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Sereni L, Junginger T, Payraudeau S, Imfeld G. Emissions and transport of urban biocides from facades to topsoil at the district-scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 954:176269. [PMID: 39304152 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Urban biocides used in facade paints and renders to prevent algae and fungal growth are released into the environment during rainfall, subsequently contaminating groundwater. However, quantitative data on the emission, transport and infiltration of urban biocides at the district scale are generally lacking. In this study, we quantified the fluxes of the urban biocide terbutryn and its major transformation product, terbutryn-sulfoxide, from building facades into stormwater, sediment, soil, and vegetation within a seven-year-old district employing sustainable stormwater management such as infiltration trenches and ponds. Combining four months of field observations with district scale modeling, we estimated initial concentrations of terbutryn in facade paint, quantified the emissions of terbutryn and terbutryn-sulfoxide from facades to soil, and evaluated terbutryn storage in soil under various painting scenarios. Terbutryn concentrations in sustainable stormwater management systems ranging from 2 to 67 ng L-1, frequently exceeding predicted no-effect concentrations. The constant release of terbutryn and its transformation products in runoff highlighted the chronic exposure of non-target organisms to urban biocides. Terbutryn concentrations in topsoil and pond sediment indicated accumulation, while concentrations exceeding 1 μg g-1 in the vegetation suggested plant uptake. Model results revealed that a substantial portion (27 to 73 %) of biocides infiltrated near facades through permeable surfaces like gravel, while a smaller portion (7 to 39 %) reached the stormwater management systems. Additionally, significant biocide leaching in the topsoil (30 cm below the surface) underscored the potential for biocide contamination in groundwater. Overall, this district-scale study and modeling approach provide a comprehensive framework for evaluating scenarios and measures for sustainable stormwater management to mitigate the infiltration of urban biocides into groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sereni
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg/EOST/ENGEES, CNRS UMR 7063, F-67084 Strasbourg, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Tobias Junginger
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg/EOST/ENGEES, CNRS UMR 7063, F-67084 Strasbourg, France; University of Stuttgart, Institute for Modelling Hydraulic and Environmental Systems (IWS), Research Facility for Subsurface Remediation (VEGAS), Pfaffenwaldring 61, 70597 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sylvain Payraudeau
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg/EOST/ENGEES, CNRS UMR 7063, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Gwenael Imfeld
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg/EOST/ENGEES, CNRS UMR 7063, F-67084 Strasbourg, France.
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Zeydalinejad N, Javadi AA, Webber JL. Global perspectives on groundwater infiltration to sewer networks: A threat to urban sustainability. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 262:122098. [PMID: 39032334 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
While existing studies on sewer networks have explored topics such as surface water inflow, limited research has delved into groundwater infiltration (GWI). This study aims to fill this void by providing a comprehensive overview of quantitative analyses of GWI in sewer networks plus current status, limitations and future perspectives, considering the most relevant peer-reviewed research, including 83 studies. We propose dividing the existing research into two main groups: (1) phreatic zone, and (2) vadose zone. Most research has focused on the latter, mainly considering Rainfall-Derived Inflow and Infiltration (RDII), including surface water inflow and GWI. The ratio of each is not frequently separated; otherwise, there may be some assumptions, e.g. in dry weather and assuming zero surface water inflow. We also divided the employed approaches in different categories from physically-based numerical models, to simpler ones, e.g. water budget analysis. In fact, a combination of approaches may be applied to find the intricate characteristics of 'urban groundwater' or 'urban karst.' The findings revealed a heightened vulnerability of sewer networks to GWI, due to climate change (CC) and its associated repercussions, e.g. sea level rise (SLR), making the coastal cities the most vulnerable regions. In future research, the criticality of pre-emptive measures and monitoring of networks, especially near the coastline, is emphasised to ensure the resilience and adaptability of sewer networks in the context of GWI amid the potential impacts of CC. However, current monitoring practices lack widespread evidence for spatiotemporal analysis of GWI quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejat Zeydalinejad
- Centre for Water Systems, Department of Engineering, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QF, United Kingdom.
| | - Akbar A Javadi
- Centre for Water Systems, Department of Engineering, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | - James L Webber
- Centre for Water Systems, Department of Engineering, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
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3
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Reiß F, Kiefer N, Purahong W, Borken W, Kalkhof S, Noll M. Active soil microbial composition and proliferation are directly affected by the presence of biocides from building materials. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168689. [PMID: 38000743 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Combinations of biocides are commonly added to building materials to prevent microbial growth and thereby cause degradation of the façades. These biocides reach the environment by leaching from façades posing an environmental risk. Although ecotoxicity to the aquatic habitat is well established, there is hardly any data on the ecotoxicological effects of biocides on the soil habitat. This study aimed to characterize the effect of the biocides terbutryn, isoproturon, octhilinone, and combinations thereof on the total and metabolically active soil microbial community composition and functions. Total soil microbial community was retrieved directly from the nucleic acid extracts, while the DNA of the active soil microbial community was separated after bromodeoxyuridine labeling. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal internal transcribed spacer region gene-based amplicon sequencing was carried out for both active and total, while gene copy numbers were quantified only for the total soil microbial community. Additionally, soil respiration and physico-chemical parameters were analyzed to investigate overall soil microbial activity. The bacterial and fungal gene copy numbers were significantly affected by single biocides and combined biocide soil treatment but not soil respiration and physico-chemical parameters. While the total soil microbiome experienced only minor effects from single and combined biocide treatment, the active soil microbiome was significantly impacted in its diversity, richness, composition, and functional patterns. The active bacterial richness was more sensitive than fungal richness. However, the adverse effects of the biocide combination treatments on soil bacterial richness were highly dependent on the identities of the biocide combination. Our results demonstrate that the presence of biocides frequently used in building materials affects the active soil microbiome. Thereby, the approach described herein can be used as an ecotoxicological measure for the effect on complex soil environments in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Reiß
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Natural Sciences and Health, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Kiefer
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Natural Sciences and Health, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany
| | - Witoon Purahong
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Werner Borken
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stefan Kalkhof
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Natural Sciences and Health, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany; Proteomics Unit, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Noll
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Natural Sciences and Health, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany; Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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4
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Kiefer N, Nichterlein M, Reiß F, Runge M, Biermann U, Wieland T, Noll M, Kalkhof S. Eluates from façades at the beginning of their service time affect aquatic and sediment organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167531. [PMID: 37793451 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Biocides are used in building materials to prevent microbial growth during storage (in-can preservatives) as well as after application (film preservatives). These compounds can leach out from the material into the environment and harm non-target organisms. In this study, the ecotoxicological effect of leachates at the beginning of a façade lifetime, on sediment and aquatic organisms was examined. For this purpose, leaching tests were carried out in the setting of a natural weathering experiment and a laboratory immersion with façade samples consisting of render/paint systems. The leaching experiments were performed with three different formulations, namely no biocides containing control, a formulation containing only in-can preservatives (benzisothiazolinone (BIT), methylchloroisothiazolinone (CMIT), and methylisothiazolinone (MIT)), and, as is common in organic building materials, containing both in-can and film preservatives (octylisothiazolinone (OIT) and terbutryn (TB)). In order to elucidate the effects of in-can and film preservative-containing eluates the toxicity of the generated leachables was evaluated on the model of several aquatic and sediment organisms, namely luminescent bacteria (Vibrio fischeri), green algae (Scenedesmus subspicatus), Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 (umu-test), fish-egg (Danio rerio), Chironomus riparius, and Lumbriculus variegatus. It was demonstrated that in-can preservatives leach out rapidly at the beginning of a façade lifetime and despite the short half-life of these compounds in aqueous solutions, they could be detected at high concentrations in the eluates. Furthermore, eluates from early sampling times, predominantly containing in-can preservatives, were found to cause toxic effects on sediment and aquatic organisms. The results demonstrate that in-can preservatives can impose a significant stress factor on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kiefer
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany; University of Leipzig, Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Moritz Nichterlein
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany; University of Leipzig, Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fabienne Reiß
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Wieland
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Noll
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kalkhof
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany; Proteomics Unit, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany; University of Leipzig, Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig, Germany.
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5
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Junginger T, Payraudeau S, Imfeld G. Emissions of the Urban Biocide Terbutryn from Facades: The Contribution of Transformation Products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14319-14329. [PMID: 37712441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Biocides are added to facade paints and renders to prevent algal and fungal growth. The emissions of biocides and their transformation products from building facades during wind-driven rain can contaminate surface waters, soil, and groundwater. Although the emissions of biocide transformation products may be higher than those of the parent biocide, knowledge of the emissions of transformation products over time is scarce. Combining field- and lab-scale experiments, we showed that solar irradiation on facades controls the formation of transformation products and can be used with runoff volume to estimate the long-term emissions of terbutryn transformation products from facades. The slow (t1/2 > 90 d) photodegradation of terbutryn in paint under environmental conditions was associated with insignificant carbon isotope fractionation (Δδ13C < 2 ‰) and caused 20% higher emission of terbutryn-sulfoxide than terbutryn in leachates from facades. This indicated continuous terbutryn diffusion toward the paint surface, which favored terbutryn photodegradation and the concomitant formation of transformation products over time. The emissions of terbutryn transformation products (77 mg m-2) in facade leachates, modeled based on irradiation and facade runoff, were predicted to exceed those of terbutryn (42 mg m-2) by nearly 2-fold after eight years. Overall, this study provides a framework to estimate and account for the long-term emissions of biocide transformation products from building facades to improve the assessment of environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Junginger
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg/EOST/ENGEES, CNRS UMR 7063, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvain Payraudeau
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg/EOST/ENGEES, CNRS UMR 7063, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg/EOST/ENGEES, CNRS UMR 7063, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
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6
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Albers CN, Johnsen AR, Bollmann UE. Urban areas as sources of the groundwater contaminants N,N-dimethylsulfamide (N,N-DMS) and 1,2,4-triazole. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163377. [PMID: 37030362 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Nyrop Albers
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anders Risbjerg Johnsen
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Elisabeth Bollmann
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Prieto-Espinoza M, Di Chiara Roupert R, Belfort B, Weill S, Imfeld G. Reactive transport of micropollutants in laboratory aquifers undergoing transient exposure periods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159170. [PMID: 36198349 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater quality is of increasing concern due to the ubiquitous occurrence of micropollutant mixtures. Stream-groundwater interactions near agricultural and urban areas represent an important entry pathway of micropollutants into shallow aquifers. Here, we evaluated the biotransformation of a micropollutant mixture (i.e., caffeine, metformin, atrazine, terbutryn, S-metolachlor and metalaxyl) during lateral stream water flow to adjacent groundwater. We used an integrative approach combining concentrations and transformation products (TPs) of the micropollutants, compound-specific isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N), sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons and reactive transport modeling. Duplicate laboratory aquifers (160 cm × 80 cm × 7 cm) were fed with stream water and subjected over 140 d to three successive periods of micropollutant exposures as pulse-like (6000 μg L-1) and constant (600 μg L-1) injections under steady-state conditions. Atrazine, terbutryn, S-metolachlor and metalaxyl persisted in both aquifers during all periods (<10 % attenuation). Metformin attenuation (up to 14 %) was only observed from 90 d onwards, suggesting enhanced degradation over time. In contrast, caffeine dissipated during all injection periods (>90 %), agreeing with fast degradation rates (t1/2 < 3 d) in parallel microcosm experiments and detection of TPs (theobromine and xanthine). Significant stable carbon isotope fractionation (Δδ13C ≥ 6.6 ‰) was observed for caffeine in both aquifers, whereas no enrichment in 15N occurred. A concentration dependence of caffeine biotransformation in the aquifers was further suggested by model simulations following Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Changes in bacterial community composition reflected long-term bacterial adaptation to micropollutant exposures. Altogether, the use of an integrative approach can help to understand the interplay of subsurface hydrochemistry, bacterial adaptations and micropollutants biotransformation during stream-groundwater interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Prieto-Espinoza
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/EOST, ITES UMR 7063, Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Raphaël Di Chiara Roupert
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/EOST, ITES UMR 7063, Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benjamin Belfort
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/EOST, ITES UMR 7063, Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvain Weill
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/EOST, ITES UMR 7063, Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/EOST, ITES UMR 7063, Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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8
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Schoknecht U, Mathies H. The Impact of Weather Conditions on Biocides in Paints. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7368. [PMID: 36295433 PMCID: PMC9609615 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Weather conditions affect biocides on exposed outer surfaces on constructions. Contact with water causes hydrolysis and leaching of substances. Ultraviolet radiation may induce photolysis. As a result, a mixture of biocidal active substances and transformation products can be emitted into the environment. In a semi-field study, leaching of the biocidal active substances terbutryn, diuron, octylisothiazolinone, carbendazim, and selected transformation products was observed for two paints containing either a white or a red pigment. Painted test panels were exposed to natural weathering for about 1.5 years. Runoff samples were analyzed during the course of the experiment. At the end of the study, residues of biocidal active substances and transformation products were determined in sections of the test panels. Emissions of substances were mainly observed during the first few months of the experiments. Increased emissions of transformation products were observed during periods of increased global radiation and subsequent periods with relatively high amounts of driving rain. Different patterns of transformation products were observed, especially for terbutryn, both for paints containing different pigments and in experiments that were started in different periods of the year, as well as during different periods of the experiments.
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9
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Muerdter CP, Powers MM, Chowdhury S, Mianecki AL, LeFevre GH. Rapid plant uptake of isothiazolinone biocides and formation of metabolites by hydroponic Arabidopsis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1735-1747. [PMID: 35943051 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00178k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Isothiazolinones biocides are water-soluble, low molecular weight, nitrogenous compounds widely used to prevent microbial growth in a variety of applications including personal care products and building façade materials. Because isothiazolinones from buildings wash off and enter stormwater, interactions with terrestrial plants may represent an important part of the environmental fate of these compounds (e.g., in green stormwater infrastructure). Using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana grown hydroponically, we observed rapid (≥99% within 24 hours), plant-driven removal of four commonly used isothiazolinones: benzisothiazolinone (BIT), chloromethylisothiazolinone, methylisothiazolinone, and octylisothiazolinone. No significant differences in uptake rate occurred between the four compounds; therefore, BIT was used for further detailed investigation. BIT uptake by Arabidopsis was concentration-dependent in a manner that implicates transporter-mediated substrate inhibition. BIT uptake was also minimally impacted by multiple BIT spikes, suggesting constituently active uptake. BIT plant uptake rate was robust, unaffected by multiple inhibitors. We investigated plant metabolism as a relevant removal process. Proposed major metabolites that significantly increased in the BIT-exposure treatment compared to the control included: endogenous plant compounds nicotinic acid (confirmed with a reference standard) and phenylthioacetohydroximic acid, a possible amino acid-BIT conjugate, and two accurate masses of interest. Two of the compounds (phenylthioacetohydroximic acid and TP 470) were also present in increased amounts in the hydroponic medium after BIT exposure, possibly via plant excretion. Upregulation of endogenous plant compounds is environmentally significant because it demonstrates that BIT impacts plant biology. The rapid plant-driven isothiazolinone removal observed here indicates that plant-isothiazolinone processes could be relevant to the environmental fate of these stormwater compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire P Muerdter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA.
- IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Megan M Powers
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA.
- IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Sraboni Chowdhury
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA.
- IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Alyssa L Mianecki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA.
- IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Gregory H LeFevre
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA.
- IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
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10
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Junginger T, Payraudeau S, Imfeld G. Transformation and stable isotope fractionation of the urban biocide terbutryn during biodegradation, photodegradation and abiotic hydrolysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135329. [PMID: 35709839 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Terbutryn is a widely used biocide in construction materials like paint and render to prevent the growth of microorganisms, algae and fungi. Terbutryn is released from the facades into the environment during rainfall, contaminating surface waters, soil and groundwater. Knowledge of terbutryn dissipation from the facades to aquatic ecosystems is scarce. Here, we examined in laboratory microcosms degradation half-lives, formation of transformation products and carbon and nitrogen isotope fractionation during terbutryn direct (UV light with λ = 254 nm and simulated sunlight) and indirect (simulated sunlight with nitrate) photodegradation, abiotic hydrolysis (pH = 1, 7 and 13), and aerobic biodegradation (stormwater pond sediment, soil and activated sludge). Biodegradation half-lives of terbutryn were high (>80 d). Photodegradation under simulated sunlight and hydrolysis at extreme pH values indicated slow degradability and accumulation in the environment. Photodegradation resulted in a variety of transformation products, whereas abiotic hydrolysis lead solely to terbutryn-2-hydroxy in acidic and basic conditions. Biodegradation indicates degradation to terbutryn-2-hydroxy through terbutryn-sulfoxide. Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of terbutryn holds potential to differentiate degradation pathways. Carbon isotope fractionation values (εC) ranged from -3.4 ± 0.3‰ (hydrolysis pH 1) to +0.8 ± 0.1‰ (photodegradation under UV light), while nitrogen isotope fractionation values ranged from -1.0 ± 0.4‰ (simulated sunlight photodegradation with nitrate) to +3.4 ± 0.2‰ (hydrolysis at pH 1). In contrast, isotope fractionation during biodegradation was insignificant. ΛN/C values ranged from -1.0 ± 0.1 (hydrolysis at pH 1) to 2.8 ± 0.3 (photodegradation under UV light), allowing to differentiate degradation pathways. Combining the formation of transformation products and stable isotope fractionation enabled identifying distinct degradation pathways. Altogether, this study highlights the potential of CSIA to follow terbutryn degradation in situ and differentiate prevailing degradation pathways, which may help to monitor urban biocide remediation and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Junginger
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg/ EOST/ ENGEES, CNRS, UMR 7063, F-67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvain Payraudeau
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg/ EOST/ ENGEES, CNRS, UMR 7063, F-67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg/ EOST/ ENGEES, CNRS, UMR 7063, F-67084, Strasbourg, France.
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11
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Zhu P, Knoop O, Helmreich B. Interaction of heavy metals and biocide/herbicide from stormwater runoff of buildings with dissolved organic matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:152599. [PMID: 34973330 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater runoff from roofs and façades can be contaminated by heavy metals and biocides/herbicides. High efficiency on-site treatment methods are now urgently needed to safeguard the ecosystem. The basis for developing such treatment facilities is an in-depth understanding of their interactions with dissolved organic matter (DOM), as this affects their migration in the environment. Hence, the interactions between copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), benzyl-dimethyl-tetradecylammonium chloride dihydrate (BAC), mecoprop-P (MCPP) and DOM at pH 5 to 9 were investigated separately in this study. The evaluation of the interaction processes was achieved by applying excitation emission matrix and parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) to titration samples; obtained data were fitted by two different models. Mechanisms involved in BAC/MCPP-DOM interactions were revealed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and two-dimensional correlation spectrum (2D-COS) analysis. Results showed that the applied DOM was composed of the two different fluorescent components C1 and C2. More interaction with C1 than with C2 was observed for both Cu/Zn and BAC/MCPP. Increasing the pH enhanced the interactions between Cu/Zn and DOM. At pH 5 with a maximum quencher addition, the remaining fluorescence of CuC1 and ZnC1 were 15.7% and 87.1%, respectively. Corresponding data at pH 9 decreased to 3% and 69.5%. Contrarily, interactions between BAC/MCPP and DOM were impaired by high pH conditions. The increase of pH from 5 to 9 with maximum BAC and MCPP added raised the remaining fluorescence of BAC-C1 and MCPP-C1 by 15.9% and 21.3% separately. The fitting outcomes from the Ryan-Weber equation (Cu/Zn titration) and the Stern-Volmer equation (BAC/MCPP titration) corresponded well with the titration studies. FTIR coupled with 2D-COS analysis revealed that mechanisms involved in BAC/MCPP titration include hydrogen bonding, π-π interaction, and electrostatic effect. The order of mechanisms taking effect during the interaction with DOM is affected by the molecular structure of BAC and MCPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panfeng Zhu
- TUM School of Engineering and Design, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Oliver Knoop
- TUM School of Engineering and Design, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Brigitte Helmreich
- TUM School of Engineering and Design, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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12
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Abstract
A large variety of substances are used in building materials to improve their properties. In recent years, attention to organic additives used, for example, in renders, façade paints or roof sealing sheets has increased as these compounds have been detected in urban stormwater runoff and surface waters. In this paper, we show the extent of emissions induced by rain events in two study sites in Berlin. For this purpose, stormwater runoff from roofs, façades, and in storm sewers was sampled and analysed over a period of 1.5 years in two residential catchments. Results show that, in particular, the biocides diuron and terbutryn from façades, the root protection agents mecoprop and MCPA in bituminous sheeting, and zinc from roofs and façades reach concentrations in the stormwater sewer that exceed limit values for surface waters. Additionally, transformation products of the biocides were also detected. However, many other analysed substances were below the quantification limit or inconspicuous in their concentration levels. The emissions, modelled with the software COMLEAM, demonstrate that in urban areas the limit values in smaller surface waters are exceeded during wet weather. Furthermore, the orientation of the buildings to wind-driven rain is essential for the emitted load from façades. The calculated mass balances of both catchments show that a major portion of all substances remains on-site and infiltrates diffusely or in swales, while the remaining portion is discharged to stormwater sewers. For example, in one of the two study sites, <5% of diuron emissions are discharged to surface waters. Infiltration, in particular, is therefore a crucial pathway of pollution for soil and groundwater. Measures for source control are proposed to mitigate the leaching of environmentally relevant substances from construction materials.
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13
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Environmental Impact of Construction Products on Aquatic Systems—Principles of an Integrated Source–Path–Target Concept. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Buildings exposed to water can release undesirable substances which, once transported to environmental compartments, may cause unwanted effects. These exposure pathways need to be investigated and included in risk assessments to safeguard water quality and promote the sustainability of construction materials. The applied materials, exposure conditions, distribution routes and resilience of receiving compartments vary considerably. This demonstrates the need for a consistent concept that integrates knowledge of emission sources, leaching processes, transport pathways, and effects on targets. Such a consistent concept can serve as the basis for environmental risk assessment for several scenarios using experimentally determined emissions. Typically, a source–path–target concept integrates data from standardized leaching tests and models to describe leaching processes, the distribution of substances in the environment and the occurrence of substances at different points of compliance. This article presents an integrated concept for assessing the environmental impact of construction products on aquatic systems and unravels currently existing gaps and necessary actions. This manuscript outlines a source–path–target concept applicable to a large variety of construction products. It is intended to highlight key elements of a holistic evaluation concept that could assist authorities in developing procedures for environmental risk assessments and mitigation measures and identifying knowledge gaps.
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14
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Vega-Garcia P, Schwerd R, Johann S, Helmreich B. Groundwater risk assessment of leached inorganic substances from façades coated with plasters and mortars. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132176. [PMID: 34537451 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A requirement of the Construction Products Regulation (CPR) in the European Union states that construction materials and works must be designed in a way that throughout their entire life cycle, they have no exceedingly high impact on the environment. The objective of the current work was to evaluate the environmental risk of stormwater runoff from plasters and mortars using the Groundwater Risk Assessment (GRA). The source term eluates are based on the results obtained by a model for leaching prediction of inorganic substances for vertical test panels (VTPs) coated with plasters and mortars. During the evaluation, it was determined that vanadium, chromium, lead and zinc are relevant substances leached by plasters and mortars during rain events due to the high magnitude of concentrations, which can lead to a significant alteration in the chemical status of groundwater. The evaluation showed that chromium is the only leached substance that invalidates the applicability of one of the materials for a particular scenario of a selected technical construction application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Vega-Garcia
- Department Environment, Hygiene and Sensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626, Valley, Germany; Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Regina Schwerd
- Department Environment, Hygiene and Sensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626, Valley, Germany
| | - Sabine Johann
- Department Environment, Hygiene and Sensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626, Valley, Germany
| | - Brigitte Helmreich
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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Vega-Garcia P, Schwerd R, Schwitalla C, Johann S, Scherer C, Helmreich B. Leaching prediction for vertical test panels coated with plaster and mortars exposed under real conditions by a PHREEQC leaching model. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130657. [PMID: 33964748 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A requirement of the Construction Products Regulation (CPR) in the European Union states that construction works must be designed in such a way that throughout their entire life cycle, they have no exceedingly high environmental impact. The objective of the current work was to simulate the leaching of selected metals and sulfate in vertical test panels (VTPs) covered by plaster and mortar. The investigation is based on 18-month leaching outdoor tests (LOT) under real weather conditions. A leaching model was developed using the geochemical model PHREEQC with the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) thermodynamic data base and coupled with MATLAB in order to optimize the run-off and weather parameters. The model was calibrated by comparing the data from laboratory Dynamic Surface Leaching Tests (DSLT) with simulation results up to an acceptable fit. The parameters obtained were then used in the LOT simulations and validated. The model allows predictions on the substance discharge from various plasters and mortars under real weather conditions. Physical characteristics of the material (e.g., thickness and absorption capacity) play an important role in the leaching of substances in façades covered with plaster and mortar. The lower the thickness and absorption capacity of the material applied, the greater the run-off and discharge of leached substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Vega-Garcia
- Department Environment, Hygiene and Sensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626, Valley, Germany; Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Regina Schwerd
- Department Environment, Hygiene and Sensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626, Valley, Germany
| | - Christoph Schwitalla
- Department Environment, Hygiene and Sensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626, Valley, Germany
| | - Sabine Johann
- Department Environment, Hygiene and Sensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626, Valley, Germany
| | - Christian Scherer
- Department Environment, Hygiene and Sensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626, Valley, Germany
| | - Brigitte Helmreich
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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Various Natural and Anthropogenic Factors Responsible for Water Quality Degradation: A Review. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13192660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of sustainability issues around water resource consumption is gaining traction under global warming and land utilization complexities. These concerns increase the challenge of gaining an appropriate comprehension of the anthropogenic activities and natural processes, as well as how they influence the quality of surface water and groundwater systems. The characteristics of water resources cause difficulties in the comprehensive assessment regarding the source types, pathways, and pollutants behaviors. As the behavior and prediction of widely known contaminants in the water resources remain challenging, some new issues have developed regarding heavy metal pollutants. The main aim of this review is to focus on certain essential pollutants’ discharge from anthropogenic activities categorized based on land-use sectors such as industrial applications (solid/liquid wastes, chemical compounds, mining activities, spills, and leaks), urban development (municipal wastes, land use practices, and others), and agricultural practices (pesticides and fertilizers). Further, important pollutants released from natural processes classified based on climate change, natural disasters, geological factors, soil/matrix, and hyporheic exchange in the aquatic environment, are also discussed. Moreover, this study addresses the major inorganic substances (nitrogen, fluoride, and heavy metals concentrations). This study also emphasizes the necessity of transdisciplinary research and cross-border communication to achieve sustainable water quality using sound science, adaptable legislation, and management systems.
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17
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Reiß F, Kiefer N, Noll M, Kalkhof S. Application, release, ecotoxicological assessment of biocide in building materials and its soil microbial response. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 224:112707. [PMID: 34461316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biocides are used in building materials to protect the building against microbial colonization and biodeterioration. However, these biocides are introduced by gradual leaching into soils in proximity of the buildings. This review discusses the aspects and characteristics of biocides from building materials in terms of (i) in-situ leaching and simulation thereof in-vitro and in-field tests, (ii) persistence, as well as photolytic and biodegradation, and its influence on toxicological evaluation, and (iii) evaluation of terrestrial toxicity by conventional ecotoxicological tests and novel holistic testing approaches. These aspects are influenced by multiple parameters, out of which water availability, physicochemical properties of microhabitats, combination of biocidal building materials, soil parameters, and composition of the soil microbiome are of utmost relevance. Deeper understanding of this multiparametric system and development of comprehensive characterization methodologies remains crucial, as to facilitate realistic assessment of the environmental impact of biocides used in construction materials and the corresponding degradation byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Reiß
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 96450 Coburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Kiefer
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 96450 Coburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Noll
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 96450 Coburg, Germany; Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Stefan Kalkhof
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 96450 Coburg, Germany; Proteomics Unit, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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18
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Mahler BJ, Nowell LH, Sandstrom MW, Bradley PM, Romanok KM, Konrad CP, Van Metre PC. Inclusion of Pesticide Transformation Products Is Key to Estimating Pesticide Exposures and Effects in Small U.S. Streams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4740-4752. [PMID: 33689310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Improved analytical methods can quantify hundreds of pesticide transformation products (TPs), but understanding of TP occurrence and potential toxicity in aquatic ecosystems remains limited. We quantified 108 parent pesticides and 116 TPs in more than 3 700 samples from 442 small streams in mostly urban basins across five major regions of the United States. TPs were detected nearly as frequently as parents (90 and 95% of streams, respectively); 102 TPs were detected at least once and 28 were detected in >20% samples in at least one region-TPs of 9 herbicides, 2 fungicides (chlorothalonil and thiophanate-methyl), and 1 insecticide (fipronil) were the most frequently detected. TPs occurred commonly during baseflow conditions, indicating chronic environmental TP exposures to aquatic organisms and the likely importance of groundwater as a TP source. Hazard quotients based on acute aquatic-life benchmarks for invertebrates and nonvascular plants and vertebrate-centric molecular endpoints (sublethal effects) quantify the range of the potential contribution of TPs to environmental risk and highlight several TP exposure-response data gaps. A precautionary approach using equimolar substitution of parent benchmarks or endpoints for missing TP benchmarks indicates that potential aquatic effects of pesticide TPs could be underestimated by an order of magnitude or more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Mahler
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, Texas 78754, United States
| | - Lisa H Nowell
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, California 95819, United States
| | - Mark W Sandstrom
- U.S. Geological Survey, Strategic Laboratory Science Branch, P.O. Box 25585, Denver, Colorado 80225-0585, United States
| | - Paul M Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, 720 Gracern, Columbia, South Carolina 29210, United States
| | - Kristin M Romanok
- U.S. Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, 3450 Princeton Pike, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Christopher P Konrad
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Water Science Center, 934 Broadway, Suite 300, Tacoma, Washington 98467, United States
| | - Peter C Van Metre
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, Texas 78754, United States
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19
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A Systematic Review of the Hydrological, Environmental and Durability Performance of Permeable Pavement Systems. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13084509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to urbanization, large portions of vegetated territory have been replaced by waterproof surfaces. The consequences are greater outflows, lower infiltration, and lower evapotranspiration. Pavement systems made with permeable surfaces allow the infiltration of water, ensuring reduction of runoff volume. In this paper, the methods of analysis of the hydrological and environmental performance of the pavement systems are reviewed in the context of urban drainage and regarding their durability. The purpose is to present an overview of the studies published during the last decade in the field. The Pubmed and Web Science Core Collection electronic databases were used to conduct the scientific literature survey. This generated 1238 papers, of which only 17 met the criteria and were included and discussed in this review. The evidence drawn from the knowledge on which the document is based provides useful critical interpretations of existing studies to progress the current understanding on hydrological performance and environment impacts in terms of conventional pollutant removal efficiency and the current permeable pavement systems.
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20
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Bork M, Lange J, Graf-Rosenfellner M, Hensen B, Olsson O, Hartung T, Fernández-Pascual E, Lang F. Urban storm water infiltration systems are not reliable sinks for biocides: evidence from column experiments. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7242. [PMID: 33790334 PMCID: PMC8012575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Groundwater quality in urban catchments is endangered by the input of biocides, such as those used in facade paints to suppress algae and fungal growth and washed off by heavy rainfall. Their retention in storm water infiltration systems (SIS) depends, in addition to their molecular properties, on chemical properties and structure of the integrated soil layer. These soil properties change over time and thus possibly also the relevance of preferential flow paths, e.g. due to ongoing biological activity. To investigate the mobility of biocides in SIS, we analyzed the breakthrough of differently adsorbing tracers (bromide, uranine, sulforhodamine B) and commonly used biocides (diuron, terbutryn, octhilinone) in laboratory column experiments of undisturbed soil cores of SIS, covering ages from 3 to 18 years. Despite similar soil texture and chemical soil properties, retention of tracers and biocides differed distinctly between SIS. Tracer and biocide breakthrough ranged from 54% and 5%, to 96% and 54%, respectively. We related the reduced solute retention to preferential transport in macropores as could be confirmed by brilliant blue staining. Our results suggest an increasing risk of groundwater pollution with increasing number of macropores related to biological activity and the age of SIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Bork
- Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79098, Freiburg, Germany. .,Soil Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79098, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Jens Lange
- Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Graf-Rosenfellner
- Soil Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Birte Hensen
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, 21335, Lünbeburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, 21335, Lünbeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Soil Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elena Fernández-Pascual
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, 21335, Lünbeburg, Germany.,Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - Friederike Lang
- Soil Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Cai Y, Apell JN, Pflug NC, McNeill K, Bollmann UE. Photochemical fate of medetomidine in coastal and marine environments. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 191:116791. [PMID: 33433334 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Medetomidine has been authorized in ship hull paints as an antifouling biocide under the biocidal product regulation in Europe since 2016. Its release into marine systems causes concerns over persistence and toxicity. However, the environmental fate of medetomidine has not been fully investigated. In this study, the photodegradation of medetomidine under natural sunlight conditions was investigated using collected coastal and sea waters. In addition, the phototransformation of medetomidine with reactive species (i.e., singlet oxygen, excited triplet state organic matter, and hydroxyl radicals) under UVA light was examined. Photoproducts were isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), identified by a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (qTOF), and reaction mechanisms were proposed. The results show that medetomidine is a neutral base (pKa of protonated form = 7.2) that leads to two different protonation states in the aquatic environment. Photodegradation of neutral medetomidine was dominated by reaction with singlet oxygen, while protonated medetomidine was relatively photostable. The contribution of reactive species to the overall photodegradation of neutral medetomidine was calculated to provide an assessment of phototransformation of medetomidine. The half-live of medetomidine was < 1.5 days in natural waters (pHcoastal = 8.3; pHsea = 8.1) under sunlit near-surface conditions, suggesting that it is not persistent in the aquatic environment. Because medetomidine has a relatively short half-life in sunlit aquatic ecosystems, a number of products, such as 2-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)propanamide, can be formed by photochemical reactions of medetomidine, with unknown consequences for marine and coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cai
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jennifer N Apell
- Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Civil and Urban Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, 6 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11201, USA
| | - Nicholas C Pflug
- Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulla E Bollmann
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), ØsterVoldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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22
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Pinasseau L, Wiest L, Volatier L, Mermillod-Blondin F, Vulliet E. Emerging polar pollutants in groundwater: Potential impact of urban stormwater infiltration practices. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115387. [PMID: 32829126 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The quality of groundwater (GW) resources is decreasing partly due to chemical contaminations from a wide range of activities, such as industrial and agricultural enterprises and changes in land-use. In urban areas, one potential major pathway of GW contamination is associated with urban water management practices based on stormwater runoff infiltration systems (SIS). Data on the performance of the upper layer of soil and the unsaturated zone of infiltration basins to limit the contamination of GW by hydrophilic compounds are lacking. With this aim, the impact of infiltration practices on GW contamination was assessed for 12 pesticides and 4 pharmaceuticals selected according to their ecotoxicological relevance and their likelihood of being present in urban stormwater and GW. For this purpose, 3 campaigns were conducted at 4 SIS during storm events. For each campaign, passive samplers based on the use of Empore™ disk were deployed in GW wells upstream and downstream of SIS, as well as in the stormwater runoff entering the infiltration basins. Upstream and downstream GW contaminations were compared to evaluate the potential effect of SIS on GW contamination and possible relationships with stormwater runoff composition were examined. Our results showed two interesting opposite trends: (i) carbendazim, diuron, fluopyram, imidacloprid and lamotrigine had concentrations significantly increasing in GW impacted by infiltration, indicating a contribution of SIS to GW contamination, (ii) atrazine, simazine and 2 transformation products exhibited concentrations significantly decreasing with infiltration due to a probable dilution of historic GW contaminants with infiltrated stormwater runoff. The other 7 contaminants showed no general trend. This study demonstrates that passive samplers deployed in GW wells enabled the capture of emerging polar pollutants present at very low concentrations and allowed the assessment of infiltration practices on GW quality. New data on GW and urban stormwater are provided for poorly studied hazardous compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Pinasseau
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de La Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laure Wiest
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de La Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Laurence Volatier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 Laboratoire D'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), 6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florian Mermillod-Blondin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 Laboratoire D'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), 6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vulliet
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de La Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
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23
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Development of a Model for Stormwater Runoff Prediction on Vertical Test Panels Coated with Plaster and Mortar. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12092593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leaching outdoor tests (LOT) are commonly used to assess the leaching of substances from construction materials. In this context, the amount of stormwater in contact with the surface material is of special interest for analyzing the runoff loads of substances from building façades. A numerical model was developed in MATLAB on the basis of previous analytical models to calculate the collected stormwater runoff volumes from the vertical test panels (VTP) during LOT. In the model, wind-driven rain (WDR) is considered to be the main mechanism for determining the amount of water impinging on the VTP, so it is a crucial factor in the modeling for the façade runoff. The new model makes it possible to simulate the runoff volumes from VTP that are covered with a wide variety of plaster and mortar. Using the new model, it was possible to relate the VTP runoff volumes obtained during an 18-month sampling period for LOTs performed at the Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics in Valley, Germany. When comparing the simulation results with the field test accumulated runoffs, the model exhibited a difference of no more than 3.5% for each of the analyzed materials. The simulation results are satisfying, and the paper demonstrates the feasibility of the modelling approach for the runoff assessment of VTP covered with a variety of plaster and mortar.
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Vega-Garcia P, Schwerd R, Scherer C, Schwitalla C, Johann S, Rommel SH, Helmreich B. Influence of façade orientation on the leaching of biocides from building façades covered with mortars and plasters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139465. [PMID: 32464397 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biocides used in building façades to prevent potential growth of algae, fungi and bacteria are of major concern regarding the quality of stormwater runoff. The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of the façade orientation on the biocide release under real weather conditions to gain information for the development of on-site treatment systems. Field tests with model houses containing two different plaster compositions were carried out over a period of 18 months. The results of the analyzed rain events demonstrate that façade orientation plays an important role in the leaching loads of biocides. Biocide loads in the runoff decreased corresponding to the wind direction. High cumulated active substance discharges of diuron (149 mg/m2), carbendazim (43.5 mg/m2), terbutryn (9.3 mg/m2) and octylisothiazolinone (OIT) (31.9 mg/m2) were found in the runoff of the façades facing the predominant weather orientation. Meanwhile, the highest concentrations of diuron (2.8 mg/L) and OIT (0.7 mg/L) were observed in the runoff from façades with smaller runoff volumes. The obtained results demonstrate that treatment facilities have to be installed at all building sides. The hydraulic and the substance load is highest at the weather side, which has a strong influence on the dimension and the lifetime of the treatment system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Vega-Garcia
- Department Environment, Hygiene and Sensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626 Valley, Germany; Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Regina Schwerd
- Department Environment, Hygiene and Sensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626 Valley, Germany
| | - Christian Scherer
- Department Environment, Hygiene and Sensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626 Valley, Germany
| | - Christoph Schwitalla
- Department Environment, Hygiene and Sensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626 Valley, Germany
| | - Sabine Johann
- Department Environment, Hygiene and Sensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626 Valley, Germany
| | - Steffen H Rommel
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Brigitte Helmreich
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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25
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Spatial Compatibility of Implementing Nature-Based Solutions for Reducing Urban Heat Islands and Stormwater Pollution. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12155967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cities worldwide are facing several challenges connected to urbanization and climate change. Several cities have identified the implementation of nature-based solutions (NBS) as an option to mitigate several challenges at once. However, can two different aims be reached with NBS in the same location? This question has not yet been addressed. This paper discusses the spatial compatibility of NBS implementation strategies to tackle (1) urban heat island (UHI) effects and (2) water pollution at the same location. The evaluation is based on a spatial analysis of Berlin. We found a positive correlation of high UHI and median high stormwater pollution loads for zinc, total suspended solids, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Terbutryn. Out of more than 14,000 building/street sections analyzed, 2270 showed spatial matching of high UHI and high stormwater pollution loads. In the majority of building/street sections, stormwater pollution was high for three out of the four parameters. We conclude that the compatibility of NBS implementation for both challenges depends both on the implementation strategies for NBS and on the specific NBS measures. Our spatial analysis can be used for further planning processes for NBS implementation.
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26
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Svendsen SB, Carvalho PN, Bollmann UE, Ellegaard-Jensen L, Albers CN, Strobel BW, Jacobsen CS, Bester K. A comparison of the fate of diflufenican in agricultural sandy soil and gravel used in urban areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136803. [PMID: 32069738 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diflufenican is used in both agricultural and urban areas to control weeds. However, in Europe pesticides are regulated using agricultural soil data only. Urban soils where the top layer is replaced by gravel (e.g. driveways, outdoor tiled areas) can evidently differ from agricultural soils in many biotic and physical properties. In the present study, we compared the degradation, mineralization, sorption and aging of diflufenican between an agricultural sandy soil to a gravel used in urban areas. Both diflufenican and its two main aerobic metabolites were investigated. Diflufenican and the metabolites degraded slower in gravel than in agricultural soil. One of the metabolites, 2-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]nicotinic acid (AE B107137 as identified by EFSA; further abbreviated as AE-B), was formed from the incubation of diflufenican in both soil and gravel, however, showing different formation patterns in the two materials: No accumulation of AE-B was determined in the soil, whereas in gravel, an accumulation of AE-B was determined over the full study period of 150 days. After 150 days, approximately 10% of the applied diflufenican was mineralised in the soil (cumulative), while it was not mineralised in the gravel. Diflufenican showed much stronger sorption to the soil than to the gravel, while the sorption of the metabolites was weaker than diflufenican in both soil and gravel. Within the experimental period, the influence of aging on the fate of diflufenican in soil and gravel is limited (<0.9 and <1.4%, respectively) when compared to the amount of compound still present in the soil. Overall, the results imply shortcomings in the risk assessment procedures requested for the registration of pesticides for urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sif B Svendsen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Pedro N Carvalho
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Ulla E Bollmann
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Lea Ellegaard-Jensen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Christian N Albers
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 København K, Denmark
| | - Bjarne W Strobel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
| | - Carsten S Jacobsen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark.
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27
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Hensen B, Olsson O, Kümmerer K. A strategy for an initial assessment of the ecotoxicological effects of transformation products of pesticides in aquatic systems following a tiered approach. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105533. [PMID: 32113087 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to conduct a fast and comprehensive toxicity screening of pesticide transformation products (TPs), this study used a tiered approach by a combination of in silico and experimental methods to determine the probability to be of relevance for risk assessment. The six pesticides Boscalid, Penconazole, Diuron, Terbutryn, Octhilinone (OIT), and Mecoprop were used as model compounds. Identification of corresponding environmental known and unknown TPs were done by literature analysis and photolysis experiments in combination. Aquatic solutions of the pesticides were photolysed to generate TPs which can be expected in the aquatic environment. The resulting mixtures were screened for TPs by high resolution LC-MS/MS. The herein developed approach was conducted at three different tiers: Literature review and in silico methods were used to predict exemplary the environmental bacterial toxicity and the genotoxicity of every single TP at tier I. In case of indications to be toxic, experiments at tier II were applied. Hereby, the photolytic mixtures containing parent compound and TPs were used for the consecutive toxicity test. Microtox assay for the parent compounds and the photolytic mixture was conducted to determine the acute and chronic toxicity and the growth inhibition of V. fischeri. Umu-tests were conducted to determine primary DNA damage. At tier III, single substance standards were used to conduct toxicity tests in case of toxic indication by previous tiers and availability of analytical standard. Identification of TPs revealed 45 known environmental TPs that originated from the six pesticides. The number of substances that need to be assessed was therefore more than sevenfold. By the tiered approach, it was possible to assess toxicological effects on environmental bacteria of 94% of the selected TPs. For 20% we found strong evidence to be toxic to environmental bacteria, as they were assessed at least at two tiers. For further 44% of the TPs we found slight evidence, as they could be assessed at one tier. Contrary, this approach turned out to be unsuitable to assess genotoxic effects of TPs neither by in silico tools nor by experiments. The number of substances that could probably pose a risk onto environment was quadrupled in comparison to the consideration of solely the parent compounds. Thus, this study demonstrates that the conducted screening approach allows for easy and fast identification of environmental relevant TPs. However, the study presented was a very first screening. Its applicability domain needs to be assessed further. For this purpose as a very next step the approach suggested here should be verified by applying additional endpoints and including additional parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Hensen
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
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28
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Paijens C, Bressy A, Frère B, Moilleron R. Biocide emissions from building materials during wet weather: identification of substances, mechanism of release and transfer to the aquatic environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3768-3791. [PMID: 31656996 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Biocides are added to or applied on building materials to prevent microorganisms from growing on their surface or to treat them. They are leached into building runoff and contribute to diffuse contamination of receiving waters. This review aimed at summarizing the current state of knowledge concerning the impact of biocides from buildings on the aquatic environment. The objectives were (i) to assess the key parameters influencing the leaching of biocides and to quantify their emission from buildings, (ii) to determine the different pathways from urban sources into receiving waters and (iii) to assess the associated environmental risk. Based on consumption data and leaching studies, a list of substances to monitor in receiving water was established. Literature review of their concentrations in the urban water cycle showed evidences of contamination and risk for aquatic life, which should put them into consideration for inclusion to European or international monitoring programs. However, some biocide concentration data in urban and receiving waters is still missing to fully assess their environmental risk, especially for isothiazolinones, iodopropynyl carbamate, zinc pyrithione and quaternary ammonium compounds, and little is known about their transformation products. Although some models supported by actual data were developed to extrapolate emissions on larger scales (watershed or city scales), they are not sufficient to prioritize the pathways of biocides from urban sources into receiving waters during both dry and wet weathers. Our review highlights the need to reduce emissions and limit their transfer into rivers and reports several solutions to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Paijens
- Leesu, UMR-MA-102, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Université Paris-Est Créteil, AgroParisTech, 6 et 8 avenue Blaise Pascal - Cité Descartes, 77455, Champs-sur-Marne Cedex 2, France
- Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police, 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Adèle Bressy
- Leesu, UMR-MA-102, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Université Paris-Est Créteil, AgroParisTech, 6 et 8 avenue Blaise Pascal - Cité Descartes, 77455, Champs-sur-Marne Cedex 2, France.
| | - Bertrand Frère
- Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police, 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Régis Moilleron
- Leesu, UMR-MA-102, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, AgroParisTech, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil Cedex, France
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29
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Hensen B, Olsson O, Kümmerer K. The role of irradiation source setups and indirect phototransformation: Kinetic aspects and the formation of transformation products of weakly sunlight-absorbing pesticides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133808. [PMID: 31426002 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, emission spectra of three different commonly used xenon irradiation sources were analyzed and compared for the first time to ascertain the most suitable setup to simulate natural solar radiation. In order to demonstrate setup differences, absolute photon fluxes of irradiation sources were received by actinometry. Verification was done by measuring quantum yields of the model compounds Penconazole, Terbutryn, and Mecoprop in every setup. Differences regarding kinetic aspects and the formation of transformation products (TPs) was evaluated by analyzing direct phototransformation and additionally photolysis in presence of Nitrate as a photosensitizer in one irradiation setup (optical bench). Results showed that a precise setup characterization is needed to estimate whether irradiation sources are suitable to simulate terrestrial sunlight. This was found to be especially important for weakly sunlight-absorbing substances. In comparison with direct photolysis, indirect photolysis led to an enhancement of degradation rate constants for all substances and in case of Mecoprop to different types of TPs that were formed during irradiation. This study underlined that there are big knowledge gaps regarding irradiation sources setups and conditions. It is therefore absolutely necessary to consider those factors while simulating substance degradation and the TP formation under environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hensen
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - O Olsson
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - K Kümmerer
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
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30
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Rodak CM, Moore TL, David R, Jayakaran AD, Vogel JR. Urban stormwater characterization, control, and treatment. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2019; 91:1034-1060. [PMID: 31243836 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes over 250 studies published in 2018 related to the characterization, control, and management of urban stormwater runoff. The review covers three broad themes: (a) quantity and quality characterization of stormwater, (b) control and treatment of stormwater runoff, and (c) implementation and assessment of watershed-scale green stormwater infrastructure (GSI). Each section provides an overview of the 2018 literature, common themes, and future work. Several themes emerged from the 2018 literature including exploration of contaminants of emerging concern within stormwater systems, characterization and incorporation of vegetation-driven dynamics in stormwater control measures, and the need for interdisciplinary perspectives on the implementation and assessment of GSI. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Over 250 studies were published in 2018 related to the characterization, control, and treatment of stormwater. Studies cover general stormwater characteristics, control and treatment systems, and watershed-scale assessments. Trends in 2018 include treatment trains, vegetation dynamics, and interdisciplinary perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Rodak
- Civil Engineering, State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Utica, New York
| | - Trisha L Moore
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Ray David
- Greeley and Hansen, San Francisco, California
| | - Anand D Jayakaran
- Washington Stormwater Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, Washington
| | - Jason R Vogel
- Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
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31
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Burri NM, Weatherl R, Moeck C, Schirmer M. A review of threats to groundwater quality in the anthropocene. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 684:136-154. [PMID: 31153063 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Awareness concerning sustainable groundwater consumption under the context of land use and climate change is gaining traction, raising the bar for adequate understanding of the complexities of natural and anthropogenic processes and how they affect groundwater quality. The heterogeneous characteristics of aquifers have hampered comprehensive source, transport and contaminant identification. As questions remain about the behavior and prediction of well-known groundwater contaminants, new concerns around emerging contaminants are on the increase. This review highlights some of the key contaminants that originate from anthropogenic activities, organized based on land use categories namely agricultural, urban and industrial. It further highlights the extensive overlap, in terms of both provenance as well as contaminant type, between the different land use sectors. A selection of case studies from literature that describe the continued concern of established contaminants, as well as new and emerging compounds, are presented to illustrate the many qualitative threats to global groundwater resources. In some cases, the risk of groundwater contamination lacks adequate gravity, while in others the underlying physical and societal processes are not fully understood and activities may commence without adequately considering potential impacts. In the agricultural context, the historic and current application of fertilizers and plant protectants, use of veterinary pharmaceuticals and hormones, strives to safeguard the growing food demands. In the context of a sprawling urban environment, waste, human pharmaceuticals, and urban pesticide outputs are increasing, with adequate runoff and sanitation infrastructure often lagging. Finally, industrial activities are associated with accidental leaks and spills, while the large-scale storage of industrial byproducts has led to legacy contaminants such as those stemming from raw mineral extraction. With this review paper, we aim to underscore the need for transdisciplinary research, along with transboundary communication, using sound science and adaptive policy and management practice in order to procure sustainable groundwater quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Burri
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Water Resources and Drinking Water, Dübendorf, Switzerland; University of Neuchâtel, Centre of Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Robin Weatherl
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Water Resources and Drinking Water, Dübendorf, Switzerland; University of Neuchâtel, Centre of Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Moeck
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Water Resources and Drinking Water, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mario Schirmer
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Water Resources and Drinking Water, Dübendorf, Switzerland; University of Neuchâtel, Centre of Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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32
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Kümmerer K, Dionysiou DD, Olsson O, Fatta-Kassinos D. Reducing aquatic micropollutants - Increasing the focus on input prevention and integrated emission management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:836-850. [PMID: 30380490 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and many other chemicals are an important basis for nearly all sectors including for example, food and agriculture, medicine, plastics, electronics, transport, communication, and many other products used nowadays. This comes along with a tremendous chemicalization of the globe, including ubiquitous presence of products of chemical and pharmaceutical industries in the aquatic environment. Use of these products will increase with population growth and living standard as will the need for clean water. In addition, climate change will exacerbate availability of water in sufficient quantity and quality. Since its implementation, conventional wastewater treatment has increasingly contributed to environmental protection and health of humans. However, with the increasing pollution of water by chemicals, conventional treatment turned out to be insufficient. It was also found that advanced effluent treatment methods such as extended filtration, the sorption to activated charcoal or advanced oxidation methods have their own limitations. These are, for example, increased demand for energy and hazardous chemicals, incomplete or even no removal of pollutants, the generation of unwanted products from parent compounds (transformation products, TPs) of often-unknown chemical structure, fate and toxicity. In many countries, effluent treatment is available only rarely if at all let alone advanced treatment. The past should teach us, that focusing only on technological approaches is not constructive for a sustainable water quality control. Therefore, in addition to conventional and advanced treatment optimization more emphasis on input prevention is urgently needed, including more and better control of what is present in the source water. Measures for input prevention are known for long. The main focus though has always been on the treatment, and measures taken at the source have gained only little attention so far. A more effective and efficient approach, however, would be to avoid pollution at the source, which would in turn allow more targeted treatment to meet treated water quality objectives globally. New developments within green and sustainable chemistry are offering new approaches that allow for input prevention and a more targeted treatment to succeed in pollution elimination in and at the source. To put this into practice, engineers, water scientists and chemists as well as microbiologists and scientists of other related disciplines need to cooperate more extensively than in the past. Applying principles such as the precautionary principle, or keeping water flows separate where possible will add to this. This implies not minimizing the efforts to improve wastewater treatment but to design effluents and chemicals in such a way that treatment systems and water environments can cope successfully with the challenge of micropollutants globally (Kümmerer et al., 2018). This paper therefore presents in its first part some of the limitations of effluent treatment in order to demonstrate the urgent need for minimizing water pollution at the source and, information on why source management is urgently needed to improve water quality and stimulate discussions how to protect water resources on a global level. Some principles of green and sustainable chemistry as well as other approaches, which are part of source management, are presented in the second part in order to stimulate discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany; International Sustainable Chemistry Collaboration Center (ISC(3)), Research and Education, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DCEE), 705 Engineering Research Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA; Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
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