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Ding S, Deng Y, Wu M, Qu R, Du Z, Chu W. Leaching of organic matter and iodine, formation of iodinated disinfection by-products and toxic risk from Laminaria japonica during simulated household cooking. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132241. [PMID: 37567136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated disinfection by-products (I-DBPs) exhibited potential health risk owing to the high toxicity. Our recent study demonstrated that I-DBPs from Laminaria japonica (Haidai), the commonly edible seaweed, upon simulated household cooking condition were several hundred times more than the concentration of drinking water. Here, the characterization of Haidai and its leachate tandem with the formation, identification and toxicity of I-DBPs from the cooking of Haidai were systemically investigated. The dominant organic matter in Haidai leachate were polysaccharides, while the highest iodine specie was iodide (∼90% of total iodine). Several unknown I-DBPs generated from the cooking of Haidai were tentatively proposed, of which 3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde was dominant specie. Following a simulated household cooking with real chloraminated tap water, the presence of Haidai sharply increased aggregate iodinated trihalomethanes, iodinated haloacetic acids, and total organic iodine concentrations to 97.4 ± 7.6 μg/L,16.4 ± 2.1 μg/L, and 0.53 ± 0.06 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, the acute toxicity of Haidai soup to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 was around 7.3 times higher than that of tap water in terms of EC50. These results demonstrated that the yield of I-DBPs from the cooking of Haidai and other seaweed should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Menglin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruixin Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhenqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Du Z, Ding S, Xiao R, Fang C, Jia R, Chu W. Disinfection by-product precursors introduced by sandstorm events: Composition, formation characteristics and potential risks. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 244:120429. [PMID: 37542764 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Sandstorms, a natural meteorological event, occur repeatedly during the dry season and can accumulate large amounts of natural/anthropogenic pollutants during the deposition process, potentially introducing disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors into surface waters. In this study, the characteristics of sandstorm-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its DBP formation potential were elucidated. Overall, sandstorm-derived DOM mainly consisted of low-molecular-weight, low-aromaticity, high-nitrogen organic matter, with a dissolved organic carbon (DOC) release yield of 14.4 mg-DOC/g. The halogenated DBP formation potential (calculated as total organic halogen) of sandstorm-derived DOM was comparable to that of surface water, while the normalized DBP-associated toxicity was 1.96 times higher. Similar to DOM introduced by other depositional pathways, sandstorm-derived DOM also had higher yields of highly cytotoxic DBPs (haloacetaldehydes [HALs], haloacetonitriles [HANs] and halonitromethanes [HNMs]). The average atmospheric deposition flux for DOM during the sandstorm event (50.4 ± 2.1 kg km-2 day-1) was 6.95 times higher than that of dry deposition, indicating a higher probability of contaminant input. Simultaneously, the estimation revealed that the sandstorm will increase the formation potential of toxicity forcing agents, such as HALs, HANs and HNMs, in surface water by 3.87%, 2.39% and 9.04%, respectively. Considering the high frequency of sandstorm events and the sorption of other organic pollutants by sand and dust, the impact of sandstorms on surface water quality should be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Centre, Jinan 250101, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruibao Jia
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Centre, Jinan 250101, China.
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Wu XN, Yuan CJ, Huo ZY, Wang TT, Chen Y, Liu M, Wang WL, Du Y, Wu QY. Reduction of byproduct formation and cytotoxicity to mammalian cells during post-chlorination by the combined pretreatment of ferrate(VI) and biochar. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131935. [PMID: 37385095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Ferrate [Fe(VI)] can efficiently degrade various pollutants in wastewater. Biochar application can reduce resource use and waste emission. This study investigated the performance of Fe(VI)/biochar pretreatment to reduce disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and cytotoxicity to mammalian cells of wastewater during post-chlorination. Fe(VI)/biochar was more effective at inhibiting the cytotoxicity formation than Fe(VI) alone, reducing the cytotoxicity from 12.7 to 7.6 mg-phenol/L. The concentrations of total organic chlorine and total organic bromine decreased from 277 to 130 μg/L and from 51 to 39 μg/L, compared to the samples without pretreatment. Orbitrap ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry revealed that the number of molecules of DBPs decreased substantially from 517 to 229 by Fe(VI)/biochar, with the greatest reduction for phenols and highly unsaturated aliphatic compounds. In combination with the substantial reduction of 1Cl-DBPs and 2Cl-DBPs, 1Br-DBPs and 2Br-DBPs were also reduced. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix coupled with parallel factor analysis suggested that fulvic acid-like substances and aromatic amino acid was obviously reduce likely due to the enhanced oxidation of Fe(IV)/Fe(V) produced by Fe(VI)/biochar and adsorption of biochar. Furthermore, the DBPs generated by electrophilic addition and electrophilic substitution of precursors were reduced. This study shows that Fe(VI)/biochar pretreatment can effectively reduce cytotoxicity formation during post-chlorination by transforming DBPs and their precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Nan Wu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Chang-Jie Yuan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Huo
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Min Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ye Du
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Yang X, Ding S, Xiao R, Wang P, Du Z, Zhang R, Chu W. Identification of key precursors contributing to the formation of CX 3R-type disinfection by-products along the typical full-scale drinking water treatment processes. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 128:81-92. [PMID: 36801044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Identification and characterization of disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors could help optimize drinking water treatment processes and improve the quality of finished water. This study comprehensively investigated the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM), the hydrophilicity and molecule weight (MW) of DBP precursor and DBP-associated toxicity along the typical full-scale treatment processes. The results showed that dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen content, the fluorescence intensity and the SUVA254 value in raw water significantly decreased after the whole treatment processes. Conventional treatment processes were in favor of the removal of high-MW and hydrophobic DOM, which are important precursors of trihalomethane and haloacetic acid. Compared with conventional treatment processes, Ozone integrated with biological activated carbon (O3-BAC) processes enhanced the removal efficiencies of DOM with different MW and hydrophobic fractions, leading to a further decrease in almost all DBP formation potential and DBP-associated toxicity. However, almost 50% of the detected DBP precursors in raw water has not been removed after the coagulation-sedimentation-filtration integrated with O3-BAC advanced treatment processes. These remaining precursors were found to be mainly hydrophilic and low-MW (< 1.0 kDa) organics. Moreover, they would largely contribute to the formation of haloacetaldehydes and haloacetonitriles, which dominated the calculated cytotoxicity. Since current drinking water treatment process could not effectively control the highly toxic DBPs, the removal of hydrophilic and low-MW organics in drinking water treatment plants should be focused on in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Pin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhenqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Chen H, Lin T, Wang P, Wang Y, Wei W, Zhu S. A novel solar-activated chlorine dioxide process for atrazine degradation in drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 239:120056. [PMID: 37167851 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
New technologies using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) with low energy-input to address the presence of micro-contaminants and the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are required for drinking water safety. In this work, the activation of chlorine dioxide with solar (solar/ClO2 process), a type of renewable and inexhaustible energy, was developed to degrade atrazine (ATZ) and control the formation of DBPs. Results revealed that solar/ClO2 process was effective in degrading ATZ. Hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and chlorine radicals (Cl•) produced in solar/ClO2 process were found to be the predominant agents for ATZ degradation with contribution rates of 55.9% and 44.1%, respectively, based on radical quenching tests and competition kinetics. Reaction pH did not affect the total amount of Cl• and •OH (i.e., [•OH]exp) and [Cl•]exp), while the conversion of Cl• to •OH was responsible for the depressed ATZ degradation efficiency with the increasing pH in solar/ClO2 process. The presence of bicarbonate (HCO3-), chloride (Cl-) and humic acid (HA) retarded the ATZ degradation mainly due to they decreased [•OH]exp) and [Cl•]exp. Using the UPLC-MS/MS analysis, six degradation intermediates of ATZ were tentatively identified, and the three-stage degradation pathway as well as the stepwise detoxification of ATZ were confirmed by the condensed Fukui function (CFF) calculation and ECOSAR prediction. Applying solar/ClO2 as a pretreatment of HA-containing water, the formation of DBPs during post-chlorination was significantly reduced. However, the presence of ATZ during solar/ClO2 pretreatment of HA significantly lowered the control efficiency of DBPs. The major degradation intermediate, i.e., deethyldeisopropylhydroxyatrazine (DEIHA), of ATZ could incorporate into HA and therefore providing more precursors for DBPs. The acute toxicity recorded by the behavior of zebrafish larvae revealed that using chloramine instead of chlorine downstream the solar/ClO2 pretreatment of ATZ and HA could significantly reduce the acute toxicity by decreasing the formation of total DBPs. This study demonstrated the great potential of applying solar/ClO2 process followed by chloramination to simultaneously degrade micro-contaminants and reduce DBPs formation as well as toxic risk in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Peifang Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Wei Wei
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Shuguang Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
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Xu J, Guo Y, Yang Q, Bai X, Lu R, Liu M, Kuang Z, Zhang L, Li J. Enhanced cyanogen chloride formation after UV/PS and UV/H 2O 2 pre-oxidation and chlorination in natural river water. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 126:48-57. [PMID: 36503774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet/persulfate (UV/PS) and Ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) have attracted much attention in recent years as advanced oxidation processes for water treatment. However, it is not all clear how these two methods affect the formation of cyanogen chloride (CNCl) in the subsequent water chlorination process. In this study, it was found that both UV/H2O2 and UV/PS pre-oxidation promoted the formation of CNCl in six actual water samples collected from urban rivers. Glycine, uric acid, arginine and histidine were investigated as the model compounds to explore the effects of different methods on the production of CNCl. The results showed that compared with chlorination alone, pre-oxidation by UV/H2O2 and UV/PS can reduce the production of CNCl for glycine and uric acid by up to 95% during post-chlorination process. However, they can greatly promote the formation of CNCl for arginine and histidine by up to 120-fold. In a more detailed investigation, pre-oxidation of histidine formed highly reactive intermediates to chlorine, leading to increased CNCl formation and chlorine consumption. The results showed that the precursors of CNCl was altered after pre-oxidation, and need to be re-evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xueling Bai
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Runhua Lu
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Menghui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zichen Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Luo Zhang
- Institute of Geographical Sciences, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Hu Q, Wang R, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Qu G, Wang T, Jia H. Formation of halogenated macromolecular organics induced by Br - and I - during plasma oxidation/chlorination of DOM: Highlighting competitive mechanisms. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119513. [PMID: 36549187 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of halogens on the production of macromolecular disinfection byproducts (DBPs) is critical for drinking water safety. The effects of Br- and I- on the chemical diversity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during plasma preoxidation and the subsequent formation of macromolecular halogenated DBPs after chlorination were deciphered. Plasma preoxidation changed DOM diversity from aromatic component-oriented to lignin and tannin component-oriented, resulting in 62.0% and 21.2% decreases in N-DBPs (CkHnOmNzClx formulas) and C-DBPs (CkHnOmClx formulas) after chlorination, respectively. Br- could induce the formation of organobromine compounds (OBrCs) during plasma oxidation; however, the intensities of OBrCs decreased by 56.3% (CHO formulas) and 75.2% (CHON formulas) after further chlorination. OBrCs still accounted for 79.8% of the total organohalogen compounds (OXCs, X=Cl or Br) due to the higher substitutability of bromine. I-promoted OIC production in the DOM preoxidation process, and OICs acted as intermediates to form OClCs during chlorination. When Br-and I-coexisted, Br- promoted OIC production in the DOM preoxidation process; therefore, more OBrCs and OClCs were generated due to intermediates of OICs in subsequent chlorination. Connections between OXCs and their precursors were established using network computation. The precursors of OClCs were located in the aromatic structure region (0.2 < H/C ≤ 0.7; O/C ≤ 0.67); those of OBrCs and OICs were located in the lignin (0.7 < H/C ≤ 1.5; 0.1 < O/C < 0.67) and tannin (0.6 ≤ H/C ≤ 1.5, 0.67 < O/C < 1.0) regions with relatively greater H/C and O/C ratios, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ruigang Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Guangzhou Qu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Li J, Zhang Z, Xiang Y, Jiang J, Yin R. Role of UV-based advanced oxidation processes on NOM alteration and DBP formation in drinking water treatment: A state-of-the-art review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:136870. [PMID: 36252895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative treatment of drinking water has been practiced for more than a century. UV-based advanced oxidation processes (UV-AOPs) have emerged as promising oxidative treatment technologies to eliminate recalcitrant chemicals and biological contaminants in drinking water. UV-AOPs inevitably alter the properties of natural organic matter (NOM) and affect the disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation in the post-disinfection. This paper provides a state-of-the-art review on the effects of UV-AOPs on the changes of NOM properties and the consequent impacts on DBP formation in the post-chlorination process. A tutorial review to the connotations of NOM properties (e.g., bulk properties, fractional constituents, and molecular structures) and the associated state-of-the-art analytical methods are firstly presented. The impacts of different radical-based AOPs on the changes of NOM properties together with the underlying NOM-radical reaction mechanisms are discussed. The impacts of alteration of NOM properties on DBP formation in the post-chlorination process are then reviewed. The current knowledge gaps and future research needs are finally presented, with emphases on the needs to strengthen the comparability of research data in literature, the accuracy in quantifying the reactive moieties of NOM, and the awareness of unknown DBPs in oxidative water treatment processes. The review and discussion improve the fundamental understanding of NOM-radical and NOM-chlorine chemistry. They also provide useful implications on the engineering design and operation of next-generation drinking water treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhu Hai 519087, PR China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999066, Hong Kong, PR China.
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yingying Xiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999066, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999066, Hong Kong, PR China.
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Cavalcante RP, Malvestiti JA, Júnior JPD, Dantas RF. Modeling carbonate/bicarbonate and nitrate disturbance during secondary effluent disinfection by UV/H 2O 2 and UV/ozone. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 86:2943-2962. [PMID: 36515198 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The disinfection of effluents has been considered the main step to inactivate pathogenic organisms to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases. The variation in the matrix composition can lead to the use of inadequate oxidant dose and disturb a correct treatment. The objective of this study was to develop a simple and practical mathematical model to simulate the disturbance of inorganic anions (CO32-/HCO3- and NO3-) during secondary effluent disinfection by UV/H2O2 and UV/O3. The pathogenic agents chosen for this study were total coliforms and E. coli. To build the mathematical model, a modification of the Chick model (referred to as 'Modified Chick Model') was proposed by employing a weighted average in the calculation of the kinetic constant. Both treatments were affected by the presence of the anions. However, with the highest NO3- concentration, less inhibition of disinfection was observed in the UV/H2O2. The use of the arithmetic means to calculate the value of k, as indicated by the Chick model, demonstrates a lesser precision in the prediction of the microorganisms' concentrations. On the other hand, using the Modified Chick Model, a better prediction of the inactivation of the microorganisms was obtained, which can be confirmed by the validation performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pereira Cavalcante
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Paschoal Marmo 1888, Limeira, SP 13484-332, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Jacqueline Aparecida Malvestiti
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Paschoal Marmo 1888, Limeira, SP 13484-332, Brazil E-mail: ; Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba, SP 13400-970, Brazil
| | - José Paulo Diogo Júnior
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Paschoal Marmo 1888, Limeira, SP 13484-332, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Renato Falcao Dantas
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Paschoal Marmo 1888, Limeira, SP 13484-332, Brazil E-mail:
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Zhou L, Ma R, Yan C, Wu J, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Qu G, He X, Wang T. Plasma-mediated aging process of different microplastics: Release of dissolved organic matter and formation of disinfection by-products. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Du Z, Ding S, Xiao R, Fang C, Song W, Jia R, Chu W. Does Snowfall Introduce Disinfection By-product Precursors to Surface Water? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14487-14497. [PMID: 36196960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Snow with large specific surface area and strong adsorption capacity can effectively adsorb atmospheric pollutants, which could/might lead to the increase of disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors in surface water. In this study, the contents and characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in meltwater were investigated, and DBP formation and the DBP-associated cytotoxicity index during chlorination of meltwater was first explored. Overall, meltwater exhibited high nitrogen contents. Meltwater-derived DOM was mainly composed of organics with low molecular weights, low aromaticity, and high unsaturated degrees. DBP formation potentials and cytotoxicity indexes in chlorinated meltwater were positively correlated with air quality index and were significantly impacted by snowfall stages. The trihalomethane and haloacetic acid yields from meltwater were relatively low, while yields of highly cytotoxic DBPs, especially halonitromethanes (6.3-10.8 μg-HNMs/mg-DOC), were significantly higher than those of surface water (1.7 μg-HNMs/mg-DOC). Notably, unsaturated nonaromatic organic nitrates in meltwater were important precursors of halonitromethanes. The actual monitoring results showed that snowfall significant increased the haloacetaldehydes and nitrogenous DBP formation levels of surface water. Considering increased DBP formation and DBP-associated toxicity, it was demonstrated that DOM derived from snowfall in atmosphere-polluted areas could deteriorate surface water quality and pose potential risks to drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan250101, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai200092, China
| | - Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai200092, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai200092, China
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai200092, China
| | - Wuchang Song
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan250101, China
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Centre, Jinan250101, China
| | - Ruibao Jia
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan250101, China
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Centre, Jinan250101, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai200092, China
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12
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Wu M, Ding S, Cao Z, Du Z, Tang Y, Chen X, Chu W. Insights into the formation and mitigation of iodinated disinfection by-products during household cooking with Laminaria japonica (Haidai). WATER RESEARCH 2022; 225:119177. [PMID: 36206687 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated disinfection by-products (I-DBPs) have attracted extensive interests because of their higher cytotoxicity and genotoxicity than their chlorinated and brominated analogues. Our recent studies have firstly demonstrated that cooking with seaweed salt could enhance the formation of I-DBPs with several tens of μg/L level. Here, I-DBP formation and mitigation from the reaction of disinfectant with Laminaria japonica (Haidai), an edible seaweed with highest iodine content, upon simulated household cooking process was systematically investigated. The total iodine content in Haidai ranged from 4.6 mg-I/g-Haidai to 10.0 mg-I/g-Haidai, and more than 90% of iodine is soluble iodide. During simulated cooking, the presence of disinfectant simultaneously decreased iodide by 15.0-32.8% to 2.7-5.8 mg/L and increased total organic iodine by 1.3-10.9 times to 0.5-1.8 mg/L in Haidai soup, proving I-DBP formation. The concentrations of iodinated trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids were at the levels of several hundreds of μg/L and several μg/L, respectively, which are 2-3 orders and 1-2 orders of magnitude more than those in drinking water. Effects of key factors including disinfectant specie, disinfectant dose, temperature and time on I-DBP formation were also ascertained, and temperature and disinfectant specie played a decisive role in the formation and speciation of I-DBPs. In order to avoid the potential health risk from the exposure of I-DBPs in Haidai soup, it is prerequisite to soak and wash dry Haidai sample over 30.0 min before cooking, which could effectively remove major soluble iodide. In general, this study provided the new insight into I-DBP formation from daily household cooking with Haidai and the corresponding enlightenment for inhabitants to eat Haidai in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhongqi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhenqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuyang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Chen J, Dai C, Zhu Y, Gao Y, Chu W, Gao N, Wang Q. Degradation of sulfadiazine by UV/Oxone: roles of reactive oxidative species and the formation of disinfection byproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:54407-54420. [PMID: 35301631 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18764-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulfadiazine (SDZ) is a typical persistent sulfonamide antibiotic, which has been widely detected in natural drinking water sources. The degradation of SDZ by UV/Oxone (potassium monopersulfate compound) was explored in this study. The results showed that Cl- can effectively activate PMS to promote rapid degradation of SDZ in the Oxone process by forming chlorine in the system. Radical quenching tests suggested that radical oxidation, including HO•, SO4•-, and reactive chlorine species (RCS), played an important role by UV/Oxone. It further verified that concentration and distribution of HO•, SO4•-, and RCS were pH-dependent; RCS act as a major contributor at pH 6.0 and pH 7.0 to degrade SDZ in this process. The SDZ degradation rate was firstly increased and then decreased by Cl- and HCO3- (0-10 mM); HA (0-10 mg L-1) exhibited insignificant influence on SDZ degradation. The degradation pathways of SDZ during UV/Oxone and formation pathways of five disinfection byproducts during subsequent chlorination were proposed. The possible DBP precursors formed by SO2 extrusion, hydroxylation, and chlorination of SDZ during UV/Oxone pre-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxiang Chen
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Caiqiong Dai
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Yanping Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Yuqiong Gao
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qiongfang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201600, China
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Hu Q, Wang R, Gan Y, Zhang Y, Bao H, Zhang L, Qu G, Wang T. Chlorinated disinfection by-product formation during DOM removal by discharge plasma: Insights into DOC structure alterations. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Liu Y, Li H, Wang R, Hu Q, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhou J, Qu G, Wang T, Jia H, Zhu L. Underlying mechanisms of promoted formation of haloacetic acids disinfection byproducts after indometacin degradation by non-thermal discharge plasma. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118701. [PMID: 35667169 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Indometacin (IDM), as a kind of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, has ecological and health risks, which is the potential precursor of chlorination disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Non-thermal discharge plasma was attempted to eliminate IDM and control subsequent DBPs formation. Satisfactory removal performance for IDM was realized by the plasma oxidation; almost 100% of IDM was removed within 2 min. Relatively greater removal efficiency was gained at a higher plasma voltage and a lower pH level. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer revealed that reactive species ·OH, O2·-, and 1O2 were responsible for IDM decomposition. Based on analyses of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, attacks of reactive species resulted in sequence breakages in functional groups of IDM, leading to production of small molecular alcohols, acids, and amines. Possible decomposition pathways of IDM were proposed. The produced acetamide and 1H-indol-5-ol were important precursors of DBPs. Formation and toxicity of nitrogen-containing DBPs were dramatically inhibited after IDM degradation; however, those of haloacetic acids were strengthened. The relevant roadmaps among DBPs and degradation intermediates were figured out. This study revealed the underlying mechanisms of IDM degradation by discharge plasma and its potential risks in chlorination disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hu Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ruigang Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qian Hu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- Chengde Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Drinking Water Safety Testing Technology Innovation Center, Hebei 067000, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Guangzhou Qu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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16
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Fan Y, Sun G, Kaw HY, Zhu L, Wang W. Analytical characterization of nucleotides and their concentration variation in drinking water treatment process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:152510. [PMID: 34968603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotides, as the basic building blocks of nucleic acids, widely exist in aqueous environment. In this study, we developed a solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-UPLC-MS/MS) method for the analysis of 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP), 5'-uridine monophosphate (UMP), 5'-cytidine monophosphate (CMP) and 5'-guanosine monophosphate (GMP). The method achieved limits of detection (LODs) of 0.1-1.0 ng/L, and recoveries of 85-95% for the four tested nucleotides. The occurrence and concentrations of the four nucleotides in water from eight representative drinking water treatment and distribution systems in China were determined using this method. All four nucleotides were detectable in water treatment plant (WTP) influent and effluent, at concentrations of up to 30 ng/L and with occurrence frequency of around 90%. The concentrations of identified nucleotides increased 3-10 times after 10 km of water age in the water distribution system. Biological filters and coagulation increased the concentrations of nucleotides, conversely, active carbon, ozonation, and ultrafiltration membrane removed nucleotides in water. The effects of active carbon and coagulation were further confirmed using laboratory-controlled experiment. In addition, monochlorinated nucleotides were identified as the chlorination products of nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guangrong Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Han Yeong Kaw
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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17
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Jiang Q, Wang Y, Tian L, Liu Y, Liu J, He G, Li J. Pilot-scale and mechanistic study of the degradation of typical odors and organic compounds in drinking water by a combined UV/H 2O 2-BAC process. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 292:133419. [PMID: 34982966 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Odor problems are challenging issues in water treatment. Advanced oxidation has a significant degradation effect on these odors; however, some issues, such as oxidant residues and disinfection byproducts, exist in the use of advanced oxidation in actual water treatment. Because of the above issues, a combined advanced oxidation process has emerged-the UV/H2O2 -biological activated carbon (BAC) process can play a strong oxidizing role in advanced oxidation and uses the physical adsorption and biological effects of activated carbon. However, there have been few studies on the odor degradation mechanism and characteristics of activated carbon biofilms in actual water treatment. This paper systematically studied the organic and odor substances removal effects and mechanism of a pilot combined UV/H2O2-BAC process. The results showed that UV/H2O2-BAC technology had a good removal effect on odor substances under long-term stable operation. The concentrations of geosmin (GSM) and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) after systemic treatment were below 5 ng/L. The removal rates of DOC, UV254 and H2O2 by the combined process were 53.60%, 73.08% and 60.20%, respectively. The results of full-scan determination of GSM and 2-MIB degradation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were consistent with those of front-track analysis. The diversity, richness and evenness of microorganisms in the lower activated carbon layer were higher than those in the middle and upper activated carbon layers. The greater the difference in the carbon layer height was, the greater the difference in the biological community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyue Jiang
- College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, 250101, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yonglei Wang
- College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, 250101, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liping Tian
- Weifang Municipal Public Utility Service Center, 261041, Weifang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yulei Liu
- Jinan Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute (Group) Co., Ltd., 250003, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianguang Liu
- College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, 250101, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guilin He
- College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, 250101, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingjing Li
- College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, 250101, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Chen H, Lin T, Yan X, Xu H. Elevated risk of haloacetonitrile formation during post-chlorination when applying sulfite/UV advanced reduction technology to eliminate bromate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150612. [PMID: 34597579 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The formation of haloacetonitriles (HANs) during chlorination after sulfite/ultraviolet (UV) treatment of bromate (BrO3-) in the presence of amino acids (AAs) was investigated. During sulfite/UV treatment, the primary species hydrated electrons (eaq-) and hydrogen atom radicals (H) dominated the reduction of BrO3- to bromide (Br-), whereas the sulfite anion radicals (SO3-) and H degraded AAs to produce the intermediates HN=C(CH3)-COOH, CH3-CH=NH, and CH3-C≡N via α‑hydrogen abstraction and NH2-hydrogen abstraction mechanisms. During post-chlorination, Br- was converted to HBrO/BrO-, and the HN=C(CH3)-COOH, CH3-CH=NH, and CH3-C≡N groups featured higher bromine utilization factor (BUF) and chlorine utilization factor (CUF) values than AAs, enhancing the formation of dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN) and dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN). The energetic feasibility of the transformation pathway, that is, HN=C(CH3)-COOH, CH3-CH=NH, and CH3-C ≡ N formation via hydrogen abstraction by SO3- and H and their further conversion to HANs, was proved by density functional theory calculations, which showed stepwise negative Gibbs free energy changes (ΔG < 0). The effects of pH and water matrices (e.g., HCO3-, Cl-, Fe3+, and natural organic matter) were comprehensively evaluated. Although 72% of BrO3- was removed by sulfite/UV treatment in the presence of AAs, the cytotoxicity index (CTI) and genotoxicity index (GTI) during post-chlorination increased by 213% and 125%, respectively, due to the formation of 24 CX3R-type disinfection by-products (DBPs), especially brominated DBPs. Accordingly, more attention should be given to the formation of brominated DBPs during post-chlorination when using sulfite/UV processes to remove BrO3- in the presence of AAs. As a solution, using monochloramine instead of chlorine as a disinfectant after the sulfite/UV process could significantly lower the CTI and GTI values by alleviating the formation of brominated DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Xiaoshu Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Hang Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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Xiang Y, Lu X, Liu Y, Yu C, Yang H, Gao N, Chu W, Zhang Y. Influence of chemical speciation on enrofloxacin degradation by UV irradiation: Kinetics, mechanism and disinfection by-products formation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131559. [PMID: 34280830 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) were frequently detected in aqueous environment. The UV irradiation have been reported as an efficient method for FQs degradation. This study investigated the influence of chemical speciation on enrofloxacin (ENR) photolysis process by UV irradiation. The results showed that chemical speciation of ENR significantly affected the photodegradation kinetics, and the highest degradation rate was observed in the zwitterion form. Presence of natural organic matter (NOM) and inorganic anions had different degrees of influences on ENR photodegradation for three chemical speciation of ENR. The contribution of 1O2 on ENR degradation in neutral and alkalinity condition was significantly higher than that in acidic condition. The cation and zwitterion of ENR was beneficial to the formation of trichloromethane (TCM) and haloacetonitrile (HAN) during the chlorination alone. Compared with the chlorination of ENR, the UV pretreatment respectively caused 4.06-fold and 3.14-fold decrease in TCM formation at acidic and neutral reaction condition during subsequent chlorination. Also the decrease in HAN formation at neutral and alkalinity condition was found after UV treatment followed by chlorination. The UV pretreatment caused higher yield of HAN in the subsequent chlorination at acidic condition than that at neutral and alkalinity condition. Through the UV pretreatment at neutral condition, the generated concentration of halonitromethane (HNM) reached the maximum value during the subsequent chlorination. Potential toxic risk analysis showed the toxicity decreased in zwitterion form of ENR, while toxicity increased in cationic and anionic form after UV irradiation pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanquan Xiang
- Engineering Research Center for Water Environment Ecology in Shanghai, College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xian Lu
- Engineering Research Center for Water Environment Ecology in Shanghai, College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yali Liu
- Engineering Research Center for Water Environment Ecology in Shanghai, College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Changye Yu
- Engineering Research Center for Water Environment Ecology in Shanghai, College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Huiting Yang
- Engineering Research Center for Water Environment Ecology in Shanghai, College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yinjiang Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Water Environment Ecology in Shanghai, College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
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Wang WL, Lee MY, Du Y, Zhou TH, Yang ZW, Wu QY, Hu HY. Understanding the influence of pre-ozonation on the formation of disinfection byproducts and cytotoxicity during post-chlorination of natural organic matter: UV absorbance and electron-donating-moiety of molecular weight fractions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106793. [PMID: 34332302 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pre-ozonation can reduce the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and related adverse effects during subsequent chlorination, but the change of each molecular weight (MW) fraction during each step of combined pre-ozonation and post-chlorination has not been well illustrated. In this study, it was investigated in terms of electron-donating-moieties (EDMs) and UVA254 for a representative natural organic matter from Suwanee river (SRNOM). Pre-ozonation suppressed the post-chlorination of SRNOM through oxidation of almost all EDMs (>85%) and UVA254 (>90%) in high MW fractions (HMW, >3.2 kDa) and moderate EDMs (43%) and UVA254 (72%) in medium MW fractions (MMW, 1.0-3.2 kDa). Furthermore, pre-ozonation led to comparable abatements of EDMs and UVA254 for HMW fractions, but lower abatement of EDMs than UVA254 for MMW fractions. However, when t-BuOH was used as an •OH-quencher, pre-ozonation led to a few instances in which there were higher abatements of EDMs than UVA254 for the MMW fraction. These findings suggested that the HMW fraction dominantly underwent ring-cleavage of phenols via O3- or •OH-oxidation. Differently, the MMW fraction underwent ring-cleavage of phenols and quinones-formation via O3-oxidation, but occasionally underwent hydroxylation and hydro-phenol formation via •OH-oxidation. Because of forehand elimination of reactive moieties (e.g. EDMs), pre-ozonation obviously inhibited the formation of representative DBPs (67%-84% inhibition), total organic chloride (51% inhibition) and cytotoxicity (31% inhibition), but may have promoted the formation of carbonyl-DBPs (trichloroacetone and chloral hydrate). When compared with UVA254, EDMs would better for surrogate of DBPs formation. EDM abatement surrogated the formation of total organic chlorine (TOCl) and cytotoxicity following a two-stage phase, possibly because the speciation of DBPs and transformation products varied with the abatement of EDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Min-Yong Lee
- Department of Environmental Resources Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Seogu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Du
- College of Architecture & Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, PR China
| | - Tian-Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zheng-Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
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21
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Du Z, Jia R, Song W, Wang Y, Zhang M, Pan Z, Sun S. The characteristic of N-nitrosodimethylamine precursor release from algal organic matter and degradation performance of UV/H 2O 2/O 3 technology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148739. [PMID: 34328925 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic water releases algal organic matter (AOM), which contains large amount of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and is difficult to be removed effectively by conventional treatment processes (e.g., coagulation and sand filtration) because of its high hydrophilicity. Moreover, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) can be generated by the reaction of AOM with disinfectants in the subsequent disinfection process. In this study, the formation of NDMA from different AOM components was explored and the control of algal-derived NDMA precursors by UV/H2O2/O3 was evaluated. The results showed that the hydrophilic and polar components of AOM with the low molecular weight had higher NDMA yields. UV-based advanced oxidation process (AOPs) is effective in degrading NDMA precursors, while the removal rate can be affected greatly by UV doses. The removal rate of NDMA precursors by UV/H2O2/O3 is higher than by UV/H2O2 or UV/O3 which can reach 95% at the UV dose of 400 mJ/cm2. An alkaline environment reduces the oxidation efficiency of UV/H2O2/O3 technology, while an acidic environment is conducive to its function. Inorganic anions such as HCO3-, SO42-, Cl- and NO3- are potential to compete with target algal-derived NDMA precursors for the oxidants reaction and inhibit the degradation/removal of these precursors. The degradation of algal-derived NDMA precursors by UV/H2O2/O3 is mainly accomplished by the oxidation of DON with secondary amide groups, and the main degradation mechanism by UV/H2O2/O3 was through the initial decomposition of macromolecular organic compounds such as biopolymers and humic substances and the further degradation of resulting small molecular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqi Du
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, 250101 Jinan, China; Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, 250101 Jinan, China
| | - Ruibao Jia
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, 250101 Jinan, China.
| | - Wuchang Song
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, 250101 Jinan, China
| | - Yonglei Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, 250101 Jinan, China; Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, 250101 Jinan, China.
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, 250101 Jinan, China; Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, 250101 Jinan, China
| | - Zhangbin Pan
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, 250101 Jinan, China; College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580 Qingdao, China
| | - Shaohua Sun
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, 250101 Jinan, China
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22
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Huang Y, Ding S, Li L, Liao Q, Chu W, Li H. Ultrasound-enhanced coagulation for Microcystis aeruginosa removal and disinfection by-product control during subsequent chlorination. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 201:117334. [PMID: 34161875 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound techniques have gained increased interest in environmental remediation because of their promising performance and reagent-free nature. This study investigated the effects of ultrasound-coagulation on Microcystis aeruginosa removal, disinfection by-product (DBP) formation during subsequent chlorination, and acute toxicity and DBP-associated toxicity variations in chlorinated effluents. Compared with coagulation using polymeric aluminum chloride (5 mg-Al/L) alone, ultrasound-coagulation showed significantly enhanced turbidity removal, with the removal ratio increasing from 51% to 87%-96%. Although the addition of ultrasound may not substantially improve and even deteriorate the coagulation removal of DOC following the leakage of intracellular organic matter, the significantly improved DBP control was achieved as the cells dominated DBP formation. With the addition of ultrasound, the chlorine demand, aggregate DBP concentration and total organic halogen concentration reductions in the chlorinated M. aeruginosa solution increased from 15%, 47% and 52% (coagulation alone), respectively, to 56%-78%, 56%-80% and 68%-89%. The enhanced DBP mitigation was mainly attributed to the enhanced algal removal. Similarly, the acute toxicity and DBP-associated toxicity of chlorinated effluents further decreased from 100% and 0.0092 (coagulation alone) to 30%-88% and 0.0029-0.0060. Therefore, ultrasound-enhanced coagulation is a promising strategy for urgent algal removal, DBP mitigation and toxicity abatement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangrui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qingying Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Huaizheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Liu X, Ding S, Wang P, Hong Y, Zhao H, Chu W. Simultaneous mitigation of disinfection by-product formation and odor compounds by peroxide/Fe(II)-based process: Combination of oxidation and coagulation. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 201:117327. [PMID: 34144483 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To remove disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors and mitigate odor compounds, peroxide (peroxymonosulfate and persulfate)/Fe(II)-based process was applied as a combination of coagulation and oxidation. Compared with traditional Fe-based salt coagulation (FeSO4 and FeCl3), peroxide/Fe(II)-based process was more efficient in dissolved organic carbon, UV254 and turbidity removal, and peroxymonosulfate showed better performance than persulfate. The better coagulation performance arose from a combination of enhanced neutralization and different characteristics of flocs. Even though the combined process would increase the bromine substitution factor of DBPs, DBP formation and DBP-associated toxicity after peroxide/Fe(II)-based process were 9.2-38.8% and 5.2-27.2% lower than that after conventional Fe(III) coagulation. Both enhanced dissolved organic matter removal and oxidation of DBP precursors played vital roles in DBP control. Conventional Fe-based salt coagulation could hardly remove odor compounds (less than 10%, generally), whereas 28.2-84.9% of odor compounds were degraded during peroxide/Fe(II)-based process, due to free radical formation. This study demonstrated that PMS/Fe(II)-based process might be a promising treatment process for simultaneous DBP control and odor removal in source water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Pin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yuntao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hongying Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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24
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Yu H, Chang H, Li X, Zhou Z, Song W, Ji H, Liang H. Long-term fouling evolution of polyvinyl chloride ultrafiltration membranes in a hybrid short-length sedimentation/ ultrafiltration process for drinking water production. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has recently received much attention as a safe and clean energy carrier for hydrogen molecules. In this study, based on direct ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) calculations, we demonstrated that H2O2 is directly formed via the photoelectron detachment of O-(H2O)n (n = 1-6) (water clusters of an oxygen radical anion). Three electronic states of oxygen atoms were examined in the calculations: O(X)(H2O)n (X = 3P, 1D, and 1S states). After the photoelectron detachment of O-(H2O)n (n = 1) to the 1S state, a complex comprising O(1S) and H2O, O(1S)-OH2, was formed. A hydrogen atom of H2O immediately transferred to O(1S) during an intracluster reaction to form H2O2 as the final product. Simulations were run to obtain a total of 33 trajectories for n = 1 that all led to the formation of H2O2. The average reaction time of H2O2 formation was calculated to be 57.7 fs in the case of n = 1, indicating that the reaction was completed within 100 fs of electron detachment. All the reaction systems O(1S)(H2O)n (n = 1-6) indicated the formation of H2O2 by the same mechanism. The reaction times for n = 2-6 were calculated to range between 80 and 180 fs, indicating that the reaction for n = 1 is faster than that of the larger clusters, that is, the larger the cluster size, the slower the reaction is. The reaction dynamics of the triplet O(3P) and singlet O(1D) potential energy surfaces were calculated for comparison. All calculations yielded the dissociation product O(X)(H2O)n → O(X) + (H2O)n (X = 3P and 1D), indicating that the O(1S) state contributes to the formation of H2O2. The reaction mechanism was discussed based on the theoretical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Tachikawa
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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26
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Peng L, Wang F, Zhang D, Fang C, van der Hoek JP, Chu W. Effect of oxidation ditch and anaerobic-anoxic-oxic processes on CX 3R-type disinfection by-product formation during wastewater treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145344. [PMID: 33515881 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The high chlorine dosages in wastewater treatment plants during the COVID-19 pandemic may result in increased formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), posing great threat to the aquatic ecosystem of the receiving water body and the public health in the downstream area. However, limited information is available on the effect of biological wastewater treatment processes on the formation of CX3R-type DBPs. This study investigated the effect of oxidation ditch (OD) and anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (AAO), two widely used biological wastewater treatment processes, on the formation of five classes of CX3R-type DBPs, including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetaldehydes (HALs), haloacetonitriles (HANs) and halonitromethanes (HNMs), during chlorination. Experimental results showed that biological treatment effectively reduced the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and UV254, while it increased the dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and therefore the ratio of DON/DOC. In addition, increases in the contents of soluble microbial product- and humic acid-like matters, and the transformation of high molecular weight (MW) fractions in the dissolved organic matter into low MW fractions were observed after OD and AAO processes. Although biological treatment effectively decreased the formation of Cl-THMs, Cl-HAAs, Cl-HANs and Cl-HNMs, the formation of DBCM, DBAA, BDCAA, DBCAA, DCAL, TCAL and DBAN (where C = chloro, B = bromo, D = di, T = tri) all increased significantly, due to the increased formation reactivity. Moreover, biological treatment increased the ratio of bromide/DOC and bromine incorporation into THMs, HAAs and DHANs except for HALs and THANs. Different from previous studies, this study revealed that biological treatment increased the formation of some DBPs, especially brominated DBPs, despite the efficient removal of organic matters. It provides insights into the DBP risk control in wastewater treatment, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jan Peter van der Hoek
- Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands; Research & Innovation, Waternet, Korte Ouderkerkerdijk 7, 1096 AC Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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27
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Polymer brush-grafted cotton fiber for the efficient removal of aromatic halogenated disinfection by-products in drinking water. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 597:66-74. [PMID: 33865079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Apart from the activated carbon, other functional adsorbents are usually not frequently reported for the removal of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water. In this study, a novel polymer brush-grafted cotton fiber was prepared and for the first time used as adsorbents for the efficient removal of aromatic halogenated DBPs in drinking water in the column adsorption mode. Poly (glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) was grafted onto the surface of cotton fibers via UV irradiation, and then diethylenetriamine was immobilized on the PGMA polymer brush through amination reaction to obtain the aminated cotton fibers (ACFs). The adsorption performance of the prepared ACF was investigated with eight aromatic halogenated DBPs via dynamic adsorption experiments. The results revealed that ACF showed significantly longer breakthrough point (38,500-225,500 BV) for aromatic halogenated DBPs compared with the granular activated carbon (150-500 BV). Thomas model was used to fit the breakthrough curves, and the theoretical value of the maximum adsorption capacity ranged from 14.76 to 89.47 mg/g. The enhanced adsorption performance of the ACF for aromatic halogenated DBPs was mainly due to the formation of hydrogen bonds. Additionally, the partially protonated amine groups also improved the adsorption performance. Furthermore, the ACF also showed remarkable stability and reusability.
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28
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Tan C, Sun K, Cui X, Sheng T, Xu T, Gao H. Kinetic degradation of anti-inflammatory drugs in ozone combined free active chlorine system. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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29
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Kanan A, Soyluoglu M, Karanfil T. Removal of the precursors of regulated DBPs and TOX from surface waters and wastewater effluents using mixed anion exchange resins. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128094. [PMID: 33297090 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Both organic and inorganic precursors play important roles in the formation and speciation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of three different anion exchange resins for removing both organic and inorganic DBP precursors simultaneously in a single treatment system. Resins in the single (Purolite®-Br, MIEX®-Br, and MIEX®-Gold) and mixed (Purolite®-Br with MIEX®-Gold and MIEX®-Br with MIEX®-Gold) application modes were tested and compared for the removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), bromide (Br-), and iodide (I-) from a raw source water and a treated wastewater effluent. Uniform formation condition (UFC) tests were conducted to measure the concentrations of trihalomethanes (THM4), haloacetic acids (HAA9), haloacetonitriles (HAN6), and total organic halides (TOX): total organic chlorine (TOCl), total organic bromine (TOBr), and total organic iodine (TOI) before and after the anion exchange resin treatments. The anion exchange treatment substantially lowered the DOC, UV254 absorbing matter, dissolved nitrogen (DN), Br-, and I-. Consequently, the formation of THM4, HAA9, HAN6, and TOX in the examined chlorinated water samples were reduced significantly. The maximum reduction in THM4 and TOX (66-69% and 61%, respectively) from wastewater effluent was achieved by the mixed resin system, which also reduced the THM4 and TOX by 77% and 77%, respectively, from raw source water. Overall, mixed resin systems (a DOC-selective and a Br-selective resin) resulted in lower amounts of THM4 and HAA9 formation during subsequent chlorination with lower bromine incorporation as compared to single resin systems. Furthermore, they exhibited lower TOBr formation, while TOI formation was not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Kanan
- Department of Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Quds University, Palestine
| | - Meryem Soyluoglu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC, 29634, USA.
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Chen H, Lin T, Zhang S, Chen W, Xu H, Tao H. Covalent organic frameworks as an efficient adsorbent for controlling the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in chlorinated drinking water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141138. [PMID: 32795759 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
2,5-Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine-1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol covalent organic frameworks (PATP COF) were prepared and used as novel adsorbent for controlling the formation potential (FP) and reducing the toxic potential of both carbonaceous disinfection by-products (C-DBPs) and nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs) during their subsequent chlorination. During the PATP COF adsorption pretreatment process, the FP of C-DBPs, N-DBPs and total organic halogen (TOX) were reduced by 86.5, 75.4 and 81.1%, respectively. These removal efficiencies were significantly higher when compared with those obtained using a traditional activated carbon (AC) adsorption pretreatment process (42.7, 19.4 and 28.7%, respectively). By comprehensive toxicity calculations, a significant reduction in both the acute and chronic toxic potential of C-DBPs and N-DBPs were observed during the PATP COF adsorption process (with reduction rates of ~85 and ~ 75% observed for the C-DBPs and N-DBPs, respectively), which were comparable to the removal efficiencies observed for C-DBPs FP and N-DBPs FP by weight, suggesting the simultaneous and effective control of DBPs FP and their toxic potential. Cycling tests and stability trial also showed the excellent reusability, wide pH adaptability, and high stability of PATP COF, demonstrating its great potential application to the treatment of drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Shisheng Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Hang Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Hui Tao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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He J, Shi M, Wang F, Duan Y, Zhao T, Shu S, Chu W. Removal of CX 3R-type disinfection by-product precursors from rainwater with conventional drinking water treatment processes. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116099. [PMID: 32739696 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In addition to surface water and groundwater, rainwater is used as an important drinking water source in many parts of the world, especially in areas with serious water pollution or insufficient water resources. Conventional drinking water treatment technologies can remove dissolved organic matter and therefore reduce the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during subsequent disinfection using surface water or groundwater as drinking water sources. However, little information has been known about the effect of conventional water treatment processes on DBP formation when rainwater is used as drinking water source. This study evaluated CX3R-type DBP precursors removal from rainwater by conventional drinking water treatments and the corresponding decrease of CX3R-type DBP (trihalomethanes (THMs), haloaldehydes (HALs), haloacetonitriles (HANs) and haloacetamides (HAMs)) formation and toxicity during the subsequent chlor(am)ination. The result showed that both sand filtration (SF) and activated carbon filtration (GAC) were able to remove DBP precursors and GAC outperformed SF, but no DBP precursors removal was observed during coagulation-sedimentation treatment. Among all treatments, SF + GAC was the most effective for DBP precursors removal, with removal efficiencies of 64.2% DOC, 98% DON and 76.6% UV254. Correspondingly, both SF and GAC decreased the formation of THMs, HALs, HANs and HAMs, and GAC performed better than SF. The combination of SF and GAC, especially SF + GAC, greatly decreased DBP formation, with average reduction of 79.2% and 85% during chlorination and chloramination respectively. After different treatments, the comprehensive toxicity risk of CX3R-type DBPs was all reduced, among which GAC + SF exhibited superior performance. Generally, the main contribution of integrated toxicity was HANs during chlor(am)ination. The formation potential of THMs, HALs, HANs and HAMs and the corresponding integrated toxicity were greater during chlorination than that during chloramination. Therefore, the combination of GAC and chloramination was promising in mitigating the comprehensive toxicity risk of THMs, HALs, HANs and HAMs for rainwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijie He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, National Centre for International Research of Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Minghao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, National Centre for International Research of Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Youli Duan
- Shanghai Leeya Ecological Engineering Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Tiantao Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Shihu Shu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, National Centre for International Research of Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Tan C, Cui X, Sun K, Xiang H, Du E, Deng L, Gao H. Kinetic mechanism of ozone activated peroxymonosulfate system for enhanced removal of anti-inflammatory drugs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 733:139250. [PMID: 32446064 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was employed as an activator of ozone (O3) to degrade non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (aspirin (ASA) and phenacetin (PNT)) in study. The combination of PMS in O3 system promoted the O3 decomposition and NSAIDs removal significantly. O3 molecule, hydroxyl radical (OH) and sulfate radical (SO4-) were responsible for the removal of target pollutants in O3/PMS system. The second-rate constants between O3, OH and SO4- with ASA were determined to be 7.32, 4.18 × 109 and 3.46 × 108 M-1·s-1, and 37.3, 4.99 × 109 and 5.64 × 108 M-1·s-1 for PNT, respectively. The pattern of pollutant removal and contributions of oxidative species were fitted by experiments and two models. Nevertheless, the wide variety of two models suggested that a comprehensive model for O3/PMS based on a first-principles approach was not yet possible, due to the number of radicals and subsequent chain reaction, such as SO5- or O3-. In addition, the formation of five typical CX3R -type disinfection by products was evaluated from post‑chlorine tests and theoretically calculation by frontier electron density calculation. The calculated toxicity of typical CX3R -type DBPs was found to decrease with the increase of pH. The results of this study provide a basis for exploring the mechanism of pollutant degradation in O3 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Tan
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Xinxin Cui
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Kecun Sun
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Huiming Xiang
- Skate Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai City 200092, China
| | - Erdeng Du
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Ling Deng
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Haiying Gao
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Luo X, Zhu S, Wang J, Sun J, Bu L, Zhou S. Formation, speciation and toxicity of CX 3R-type disinfection by-products (DBPs) from chlor(am)ination of 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 191:110247. [PMID: 32004943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB), a newly identified algal toxins in water, pose a great threat to human health. DAB may react with chlorine or chloramine to produce CX3R-type disinfection by-products (DBPs) during water treatment processes. This study mainly investigated the formation and speciation of DBPs from chlor(am)ination of DAB. The results revealed that haloacetic acids (HAAs), trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetonitriles (HANs) were the main kinds of CX3R-type DBPs generated from DAB during chlor(am)ination, of which dichloroacetic acid yielded the highest. The formation and total toxicity of four CX3R-type DBPs from DAB during chloramination was significantly lower than that during chlorination at each Cl2:N molar ratio. However, more formation of Br-THMs and I-THMs were observed during chloramination in the presence of Br-/I-. Futhermore, the effects of chlor(am)ine dosage, solution pH, reaction time, and the concentration of Br- and I- on the formation and speciation of CX3R-type DBPs were also evaluated during chlor(am)ination. The plausible formation pathways of CX3R-type DBPs from DAB were proposed and verified by theoretical calculation. The quantum chemistry calculations indicate that 1N in DAB and 8N in 2,4-diaminochlorobutyric acid (C4H9O2N2Cl) were more likely to be attacked by electrophiles, supporting the proposed pathway schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China
| | - Shumin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China.
| | - Jue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China
| | - Julong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China
| | - Lingjun Bu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China.
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