restrained the corrosion process and presented smaller corrosion current. Subsequently, the ductile iron surface became passivated and the difference of various NaOCl dosages affecting corrosion and scaling process turned to be negligible during Stage III (80-90 days). A negative linear relationship between the proportion of stable scale component and the corrosion current density was established. Besides the direct corrosion reaction with iron substrate, NaOCl dosing was accompanied by an increase in pH and calcium carbonate precipitation potential values, which affected the early period corrosion and scaling phenomenon greatly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiya Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Lvtong Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Dibo Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, 215163, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, 215163, Suzhou, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, 215163, Suzhou, China.
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34
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Li M, Wang Y, Liu Z, Sha Y, Korshin GV, Chen Y. Metal-release potential from iron corrosion scales under stagnant and active flow, and varying water quality conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 175:115675. [PMID: 32155486 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The release of potentially toxic metal ions from corrosion scales formed on pipe surfaces is of great concern for water quality in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS). This study examined the effects of alkalinity, chloride, and sulfate on metal release from corrosion scales sampled from a corroded iron pipe. Jar tests and recirculation pipe systems were used to investigate the metal-release potential during stagnant and active flow conditions. The experimental data show that both the ambient water chemistry and hydraulic conditions exerted complex influences on metal release from the exposed corrosion scales. Fe, Mn, and Ni were more labile to be released during a 132-h period of stagnation, while the release of Al, Zn, and Cu was an order of magnitude higher under flow conditions compared to stagnant conditions. Increasing concentrations of chloride (from 5 mg/L to 60 mg/L) and sulfate (from 20 mg/L to 100 mg/L) resulted in the increased release of Fe, Al, and Zn, especially under active flow conditions. This effect could be effectively mitigated by increasing alkalinity from 50 mg/L to 200 mg/L as CaCO3. While increasing alkalinity suppressed the release of Fe and stimulated the release of Al and Cu under stagnant conditions, this contradictory effect was not observed under active flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjie Li
- State Key Laboratory Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Zhaowei Liu
- State Key Laboratory Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Yi Sha
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Gregory V Korshin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Box 352700, Seattle, WA, 98105-2700, United States
| | - Yongcan Chen
- State Key Laboratory Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
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35
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Xu X, Liu S, Liu Y, Smith K, Wang X, Li J, Ma Z, Wang Z, Cui Y. Water quality induced corrosion of stainless steel valves during long-term service in a reverse osmosis system. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 89:218-226. [PMID: 31892393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The current study analyzes the contribution of 10 water quality parameters (including pH, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, total organic carbon (TOC), alkalinity, calcium ions, chlorides and sulfates) to corrosion extent of stainless steel valves taken from different locations in a reverse osmosis system of a reclaimed water plant. The valves were in service for 5 years. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses are conducted to quantify corrosion products on different valves under various water quality conditions. On that basis, bivariate and multivariate regression analyses between the 10 water quality parameters and the corrosion extent of valve specimens (represented by metal loss percentage (MLP) values) are carried out to check the contribution of those water quality parameters to MLP. The results indicate that the proportions of metal oxides as corrosion products vary according to the corrosion extent of the valves. Although no linear correlation is found, all 10 water quality parameters except for pH show a significant positive correlation with the MLP values of the valve specimens. Moreover, results of multivariate regression suggest that the variation of MLP can be explained by turbidity, TDS, TOC and sulfates. A positive contribution of turbidity, TDS and TOC to MLP is observed, whereas the contribution of sulfates is negative. The results from the current work help to identify the reasons for water quality-induced failure of stainless steel equipment in RO systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyan Xu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Shuming Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Kate Smith
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Junyu Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Ziqing Ma
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Zhangqing Wang
- Beijing Yizhuang Water Co., Ltd., 100176, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Beijing Yizhuang Water Co., Ltd., 100176, Beijing, China.
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Song Y, Hu Q, Sun Y, Li X, Wan H, Zang L, Jiang K, Gao C. The feasibility of UF-RO integrated membrane system combined with coagulation/flocculation for hairwork dyeing effluent reclamation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:45-54. [PMID: 31306876 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to validate the feasibility of hairwork dyeing effluent (HDE) reclamation using an ultrafiltration (UF)-reverse osmosis (RO) integrated membrane system combined with coagulation-flocculation and sedimentation acquiring the highest possible product water recovery rate along with both satisfactory separation performance and well controlled membrane fouling. Under the circumstance of only physical cleaning involved, the laboratory-scale test yielded a higher and satisfactory reuse ratio of 76% for HDE, and the corresponding RO product as reclaimed water contained only 223 mg·L-1 of TDS, 3.87 mg·mL-1 of DOC and 10.3 mg·mL-1 of total hardness, which was obviously better than the quality of existing feedwater in hairwork dyeing process. After each processing unit, the distributions of fulvic (region III) and humic (region V) organics decreased continuously, while an overall rising trend in distribution of protein-like organics (regions I and II) was observed. Contact angle for the fouled UF and RO membranes significantly increased by 19.5° and decreased by 19.7°, respectively, which suggested that different polarity of organic or inorganic adsorption rather than membrane roughness was the main factors affecting wetting properties of the fouled employed membranes. Both ATR-FTIR and XPS spectra indicated that organic fouling on UF membrane surface under harsh condition (RUF = 90%) was mild and tolerable, whereas a surprising amount of hydrophilic micromolecular organics riched in carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups were absorbed on RO membrane surface after permeation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefei Song
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Qihua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yueke Sun
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xifan Li
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Huilin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Ling Zang
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Congjie Gao
- Center for Membrane Separation and Water Science & Technology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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Wang R, Xu S, Jiang C, Zhang Y, Bai N, Zhuang G, Bai Z, Zhuang X. Impacts of Human Activities on the Composition and Abundance of Sulfate-Reducing and Sulfur-Oxidizing Microorganisms in Polluted River Sediments. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:231. [PMID: 30809217 PMCID: PMC6379298 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Water system degradation has a severe impact on daily life, especially in developing countries. However, microbial changes associated with this degradation, especially changes in microbes related to sulfur (S) cycling, are poorly understood. In this study, the abundance, structure, and diversity of sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) and sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms (SOM) in the sediments from the Ziya River Basin, which is polluted by various human interventions (urban and agricultural activities), were investigated. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that the S cycling-related (SCR) genes (dsrB and soxB) were significantly elevated, reaching 2.60 × 107 and 1.81 × 108 copies per gram of dry sediment, respectively, in the region polluted by human urban activities (RU), and the ratio of dsrB to soxB abundance was significantly elevated in the region polluted by human agricultural activities (RA) compared with those in the protected wildlife reserve (RP), indicating that the mechanisms underlying water system degradation differ between RU and RA. Based on a 16S rRNA gene analysis, human interventions had substantial effects on microbial communities, particularly for microbes involved in S cycling. Some SCR genera (i.e., Desulfatiglans and Geothermobacter) were enriched in the sediments from both RA and RU, while others (i.e., Desulfofustis and Desulfonatronobacter) were only enriched in the sediments from RA. A redundancy analysis indicated that NH4+-N and total organic carbon significantly influenced the abundance of SRM and SOM, and sulfate significantly influenced only the abundance of SRM. A network analysis showed high correlation between SCR microorganisms and other microbial groups for both RU and RA, including those involved in carbon and metal cycling. These findings indicated the different effects of different human interventions on the microbial community composition and water quality degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cancan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Bai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihui Bai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuliang Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhang G, Li B, Liu J, Luan M, Yue L, Jiang XT, Yu K, Guan Y. The bacterial community significantly promotes cast iron corrosion in reclaimed wastewater distribution systems. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:222. [PMID: 30545419 PMCID: PMC6292113 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, the effect of the bacterial community on cast iron corrosion process does not reach consensus. Moreover, some studies have produced contrasting results, suggesting that bacteria can either accelerate or inhibit corrosion. RESULTS The long-term effects of the bacterial community on cast iron corrosion in reclaimed wastewater distribution systems were investigated from both spatial (yellow layer vs. black layer) and temporal (1-year dynamic process) dimensions of the iron coupon-reclaimed wastewater microcosm using high-throughput sequencing and flow cytometry approaches. Cast iron coupons in the NONdisinfection and UVdisinfection reactors suffered more severe corrosion than did those in the NaClOdisinfection reactor. The bacterial community significantly promoted cast iron corrosion, which was quantified for the first time in the practical reclaimed wastewater and found to account for at least 30.5% ± 9.7% of the total weight loss. The partition of yellow and black layers of cast iron corrosion provided more accurate information on morphology and crystal structures for corrosion scales. The black layer was dense, and the particles looked fusiform, while the yellow layer was loose, and the particles were ellipse or spherical. Goethite was the predominant crystalline phase in black layers, while corrosion products mainly existed as an amorphous phase in yellow layers. The bacterial community compositions of black layers were distinctly separated from yellow layers regardless of disinfection methods. The NONdisinfection and UVdisinfection reactors had a more similar microbial composition and variation tendency for the same layer type than did the NaClOdisinfection reactor. Biofilm development can be divided into the initial start-up stage, mid-term development stage, and terminal stable stage. In total, 12 potential functional genera were selected to establish a cycle model for Fe, N, and S metabolism. Desulfovibrio was considered to accelerate the transfer of Fe0 to Fe2+ and speed up weight loss. CONCLUSION The long-term effect of disinfection processes on corrosion behaviors of cast iron in reclaimed wastewater distribution systems and the hidden mechanisms were deciphered for the first time. This study established a cycle model for Fe, N, and S metabolism that involved 12 functional genera and discovered the significant contribution of Desulfovibrio in promoting corrosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijuan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingqiang Luan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Long Yue
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Tao Jiang
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ke Yu
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuntao Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Xu H, Lin C, Chen W, Shen Z, Liu Z, Chen T, Wang Y, Li Y, Lu C, Luo J. Effects of pipe material on nitrogen transformation, microbial communities and functional genes in raw water transportation. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 143:188-197. [PMID: 29957407 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Raw water transportation pipelines are vital in an urban water supply system for transporting raw water to drinking water treatment plants. This study investigated the effects of pipe material on nitrogen transformation, microbial communities and characteristics of related function genes in paint-lined steel pipe (PLSP) and cement-lined steel pipe (CLSP) raw water model systems. We established quantitative relationships between specific functional genes and change rates of nitrogen pollutants, which were verified by field investigation on nitrogen pollutant transformations in real raw water transportation systems. The results showed that the CLSP produced higher ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) transformation rates and higher effluent concentrations of nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) than the PLSP. Both pipes achieved high and stable nitrite nitrogen (NO2--N) and low total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency. Nitrification was found to be the dominant process in both model systems, especially in the CLSP. Characteristics of microbial communities and nitrogen functional genes, which were analysed by high-throughput pyrosequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), respectively, varied between the two pipe systems. Nitrogen transformation pathways, identified by path analysis, were also different between the PLSP and CLSP due to different microbial community characteristics and synergistic effects of nitrogen functional genes. In the CLSP, (NH4+-N→NO2--N) with part denitrification, was the primary transformation pathway of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), while only ammonia oxidization contributed to NH4+-N transformation in the PLSP. (NO2--N→NO3--N) was the main pathway involved in NO2--N transformation and NO3--N accumulation. The TN removal showed complex relationships with nitrification, denitrification and nitrogen fixation processes. These findings provided molecular-level insights into nitrogen pollutant transformations during the transportation of raw water through different types of pipes and technical support for the selection of raw water pipe materials. In our study area, the Taihu basin, China, PLSP was better than CLSP for distributing raw water in a short transportation distance, due to the lower effluent concentrations of DON and NO3--N and less abundance of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Chenshuo Lin
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China; Ningbo Water Supply Co., Ltd, No.348 Xinhe Road, Ningbo, 315041, China
| | - Taoyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Yueting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Chunhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Luo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0355, USA
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40
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Chen J, Li N, Xie S, Chen C. Biofilm and planktonic bacterial communities in a drinking water distribution system supplied with untreated groundwater. Arch Microbiol 2018; 200:1323-1331. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-018-1546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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