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Routhier G, Mijanovich T, Schretzman M, Sell J, Gelberg L, Doran KM. Associations Between Different Types of Housing Insecurity and Future Emergency Department Use Among a Cohort of Emergency Department Patients. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2023; 34:910-930. [PMID: 38015129 PMCID: PMC11275564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Housing insecurity can take multiple forms, such as unaffordability, crowding, forced moves, multiple moves, and homelessness. Existing research has linked homelessness to increased emergency department (ED) use, but gaps remain in understanding the relationship between different types of housing insecurity and ED use. In this study, we examined the association between different types of housing insecurity, including detailed measures of homelessness, and future ED use among a cohort of patients initially seen in an urban safety-net hospital ED in the United States between November 2016 and January 2018. We found that homelessness was associated with a higher mean number of ED visits in the year post-baseline. Other measures of housing insecurity (unaffordability, crowding, forced moves, and multiple moves) were not associated with greater ED use in the year post-baseline in multivariable models. We also found that only specific types of homelessness, primarily unsheltered homelessness, were associated with increased ED use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Routhier
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, 9 Floor, New York, NY 10016
| | - Tod Mijanovich
- Department of Applied Statistics, Social Science, and Humanities, NYU Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, 246 Greene Street, 3 Floor, New York, NY 10003
| | | | - Jessica Sell
- The Center for Innovation through Data Intelligence, New York, NY
| | - Lillian Gelberg
- Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kelly M. Doran
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, 9 Floor, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Emergency Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 227 East 30 Street, New York, NY 10016
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2
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Gomes RS, Passoni LCDL, Sirigatti RDP, Rozin L, Sanches LDC, Cavassin FB. Saúde dos indivíduos em situação de rua. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE MEDICINA DE FAMÍLIA E COMUNIDADE 2022. [DOI: 10.5712/rbmfc17(44)3233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introdução: A população em situação de rua é vulnerabilizada por diversos fatores que determinam ou condicionam sua saúde e ocasionam aumento dos índices de comorbidades clínicas, entre elas as doenças mentais, crônicas e infectocontagiosas. A marginalização dos indivíduos que se encontram em situação de rua abre uma lacuna na assistência em saúde que, por vezes, é suprida por organizações sem fins lucrativos que exercem um papel social elementar. Objetivo: Mapear o perfil clínico da população em situação de rua de Curitiba (PR) atendida por iniciativa voluntária no período de um ano. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo observacional descritivo de base documental realizado com fichas clínicas dos 509 pacientes maiores de 18 anos e que tiveram seu primeiro atendimento médico realizado pela Associação Médicos do Mundo, filial Curitiba (PR), no ano de 2019. Resultados: Indivíduos do sexo masculino, de etnia branca, faixa etária entre 36 e 45 anos, que cursaram o ensino fundamental e que se encontravam havia menos de um ano em situação de rua foram as condições sociodemográficas predominantes. As principais queixas motivadoras da procura pelo atendimento foram dor (45,19%), lesões cutâneas (15,71%) e queixas oftalmológicas (6,68%). Parte dos indivíduos mostrou acometimento crônico por hipertensão arterial sistêmica (9,03%), HIV/AIDS (3,53%) e diabetes mellitus (3,53%). Também foi identificada quantidade significativa de relatos de histórico de traumas físicos (59%). Encontrou-se correlação estatística entre hipertensão e medicamentos de uso contínuo (p=0,001). Menos que 10% dos indivíduos procuraram atendimento médico por queixas de saúde mental. Das mulheres que fizerem parte do estudo, 70% relataram fazer uso de substâncias e aproximadamente metade delas, uso regular de medicamentos. Já o uso de anticoncepcionais foi relatado por uma minoria delas (18,57%). Conclusões: As queixas de dor, as lesões cutâneas e as demandas oftalmológicas foram os principais motivadores da procura por ajuda médica pela população em situação de rua, além da prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica como doença crônica. Os achados podem auxiliar e direcionar ações em saúde voltadas para essa população marginalizada.
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3
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Brettel P, Beier E, Maun A, Jung P. [Health Service Utilization by Homeless Persons: Analysis of the Role of Enabling Factors, Pain and Gender using the Gelberg-Andersen Model]. DAS GESUNDHEITSWESEN 2022; 84:1080-1091. [PMID: 34729720 PMCID: PMC11248798 DOI: 10.1055/a-1633-3537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to find factors that influence health service utilization by homeless people. In a field study, a sample of 51 homeless men and 47 homeless women in the German county of Baden-Württemberg participated in face-to-face-interviews with a questionnaire designed for this study. Analyses were performed using multiple logistic regression models. Variables were organized using the Gelberg-Andersen Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations. Satisfied subsistence needs (OR 1.33, 95%-CI [1.03-1.72] regarding utilization of vaccinations), a stable source of primary care (OR 12.2 [1.81-82] regarding utilization of early detection examinations; quasi-complete separation regarding use of GP services) social networks (OR 2.9 [1.13-7.5] regarding utilisation of early detection examinations; OR 0.63 [0.41-0.98] regarding emergency department visits) and technological ressources (OR 2.2 [1.13-4.4] regarding use of GP services) had a positive influence on the pattern of health service utilization. Pain was correlated with more emergency department visits (OR 1.72 [1.22-2.4]) and hospitalizations (OR 1.66 [1.19-2.3]). The results showed differences between homeless men and women. The factors of influence found in this study should be addressed in the care of homeless persons. Integration of social care into the regular health care system is necessary for early detection and treatment of complex social and medical needs of vulnerable populations. This requires interprofessional approaches in medical education and training focussing on the situation of vulnerable populations and on social determinants of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Brettel
- Institut für Allgemeinmedizin, Universitätsklinikum
Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland
| | - Elena Beier
- Institut für Allgemeinmedizin, Universitätsklinikum
Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland
| | - Andy Maun
- Institut für Allgemeinmedizin, Universitätsklinikum
Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland
| | - Petra Jung
- Institut für Allgemeinmedizin, Universitätsklinikum
Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland
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4
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Kershaw K, Martelly L, Stevens C, McInnes DK, Silverman A, Byrne T, Aycinena D, Sabin LL, Garvin LA, Vimalananda VG, Hass R. Text messaging to increase patient engagement in a large health care for the homeless clinic: Results of a randomized pilot study. Digit Health 2022; 8:20552076221129729. [PMID: 36238754 PMCID: PMC9551340 DOI: 10.1177/20552076221129729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To assess the feasibility and effectiveness of text messaging to increase
outpatient care engagement and medication adherence in an urban homeless
population in Boston. Methods Between July 2017 and April 2018, 62 patients from a clinic serving a
homeless population were sent automated text messages for four months.
Messages were either appointment reminders and medication adherence
suggestions (intervention group) or general health promotion messages
(control group). Medical records were reviewed to evaluate appointment
keeping, emergency room (ER) use, and hospitalizations. Pre- and
post-surveys were administered to measure self-reported medication
adherence. Results No significant differences were found in inpatient or outpatient care between
the intervention and control groups, though differences in no-show rates and
medication adherence approached significance. Appointment no-show rates were
21.0% vs. 30.6% (p = 0.08) for intervention and control,
respectively, and rates of completed appointments were 65.8% vs. 56.7%
(p = 0.12). Mean ER visits were 3.86 vs 2.33
(p = 0.16) for intervention and control groups, and
mean inpatient admissions were 0.6 versus 1.24 (p = 0.42).
Self-reported medication adherence increased from 8.27 to 9.84 in
intervention participants, compared to an increase from 8.27 to 8.68 in
control participants (p = 0.07), on a 1–11 scale. Conclusions Text messaging showed the potential to improve patient engagement in care and
medication adherence in an urban homeless population (findings approaching
but not achieving statistical significance). Work is needed to enhance the
effectiveness of text-messaging interventions, which may involve increasing
ease of use for mobile phones and texting apps, and addressing high rates of
phone theft and loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Kershaw
- Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management,
Boston
University School of Public Health, Boston,
MA, USA,Department of Health Communication and Promotion,
Boston
University School of Public Health, Boston,
MA, USA
| | - Lisa Martelly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,
Boston
University School of Public Health, Boston,
MA, USA
| | - Cassidy Stevens
- Social Services
Department, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston, MA, USA
| | - D. Keith McInnes
- Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management,
Boston
University School of Public Health, Boston,
MA, USA,Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research,
VA Bedford
Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA,D Keith McInnes, VA Bedford Healthcare
System, Bedford, MA 01730, USA.
| | - Allie Silverman
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research,
VA Bedford
Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA,Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University,
Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Byrne
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research,
VA Bedford
Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA,Boston
University School of Social Work, Boston,
MA, USA
| | - Diana Aycinena
- Boston Health
Care for the Homeless Program, Boston, MA,
USA
| | - Lora L. Sabin
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public
Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynn A. Garvin
- Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management,
Boston
University School of Public Health, Boston,
MA, USA,Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, VA
Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Varsha G. Vimalananda
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research,
VA Bedford
Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA,Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism,
Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, MA,
USA
| | - Robert Hass
- Boston Health
Care for the Homeless Program, Boston, MA,
USA
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5
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Flike K, Foust JB, Hayman LL, Aronowitz T. Homelessness and Vulnerably-Housed Defined: A Synthesis of the Literature. Nurs Sci Q 2022; 35:350-367. [PMID: 35762065 DOI: 10.1177/08943184221092445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is no single accepted definition used in policy or research for the concepts of homelessness and vulnerably housed. Neuman's systems model (NSM) was the framework for this mixed-studies review, with the client system defined as these social issues and categorized as environmental stressors. Eighteen unique definitions of the concepts were identified in 30 studies. Extrapersonal stressors included housing history, interpersonal stressors included dependence on others for housing, and intrapersonal stressors included self-identification. Each level of stressor should be considered when defining these populations for inclusion in future research. Proposed definitions were formulated from the analysis of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberlee Flike
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (CHOIR), VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Janice B Foust
- Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura L Hayman
- Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Teri Aronowitz
- Tan Chingfen Graduate School of Nursing, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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6
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Samuel-Nakamura C, Brecht ML, Arbing R. Emergency Department Use by Women Experiencing Homelessness in Los Angeles, California, USA. WOMEN'S HEALTH REPORTS 2022; 3:593-600. [PMID: 35814610 PMCID: PMC9258795 DOI: 10.1089/whr.2021.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: This article reports on the use of hospital Emergency Departments (EDs) in women experiencing homelessness in Los Angeles, California. Women 18 years of age or older were recruited from homeless day centers in Los Angeles to participate in this study. Materials and Methods: A self-report questionnaire on health status, demographics, and emergency service use was completed by study participants. Results: In this study of women experiencing homelessness, 64% utilized the ED within the past year. The mean number of ED use was 3.63 (range 0–20) visits in the past year. Higher frequency visits were significantly associated with several mental health conditions (p = 0.016), physical disability (p = 0.001), and traumatic brain injury (p = 0.013). Conclusions: The physical and psychological impacts of the homelessness experience can be enormous, affecting the homeless individually and collectively. Study findings may help to understand how to improve services that support and meet the needs of women experiencing homelessness such as patient and family-centered care and trauma-informed care in the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary-Lynn Brecht
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Arbing
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
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7
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Yoo R, Krawczyk N, Johns E, McCormack RP, Rotrosen J, Mijanovich T, Gelberg L, Doran KM. Association of substance use characteristics and future homelessness among emergency department patients with drug use or unhealthy alcohol use: Results from a linked data longitudinal cohort analysis. Subst Abus 2022; 43:1100-1109. [DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2022.2060445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Yoo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Noa Krawczyk
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eileen Johns
- NYC Center for Innovation through Data Intelligence, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan P. McCormack
- Department of Emergency Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Rotrosen
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tod Mijanovich
- Applied Statistics, Social Science, and Humanities, NYU Steinhardt School, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lillian Gelberg
- Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, The University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Office of Healthcare Transformation and Innovation, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kelly M. Doran
- Department of Emergency Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Riley ED, Raven MC, Dilworth SE, Braun C, Imbert E, Doran KM. Using a "Big Events" framework to understand emergency department use among women experiencing homelessness or housing instability in San Francisco during the COVID-19 pandemic. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2021; 97:103405. [PMID: 34403865 PMCID: PMC8581479 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic created a major public health crisis that disrupted economic systems, social networks and individual behaviors, which led to changes in patterns of health care use. Factors associated with emergency department (ED) visits during the pandemic among especially high-risk individuals are unknown. We used a “Big Events” approach, which considers major disruptions that create social instability, to investigate ED use in people experiencing homelessness or housing instability, many of whom use drugs. Methods Between July and December 2020, we conducted a community-based San Francisco study to compare homeless and unstably housed (HUH) women who did and did not use an ED during the first 10 months of the pandemic. Results Among 128 study participants, 34% had ≥1 ED visit during the pandemic. In adjusted analysis, factors significantly associated with ED use included experiencing homelessness, cocaine use and increased difficulties receiving drug use treatment during the pandemic. Conclusion These findings build on the “Big Events” approach to considering risk pathways among people who use drugs. They suggest the importance of ensuring access to housing and low-barrier non-COVID health services, including drug treatment, alongside crisis management activities, to reduce the health impacts of public health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise D Riley
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Maria C Raven
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Emergency Medicine and UCSF Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Samantha E Dilworth
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carl Braun
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Imbert
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kelly M Doran
- New York University School of Medicine, Ronald O. Perelman Department of Emergency Medicine and Department of Population Health, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Crone B, Metraux S, Sbrocco T. Health Service Access Among Homeless Veterans: Health Access Challenges Faced by Homeless African American Veterans. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2021; 9:1828-1844. [PMID: 34402040 PMCID: PMC8367031 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Veteran homelessness is a public health crisis, especially among the disproportionate number of minority veterans in the homeless veteran population. African American homeless veterans in particular face unique challenges accessing appropriate health care services to meet their medical needs. Their needs are often underrepresented in the literature on veteran homelessness. Drawing together over 80 studies and government reports from the last two decades, this review provides a timely synopsis of homeless veterans' health care access, with a particular focus on the barriers faced by African American veterans. This review employs Penchansky and Thomas' Access Model to frame health access barriers faced by homeless veterans, dialing in on what is known about the experience of African American veterans, within the five dimensions of access: Availability, Accessibility, Accommodation, Affordability, and Acceptability. Actionable guidance and targeted interventions to address health access barriers for all veterans are delineated with a focus on the need to gather further data for African American homeless veterans and to consider tailoring interventions for this important and underserved group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baylee Crone
- Uniformed Service University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | - Tracy Sbrocco
- Uniformed Service University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Kaltsidis G, Bamvita JM, Grenier G, Fleury MJ. Predictors of Frequent Emergency Department Utilization for Mental Health Reasons. J Behav Health Serv Res 2021; 48:259-273. [PMID: 32185614 DOI: 10.1007/s11414-020-09695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Overcrowding in emergency departments (ED) jeopardizes quality and access to health care, which represents a major issue for service delivery. This study determined predictors of frequent ED utilization among 320 patients recruited from six hospital ED in Quebec (Canada). Data collection included patient interviews and administrative databanks. A hierarchical linear regression analysis was performed using the Andersen Behavioral Model as a framework, with variables organized into predisposing, enabling, and needs factors. Results showed that needs factors were most strongly associated with ED utilization, particularly schizophrenia and personality disorders. Predisposing and enabling factors each contributed one variable to the model: past hospitalization for Mental Health (MH) reasons, and having regular care from an outpatient psychiatrist over the 12 months prior to interview at the ED, respectively. Increasing integration of MH services in networks may reduce unnecessary ED utilization and overcrowding, while providing better accessibility and care continuity for patients who visit ED for MH reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesthika Kaltsidis
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Marie Bamvita
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Grenier
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Fleury
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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11
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Estrella A, Scheidell J, Khan M, Castelblanco D, Mijanovich T, Lee DC, Gelberg L, Doran KM. Cross-sectional Analysis of Food Insecurity and Frequent Emergency Department Use. West J Emerg Med 2021; 22:911-918. [PMID: 35354018 PMCID: PMC8328160 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2021.3.50981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emergency department (ED) patients have higher than average levels of food insecurity. We examined the association between multiple measures of food insecurity and frequent ED use in a random sample of ED patients. METHODS We completed survey questionnaires with randomly sampled adult patients from an urban public hospital ED (n = 2,312). We assessed food insecurity using four questions from the United States Department of Agriculture Household Food Security Survey. The primary independent variable was any food insecurity, defined as an affirmative response to any of the four items. Frequent ED use was defined as self-report of ≥4 ED visits in the past year. We examined the relationship between patient food insecurity and frequent ED use using bivariate and multivariable analyses and examined possible mediation by anxiety/depression and overall health status. RESULTS One-third (30.9%) of study participants reported frequent ED use, and half (50.8%) reported any food insecurity. Prevalence of food insecurity was higher among frequent vs. non-frequent ED users, 62.8% vs 45.4% (P <0.001). After controlling for potential confounders, food insecurity remained significantly associated with frequent ED use (adjusted odds ratio 1.48, 95% confidence interval, 1.20-1.83). This observed association was partially attenuated when anxiety/depression and overall health status were added to models. CONCLUSION The high observed prevalence of food insecurity suggests that efforts to improve care of ED patients should assess and address this need. Further research is needed to assess whether addressing food insecurity may play an important role in efforts to reduce frequent ED use for some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Estrella
- UMMS-Baystate, Department of Emergency Medicine, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Joy Scheidell
- New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, Department of Population Health, New York, New York
| | - Maria Khan
- New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, Department of Population Health, New York, New York
| | - Donna Castelblanco
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York
| | - Tod Mijanovich
- New York University Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, Department of Applied Statistics, Social Science, and Humanities, New York, New York
| | - David C Lee
- New York University School of Medicine, Departments of Emergency Medicine and Population Health, New York, New York
| | - Lillian Gelberg
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Department of Family Medicine, Los Angeles, California.,UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, Los Angeles, California.,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Office of Healthcare Transformation and Innovation, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kelly M Doran
- New York University School of Medicine, Departments of Emergency Medicine and Population Health, New York, New York
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12
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Phipps M, Dalton L, Maxwell H, Cleary M. A qualitative exploration of women's resilience in the face of homelessness. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 49:1212-1227. [PMID: 33855717 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the experiential perspectives of women becoming and experiencing homelessness. Situated in the qualitative interpretative tradition, data were collected using auto-driven photo-elicitation and in-depth face-to-face interviews. Eleven Australian women used photographs that represented their experiences of being homeless to guide their interview discussion. The findings revealed that homelessness for women is a period often preceded by a series of adverse incidents in their lives, characterised by progressive resilience building in the face of trauma, finding hope and building strength to work towards exiting homelessness. After becoming homeless, five stages of resilience transition emerged: The trauma of homelessness, Finding hope and surviving, Finding help, Finding connection and Taking control. Women experiencing homelessness are resilient and capable of enacting competence and autonomy in seeking help to exit homelessness. Changes to service delivery are recommended to improve trauma-informed, person-centred housing and social services that are integrated and easy to navigate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Phipps
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lisa Dalton
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Hazel Maxwell
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle Cleary
- School of Nursing, University of Tasmania, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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Comparing Unsheltered and Sheltered Homeless: Demographics, Health Services Use and Predictors of Health Services Use. Community Ment Health J 2020; 56:271-279. [PMID: 31552539 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-019-00470-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Secondary data obtained through the 2015 point-in-time homelessness count and an administrative health care utilization database was used to identify differences in demographic characteristics, health service use, and predictors of health service use among people experiencing unsheltered and sheltered homelessness. Compared to sheltered participants, unsheltered participants had higher proportions of males and Caucasians, were younger, were more likely to use any type of health service and ED services, and used significantly more of any health service and ED and outpatient services. Results also confirm that health services utilization is a complex phenomenon predicted by a variety of predisposing, enabling, and need-related factors, including mental health problems. Together, these findings demonstrate important differences between people living unsheltered and those residing in shelters and they inform local health policy and program initiatives tailored towards these homeless populations.
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Penzenstadler L, Gentil L, Huỳnh C, Grenier G, Fleury MJ. Variables associated with low, moderate and high emergency department use among patients with substance-related disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 207:107817. [PMID: 31887605 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study identified factors associated with frequency of emergency department (ED) use for medical reasons among patients with substance-related disorders (SRD) in Quebec (Canada) for 2014-15. METHODS Participants (n = 4731) were categorized as: 1) low (1 visit/year), 2) moderate (2 visits/year), and 3) high (3+ visits/year) ED users. Independent variables included predisposing, enabling and needs factors based on the Andersen Behavioral Model. Multinomial logistic regression identified associated variables. RESULTS Factors positively associated with moderate and high ED use included adjustment disorders, suicidal behavior, alcohol-induced disorders, less urgent to non-urgent illness acuity, referral to local health community services centers (LHCSC) at discharge, and living in a materially deprived area. Factors positively associated with high ED use only included anxiety disorders, alcohol use disorders, drug use disorders, chronic physical illness, subacute problems, prior ED use for MD and/or SRD, prior LHCSC medical interventions, physician consultation within one month after discharge, living in very deprived or middle-class areas, and, negatively, being hospitalized for medical reasons in second ED visit. Moderate ED use only was negatively associated with alcohol intoxication and being referred to a GP at ED discharge. CONCLUSIONS Compared to low ED users, most high users with SRD were men presenting more complex and severe conditions. They visited ED mainly for subacute or non-urgent problems. Compared to low ED users, most moderate users had alcohol-induced disorders, less alcohol intoxication, and acute common MD. They visited ED mainly for non-urgent care. Diverse strategies should be implemented to reduce ED visits, targeting each group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Penzenstadler
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute (Research Centre), McGill University, Department of Psychiatry, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montréal, Québec H4H 1R3, Canada; Service d'addictologie, Département de psychiatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Genève, Rue du Grand-Pré 70c, 1202 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Lia Gentil
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute (Research Centre), McGill University, Department of Psychiatry, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montréal, Québec H4H 1R3, Canada; Institut universitaire sur les dépendances, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et des services sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, 950 Louvain East, Montréal, Québec H2M 2E8, Canada
| | - Christophe Huỳnh
- Institut universitaire sur les dépendances, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et des services sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, 950 Louvain East, Montréal, Québec H2M 2E8, Canada
| | - Guy Grenier
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute (Research Centre), McGill University, Department of Psychiatry, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montréal, Québec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Fleury
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute (Research Centre), McGill University, Department of Psychiatry, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montréal, Québec H4H 1R3, Canada.
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Riley ED, Vittinghoff E, Kagawa RMC, Raven MC, Eagen KV, Cohee A, Dilworth SE, Shumway M. Violence and Emergency Department Use among Community-Recruited Women Who Experience Homelessness and Housing Instability. J Urban Health 2020; 97:78-87. [PMID: 31907705 PMCID: PMC7010900 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-019-00404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Women who experience housing instability are at high risk for violence and have disproportionately high rates of emergency department (ED) use. However, little has been done to characterize the violence they experience, or to understand how it may be related to ED use. We recruited homeless and unstably housed women from San Francisco shelters, free meal programs, and single room occupancy (SRO) hotels. We used generalized estimating equations to examine associations between violence and any ED use (i.e., an ED visit for any stated reason) every 6 months for 3 years. Among 300 participants, 44% were African-American, and the mean age was 48 years. The prevalence of violence experienced in the prior 6 months included psychological violence (87%), physical violence without a weapon (48%), physical violence with a weapon (18%), and sexual violence (18%). While most participants (85%) who experienced physical violence with a weapon or sexual violence in the prior 6 months had not visited an ED, these were the only two violence types significantly associated with ED use when all violence types were included in the same model (ORphysical/weapon = 1.83, 95% CI 1.02-3.28; ORsexual = 2.15, 95% CI 1.30-3.53). Only violence perpetrated by someone who was not a primary intimate partner was significantly associated with ED use when violence was categorized by perpetrator. The need to reduce violence in this population is urgent. In the context of health care delivery, policies to facilitate trauma-informed ED care and strategies that increase access to non-ED care, such as street-based medicine, could have substantial impact on the health of women who experience homelessness and housing instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise D Riley
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave., UCSF mailbox 0874, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0874, USA.
| | - Eric Vittinghoff
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rose M C Kagawa
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Maria C Raven
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kellene V Eagen
- Department of Public Health, Tom Waddell Urban Health Clinic, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alison Cohee
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave., UCSF mailbox 0874, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0874, USA
| | - Samantha E Dilworth
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave., UCSF mailbox 0874, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0874, USA
| | - Martha Shumway
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Fleury MJ, Grenier G, Farand L, Ferland F. Reasons for Emergency Department Use among Patients with Mental Disorders. Psychiatr Q 2019; 90:703-716. [PMID: 31342253 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-019-09657-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Disproportionate use of emergency departments (EDs) by patients with mental disorders suggests the need to evaluate factors associated with ED use. Based on the Andersen Behavioral model, this mixed-method study identified the contributions of predisposing, enabling and needs factors in ED use among 328 patients with mental disorders. We hypothesised that ED use for mental health (MH) reasons would be most strongly associated with need factors. The study was conducted in four EDs located in different territories of Quebec (Canada). ED teams assisted with patient recruitment. Participants completed a questionnaire including a qualitative component on reasons for using the ED and assessments of ED and MH services. Data were organised according to the Andersen model, and analysed thematically. ED users were generally single, with low socioeconomic status and inadequate knowledge of MH services (predisposing factors). Most had a regular source of care which facilitated ED referrals (enabling factors); although inadequate access to outpatient care contributed to ED use. Needs factors were the primary motivators in ED use among patients with mental disorders, especially self-rated importance of problems, and MH diagnoses including suicidal ideation/attempts, depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Results confirmed our hypothesis that ED visits were more strongly related to needs factors. The mixed methodology reinforced the importance of predisposing and enabling factors in ED use, particularly in more complex cases. Various strategies (e.g. shared care, recruitment of addiction liaison nurses for SUD screening) are suggested for improving access to other resources and reducing non-urgent ED use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Josée Fleury
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Douglas Hospital Research Centre, 6875 LaSalle Blvd. Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada.
| | - Guy Grenier
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lambert Farand
- Department of Health Administration, Policy and Evaluation, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Francine Ferland
- School of Social Work, Addiction Rehabilitation Center, National Capital University Integrated Health and Social Services Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Doran KM. Commentary: How Can Emergency Departments Help End Homelessness? A Challenge to Social Emergency Medicine. Ann Emerg Med 2019; 74:S41-S44. [PMID: 31655674 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.08.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Riley ED, Vittinghoff E, Koss CA, Christopoulos KA, Clemenzi-Allen A, Dilworth SE, Carrico AW. Housing First: Unsuppressed Viral Load Among Women Living with HIV in San Francisco. AIDS Behav 2019; 23:2326-2336. [PMID: 31324996 PMCID: PMC7478361 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-019-02601-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While poverty is an established barrier to achieving success at each step of the HIV care continuum, less is known about specific aspects of poverty and how they overlap with behavior in exceptionally low-income individuals who live in well-resourced areas. We considered unsuppressed viral load over 3 years among women living with HIV in San Francisco who used homeless shelters, low-income hotels and free meal programs. One-hundred twenty study participants were followed; 60% had > 1 unsuppressed viral load and 19% were unsuppressed at every visit. Across six-month intervals, the odds of unsuppressed viral load were 11% higher for every 10 nights spent sleeping on the street [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 1.11, 95% CI 1.02-1.20]; 16% higher for every 10 nights spent sleeping in a shelter (AOR/10 nights 1.16, 95% CI 1.06-1.27); 4% higher for every 10 nights spent sleeping in a single-room occupancy hotel (AOR/10 nights 1.04, 95% CI 1.02-1.07); and over threefold higher among women who experienced any recent incarceration (AOR 3.56, 95% CI 1.84-6.86). Violence and recent use of outpatient health care did not significantly predict viral suppression in adjusted analysis. While strategies to promote retention in care are important for vulnerable persons living with HIV, they are insufficient to ensure sustained viral suppression in low-income women experiencing homelessness and incarceration. Results presented here in combination with prior research linking incarceration to homelessness among women indicate that tailored interventions, which not only consider but prioritize affordable housing, are critical to achieving sustained viral suppression in low-income women living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise D Riley
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave., UCSF Mailbox 0874, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0874, USA.
| | - Eric Vittinghoff
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Catherine A Koss
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave., UCSF Mailbox 0874, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0874, USA
| | - Katerina A Christopoulos
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave., UCSF Mailbox 0874, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0874, USA
| | - Angelo Clemenzi-Allen
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave., UCSF Mailbox 0874, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0874, USA
| | - Samantha E Dilworth
- Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam W Carrico
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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Correction. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 153:51-66. [PMID: 30908177 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2019.1578154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Neighborhood Health Care Access and Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Women in the Southern United States: A Cross-Sectional Multilevel Analysis. Sex Transm Dis 2018; 45:19-24. [PMID: 28876296 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The United States has experienced an increase in reportable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) while simultaneously experiencing a decline in safety net services for STI testing and treatment. This multilevel study assessed relationships between neighborhood-level access to health care and STIs among a predominantly Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-seropositive cohort of women living in the south. METHODS This cross-sectional multilevel analysis included baseline data from HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative women enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study sites in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, and North Carolina between 2013 and 2015 (N = 666). Administrative data (eg, United States Census) described health care access (eg, percentage of residents with a primary care provider, percentage of residents with health insurance) in the census tracts where women lived. Sexually transmitted infections (chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, or early syphilis) were diagnosed using laboratory testing. Generalized estimating equations were used to determine relationships between tract-level characteristics and STIs. Analyses were conducted using SAS 9.4. RESULTS Seventy percent of participants were HIV-seropositive. Eleven percent of participants had an STI. A 4-unit increase in the percentage of residents with a primary care provider was associated with 39% lower STI risk (risk ratio, 0.61, 95% confidence interval, 0.38-0.99). The percentage of tract residents with health insurance was not associated with STIs (risk ratio, 0.98, 95% confidence interval, 0.91-1.05). Relationships did not vary by HIV status. CONCLUSIONS Greater neighborhood health care access was associated with fewer STIs. Research should establish the causality of this relationship and pathways through which neighborhood health care access influences STIs. Structural interventions and programs increasing linkage to care may reduce STIs.
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Lutwak N. The Psychology of Health and Illness: The Mental Health and Physiological Effects of Intimate Partner Violence on Women. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 152:373-387. [PMID: 30089083 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2018.1447435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Violence against women is a global public health problem with about one in three women experiencing either physical and or sexual intimate partner violence during their lifetime. Globally as many as 38% of homicides committed against women are by a male intimate partner. Violence against women may have negative effects on their mental, physical, and reproductive health (WHO fact sheet, 2016). Untreated individuals who have experienced violence or life-threatening situations may develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This disorder has the potential to be life-changing and cause negative psychological and medical issues (Rokach, Ahmed, & Patel, 2017). This potentially life-changing nature and consequence of violence affecting women world-wide deserves greater attention to ensure elimination of risk factors, financial support of investigational studies to promote detection of victims, and research to increase therapeutic efficacy of remediation. These efforts should be bolstered by all physicians, mental health experts, social service specialists, and public health advocates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Lutwak
- a VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, and NYU School of Medicine Departments of Psychiatry and Emergency Medicine
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Salhi BA, White MH, Pitts SR, Wright DW. Homelessness and Emergency Medicine: A Review of the Literature. Acad Emerg Med 2018; 25:577-593. [PMID: 29223132 DOI: 10.1111/acem.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to synthesize the available evidence on the demographics, prevalence, clinical characteristics, and evidence-based management of homeless persons in the emergency department (ED). Where appropriate, we highlight knowledge gaps and suggest directions for future research. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search following databases: PubMed, Ovid, and Google Scholar for articles published between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2016. We supplemented this search by cross-referencing bibliographies of the retrieved publications. Peer-reviewed studies written in English and conducted in the United States that examined homelessness within the ED setting were included. We used a qualitative approach to synthesize the existing literature. RESULTS Twenty-eight studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Based on our study objectives and the available literature, we grouped articles examining homeless populations in the ED into four broad categories: 1) prevalence and sociodemographic characteristics of homeless ED visits, 2) ED utilization by homeless adults, 3) clinical characteristics of homeless ED visits, and 4) medical education and evidence-based management of homeless ED patients. CONCLUSION Homelessness may be underrecognized in the ED setting. Homeless ED patients have distinct care needs and patterns of ED utilization that are unmet by the current disease-oriented and episodic models of emergency medicine. More research is needed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of homelessness in the ED and to develop evidence-based treatment strategies in caring for this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisan A. Salhi
- Department of Emergency Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA
- Department of Anthropology Emory University Atlanta GA
| | | | | | - David W. Wright
- Department of Emergency Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA
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Haley DF, Linton S, Luo R, Hunter-Jones J, Adimora AA, Wingood GM, Bonney L, Ross Z, Cooper HL. Public Housing Relocations and Relationships of Changes in Neighborhood Disadvantage and Transportation Access to Unmet Need for Medical Care. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2017; 28:315-328. [PMID: 28239005 PMCID: PMC5501981 DOI: 10.1353/hpu.2017.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cross-sectional research suggests that neighborhood characteristics and transportation access shape unmet need for medical care. This longitudinal analysis explores relationships of changes in neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and trans- portation access to unmet need for medical care. METHODS We analyzed seven waves of data from African American adults (N = 172) relocating from severely distressed public housing complexes in Atlanta, Georgia. Surveys yielded individual-level data and admin- istrative data characterized census tracts. We used hierarchical generalized linear models to explore relationships. RESULTS Unmet need declined from 25% pre-relocation to 12% at Wave 7. Post-relocation reductions in neighborhood disadvantage were inversely associated with reductions in unmet need over time (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.51-0.99). More frequent transportation barriers predicted unmet need (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.02-1.31). CONCLUSION These longitudinal findings support the importance of neighborhood environments and transportation access in shaping unmet need and suggest that improvements in these exposures reduce unmet need for medical care in this vulnerable population.
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Feral-Pierssens AL, Aubry A, Truchot J, Raynal PA, Boiffier M, Hutin A, Leleu A, Debruyne G, Joly LM, Juvin P, Riou B, Freund Y. Emergency Care for Homeless Patients: A French Multicenter Cohort Study. Am J Public Health 2016; 106:893-8. [PMID: 26985613 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2015.303038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether homeless patients experience suboptimal care in the emergency department (ED) by the provision of fewer health care resources. METHODS We conducted a prospective multicenter cohort study in 30 EDs in France. During 72 hours in March 2015, all homeless patients that visited the participating EDs were included in the study. The primary health care service measure was the order by the physician of a diagnostic investigation or provision of a treatment in the ED. Secondary measures of health care services included ED waiting time, number and type of investigations per patient, treatment in the ED, and discharge disposition. RESULTS A total of 254 homeless patients and 254 nonhomeless patients were included. After excluding homeless patients that attended the ED for the sole purpose of housing, we analyzed 214 homeless and 214 nonhomeless. We found no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of health care resource consumption, and for our secondary endpoints. CONCLUSIONS We did not find significant differences in the level of medical care delivered in French EDs to homeless patients compared with matched nonhomeless patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Feral-Pierssens
- Anne-Laure Feral-Pierssens and Philippe Juvin are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. Adeline Aubry, Geraud Debruyne, Bruno Riou, and Yonathan Freund are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtriere, APHP, Paris. Jennifer Truchot is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Lariboisière, APHP, Paris. Pierre-Alexis Raynal is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, APHP, Paris. Mathieu Boiffier is with Emergency Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France. Alice Hutin is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris. Agathe Leleu is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Bichat, APHP, Paris. Luc-Marie Joly is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France. Pierre-Alexis Raynal, Bruno Riou, and Yanathan Freund are also with Sorbonne Université, UPMC univ Paris 06, Paris
| | - Adeline Aubry
- Anne-Laure Feral-Pierssens and Philippe Juvin are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. Adeline Aubry, Geraud Debruyne, Bruno Riou, and Yonathan Freund are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtriere, APHP, Paris. Jennifer Truchot is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Lariboisière, APHP, Paris. Pierre-Alexis Raynal is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, APHP, Paris. Mathieu Boiffier is with Emergency Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France. Alice Hutin is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris. Agathe Leleu is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Bichat, APHP, Paris. Luc-Marie Joly is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France. Pierre-Alexis Raynal, Bruno Riou, and Yanathan Freund are also with Sorbonne Université, UPMC univ Paris 06, Paris
| | - Jennifer Truchot
- Anne-Laure Feral-Pierssens and Philippe Juvin are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. Adeline Aubry, Geraud Debruyne, Bruno Riou, and Yonathan Freund are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtriere, APHP, Paris. Jennifer Truchot is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Lariboisière, APHP, Paris. Pierre-Alexis Raynal is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, APHP, Paris. Mathieu Boiffier is with Emergency Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France. Alice Hutin is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris. Agathe Leleu is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Bichat, APHP, Paris. Luc-Marie Joly is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France. Pierre-Alexis Raynal, Bruno Riou, and Yanathan Freund are also with Sorbonne Université, UPMC univ Paris 06, Paris
| | - Pierre-Alexis Raynal
- Anne-Laure Feral-Pierssens and Philippe Juvin are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. Adeline Aubry, Geraud Debruyne, Bruno Riou, and Yonathan Freund are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtriere, APHP, Paris. Jennifer Truchot is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Lariboisière, APHP, Paris. Pierre-Alexis Raynal is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, APHP, Paris. Mathieu Boiffier is with Emergency Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France. Alice Hutin is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris. Agathe Leleu is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Bichat, APHP, Paris. Luc-Marie Joly is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France. Pierre-Alexis Raynal, Bruno Riou, and Yanathan Freund are also with Sorbonne Université, UPMC univ Paris 06, Paris
| | - Mathieu Boiffier
- Anne-Laure Feral-Pierssens and Philippe Juvin are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. Adeline Aubry, Geraud Debruyne, Bruno Riou, and Yonathan Freund are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtriere, APHP, Paris. Jennifer Truchot is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Lariboisière, APHP, Paris. Pierre-Alexis Raynal is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, APHP, Paris. Mathieu Boiffier is with Emergency Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France. Alice Hutin is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris. Agathe Leleu is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Bichat, APHP, Paris. Luc-Marie Joly is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France. Pierre-Alexis Raynal, Bruno Riou, and Yanathan Freund are also with Sorbonne Université, UPMC univ Paris 06, Paris
| | - Alice Hutin
- Anne-Laure Feral-Pierssens and Philippe Juvin are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. Adeline Aubry, Geraud Debruyne, Bruno Riou, and Yonathan Freund are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtriere, APHP, Paris. Jennifer Truchot is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Lariboisière, APHP, Paris. Pierre-Alexis Raynal is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, APHP, Paris. Mathieu Boiffier is with Emergency Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France. Alice Hutin is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris. Agathe Leleu is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Bichat, APHP, Paris. Luc-Marie Joly is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France. Pierre-Alexis Raynal, Bruno Riou, and Yanathan Freund are also with Sorbonne Université, UPMC univ Paris 06, Paris
| | - Agathe Leleu
- Anne-Laure Feral-Pierssens and Philippe Juvin are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. Adeline Aubry, Geraud Debruyne, Bruno Riou, and Yonathan Freund are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtriere, APHP, Paris. Jennifer Truchot is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Lariboisière, APHP, Paris. Pierre-Alexis Raynal is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, APHP, Paris. Mathieu Boiffier is with Emergency Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France. Alice Hutin is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris. Agathe Leleu is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Bichat, APHP, Paris. Luc-Marie Joly is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France. Pierre-Alexis Raynal, Bruno Riou, and Yanathan Freund are also with Sorbonne Université, UPMC univ Paris 06, Paris
| | - Geraud Debruyne
- Anne-Laure Feral-Pierssens and Philippe Juvin are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. Adeline Aubry, Geraud Debruyne, Bruno Riou, and Yonathan Freund are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtriere, APHP, Paris. Jennifer Truchot is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Lariboisière, APHP, Paris. Pierre-Alexis Raynal is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, APHP, Paris. Mathieu Boiffier is with Emergency Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France. Alice Hutin is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris. Agathe Leleu is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Bichat, APHP, Paris. Luc-Marie Joly is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France. Pierre-Alexis Raynal, Bruno Riou, and Yanathan Freund are also with Sorbonne Université, UPMC univ Paris 06, Paris
| | - Luc-Marie Joly
- Anne-Laure Feral-Pierssens and Philippe Juvin are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. Adeline Aubry, Geraud Debruyne, Bruno Riou, and Yonathan Freund are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtriere, APHP, Paris. Jennifer Truchot is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Lariboisière, APHP, Paris. Pierre-Alexis Raynal is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, APHP, Paris. Mathieu Boiffier is with Emergency Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France. Alice Hutin is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris. Agathe Leleu is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Bichat, APHP, Paris. Luc-Marie Joly is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France. Pierre-Alexis Raynal, Bruno Riou, and Yanathan Freund are also with Sorbonne Université, UPMC univ Paris 06, Paris
| | - Philippe Juvin
- Anne-Laure Feral-Pierssens and Philippe Juvin are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. Adeline Aubry, Geraud Debruyne, Bruno Riou, and Yonathan Freund are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtriere, APHP, Paris. Jennifer Truchot is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Lariboisière, APHP, Paris. Pierre-Alexis Raynal is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, APHP, Paris. Mathieu Boiffier is with Emergency Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France. Alice Hutin is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris. Agathe Leleu is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Bichat, APHP, Paris. Luc-Marie Joly is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France. Pierre-Alexis Raynal, Bruno Riou, and Yanathan Freund are also with Sorbonne Université, UPMC univ Paris 06, Paris
| | - Bruno Riou
- Anne-Laure Feral-Pierssens and Philippe Juvin are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. Adeline Aubry, Geraud Debruyne, Bruno Riou, and Yonathan Freund are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtriere, APHP, Paris. Jennifer Truchot is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Lariboisière, APHP, Paris. Pierre-Alexis Raynal is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, APHP, Paris. Mathieu Boiffier is with Emergency Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France. Alice Hutin is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris. Agathe Leleu is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Bichat, APHP, Paris. Luc-Marie Joly is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France. Pierre-Alexis Raynal, Bruno Riou, and Yanathan Freund are also with Sorbonne Université, UPMC univ Paris 06, Paris
| | - Yonathan Freund
- Anne-Laure Feral-Pierssens and Philippe Juvin are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. Adeline Aubry, Geraud Debruyne, Bruno Riou, and Yonathan Freund are with Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtriere, APHP, Paris. Jennifer Truchot is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Lariboisière, APHP, Paris. Pierre-Alexis Raynal is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, APHP, Paris. Mathieu Boiffier is with Emergency Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France. Alice Hutin is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris. Agathe Leleu is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Bichat, APHP, Paris. Luc-Marie Joly is with Emergency Department, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France. Pierre-Alexis Raynal, Bruno Riou, and Yanathan Freund are also with Sorbonne Université, UPMC univ Paris 06, Paris
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Riley ED, Shumway M, Knight KR, Guzman D, Cohen J, Weiser SD. Risk factors for stimulant use among homeless and unstably housed adult women. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 153:173-9. [PMID: 26070454 PMCID: PMC4510017 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most common causes of death among homeless and unstably housed women is acute intoxication where cocaine is present. While correlates of stimulant use have been determined in prior research, few studies have assessed risk factors of use specifically in this high-risk population. METHODS We sampled biological women with a history of housing instability from community-based venues to participate in a cohort study. Baseline and 6-month follow-up data were used to determine the relative risk of stimulant use (crack cocaine, powder cocaine or methamphetamine) among individuals who did not use at baseline. RESULTS Among 260 study participants, the median age was 47 years, 70% were women of color; 47% reported having unmet subsistence needs and 53% reported abstinence from stimulants at baseline. In analyses adjusting for baseline sociodemographics and drug treatment, the risk of using stimulants within 6 months was significantly higher among women who reported recent sexual violence (Adjusted Relative Risk [ARR]=4.31; 95% CI:1.97-9.45), sleeping in a shelter or public place (ARR=2.75; 95% CI:1.15-6.57), and using unprescribed opioid analgesics (ARR=2.54; 95% CI:1.01-6.38). CONCLUSION We found that almost half of homeless and unstably housed women used stimulants at baseline and 14% of those who did not use began within 6 months. Addressing homelessness and sexual violence is critical to reduce stimulant use among impoverished women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise D Riley
- School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Martha Shumway
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kelly R Knight
- School of Medicine, Department of Anthropology, History and Social Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Guzman
- School of Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Cohen
- School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sheri D Weiser
- School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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