Applying EEM-PARAFAC combined with moving-window 2DCOS and structural equation modeling to characterize binding properties of Cu (II) with DOM from different sources in an urbanized river

Molecular spectra and docking simulations investigated the binding mechanisms of tetracycline onto E. coli extracellular polymeric substances

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which were an important fraction of natural organic matter (NOM), played an important role in various environmental processes. However, the heterogeneity, complexity, and dynamics of EPS make their interactions with antibiotics elusive. Using advanced multispectral technology, this study examined how EPS interacts with different concentrations of tetracycline (TC) in the soil system. Our results demonstrated that protein-like (C1), fulvic-like (C2), and humic-like (C3) fractions were identified from EPS. Two-dimensional synchronous correlation spectroscopy (2D-SF-COS) indicated that the protein-like fraction gave faster responses than the fulvic-like fraction during the TC binding process. The sequence of structural changes in EPS due to TC binding was revealed by two-dimensional Fourier Transformation Infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS) as follows: 1550 > 1660 > 1395 > 1240 > 1087 cm-1. It is noteworthy that the sensitivity of the amide group to TC has been preserved, with its intensity gradually increasing to become the primary binding site for TC. The integration of hetero-2DCOS maps with moving window 2D correlation spectroscopy (MW2DCOS) provided a unique insight into understanding the correlation between EPS fractions and functional groups during the TC binding process. Moreover, molecular docking (MD) discovered that the extracellular proteins would provide plenty of binding sites with TC through salt bridges, hydrogen bonds, and π-π base-stacking forces. With these results, systematic investigations of the dynamic changes in EPS components under different concentrations of antibiotic exposure demonstrated the advanced capabilities of multispectral technology in examining intricate interactions with EPS in the soil environment.

Regional differences in lead (Pb) and tetracycline (TC) binding behavior of sediment dissolved organic matter (SDOM): Effects of DOM heterogeneity and microbial degradation

Lake Nansi, primarily dominated by macrophytes, faces threats from heavy metals and antibiotics due to human activity. This study investigated sediment dissolved organic matter (SDOM) characteristics and complexation of lead (Pb) and tetracycline (TC) in barren zone (BZ) and submerged macrophytes zone (PZ). Additionally, a microbial degradation experiment was conducted to examine its impact on the regional variations in complexation. SDOM abundance and protein-like materials in PZ was significantly greater than in BZ, indicating a probable contribution from the metabolism and decomposition of submerged macrophytes. Both zones exhibited a higher affinity of SDOM for Pb compared to TC, with all four components participating in Pb complexation. Protein-like materials in PZ had a higher binding ability (LogKPb=4.19 ± 1.07, LogKTC=3.89 ± 0.67) than in BZ (LogKPb=3.98 ± 0.61, LogKTC=3.69 ± 0.13), suggesting a potential presence of organically bound Pb and TC due to the higher abundance of protein-like materials in PZ. Although microbial communities differed noticeably, the degradation patterns of SDOM were similar in both zones, affecting the binding ability of SDOM in each. Notably, the fulvic-like component C4 emerged as the dominant binding material for both Pb and TC in both zones. Degradation might increase the amount of organically bound TC due to the increase in the LogKTC.

Unravelling structure evolution of dissolved organic matter during oxidation by persulfate: Insights from aromaticity and fluorescence analysis

Persulfate advanced oxidation technology is widely utilized for remediating organic-contaminated groundwater. Post-remediation by persulfate oxidation, the aromaticity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in groundwater is significantly reduced. Nevertheless, the evolution trends of aromaticity and related structural changes in DOM remained unclear. Here, we selected eight types of DOM to analyze the variation in aromaticity, molecular weight, and fluorescence characteristics during oxidation by persulfate using optical spectroscopy and parallel faction analysis combined with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy analysis (2D PARAFAC COS). The results showed diverse trends in the changes of aromaticity and maximum fluorescence intensity (Fmax) among different types of DOM as the reaction time increases. Four types of DOM (humic acid 1S104H, fulvic acid, and natural organic matters) exhibited an initially noteworthy increase in aromaticity followed by a decrease, while others demonstrated a continuous decreasing trend (14.3%-69.4%). The overall decreasing magnitude of DOM aromaticity follows the order of natural organic matters ≈ commercial humic acid > fulvic acid > extracted humic acid. The Fmax of humic acid increased, exception of commercial humic acid. The Fmax of fulvic acid initially decreased and then increased, while that of natural organic matters exhibited a decreasing trend (86.4%). The fulvic acid-like substance is the main controlling factor for the aromaticity and molecular weight of DOM during persulfate oxidation process. The oxidation sequence of fluorophores in DOM is as follows: fulvic-like substance, microbial-derived humic-like substance, humic-like substance, and aquatic humic-like substance. The fulvic-like and microbial-derived humic-like substances at longer excitation wavelengths were more sensitive to the response of persulfate oxidation than that of shorter excitation wavelengths. This result reveals the structure evolution of DOM during persulfate oxidation process and provides further support for predicting its environmental behavior.

Insight into spatial variations of DOM fractions and its interactions with microbial communities of shallow groundwater in a mesoscale lowland river watershed

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a crucial role in driving biogeochemical processes and determining water quality in shallow groundwater systems, where DOM could be susceptible to dynamic influences of surface water influx. This study employed fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy combined with principal component coefficients, parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), co-occurrence network analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine changes of DOM fractions from surface water to shallow groundwater in a mesoscale lowland river basin. Combining stable isotope and hydrochemical parameters, except for surface water (SW), two groups of groundwater samples were defined, namely, deeply influenced by surface water (IGW) and groundwater nearly non-influenced by surface water (UGW), which were 50.34 % and 19.39 % recharged by surface water, respectively. According to principal component coefficients, reassembled EEM data of these categories highlighted variations of the tyrosine-like peak in DOM. EEMs coupled with PARAFAC extracted five components (C1-C5), i.e. C1, protein-like substances, C2 and C4, humic-like substances, and C3 and C5, microbial-related substances. The abundance of the protein-like was SW > IGW > UGW, while the order of the humic-like was opposite. The bacterial communities exhibited an obvious cluster across three regions, which hinted their sensitivity to variations in environmental conditions. Based on co-occurrence, SW represented the highest connectivity between bacterial OTUs and DOM fractions, followed by IGW and UGW. SEM revealed that microbial activities increased bioavailability of the humic-like in the SW and IGW, whereas microbial compositions promoted the evolution of humic-like substances in the UGW. Generally, these results could be conducive to discern dissimilarity in DOM fractions across surface water and shallow groundwater, and further trace their interactions in the river watershed.

Role of BP-ANN in simulating greenhouse gas emissions from global aquatic ecosystems via carbon component-environmental factor coupling

Inland waters (IW), estuarine areas (EA), and offshore areas (OA) function as aquatic systems in which the transport of carbon components results in the release of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Interconnected subsystems exhibit a greater greenhouse effect than individual systems. Despite this, there is a lack of research on how carbon loading and its components impact GHG emissions in various aquatic systems. In this study, we analyzed 430 aquatic sites to explore trade-off mechanisms among dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and GHGs. The results revealed that IW emerged as the most significant GHG source, possessing a comprehensive global warming potential (GWP) of 0.78 ± 0.08 (10-2 Pg CO2-ep ha-1 year-1) for combined carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. This surpassed the cumulative potentials of EA and OA (0.35 ± 0.05 (10-2 Pg CO2-ep ha-1 year-1)). Additionally, structural equation modeling indicated that GHG emissions resulted from a combination of carbon component loading and environmental factors. DOC exhibited a positive correlation with GWPs when influenced by biodegradable DOC. Total alkalinity and pH influenced DIC, leading to elevated pCO2 in aquatic systems, thereby enhancing GWPs. Predictive modeling using backpropagation artificial neural networks (BP-ANN) for GWPs, incorporating carbon components and environmental factors, demonstrated a good fit (R2 = 0.6078, RMSEaverage = 0.069, p > 0.05) between observed and predicted values. Enhancing the estimation of aquatic region feedback to GHG changes was achieved by incorporating corresponding water quality parameters. In summary, this study underscores the pivotal role of carbon components and environmental factors in aquatic regions for GHG emissions. The application of BP-ANN to estimate greenhouse effects from aquatic regions is highlighted, providing theoretical and experimental support for future advancements in monitoring and developing policies concerning the influence of water quality on GHG emissions.

Insights into the characteristics of changes in dissolved organic matter fluorescence components on the natural attenuation process of toluene

Natural attenuation (NA) is of great significance for the remediation of contaminated groundwater, and how to identify NA patterns of toluene in aquifers more quickly and effectively poses an urgent challenge. In this study, the NA of toluene in two typical soils was conducted by means of soil column experiment. Based on column experiments, dissolved organic matter (DOM) was rapidly identified using fluorescence spectroscopy, and the relationship between DOM and the NA of toluene was established through structural equation modeling analysis. The adsorption rates of toluene in clay and sandy soil were 39 % and 26 %, respectively. The adsorption capacity and total NA capacity of silty clay were large. The occurrence of fluorescence peaks of protein-like components and specific products indicated the occurrence of biodegradation. Arenimonas, Acidovorax and Brevundimonas were the main degrading bacteria identified in Column A, while Pseudomonas, Azotobacter and Mycobacterium were the main ones identified in Column B. The pH, ORP, and Fe(II) were the most important factors affecting the composition of microbial communities, which in turn affected the NA of toluene. These results provide a new way to quickly identify NA of toluene.

Diverse Applications of Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy (2D-COS)

This second of the two-part series of a comprehensive survey review provides the diverse applications of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) covering different probes, perturbations, and systems in the last two years. Infrared spectroscopy has maintained its top popularity in 2D-COS over the past two years. Fluorescence spectroscopy is the second most frequently used analytical method, which has been heavily applied to the analysis of heavy metal binding, environmental, and solution systems. Various other analytical methods including laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, capillary electrophoresis, seismologic, and so on, have also been reported. In the last two years, concentration, composition, and pH are the main effects of perturbation used in the 2D-COS fields, as well as temperature. Environmental science is especially heavily studied using 2D-COS. This comprehensive survey review shows that 2D-COS undergoes continuous evolution and growth, marked by novel developments and successful applications across diverse scientific fields.

Spatial distribution of sediment dissolved organic matter in oligotrophic lakes and its binding characteristics with Pb(II) and Cu(II)

Dissolved organic matter (DOM), the most active component in interstitial waters, determines the stability of heavy metals and secondary release in sediments. However, little is known about the composition and metal-binding patterns of DOM in interstitial water from oligotrophic lakes affected by different anthropogenic perturbations. Here, 18 interstitial water samples were prepared from sediments in agricultural, residential, tourist, and forest regions in an oligotrophic lake (Shengzhong Lake in Sichuan Province, China) watershed. Interstitial water quality and DOM composition, properties, and Cu(II)- and Pb(II)-binding characteristics were measured via physicochemical analysis, UV-vis spectroscopic, fluorescence excitation-emission matrix-parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC), and fluorescence titration methods. The DOM, which was produced mainly by microbial activities, had low molecular weights, humification degrees, and aromaticity. Based on EEM-PARAFAC results, the DOM was generally composed of tryptophan- (57.7%), terrestrial humic- (18.7%), microbial humic- (15.6%), and tyrosine-like (8.0%) substances. The DOM in the metal complexes was primarily composed of tryptophan-like substances, which accounted for ~42.6% of the DOM-Cu(II) complexes and ~72.0% of the DOM-Pb(II) complexes; however, microbial humic-like substances primarily contributed to the stability of DOM-Cu(II) (logKCu = 3.7-4.6) and DOM-Pb(II) (logKPb = 4.3-4.8). Water quality parameters did not significantly affect the stability of DOM-metal complexes. We demonstrated that the metal-binding patterns of DOM in interstitial water from oligotrophic lakes are highly dependent on microbial DOM composition and are affected by anthropogenic perturbations to a lesser extent.

Labile dissolved organic matter (DOM) and nitrogen inputs modified greenhouse gas dynamics: A source-to-estuary study of the Yangtze River

Although rivers are increasingly recognized as essential sources of greenhouse gases (GHG) to the atmosphere, few systematic efforts have been made to reveal the drivers of spatiotemporal variations of dissolved GHG (dGHG) in large rivers under increasing anthropogenic stress and intensified hydrological cycling. Here, through a source-to-estuary survey of the Yangtze River in March (spring) and October (autumn) of 2018, we revealed that labile dissolved organic matter (DOM) and nitrogen inputs remarkably modified the spatiotemporal distribution of dGHG. The average partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), CH4 and N2O concentrations of all sampling sites in the Yangtze River were 1015 ± 225 μatm, and 87.5± 36.5 nmol L-1, and 20.3 ± 6.6 nmol L-1, respectively, significantly lower than the global average. In terms of longitudinal and seasonal variations, higher GHG concentrations were observed in the middle-lower reach in spring. The dominant drivers of spatiotemporal variations in dGHG were labile, protein-like DOM components and nitrogen level. Compared with the historical data of dGHG from published literature, we found a significant increase in N2O concentrations in the Yangtze River during 2004-2018, and the increasing trend was consistent with the rising riverine nitrogen concentrations. Our study emphasized the critical roles of labile DOM and nitrogen inputs in driving the spatial hotspots, seasonal variations and annual trends of dGHG. These findings can contribute to constraining the global GHG budget estimations and controls of GHG emission in large rivers in response to global change.

Effect of pyrolysis temperature on the binding characteristics of DOM derived from livestock manure biochar with Cu(II)

Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM) has the potential to influence the environmental application of biochar and the behavior of heavy metals. In this study, the binding properties of BDOM derived from livestock manure biochar at different pyrolysis temperatures with Cu(II) were investigated based on a multi-analytical approach. The results showed that the DOC concentration, aromatics, and humification degree of BDOM were higher in the process of low pyrolysis of biochar. The pyrolysis temperature changed the composition of BDOM functional groups, which affected the binding mechanism of BDOM-Cu(II). Briefly, humic-like and protein-like substances dominated BDOM-Cu(II) binding at low and high pyrolysis temperatures, respectively. The higher binding capacity for Cu(II) was exhibited by BDOM derived from the lower pyrolysis temperature, due to the carboxyl as the main binding site in humic acid had high content and binding ability at low-temperature. The amide in proteins only participated in the BDOM-Cu(II) binding at high pyrolysis temperature, and polysaccharides also played an important role in the binding process. Moreover, the biochar underwent the secondary reaction at certain high temperatures, which led to condensation reaction of the aromatic structure and the conversion of large molecules into small molecules, affecting the BDOM-Cu(II) binding sites.

Nutrients recovery by coupled bioreactor of heterotrophic ammonia assimilation and microbial fuel cell in saline wastewater

Heterotrophic ammonia assimilation (HAA) process had been widely used in the treatment of high salt wastewater, but the electro enhanced coupling process and electron transfer process were rarely studied. In this study, a HAA process coupled microbial fuel cell (MFC) system was established to treat ammonia-containing wastewater under increasing salinity to achieve nitrogen recovery and electricity generation. Up to 95.4 % NH4+-N and 96.4 % COD removal efficiencies were achieved at 2 % salinity in HAA-MFC. The maximum power density and current density at 2 % salinity were 29.93 mW/m2 and 182.37 mA/m2, respectively. The residual organic matter in the cathode effluent was effectively removed by the anode. The increase of salinity not only enhanced the sludge settling performance and activity, but also promoted the enzyme activity and amino acid production of the ammonia assimilation pathway. Marinobacter and Halomonas were gradually enriched at the anode and cathode with increased salinity to promote ammonia assimilation and electron production. This research offered a promising solution to overcome salinity-related challenges in wastewater treatment and resource recovery.

Deciphering DOM-metal binding using EEM-PARAFAC: Mechanisms, challenges, and perspectives

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a pivotal component of the biogeochemical cycles and can combine with metal ions through chelation or complexation. Understanding this process is crucial for tracing metal solubility, mobility, and bioavailability. Fluorescence excitation emission matrix (EEM) and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) has emerged as a popular tool in deciphering DOM-metal interactions. In this review, we primarily discuss the advantages of EEM-PARAFAC compared with other algorithms and its main limitations in studying DOM-metal binding, including restrictions in spectral considerations, mathematical assumptions, and experimental procedures, as well as how to overcome these constraints and shortcomings. We summarize the principles of EEM to uncover DOM-metal association, including why fluorescence gets quenched and some potential mechanisms that affect the accuracy of fluorescence quenching. Lastly, we review some significant and innovative research, including the application of 2D-COS in DOM-metal binding analysis, hoping to provide a fresh perspective for possible future hotspots of study. We argue the expansion of EEM applications to a broader range of areas related to natural organic matter. This extension would facilitate our exploration of the mobility and fate of metals in the environment.

Removing DOM from chloride modified hydrochar could improve Cu2+ adsorption capacity from aqueous solution

The behavior and composition of hydrochar-based dissolved organic matter (DOM) would affect the efficiency of copper (Cu) removal from wastewater through adsorption. In this study, the reed was hydrolyzed in the presence of feedwater with and without ZnCl2, FeCl3, and SnCl4 to produce pristine hydrochars (PHCs), which were named H2O-HC, ZnCl2-HC, FeCl3-HC, and SnCl4-HC. After removal of DOM, washed hydrochars (WHCs) were obtained, labelled as W-H2O-HC, W-ZnCl2-HC, W-FeCl3-HC, and W-SnCl4-HC. The release dynamics of DOM from PHCs were analyzed, and the adsorption behaviors of Cu2+ on both PHCs and WHCs were investigated. The results showed that chloride-modifications were beneficial for the porosity, specific surface area (SSA), and functional groups of WHCs. Meanwhile, the quantity of hydrochar-based DOM was significantly affected by chloride-modifications. In particular, the relative contents of Ar-P and Fa-L in the DOM released from hydrochars varied with time and modification. Furthermore, the Qe of Cu2+ adsorption on WHCs followed the order of W-SnCl4-HC > W-FeCl3-HC > W-ZnCl2-HC > W-H2O-HC at 15 °C. Compared to PHCs, the adsorption capacity of Cu2+ on WHCs was improved by 7.15-119.77% at the temperature of 35 °C. Simultaneously, the adsorption capacity of Cu2+ in WHCs showed a significant correlation with the SSA via physical adsorption (P < 0.05). Moreover, XPS analysis revealed that Cu2+ adsorption also occurred via complexation and chelation through newly formed Cu-O group between W-SnCl4-HC and Cu2+. Notably, the increase of Cu2+ adsorption in WHCs was significantly correlated with the release of Fa-L and Ar-P from PHCs (P < 0.05). This study found that the content and composition of hydrochar-based DOM could be a major driving factor for Cu2+ adsorption.

Roles of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in shaping the distribution pattern of heavy metal in the Yangtze River

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) strongly influences the solid-liquid partitioning and migration characteristics of heavy metals, yet little is known about the metal distribution and risk with the participation of DOM in large riverine systems. This study investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of 14 heavy metals and DOM along the entire Yangtze River (over 6000 km), and highlighted the critical roles of DOM in regulating the environmental behaviors of heavy metals. Significant spatial variations of metal contents were observed, with the river source and lower reach remarkably different from the upper-middle reaches. Heavy metals in the Yangtze River were mainly from the natural sources with minor anthropogenic disturbance. We found DOM could promote the conversion of metals from solid to liquid phase and DOM with higher aromaticity showed higher metal affinities. Although low ecological risks were observed in the Yangtze River, potential risks of metal leaching warrant attention, especially for As, Cd and Sb in the middle-lower reaches with higher DOM content and aromaticity. This study established a source-to-sea investigative approach to evaluate the influences of DOM features on metal partitioning, which is crucial for the risk control and sustainable management of large rivers.

Complexation of copper algaecide and algal organic matter in algae-laden water: Insights into complex metal-organic interactions

Copper-based algicides have been widely used to suppress algae blooms; however, the release of algal organic matter (AOM) on account of cell lysis may cause significant changes in the mitigation, transformation, and bioavailability of Cu(II). In the present work, the binding characteristics of Cu(II) with AOM were explored via combinative characterization methods, such as high-performance size exclusion chromatography, differential absorption spectra analysis, and joint applications of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS), as well as heterospectral 2D-COS and moving window 2D-COS analyses of UV, synchronous fluorescence, and FTIR spectra. Carboxyl groups displayed a preferential interaction to Cu(II) binding, followed by polysaccharides. The spectral changes of C]O stretching occur after the change of chromophores in complexation with Cu(II). The AOM chromophores exhibit obvious conformations at Cu(II) concentrations higher than 120 μM, while AOM fluorophores and functional groups exhibit the greatest changes at Cu(II) concentrations lower than 20 μM. All these observations have verified the presence of binding heterogeneity and indicate that AOM could interact with Cu(II) through diverse functional moieties. Therefore, our study contributes to the better understanding of the fate of Cu(II)-AOM complexes in aquatic systems.

Effect of microplastics on the binding properties of Pb(ii) onto dissolved organic matter: insights from fluorescence spectra and FTIR combined with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy

Heavy metal cations are a typical type of inorganic pollutant that has persistent distribution characteristics in aquatic environments and are easily adsorbed on carriers, posing serious threats to ecological safety and human health. Some studies have shown that the coexistence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and microplastics (MPs) promotes the adsorption of heavy metal cations, but the mechanism of promoting the adsorption process has not been thoroughly studied. In this study, the effect of polystyrene microplastics (PSMPs) on the binding properties of Pb2+ onto humic acid (HA) in aquatic environments was investigated by spectral analysis and two-dimensional correlation (2D-COS) analysis. When PSMPs co-existed with HA, the adsorption capacity of Pb2+ increased. On the one hand, Pb2+ is directly adsorbed on HA through the mechanism of complexation reaction, ion exchange and electrostatic interaction. On the other hand, Pb2+ is first adsorbed on PSMPs by electrostatic action and indirectly adsorbed on HA in the form of PSMPs-Pb2+ owing to the interaction between HA and PSMPs, which increases the adsorption amount of Pb2+ on HA. This study is significant for studying the migration and regression of heavy metal cation contaminants when PSMPs co-exist with DOM in an aqueous environment.

Investigating spectroscopic and copper binding characteristics of dissolved organic matter in wastewater using EEMs with two-dimensional Savitzky-Golay second-order differentiation-PARAFAC

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in wastewater interacts with heavy metal particles in aquatic environments, which changes their dynamics and bioavailability. For quantifying the DOM, an excitation-emission matrix (EEM) paired alongside parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) is typically employed. However, a drawback of PARAFAC has been revealed in recent studies, i.e., the rise of overlapping spectra or wavelength shifts in fluorescent components. Here, traditional EEM-PARAFAC and, for the first time, two-dimensional Savitzky-Golay second-order differential-PARAFAC (2D-SG-2nd-df-PARAFAC) were used to study the DOM-heavy metal binding. The samples from four treatment units of a wastewater treatment plant, i.e., influent, anaerobic, aerobic, and effluent, underwent the process of fluorescence titration with Cu2+. Four components were separated with dominant peaks in regions I, II, and III (proteins and fulvic acid-like) through PARAFAC and 2D-SG-2nd-df-PARAFAC. A single peak was observed in region V (humic acid-like) by PARAFAC. In addition, Cu2+-DOM complexation indicated clear differences in DOM compositions. The binding strength increased between Cu2+ and fulvic acid-like components in contrast to protein-like components from influent to the effluent, and increasing fluorescence intensity with the addition of Cu2+ in the effluent indicated changes in their structural composition. Moreover, when comparing both methods, the 2D-SG-2nd-df-PARAFAC provided the components without peak shifts and better fitting for Cu2+-DOM complexation model, demonstrating it to be a more reliable technique compared to only traditional PARAFAC for DOM characterization and quantifying metal-DOM in wastewater.

Activated carbon enhanced traditional activated sludge process for chemical explosion accident wastewater treatment

With the development of industries, explosion accidents occur frequently during production, transportation, usage and storage of hazard chemicals. It remained challenging to efficiently treat the resultant wastewater. As an enhancement of traditional process, the activated carbon-activated sludge (AC-AS) process has a promising potential in treating wastewater with high concentrations of toxic compounds, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), etc. In this paper, activated carbon (AC), activated sludge (AS) and AC-AS were used to treat the wastewater produced from an explosion accident in the Xiangshui Chemical Industrial Park. The removal efficiency was assessed by the removal performances of COD, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), NH₄⁺-N, aniline and nitrobenzene. Increased removal efficiency and shortened treatment time were achieved in the AC-AS system. To achieve the same COD, DOC and aniline removal (90%), the AC-AS system saved 30, 38 and 58 h compared with the AS system, respectively. The enhancement mechanism of AC on the AS was explored by metagenomic analysis and three-dimensional excitation-emission-matrix spectra (3DEEMs). More organics, especially aromatic substances were removed in the AC-AS system. These results showed that the addition of AC promoted the microbial activity in pollutant degradation. Bacteria, such as Pyrinomonas, Acidobacteria and Nitrospira and genes, such as hao, pmoA-amoA, pmoB-amoB and pmoC-amoC, were found in the AC-AS reactor, which might have played important roles in the degradation of pollutants. To sum up, AC might have enhanced the growth of aerobic bacteria which further improved the removal efficiency via the combined effects of adsorption and biodegradation. The successful treatment of Xiangshui accident wastewater using the AC-AS demonstrated the potential universal characteristics of the process for the treatment of wastewater with high concentration of organic matter and toxicity. This study is expected to provide reference and guidance for the treatment of similar accident wastewaters.

Properties and metal binding behaviors of sediment dissolved organic matter (SDOM) in lakes with different trophic states along the Yangtze River Basin: A comparison and summary

The nature of sediment dissolved organic matter (SDOM) can reflect the environmental background, nutritional status and human activities and is an important part of lakes. The differences in the binding capacity of heavy metals and organic matter in lake sediments with different trophic states at the catchment scale and the mechanism of the differences in binding are still unclear. To solve this problem, we collected bulk SDOMs (< 0.7 μm) from 6 respective lakes (from upstream to downstream) in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize their properties and metal binding behaviors using excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis (EEM-FARAFAC) and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy of synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (2D-SF-COS and 2D-FTIR-COS). The results showed that sediment dissolved organic carbon (SDOC) was mainly enriched in low molecular weight (LMW: < 1 kDa) fractions. The total fluorescence intensity (F_max) of SDOM from upstream was larger than that from downstream (p = 0.033), and humic-like fluorophores were dominant in these lakes. The F_max of sediment humic-like components (C1+C2) was closely related to the trophic levels of the lakes. Protein-like substances and oxygen-containing functional groups (C-OH, C=O, and C-O) were preferred in the reaction between SDOM and copper (Cu²⁺) or cadmium (Cd²⁺), while a unique binding path was exhibited in the moderately eutrophic DCL. In terms of fluorophore types, higher Cu²⁺-binding abilities (LogK_Cu) were observed in the humic-like matter for the lakes in the upper reaches and tryptophan-like matter for the lakes from the midstream and downstream areas of the YRB. Although Cd²⁺ complexed only with humic-like matter, LogK_Cd was higher than LogK_Cu. In terms of molecular weight (MW), the LogK_Cu/Cd of components were enhanced after MW fractionation. The HMW (0.7 μm - 1 kDa) components possessed higher LogK_Cu in most lakes (except for CHL and C4). The different fluorophores and molecular weight fractions in SDOM make an important contribution to reducing the ecological risks of heavy metals in lakes.