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İşbilir F, Güzel BC. Developmental three-dimensional examination of the pelvic cavity of Hamdani crossbred sheep fetuses (Ovis aries) in the last two periods of gestation. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1572. [PMID: 39110028 PMCID: PMC11304900 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Türkiye is a country in the world ranking in terms of sheep breeding. Hamdani crossbred sheep breed is one of the sheep breeds that can adapt to the difficult conditions in our country. In addition, the sentence may be corrected as 'Especially in the southeastern part of the Türkiye, crossbreeding is preferred by breeders to increase the yield characteristics of sheep'. OBJECTIVES In our study, it was aimed to perform a pelvimetric analysis of Hamdani crossbred sheep fetuses in the second and third trimesters by three-dimensional modelling method. METHODS For this purpose, a total of 40 second-trimester (10 females, 10 males) and third-trimester (10 females, 10 males) fetuses were used. The pelvises of the fetuses were imaged with CT and 3D models were created. Sixteen pelvimetric measurements were performed from the models. The results obtained were evaluated statistically. RESULTS The study found statistically significant differences between male and female fetuses in terms of vertical diameter (VD) and foramen obturatum width (FOW) measurement parameters in the second trimester. In the third trimester, there were statistically significant differences between genders in acetabulum (AC) (p < 0.01), medial ischial tuberosities (MIT), and ischiatic arch (IA) (p < 0.05) parameters. As a result of the correlation analysis, it was determined that the pelvis length (PL) measurement parameter was positively correlated with different parameters in varying degrees in both periods, while the IA parameter did not show significant correlations with the other parameter in the last two periods of pregnancy. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the data obtained will be useful in pelvimetric evaluations of human and animal fetuses, anatomy education, zooarchaeology and taxonomy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma İşbilir
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of AnatomySiirt UniversitySiirtTürkiye
| | - Barış Can Güzel
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of AnatomySiirt UniversitySiirtTürkiye
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Isikay I, Cekic E, Baylarov B, Tunc O, Hanalioglu S. Narrative review of patient-specific 3D visualization and reality technologies in skull base neurosurgery: enhancements in surgical training, planning, and navigation. Front Surg 2024; 11:1427844. [PMID: 39081485 PMCID: PMC11287220 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2024.1427844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in medical imaging, computer vision, 3-dimensional (3D) modeling, and artificial intelligence (AI) integrated technologies paved the way for generating patient-specific, realistic 3D visualization of pathological anatomy in neurosurgical conditions. Immersive surgical simulations through augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), mixed reality (MxR), extended reality (XR), and 3D printing applications further increased their utilization in current surgical practice and training. This narrative review investigates state-of-the-art studies, the limitations of these technologies, and future directions for them in the field of skull base surgery. We begin with a methodology summary to create accurate 3D models customized for each patient by combining several imaging modalities. Then, we explore how these models are employed in surgical planning simulations and real-time navigation systems in surgical procedures involving the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial skull bases, including endoscopic and open microsurgical operations. We also evaluate their influence on surgical decision-making, performance, and education. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that these technologies can enhance the visibility of the neuroanatomical structures situated at the cranial base and assist surgeons in preoperative planning and intraoperative navigation, thus showing great potential to improve surgical results and reduce complications. Maximum effectiveness can be achieved in approach selection, patient positioning, craniotomy placement, anti-target avoidance, and comprehension of spatial interrelationships of neurovascular structures. Finally, we present the obstacles and possible future paths for the broader implementation of these groundbreaking methods in neurosurgery, highlighting the importance of ongoing technological advancements and interdisciplinary collaboration to improve the accuracy and usefulness of 3D visualization and reality technologies in skull base surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkay Isikay
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Efecan Cekic
- Neurosurgery Clinic, Polatli Duatepe State Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Baylar Baylarov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Osman Tunc
- Btech Innovation, METU Technopark, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Sahin Hanalioglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
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Güzel BC, İşbilir F. Morphometric analysis of the skulls of a ram and ewe Romanov sheep (Ovis aries) with 3D modelling. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1396. [PMID: 38444190 PMCID: PMC10915369 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the development of technology, 2D images have left their place for 3D models. The 3D modelling technique is widely used in plastic surgery, orthopaedic surgery, neurosurgery, traumatology, dentistry and medical education. The skull is important in terms of containing the starting parts of systems with vital functions. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to reveal the difference between male and female and other species by 3D (three-dimensional) modelling and craniometric measurements of Romanov heads. METHODS In our study, skulls of Romanov sheep (10 females and 10 males) older than 1-year-old were used. The heads of Romanov sheep were scanned with computed tomography and modelled in 3D. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS In the study, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between male and female sheep in terms of the largest nose length, facial width, molar row length, viscerocranium length, and foramen magnum height parameters (p < 0.05). It was determined that the greatest width of the foramen magnum measurement parameter and the skull index showed statistically significant differences between the genders at the p < 0.01 level. No statistically significant difference was found in other measurements (p > 0.05). The data obtained as a result of the study will help in the racial discrimination and classification of bones obtained from zoo archaeological excavations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barış Can Güzel
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of AnatomySiirt UniversitySiirtTurkey
| | - Fatma İşbilir
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of AnatomySiirt UniversitySiirtTurkey
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Güzel BC, Işbilir F. Radiological examination of the skull of Siirt-coloured mohair goat, Romanov and Hamdani sheep. Anat Histol Embryol 2023; 52:967-974. [PMID: 37615352 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The skull is a vitally important complex structure formed by the combination of many bones. Craniometric studies are performed with various imaging methods to determine morphometric characteristics in animals. One of these methods is radiography. In our study, skulls of 14 Hamdani sheep, 20 Siirt-coloured mohair goats and 20 Romanov sheep breeds were used. Skull sections were taken with a computed tomography device and saved in DICOM format. Nine separate measurements and six index calculations were made from the images. In the study, firstly, the gender difference was ignored and the similarities and differences between the species were recorded. In addition, gender differences were determined statistically, without making any distinction between species. Correlation analysis was performed to compare measurement parameters between animal species. As a result of the study, the highest skull length (SL) and cranial length (CL) values were determined in the Siirt-coloured mohair goat. It was determined that the difference between Romanov sheep and Siirt-coloured mohair goat in CL parameter was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In addition, a statistically significant difference was observed between the Romanov sheep breed and the Hamdani sheep breed (p < 0.01). The external length of the cranium (ELC) measurement parameter was found to have a statistically significant difference in three animals (p < 0.01). According to the results of the correlation analysis, the highest correlation value was determined between cranial width (CW) and CL parameters (r = 0.920). When the species difference was ignored, and the statistical difference of the internal height of the cranium (IHC) parameter was found to be significant between female and male animals (p < 0.05). In addition, it was determined that SL, CW and internal cranium index (ICI) parameters had a significant difference depending on sex (p < 0.01). It is foreseen that the obtained data can be used in sciences such as zoo archaeology, anatomy, surgery and forensic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barış Can Güzel
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Fatma Işbilir
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
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Xu Y, Vigo V, Klein J, Nunez MA, Fernandez-Miranda JC, Cohen-Gadol AA, Mao Y. Pursuing perfect 2D and 3D photography in neuroanatomy: a new paradigm for staying up to date with digital technology. J Neurosurg 2023; 138:1766-1772. [PMID: 36308484 DOI: 10.3171/2022.9.jns221988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Xu
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Hospital, Stanford, California
- 3Research Unit of New Technologies of Micro-Endoscopy Combination in Skull Base Surgery (2018RU008), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Vera Vigo
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Hospital, Stanford, California
| | | | | | - Juan C Fernandez-Miranda
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Hospital, Stanford, California
- 5Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Aaron A Cohen-Gadol
- 4The Neurosurgical Atlas, Carmel, Indiana; and
- 5Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ying Mao
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- 3Research Unit of New Technologies of Micro-Endoscopy Combination in Skull Base Surgery (2018RU008), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Adnan S, Xiao J. A scoping review on the trends of digital anatomy education. Clin Anat 2023; 36:471-491. [PMID: 36583721 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Digital technologies are changing the landscape of anatomy education. To reveal the trend of digital anatomy education across medical science disciplines, searches were performed using PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE bibliographic databases for research articles published from January 2010 to June 2021 (inclusive). The search was restricted to publications written in English language and to articles describing teaching tools in undergraduate and postgraduate anatomy and pre-vocational clinical anatomy training courses. Among 156 included studies across six health disciplines, 35% used three-dimensional (3D) digital printing tools, 24.2% augmented reality (AR), 22.3% virtual reality (VR), 11.5% web-based programs, and 4.5% tablet-based apps. There was a clear discipline-dependent preference in the choice and employment of digital anatomy education. AR and VR were the more commonly adopted digital tools for medical and surgical anatomy education, while 3D printing is more broadly used for nursing, allied health and dental health education compared to other digital resources. Digital modalities were predominantly adopted for applied interactive anatomy education and primarily in advanced anatomy curricula such as regional anatomy and neuroanatomy. Moreover, there was a steep increase in VR anatomy combining digital simulation for surgical anatomy training. There is a consistent increase in the adoption of digital modalities in anatomy education across all included health disciplines. AR and VR anatomy incorporating digital simulation will play a more prominent role in medical education of the future. Combining multimodal digital resources that supports blended and interactive learning will further modernize anatomy education, moving medical education further away from its didactic history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmeen Adnan
- Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Junhua Xiao
- Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia.,School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
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Dayan MO, Demircioğlu İ, Koçyiğit A, Güzel BC, Karaavci FA. Morphometric analysis of the skull of Hamdani sheep via Three-Dimensional modelling. Anat Histol Embryol 2023; 52:215-222. [PMID: 36263930 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the craniometric characteristics of the crania of Hamdani sheep, one of local breeds of Turkey, by using computed tomography (CT). In the study, 13 (six female and seven male) skulls were used. After CT images of the skulls were taken, their three-dimensional models were created by MIMICS 20.1 (The Materialise Group, Leuven, Belgium) program. Thirty-eight craniometric measurements were taken over the models created and nine indices were calculated by using these measurements. All the characteristics examined were expressed as mean ± SE. In the study, statistically significant differences were found between females and males in terms of greatest neurocranium breadth, facial breadth, greatest palatal breadth (p < 0.05) and height of the foramen magnum (p < 0.01) parameters. No statistically significant difference was observed between the sexes in the calculated index values (p > 0.05). In conclusion, it is thought that the findings obtained from the study will contribute to the zooarchaeology and sheep taxonomy of Mesopotamian region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Orhun Dayan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - İsmail Demircioğlu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Ali Koçyiğit
- Harran University Laboratory and Veterinary Health Vocational School, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Barış Can Güzel
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fırat University, Elazig, Turkey
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Kiyofuji S, Kin T, Saito T, Koike T, Takeda Y, Uchida T, Sato K, Shono N, Niwa R, Furuta Y, Saito N. Invention of an Online Interactive Virtual Neurosurgery Simulator With Audiovisual Capture for Tactile Feedback. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2023; 24:194-200. [PMID: 36637304 DOI: 10.1227/ons.0000000000000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Present neurosurgical simulators are not portable. OBJECTIVE To maximize portability of a virtual surgical simulator by providing online learning and to validate a unique psychometric method ("audiovisual capture") to provide tactile information without force feedback probes. METHODS An online interactive neurosurgical simulator of a posterior petrosectomy was developed. The difference in the hardness of compact vs cancellous bone was presented with audiovisual effects as inclinations of the drilling speed and sound based on engineering perspectives. Three training methods (the developed simulator, lectures and review of slides, and dissection of a 3-dimensional printed temporal bone model [D3DPM]) were evaluated by 10 neurosurgical residents. They all first attended a lecture and were randomly allocated to 2 groups by the training D3DPM (A: simulator; B: review of slides, no simulator). In D3DPM, objective measures (required time, quality of completion, injury scores of important structures, and the number of instructions provided) were compared between groups. Finally, the residents answered questionnaires. RESULTS The objective measures were not significantly different between groups despite a younger tendency in group A (graduate year -2.4 years, 95% confidence interval -5.3 to 0.5, P = .081). The mean perceived hardness of cancellous bone on the simulator was 70% of that of compact bone, matching the intended profile. The simulator was superior to lectures and review of slides in feedback and repeated practices and to D3DPM in adaptability to multiple learning environments. CONCLUSION A novel online interactive neurosurgical simulator was developed, and satisfactory validity was shown. Audiovisual capture successfully transmitted the tactile information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kiyofuji
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Kin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical Information Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toki Saito
- Department of Medical Information Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Koike
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takeda
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Uchida
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuya Sato
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Shono
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoko Niwa
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Furuta
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Alibhai KM, Burhunduli P, Tarzi C, Patel K, Seabrook C, Brandys T. Transforming the "SEAD": Evaluation of a Virtual Surgical Exploration and Discovery Program and its Effects on Career Decision-Making. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2023; 80:256-269. [PMID: 36333172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2022.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The abrupt cessation of in-person education due to the COVID-19 pandemic has made it difficult for preclerkship students to explore a career in surgery. To supplement the lack of exposure, the Surgical Exploration and Discovery (SEAD) program was transitioned to an entirely virtual format. This study aims to describe the virtual SEAD program and evaluate its effectiveness as a career decision-making (CDM) intervention. DESIGN The week-long program was delivered on Microsoft Teams, featured 11 surgical specialties, and comprised four activities: live demonstrations, virtual operating room observerships, career talks, and technical skills workshops. The program was evaluated using the four levels of the Kirkpatrick model: (1) reactions, (2) knowledge, (3) CDM behaviors - assessed using the Career Decision-making Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ) - and (4) results. The latter was indirectly assessed using CDDQ scores from an in-person SEAD program, where lower CDDQ scores indicate less difficulty with CDM. SETTING Faculty of Medicine at the University of Ottawa in Ontario, Canada. PARTICIPANTS Forty pre-clerkship students (27 first and 13 second year students) at the University of Ottawa RESULTS: Level 1: 97.5% of participants rated the program as good or very good. Live demonstration and technical skills workshops were the highest rated activities. Level 2: participants' scores on knowledge-based questions about a surgical career significantly increased following the program (pre: 9/25 vs post: 15/25, p = 0.008). Level 3: overall mean CDDQ scores (±SD) decreased difficulties with significantly following the program (pre: 45.6 ± 10.5 vs post: 38.8 ± 10.9, p < 0.001), which indicates decreased CDM difficulties. Level 4: Except for one sub-category, the difference in mean CDDQ scores between the virtual and in-person programs were not significantly different. CONCLUSION The program received the positive reactions and significantly increased participants' knowledge. The change in CDDQ scores following the virtual program suggests it may reduce career decision-making difficulties in the short-term. In-person surgical exposure remains important; however, a hybrid model may be valuable in resource limited settings. WC: 300.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kush Patel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Seabrook
- Department of Surgery Office of Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tim Brandys
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital - General Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Timonen T, Dietz A, Linder P, Lehtimäki A, Löppönen H, Elomaa AP, Iso-Mustajärvi M. The effect of virtual reality on temporal bone anatomy evaluation and performance. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 279:4303-4312. [PMID: 34837519 PMCID: PMC9363303 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-021-07183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is only limited data on the application of virtual reality (VR) for the evaluation of temporal bone anatomy. The aim of the present study was to compare the VR environment to traditional cross-sectional viewing of computed tomography images in a simulated preoperative planning setting in novice and expert surgeons. METHODS A novice (n = 5) and an expert group (n = 5), based on their otosurgery experience, were created. The participants were asked to identify 24 anatomical landmarks, perform 11 distance measurements between surgically relevant anatomical structures and 10 fiducial markers on five cadaver temporal bones in both VR environment and cross-sectional viewings in PACS interface. The data on performance time and user-experience (i.e., subjective validation) were collected. RESULTS The novice group made significantly more errors (p < 0.001) and with significantly longer performance time (p = 0.001) in cross-sectional viewing than the expert group. In the VR environment, there was no significant differences (errors and time) between the groups. The performance of novices improved faster in the VR. The novices showed significantly faster task performance (p = 0.003) and a trend towards fewer errors (p = 0.054) in VR compared to cross-sectional viewing. No such difference between the methods were observed in the expert group. The mean overall scores of user-experience were significantly higher for VR than cross-sectional viewing in both groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION In the VR environment, novices performed the anatomical evaluation of temporal bone faster and with fewer errors than in the traditional cross-sectional viewing, which supports its efficiency for the evaluation of complex anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Timonen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, PL 100, 70029, Kuopio, Finland.
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Aarno Dietz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, PL 100, 70029, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pia Linder
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, PL 100, 70029, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Lehtimäki
- Department of Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Löppönen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, PL 100, 70029, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti-Pekka Elomaa
- Microsurgery Centre of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matti Iso-Mustajärvi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, PL 100, 70029, Kuopio, Finland
- Microsurgery Centre of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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11
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Wickramasinghe N, Thompson BR, Xiao J. The Opportunities and Challenges of Digital Anatomy for Medical Sciences: Narrative Review. JMIR MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 8:e34687. [PMID: 35594064 PMCID: PMC9166657 DOI: 10.2196/34687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anatomy has been the cornerstone of medical education for centuries. However, given the advances in the Internet of Things, this landscape has been augmented in the past decade, shifting toward a greater focus on adopting digital technologies. Digital anatomy is emerging as a new discipline that represents an opportunity to embrace advances in digital health technologies and apply them to the domain of modern medical sciences. Notably, the use of augmented or mixed and virtual reality as well as mobile and platforms and 3D printing in modern anatomy has dramatically increased in the last 5 years. OBJECTIVE This review aims to outline the emerging area of digital anatomy and summarize opportunities and challenges for incorporating digital anatomy in medical science education and practices. METHODS Literature searches were performed using the PubMed, Embase, and MEDLINE bibliographic databases for research articles published between January 2005 and June 2021 (inclusive). Out of the 4650 articles, 651 (14%) were advanced to full-text screening and 77 (1.7%) were eligible for inclusion in the narrative review. We performed a Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat (SWOT) analysis to evaluate the role that digital anatomy plays in both the learning and teaching of medicine and health sciences as well as its practice. RESULTS Digital anatomy has not only revolutionized undergraduate anatomy education via 3D reconstruction of the human body but is shifting the paradigm of pre- and vocational training for medical professionals via digital simulation, advancing health care. Importantly, it was noted that digital anatomy not only benefits in situ real time clinical practice but also has many advantages for learning and teaching clinicians at multiple levels. Using the SWOT analysis, we described strengths and opportunities that together serve to underscore the benefits of embracing digital anatomy, in particular the areas for collaboration and medical advances. The SWOT analysis also identified a few weaknesses associated with digital anatomy, which are primarily related to the fact that the current reach and range of applications for digital anatomy are very limited owing to its nascent nature. Furthermore, threats are limited to technical aspects such as hardware and software issues. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the advances in digital health and Health 4.0 in key areas of digital anatomy analytics. The continuous evolution of digital technologies will increase their ability to reinforce anatomy knowledge and advance clinical practice. However, digital anatomy education should not be viewed as a simple technical conversion and needs an explicit pedagogical framework. This review will be a valuable asset for educators and researchers to incorporate digital anatomy into the learning and teaching of medical sciences and their practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilmini Wickramasinghe
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria, Australia
- Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bruce R Thompson
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria, Australia
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Junhua Xiao
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria, Australia
- School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
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12
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Santos VA, Barreira MP, Saad KR. Technological resources for teaching and learning about human anatomy in the medical course: Systematic review of literature. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2022; 15:403-419. [PMID: 34664384 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The consolidation of technology as an alternative strategy to cadaveric dissection for teaching anatomy in medical courses was accelerated by the recent Covid-19 pandemic, which caused the need for social distance policies and the closure of laboratories and classrooms. Consequently, new technologies were created, and those already been developed started to be better explored. However, information about many of these instruments and resources is not available to anatomy teachers. This systematic review presents the technological means for teaching and learning about human anatomy developed and applied in medical courses in the last ten years, besides the infrastructure necessary to use them. Studies in English, Portuguese, and Spanish were searched in MEDLINE, Scopus, ERIC, LILACS, and SciELO databases, initially resulting in a total of 875 identified articles, from which 102 were included in the analysis. They were classified according to the type of technology used: three-dimensional (3D) printing (n = 22), extended reality (n = 49), digital tools (n = 23), and other technological resources (n = 8). It was made a detailed description of technologies, including the stage of the medical curriculum in which it was applied, the infrastructure utilized, and which contents were covered. The analysis shows that between all technologies, those related to the internet and 3D printing are the most applicable, both in student learning and the financial cost necessary for its structural implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius A Santos
- School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Matheus P Barreira
- School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Karen R Saad
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Brazil
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Scott H, Griffin C, Coggins W, Elberson B, Abdeldayem M, Virmani T, Larson-Prior LJ, Petersen E. Virtual Reality in the Neurosciences: Current Practice and Future Directions. Front Surg 2022; 8:807195. [PMID: 35252318 PMCID: PMC8894248 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.807195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtual reality has made numerous advancements in recent years and is used with increasing frequency for education, diversion, and distraction. Beginning several years ago as a device that produced an image with only a few pixels, virtual reality is now able to generate detailed, three-dimensional, and interactive images. Furthermore, these images can be used to provide quantitative data when acting as a simulator or a rehabilitation device. In this article, we aim to draw attention to these areas, as well as highlight the current settings in which virtual reality (VR) is being actively studied and implemented within the field of neurosurgery and the neurosciences. Additionally, we discuss the current limitations of the applications of virtual reality within various settings. This article includes areas in which virtual reality has been used in applications both inside and outside of the operating room, such as pain control, patient education and counseling, and rehabilitation. Virtual reality's utility in neurosurgery and the neurosciences is widely growing, and its use is quickly becoming an integral part of patient care, surgical training, operative planning, navigation, and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden Scott
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- *Correspondence: Hayden Scott
| | - Connor Griffin
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - William Coggins
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Brooke Elberson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Mohamed Abdeldayem
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Tuhin Virmani
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Linda J. Larson-Prior
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Erika Petersen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
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New neuroanatomy learning paradigms for the next generation of trainees: A novel literature-based 3D methodology. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2021; 210:106948. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Roh TH, Oh JW, Jang CK, Choi S, Kim EH, Hong CK, Kim SH. Virtual dissection of the real brain: integration of photographic 3D models into virtual reality and its effect on neurosurgical resident education. Neurosurg Focus 2021; 51:E16. [PMID: 34333482 DOI: 10.3171/2021.5.focus21193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Virtual reality (VR) is increasingly being used for education and surgical simulation in neurosurgery. So far, the 3D sources for VR simulation have been derived from medical images, which lack real color. The authors made photographic 3D models from dissected cadavers and integrated them into the VR platform. This study aimed to introduce a method of developing a photograph-integrated VR and to evaluate the educational effect of these models. METHODS A silicone-injected cadaver head was prepared. A CT scan of the specimen was taken, and the soft tissue and skull were segmented to 3D objects. The cadaver was dissected layer by layer, and each layer was 3D scanned by a photogrammetric method. The objects were imported to a free VR application and layered. Using the head-mounted display and controllers, the various neurosurgical approaches were demonstrated to neurosurgical residents. After performing hands-on virtual surgery with photographic 3D models, a feedback survey was collected from 31 participants. RESULTS Photographic 3D models were seamlessly integrated into the VR platform. Various skull base approaches were successfully performed with photograph-integrated VR. During virtual dissection, the landmark anatomical structures were identified based on their color and shape. Respondents rated a higher score for photographic 3D models than for conventional 3D models (4.3 ± 0.8 vs 3.2 ± 1.1, respectively; p = 0.001). They responded that performing virtual surgery with photographic 3D models would help to improve their surgical skills and to develop and study new surgical approaches. CONCLUSIONS The authors introduced photographic 3D models to the virtual surgery platform for the first time. Integrating photographs with the 3D model and layering technique enhanced the educational effect of the 3D models. In the future, as computer technology advances, more realistic simulations will be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hoon Roh
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon
| | - Ji Woong Oh
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Chang Ki Jang
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Seonah Choi
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Eui Hyun Kim
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Chang-Ki Hong
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; and.,4Department of Neurosurgery, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hyuk Kim
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a crucial tool for evaluation of the skull base, enabling characterization of complex anatomy by utilizing multiple image contrasts. Recent technical MR advances have greatly enhanced radiologists' capability to diagnose skull base pathology and help direct management. In this paper, we will summarize cutting-edge clinical and emerging research MR techniques for the skull base, including high-resolution, phase-contrast, diffusion, perfusion, vascular, zero echo-time, elastography, spectroscopy, chemical exchange saturation transfer, PET/MR, ultra-high-field, and 3D visualization. For each imaging technique, we provide a high-level summary of underlying technical principles accompanied by relevant literature review and clinical imaging examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia F Kirsch
- Division Chief, Neuroradiology, Professor of Neuroradiology and Otolaryngology, Department of Radiology, Northwell Health, Zucker Hofstra School of Medicine at Northwell, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY
| | - Mai-Lan Ho
- Associate Professor of Radiology, Director of Research, Department of Radiology, Director, Advanced Neuroimaging Core, Chair, Asian Pacific American Network, Secretary, Association for Staff and Faculty Women, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Division Chief, Neuroradiology, Professor of Neuroradiology and Otolaryngology, Department of Radiology, Northwell Health, Zucker Hofstra School of Medicine at Northwell, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY.
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Teton ZE, Freedman RS, Tomlinson SB, Linzey JR, Onyewuenyi A, Khahera AS, Hendricks BK, Cohen-Gadol AA. The Neurosurgical Atlas: advancing neurosurgical education in the digital age. Neurosurg Focus 2021; 48:E17. [PMID: 32114553 DOI: 10.3171/2019.12.focus19820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The advent of the internet and the popularity of e-learning resources has promoted a shift in medical and surgical education today. The Neurosurgical Atlas has sought to capitalize on this shift by providing easily accessible video and online education to its users on an international scale. The rising popularity of social media has provided new avenues for expanding that global reach, and the Atlas has sought to do just that. In this study, the authors analyzed user demographics and web traffic patterns to quantify the international reach of the Atlas and examined the potential impact of social media platforms on the expansion of that reach. METHODS Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram metrics were extracted using each respective service's analytics tool from the date of their creation through October 2019. Google Analytics was used to extract website traffic data from September 2018 to September 2019 and app data from January 2019 to October 2019. The metrics extracted included the number of platform users/followers, user demographic information, percentage of new versus returning visitors, and a number of platform-specific values. RESULTS Since the authors' previous publication in 2017, annual website viewership has more than doubled to greater than 500,000 viewing sessions in the past year alone; international users accounted for more than 60% of the visits. The Atlas Twitter account, established in August 2012, has more than 12,000 followers, primarily hailing from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Saudi Arabia. The Atlas Facebook account, established in 2013, has just over 13,000 followers, primarily from India, Egypt, and Mexico. The Atlas Instagram account (established most recently, in December 2018) has more than 16,000 followers and the highest percentage (31%) of younger users (aged 18-24 years). The Atlas app was officially launched in May 2019, largely via promotion on the Atlas social media platforms, and has since recorded more than 60,000 viewing sessions, 80% of which were from users outside the United States. CONCLUSIONS The Neurosurgical Atlas has attempted to leverage the many e-learning resources at its disposal to assist in spreading neurosurgical best practice on an international scale in a novel and comprehensive way. By incorporating multiple social media platforms into its repertoire, the Atlas is able to ensure awareness of and access to these resources regardless of the user's location or platform of preference. In so doing, the Atlas represents a novel way of advancing access to neurosurgical educational resources in the digital age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe E Teton
- 1School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Samuel B Tomlinson
- 3School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Joseph R Linzey
- 4Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alvin Onyewuenyi
- 5Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Benjamin K Hendricks
- 7Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona; and
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18
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Zaed I, Menna G, Caccavella VM, Stumpo V, Giordano M, Caimmi E, Wheeler DR, Tinterri B. Italian Neurosurgical Residents' Experience with Research Activities: A National Survey. World Neurosurg 2020; 142:e101-e110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.06.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Timonen T, Iso-Mustajärvi M, Linder P, Lehtimäki A, Löppönen H, Elomaa AP, Dietz A. Virtual reality improves the accuracy of simulated preoperative planning in temporal bones: a feasibility and validation study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 278:2795-2806. [PMID: 32964264 PMCID: PMC8266780 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-06360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Consumer-grade virtual reality (VR) has recently enabled various medical applications, but more evidence supporting their validity is needed. We investigated the accuracy of simulated surgical planning in a VR environment (VR) with temporal bones and compared it to conventional cross-sectional image viewing in picture archiving and communication system (PACS) interface. METHODS Five experienced otologic surgeons measured significant anatomic structures and fiducials on five fresh-frozen cadaveric temporal bones in VR and cross-sectional viewing. Primary image data were acquired by computed tomography. In total, 275 anatomical landmark measurements and 250 measurements of the distance between fiducials were obtained with both methods. Distance measurements between the fiducials were confirmed by physical measurement obtained by Vernier caliper. The experts evaluated the subjective validity of both methods on a 5-point Likert scale qualitative survey. RESULTS A strong correlation based on intraclass coefficient was found between the methods on both the anatomical (r > 0.900) and fiducial measurements (r > 0.916). Two-tailed paired t-test and Bland-Altman plots demonstrated high equivalences between the VR and cross-sectional viewing with mean differences of 1.9% (p = 0.396) and 0.472 mm (p = 0.065) for anatomical and fiducial measurements, respectively. Gross measurement errors due to the misidentification of fiducials occurred more frequently in the cross-sectional viewing. The mean face and content validity rating for VR were significantly better compared to cross-sectional viewing (total mean score 4.11 vs 3.39, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our study supports good accuracy and reliability of VR environment for simulated surgical planning in temporal bones compared to conventional cross-sectional visualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Timonen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie 2, PL 100, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Matti Iso-Mustajärvi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie 2, PL 100, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
- Microsurgery Centre of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pia Linder
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie 2, PL 100, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Lehtimäki
- Department of Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Löppönen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie 2, PL 100, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Aarno Dietz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie 2, PL 100, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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20
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Wyles SP, Meyer FB, Hayden R, Scarisbrick I, Terzic A. Digital regenerative medicine and surgery pedagogy for virtual learning in the time of COVID-19. Regen Med 2020; 15:1937-1941. [PMID: 32844717 PMCID: PMC7488723 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saranya P Wyles
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Fredric B Meyer
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Richard Hayden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
| | - Isobel Scarisbrick
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Andre Terzic
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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21
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Cox TC. Microcomputed tomography of craniofacial mineralized tissue: A practical user's guide to study planning and generating quality data. Bone 2020; 137:115408. [PMID: 32407962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Whether in a clinical setting or a research environment using model organisms, X-ray-based computed tomography (CT) in its different forms represents the gold standard technology for the non-invasive imaging and quantification of mineralized tissues. While there are many excellent reviews on computed tomography in bone imaging, most focus on the appendicular skeleton. However, the craniofacial skeleton and mineralized dentition, which are frequently imaged for a variety of reasons, can require special considerations to ensure the best quality data are acquired and interpreted correctly. In this review, I will specifically focus on micro-computed tomography (microCT) related to the study of the craniofacial skeleton from the onset of cranioskeletal development through to adulthood using the mouse as the primary reference organism. In so doing, I will cover the important considerations when planning imaging studies, explain critical parameters of both scanning, reconstruction and 3D rendering of data that can impact quantification of different mineralized craniofacial tissues, and options for enabling accurate visualization of tomographic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Cox
- Departments of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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22
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Cohen-Gadol AA. Introducing The Neurosurgical Atlas Series as a Monthly Section of World Neurosurgery: Operative Pearls and Insights. World Neurosurg 2020; 140:497-498. [PMID: 32646744 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.06.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Cohen-Gadol
- The Neurosurgical Atlas and Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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Tomlinson SB, Hendricks BK, Cohen-Gadol AA. Editorial. Innovations in neurosurgical education during the COVID-19 pandemic: is it time to reexamine our neurosurgical training models? J Neurosurg 2020; 133:14-15. [PMID: 32302991 PMCID: PMC7164321 DOI: 10.3171/2020.4.jns201012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B. Tomlinson
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
- The Neurosurgical Atlas, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| | | | - Aaron A. Cohen-Gadol
- The Neurosurgical Atlas, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Dedeilia A, Sotiropoulos MG, Hanrahan JG, Janga D, Dedeilias P, Sideris M. Medical and Surgical Education Challenges and Innovations in the COVID-19 Era: A Systematic Review. In Vivo 2020; 34:1603-1611. [PMID: 32503818 PMCID: PMC8378024 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to identify the challenges imposed on medical and surgical education by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the proposed innovations enabling the continuation of medical student and resident training. A systematic review on the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases was performed on April 18th, 2020, and yielded 1288 articles. Sixty-one of the included manuscripts were synthesized in a qualitative description focused on two major axes, "challenges" and "innovative solutions", and two minor axes, "mental health" and "medical students in the frontlines". Shortage of personal protective equipment, suspension of clinical clerkships and observerships and reduction in elective surgical cases unavoidably affect medical and surgical education. Interesting solutions involving the use of virtual learning, videoconferencing, social media and telemedicine could effectively tackle the sudden cease in medical education. Furthermore, trainee's mental health should be safeguarded, and medical students can be involved in the COVID-19 clinical treatment if needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Dedeilia
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marinos G Sotiropoulos
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | | | - Deepa Janga
- North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust, London, U.K
| | - Panagiotis Dedeilias
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery Department, Evangelismos General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michail Sideris
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K.
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Replicating Skull Base Anatomy With 3D Technologies: A Comparative Study Using 3D-scanned and 3D-printed Models of the Temporal Bone. Otol Neurotol 2020; 41:e392-e403. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000002524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tomlinson SB, Hendricks BK, Cohen-Gadol A. Immersive Three-Dimensional Modeling and Virtual Reality for Enhanced Visualization of Operative Neurosurgical Anatomy. World Neurosurg 2019; 131:313-320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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27
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Maniam P, Schnell P, Dan L, Portelli R, Erolin C, Mountain R, Wilkinson T. Exploration of temporal bone anatomy using mixed reality (HoloLens): development of a mixed reality anatomy teaching resource prototype. J Vis Commun Med 2019; 43:17-26. [PMID: 31645155 DOI: 10.1080/17453054.2019.1671813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mixed reality (MR), a technology which supplements the real world with virtual objects, is increasingly becoming available as a teaching tool in medical education. The Microsoft HoloLens device allows operators to experience MR using a head-mounted device without interfering with their physical reality, stimulating a realistic learning experience using virtual objects. This project aimed to develop a MR anatomy teaching application with HoloLens for exploring the anatomy of the temporal bone. The educational application was developed from a multidisciplinary collaboration between undergraduate and postgraduate students across several academic disciplines with Medtronic, a medical technology company. 3D anatomical models were built using ZBrush and Blender, while the HoloLens1 application was developed using Windows 10, Visual Studio 2017, Unity and Mixed Reality Toolkit (MRTK). Modules developed within the application included a basic HoloLens tutorial, a virtual temporal bone with surgical anatomy landmarks and free drilling of the temporal bone. The basic tutorial allows the operator to adapt to the MR environment prior to exploring the anatomical landmarks of the 3D temporal bone. The free drilling of the temporal bone using vertex displacement and texture stretching replicates a real-time bone drilling experience and allows the operator to explore the anatomical relationship between different otological structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithran Maniam
- School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Schnell
- Department of Computing, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Lilly Dan
- Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Rony Portelli
- Department of Computing, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Erolin
- Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney Mountain
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey Wilkinson
- Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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