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Lin Z, Gao L, Hou N, Zhi X, Zhang Y, Che Z, Deng A. Application of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on tissue resident stem cells: Potential for ophthalmic diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1153793. [PMID: 37008913 PMCID: PMC10063999 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1153793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tissue-resident stem cells (TRSCs) have the ability to self-renew and differentiate throughout an individual's lifespan, and they utilize both mechanisms to maintain homeostasis and regenerate damaged tissues. Several studies suggest that these stem cells can serve as a potential source for cell-replacement-based therapy by promoting differentiation or expansion. In recent years, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been demonstrated to effectively stimulate stem cell proliferation and differentiation, promote tissue regeneration, and inhibit inflammatory responses. AIMS To present a comprehensive overview of current application and mechanism of LIPUS on tissue resident stem cells. METHODS We searched PubMed, Web of Science for articles on the effects of LIPUS on tissue resident stem cells and its application. RESULTS The LIPUS could modulate cellular activities such as cell viability, proliferation and differentiation of tissue resident stem cells and related cells through various cellular signaling pathways. Currently, LIPUS, as the main therapeutic ultrasound, is being widely used in the treatment of preclinical and clinical diseases. CONCLUSION The stem cell research is the hot topic in the biological science, while in recent years, increasing evidence has shown that TRSCs are good targets for LIPUS-regulated regenerative medicine. LIPUS may be a novel and valuable therapeutic approach for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases. How to further improve its efficiency and accuracy, as well as the biological mechanism therein, will be the focus of future research.
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Hiramatsu N, Yamamoto N, Ohkuma M, Nagai N, Miyachi EI, Yamatsuta K, Imaizumi K. Iris-derived induced pluripotent stem cells that express GFP in all somatic cells of mice and differentiate into functional retinal neurons. Med Mol Morphol 2022; 55:292-303. [PMID: 35932315 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-022-00330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
When regenerated tissue is generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), it is necessary to track and identify the transplanted cells. Fluorescently-labeled iPSCs synthesize a fluorescent substance that is easily tracked. However, the expressed protein should not affect the original genome sequence or pluripotency. To solve this problem, we created a cell tool for basic research on iPSCs. Iris tissue-derived cells from GFP fluorescence-expressing mice (GFP-DBA/2 mice) were reprogrammed to generate GFP mouse iris-derived iPSCs (M-iris GFP iPSCs). M-iris GFP iPSCs expressed cell markers characteristic of iPSCs and showed pluripotency in differentiating into the three germ layers. In addition, when expressing GFP, the cells differentiated into functional recoverin- and calbindin-positive cells. Thus, this cell line will facilitate future studies on iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Hiramatsu
- Support Office for Bioresource Research, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Support Office for Bioresource Research, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
- International Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Research Promotion and Support Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
- Division of Vision Research for Environmental Health, Project Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Mahito Ohkuma
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Noriaki Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Ei-Ichi Miyachi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nagoya Women's University, Toyoake, Aichi, 467-8610, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yamatsuta
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Imaizumi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
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Hiramatsu N, Yamamoto N, Kato Y, Nagai N, Isogai S, Imaizumi K. Formation of three‑dimensional cell aggregates expressing lens‑specific proteins in various cultures of human iris‑derived tissue cells and iPS cells. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:539. [PMID: 35837031 PMCID: PMC9257972 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are widely used as a research tool in regenerative medicine and embryology. In studies related to lens regeneration in the eye, iPS cells have been reported to differentiate into lens epithelial cells (LECs); however, to the best of our knowledge, no study to date has described their formation of three-dimensional cell aggregates. Notably, in vivo studies in newts have revealed that iris cells in the eye can dedifferentiate into LECs and regenerate a new lens. Thus, as basic research on lens regeneration, the present study investigated the differentiation of human iris tissue-derived cells and human iris tissue-derived iPS cells into LECs and their formation of three-dimensional cell aggregates using a combination of two-dimensional culture, static suspension culture and rotational suspension culture. The results revealed that three-dimensional cell aggregates were formed and differentiated into LECs expressing αA-crystallin, a specific marker protein for LECs, suggesting that the cell-cell interaction facilitated by cell aggregation may have a critical role in enabling highly efficient differentiation of LECs. However, the present study was unable to achieve transparency in the cell aggregates; therefore, we aim to continue to investigate the degradation of organelles and other materials necessary to make the interior of the formed cell aggregates transparent. Furthermore, we aim to expand on our current work to study the regeneration of the lens and ciliary body as a whole in vitro, with the aim of being able to restore focusing function after cataract surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Hiramatsu
- Support Office for Bioresource Research, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470‑1192, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Support Office for Bioresource Research, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470‑1192, Japan
| | - Yu Kato
- Support Office for Bioresource Research, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470‑1192, Japan
| | - Noriaki Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577‑8502, Japan
| | - Sumito Isogai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470‑1192, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Imaizumi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470‑1192, Japan
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Grigoryan EN. Pigment Epithelia of the Eye: Cell-Type Conversion in Regeneration and Disease. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030382. [PMID: 35330132 PMCID: PMC8955580 DOI: 10.3390/life12030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelial cells (PECs) of the retina (RPE), ciliary body, and iris (IPE) are capable of altering their phenotype. The main pathway of phenotypic switching of eye PECs in vertebrates and humans in vivo and/or in vitro is neural/retinal. Besides, cells of amphibian IPE give rise to the lens and its derivatives, while mammalian and human RPE can be converted along the mesenchymal pathway. The PECs’ capability of conversion in vivo underlies the lens and retinal regeneration in lower vertebrates and retinal diseases such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy and fibrosis in mammals and humans. The present review considers these processes studied in vitro and in vivo in animal models and in humans. The molecular basis of conversion strategies in PECs is elucidated. Being predetermined onto- and phylogenetically, it includes a species-specific molecular context, differential expression of transcription factors, signaling pathways, and epigenomic changes. The accumulated knowledge regarding the mechanisms of PECs phenotypic switching allows the development of approaches to specified conversion for many purposes: obtaining cells for transplantation, creating conditions to stimulate natural regeneration of the retina and the lens, blocking undesirable conversions associated with eye pathology, and finding molecular markers of pathology to be targets of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora N Grigoryan
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Wang J, Rattner A, Nathans J. A transcriptome atlas of the mouse iris at single-cell resolution defines cell types and the genomic response to pupil dilation. eLife 2021; 10:e73477. [PMID: 34783308 PMCID: PMC8594943 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The iris controls the level of retinal illumination by controlling pupil diameter. It is a site of diverse ophthalmologic diseases and it is a potential source of cells for ocular auto-transplantation. The present study provides foundational data on the mouse iris based on single nucleus RNA sequencing. More specifically, this work has (1) defined all of the major cell types in the mouse iris and ciliary body, (2) led to the discovery of two types of iris stromal cells and two types of iris sphincter cells, (3) revealed the differences in cell type-specific transcriptomes in the resting vs. dilated states, and (4) identified and validated antibody and in situ hybridization probes that can be used to visualize the major iris cell types. By immunostaining for specific iris cell types, we have observed and quantified distortions in nuclear morphology associated with iris dilation and clarified the neural crest contribution to the iris by showing that Wnt1-Cre-expressing progenitors contribute to nearly all iris cell types, whereas Sox10-Cre-expressing progenitors contribute only to stromal cells. This work should be useful as a point of reference for investigations of iris development, disease, and pharmacology, for the isolation and propagation of defined iris cell types, and for iris cell engineering and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Amir Rattner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Jeremy Nathans
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
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6
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Hidalgo-Alvarez V, Dhowre HS, Kingston OA, Sheridan CM, Levis HJ. Biofabrication of Artificial Stem Cell Niches in the Anterior Ocular Segment. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:135. [PMID: 34677208 PMCID: PMC8533470 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior segment of the eye is a complex set of structures that collectively act to maintain the integrity of the globe and direct light towards the posteriorly located retina. The eye is exposed to numerous physical and environmental insults such as infection, UV radiation, physical or chemical injuries. Loss of transparency to the cornea or lens (cataract) and dysfunctional regulation of intra ocular pressure (glaucoma) are leading causes of worldwide blindness. Whilst traditional therapeutic approaches can improve vision, their effect often fails to control the multiple pathological events that lead to long-term vision loss. Regenerative medicine approaches in the eye have already had success with ocular stem cell therapy and ex vivo production of cornea and conjunctival tissue for transplant recovering patients' vision. However, advancements are required to increase the efficacy of these as well as develop other ocular cell therapies. One of the most important challenges that determines the success of regenerative approaches is the preservation of the stem cell properties during expansion culture in vitro. To achieve this, the environment must provide the physical, chemical and biological factors that ensure the maintenance of their undifferentiated state, as well as their proliferative capacity. This is likely to be accomplished by replicating the natural stem cell niche in vitro. Due to the complex nature of the cell microenvironment, the creation of such artificial niches requires the use of bioengineering techniques which can replicate the physico-chemical properties and the dynamic cell-extracellular matrix interactions that maintain the stem cell phenotype. This review discusses the progress made in the replication of stem cell niches from the anterior ocular segment by using bioengineering approaches and their therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Hidalgo-Alvarez
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Hala S. Dhowre
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; (H.S.D.); (O.A.K.)
| | - Olivia A. Kingston
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; (H.S.D.); (O.A.K.)
| | - Carl M. Sheridan
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; (H.S.D.); (O.A.K.)
| | - Hannah J. Levis
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; (H.S.D.); (O.A.K.)
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Sherpa RD, Hui SP. An insight on established retinal injury mechanisms and prevalent retinal stem cell activation pathways in vertebrate models. Animal Model Exp Med 2021; 4:189-203. [PMID: 34557646 PMCID: PMC8446703 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Implementing different tools and injury mechanisms in multiple animal models of retina regeneration, researchers have discovered the existence of retinal stem/progenitor cells. Although they appear to be distributed uniformly across the vertebrate lineage, the reparative potential of the retina is mainly restricted to lower vertebrates. Regenerative repair post-injury requires the creation of a proliferative niche, vital for proper stem cell activation, propagation, and lineage differentiation. This seems to be lacking in mammals. Hence, in this review, we first discuss the many forms of retinal injuries that have been generated using animal models. Next, we discuss how they are utilized to stimulate regeneration and mimic eye disease pathologies. The key to driving stem cell activation in mammals relies on the information we can gather from these models. Lastly, we present a brief update about the genes, growth factors, and signaling pathways that have been brought to light using these models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhra Prakash Hui
- S. N. Pradhan Centre for NeurosciencesUniversity of CalcuttaKolkataIndia
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Yamamoto N, Hiramatsu N, Ohkuma M, Hatsusaka N, Takeda S, Nagai N, Miyachi EI, Kondo M, Imaizumi K, Horiguchi M, Kubo E, Sasaki H. Novel Technique for Retinal Nerve Cell Regeneration with Electrophysiological Functions Using Human Iris-Derived iPS Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040743. [PMID: 33800535 PMCID: PMC8067101 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine in ophthalmology that uses induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) cells has been described, but those studies used iPS cells derived from fibroblasts. Here, we generated iPS cells derived from iris cells that develop from the same inner layer of the optic cup as the retina, to regenerate retinal nerves. We first identified cells positive for p75NTR, a marker of retinal tissue stem and progenitor cells, in human iris tissue. We then reprogrammed the cultured p75NTR-positive iris tissue stem/progenitor (H-iris stem/progenitor) cells to create iris-derived iPS (H-iris iPS) cells for the first time. These cells were positive for iPS cell markers and showed pluripotency to differentiate into three germ layers. When H-iris iPS cells were pre-differentiated into neural stem/progenitor cells, not all cells became positive for neural stem/progenitor and nerve cell markers. When these cells were pre-differentiated into neural stem/progenitor cells, sorted with p75NTR, and used as a medium for differentiating into retinal nerve cells, the cells differentiated into Recoverin-positive cells with electrophysiological functions. In a different medium, H-iris iPS cells differentiated into retinal ganglion cell marker-positive cells with electrophysiological functions. This is the first demonstration of H-iris iPS cells differentiating into retinal neurons that function physiologically as neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (N.H.); (S.T.); (E.K.); (H.S.)
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +81-762-286-2211
| | - Noriko Hiramatsu
- Research Promotion and Support Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan;
| | - Mahito Ohkuma
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan; (M.O.); (E.-i.M.)
| | - Natsuko Hatsusaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (N.H.); (S.T.); (E.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Shun Takeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (N.H.); (S.T.); (E.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Noriaki Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka 577-8502, Japan;
| | - Ei-ichi Miyachi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan; (M.O.); (E.-i.M.)
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nagoya Women’s University, Aichi 467-8610, Japan
| | - Masashi Kondo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan; (M.K.); (K.I.)
| | - Kazuyoshi Imaizumi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan; (M.K.); (K.I.)
| | - Masayuki Horiguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan;
| | - Eri Kubo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (N.H.); (S.T.); (E.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Hiroshi Sasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (N.H.); (S.T.); (E.K.); (H.S.)
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Grigoryan EN. Potential Endogenous Cell Sources for Retinal Regeneration in Vertebrates and Humans: Progenitor Traits and Specialization. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E208. [PMID: 32664635 PMCID: PMC7400588 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8070208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal diseases often cause the loss of photoreceptor cells and, consequently, impairment of vision. To date, several cell populations are known as potential endogenous retinal regeneration cell sources (RRCSs): the eye ciliary zone, the retinal pigment epithelium, the iris, and Müller glia. Factors that can activate the regenerative responses of RRCSs are currently under investigation. The present review considers accumulated data on the relationship between the progenitor properties of RRCSs and the features determining their differentiation. Specialized RRCSs (all except the ciliary zone in low vertebrates), despite their differences, appear to be partially "prepared" to exhibit their plasticity and be reprogrammed into retinal neurons due to the specific gene expression and epigenetic landscape. The "developmental" characteristics of RRCS gene expression are predefined by the pathway by which these cell populations form during eye morphogenesis; the epigenetic features responsible for chromatin organization in RRCSs are under intracellular regulation. Such genetic and epigenetic readiness is manifested in vivo in lower vertebrates and in vitro in higher ones under conditions permissive for cell phenotype transformation. Current studies on gene expression in RRCSs and changes in their epigenetic landscape help find experimental approaches to replacing dead cells through recruiting cells from endogenous resources in vertebrates and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora N Grigoryan
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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10
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Grigoryan EN. Endogenous Cell Sources for Eye Retina Regeneration in Vertebrate Animals and Humans. Russ J Dev Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s106236041901003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
Purpose Retinal degenerative diseases lead to the death of retinal neurons causing visual impairment and blindness. In lower order vertebrates, the retina and its surrounding tissue contain stem cell niches capable of regenerating damaged tissue. Here we examine these niches and review their capacity to be used as retinal stem/progenitor cells (RSC/RPCs) for retinal repair. Recent Findings Exogenous factors can control the in vitro activation of RSCs/PCs found in several niches within the adult eye including cells in the ciliary margin, the retinal pigment epithelium, iris pigment epithelium as well as the inducement of Müller and amacrine cells within the neural retina itself. Recently, factors have been identified for the activation of adult mammalian Müller cells to a RPC state in vivo. Summary Whereas cell transplantation still holds potential for retinal repair, activation of the dormant native regeneration process may lead to a more successful process including greater integration efficiency and proper synaptic targeting.
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Matsushita T, Steinfeld J, Fujihara A, Urayama S, Taketani S, Araki M. Regulation of neuronal and photoreceptor cell differentiation by Wnt signaling from iris-derived stem/progenitor cells of the chick in flat vs. Matrigel-embedding cultures. Brain Res 2018; 1704:207-218. [PMID: 30347217 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Previously we developed a simple culture method of the iris tissues and reported novel properties of neural stem/progenitor-like cells in the iris tissues of the chick and pig. When the iris epithelium or connective tissue (stroma) was treated with dispase, embedded in Matrigel, and cultured, neuronal cells extended from the explants within 24 h of culture, and cells positively stained for photoreceptor cell markers were also observed within a few days of culturing. In ordinary flat tissue culture conditions, explants had the same differentiation properties to those in tissue environments. Previously, we suggested that iris neural stem/progenitor cells are simply suppressed from neuronal differentiation within tissue, and that separation from the tissue releases the cells from this suppression mechanism. Here, we examined whether Wnt signaling suppressed neuronal differentiation of iris tissue cells in tissue environments because the lens, which has direct contact with the iris, is a rich source of Wnt proteins. When the Wnt signaling activator 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO) was administered to Matrigel culture, neuronal differentiation was markedly suppressed, but cell proliferation was not affected. When Wnt signaling inhibitors, such as DKK-1 and IWR-1, were applied to the same culture, they did not have any effect on cell differentiation and proliferation. However, when the inhibitors were applied to flat tissue culture, cells with neural properties emerged. These results indicate that the interaction of iris tissue with neighboring tissues and the environment regulates the stemness nature of iris tissue cells, and that Wnt signaling is a major factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamami Matsushita
- Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | | | - Ai Fujihara
- Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Satoshi Urayama
- Unit of Neural Development and Regeneration, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Shigeru Taketani
- Department of Biotechnology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Masasuke Araki
- Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan; Unit of Neural Development and Regeneration, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan.
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Royall LN, Lea D, Matsushita T, Takeda TA, Taketani S, Araki M. A novel culture method reveals unique neural stem/progenitors in mature porcine iris tissues that differentiate into neuronal and rod photoreceptor-like cells. Brain Res 2017; 1675:51-60. [PMID: 28866055 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Iris neural stem/progenitor cells from mature porcine eyes were investigated using a new protocol for tissue culture, which consists of dispase treatment and Matrigel embedding. We used a number of culture conditions and found an intense differentiation of neuronal cells from both the iris pigmented epithelial (IPE) cells and the stroma tissue cells. Rod photoreceptor-like cells were also observed but mostly in a later stage of culture. Neuronal differentiation does not require any additives such as fetal bovine serum or FGF2, although FGF2 and IGF2 appeared to promote neural differentiation in the IPE cultures. Furthermore, the stroma-derived cells were able to be maintained in vitro indefinitely. The evolutionary similarity between humans and domestic pigs highlight the potential for this methodology in the modeling of human diseases and characterizing human ocular stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars N Royall
- Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan; Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Daniel Lea
- Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan; Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Tamami Matsushita
- Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Taka-Aki Takeda
- Department of Biotechnology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeru Taketani
- Department of Biotechnology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Masasuke Araki
- Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan; Unit of Neural Development and Regeneration Research, Department of Biology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan.
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14
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Bennis A, ten Brink JB, Moerland PD, Heine VM, Bergen AA. Comparative gene expression study and pathway analysis of the human iris- and the retinal pigment epithelium. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182983. [PMID: 28827822 PMCID: PMC5565104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a neural monolayer lining the back of the eye. Degeneration of the RPE leads to severe vision loss in, so far incurable, diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and some forms of retinitis pigmentosa. A promising future replacement therapy may be autologous iris epithelial cell transdifferentiation into RPE in vitro and, subsequently, transplantation. In this study we compared the gene expression profiles of the iris epithelium (IE) and the RPE. Methods We collected both primary RPE- and IE cells from 5 freshly frozen human donor eyes, using respectively laser dissection microscopy and excision. We performed whole-genome expression profiling using 44k Agilent human microarrays. We investigated the gene expression profiles on both gene and functional network level, using R and the knowledge database Ingenuity. Results The major molecular pathways related to the RPE and IE were quite similar and yielded basic neuro-epithelial cell functions. Nonetheless, we also found major specific differences: For example, genes and molecular pathways, related to the visual cycle and retinol biosynthesis are significantly higher expressed in the RPE than in the IE. Interestingly, Wnt and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR-) signaling pathways are much higher expressed in the IE than in the RPE, suggesting, respectively, a possible pluripotent and high detoxification state of the IE. Conclusions This study provides a valuation of the similarities and differences between the expression profiles of the RPE and IE. Our data combined with that of the literature, represent a most comprehensive perspective on transcriptional variation, which may support future research in the development of therapeutic transplantation of IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bennis
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacoline B. ten Brink
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Perry D. Moerland
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivi M. Heine
- Department of Pediatrics / Child Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur A. Bergen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Bai C, Li X, Gao Y, Yuan Z, Hu P, Wang H, Liu C, Guan W, Ma Y. Melatonin improves reprogramming efficiency and proliferation of bovine-induced pluripotent stem cells. J Pineal Res 2016; 61:154-67. [PMID: 27090494 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin can modulate neural stem cell (NSC) functions such as proliferation and differentiation into NSC-derived pluripotent stem cells (N-iPS) in brain tissue, but the effect and mechanism underlying this are unclear. Thus, we studied how primary cultured bovine NSCs isolated from the retinal neural layer could transform into N-iPS cell. NSCs were exposed to 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 μm melatonin, and cell viability studies indicated that 10 μm melatonin can significantly increase cell viability and promote cell proliferation in NSCs in vitro. Thus, 10 μm melatonin was used to study miR-302/367-mediated cell reprogramming of NSCs. We noted that this concentration of melatonin increased reprogramming efficiency of N-iPS cell generation from primary cultured bovine NSCs and that this was mediated by downregulation of apoptosis-related genes p53 and p21. Then, N-iPS cells were treated with 1, 10, 100, or 500 μm melatonin, and N-iPS (M-N-iPS) cell proliferation was measured. We noted that 100 μm melatonin increased proliferation of N-iPS cells via increased phosphorylation of intracellular ERK1/2 via activation of its pathway in M-N-iPS via melatonin receptors 1 (MT1). Finally, we verified that N-iPS cells and M-N-iPS cells are similar to typical embryonic stem cells including the expression of pluripotency markers (Oct4 and Nanog), the ability to form teratomas in vivo, and the capacity to differentiate into all three embryonic germ layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Bai
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangchen Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhua Gao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ziao Yuan
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Pengfei Hu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Changqing Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Bioscience, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Weijun Guan
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehui Ma
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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16
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Pearson C, Martin K. Stem cell approaches to glaucoma: from aqueous outflow modulation to retinal neuroprotection. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 220:241-56. [PMID: 26497794 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Long-term pharmacological management of glaucoma currently relies on self-administered drugs to regulate intraocular pressure (IOP). A number of approaches using stem cells have recently shown promise as potential future treatment strategies complementary to IOP lowering. Several sources of endogenous stem cells have been identified in the eye, some of which may be able to repair the damaged trabecular meshwork and restore functional regulation of aqueous outflow. Neural and mesenchymal stem cells secrete growth factors which provide neuroprotective effects, reducing loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in animal models. In the future, stem cells may even replace RGCs to reform functional connections between the eye and the brain, although the complexity of such a repair task is formidable. With advances in biomaterial cell scaffolds and concurrent efforts in other neural systems, stem cell therapies are becoming a realistic option for treating multiple eye diseases, and despite ongoing challenges, there are reasons for optimism that stem cells may play a role in the treatment of human glaucoma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Pearson
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keith Martin
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK.
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17
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18
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Generation of retinal ganglion cells with functional axons from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8344. [PMID: 25666360 PMCID: PMC4322369 DOI: 10.1038/srep08344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated self-induced retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) with functional axons from human induced pluripotent stem cells. After development of the optic vesicle from the induced stem cell embryoid body in three-dimensional culture, conversion to two-dimensional culture, achieved by supplementation with BDNF, resulted in differentiation of RGCs at a rate of nearly 90% as indicated by a marginal subregion of an extruded clump of cells, suggesting the formation of an optic vesicle. Axons extended radially from the margin of the clump. Induced RGCs expressed specific markers, such as Brn3b and Math5, as assessed using by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. The long, prominent axons contained neurofilaments and tau and exhibited anterograde axonal transport and sodium-dependent action potentials. The ability to generate RGCs with functional axons uniformly and at a high rate may contribute to both basic and clinical science, including embryology, neurology, pathognomy, and treatment of various optic nerve diseases that threaten vision.
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19
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Stem potentialities of the human iris - An in situ immunohistochemical study. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1509-13. [PMID: 25150103 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
According to recent findings multiple human tissues harbor stem cells which, in turn, have different levels of stemness. We performed an immunohistochemical study on paraffin-embedded samples to test if the in situ stromal cells of the iris of the human eye (EI) have immune stem/progenitor phenotypes. Eviscerated post-traumatic eyes from eight patients were studied. These irises were found to contain fibroblastoid stromal cells with a CD34+/CD45+/CD105+/CD117+/DOG1+/PDGFR-α+/vimentin+/nestin-/collagen III- phenotype. These were assumed to be possible stem/progenitor cells involved in physiological processes of iridial stromal maintenance. All the vascular endothelia were CD34+/CD105+/vimentin+. Newly formed nestin+ endothelia were also found; this finding was supported by evidence of filopodia-projecting CD34+ endothelial tip cells, which demonstrated active processes of sprouting angiogenesis. The phenotype of the stromal cells also suggests a role of the circulating fibrocytes in iridial regenerative processes.
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20
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Chen X, Thomson H, Cooke J, Scott J, Hossain P, Lotery A. Adult limbal neurosphere cells: a potential autologous cell resource for retinal cell generation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108418. [PMID: 25271851 PMCID: PMC4182722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Corneal limbus is a readily accessible region at the front of the eye, separating the cornea and sclera. Neural colonies (neurospheres) can be generated from adult corneal limbus invitro. We have previously shown that these neurospheres originate from neural crest stem/progenitor cells and that they can differentiate into functional neurons invitro. The aim of this study was to investigate whether mouse and human limbal neurosphere cells (LNS) could differentiate towards a retinal lineage both invivo and invitro following exposure to a developing retinal microenvironment. In this article we show that LNS can be generated from adult mice and aged humans (up to 97 years) using a serum free culture assay. Following culture with developing mouse retinal cells, we detected retinal progenitor cell markers, mature retinal/neuronal markers and sensory cilia in the majority of mouse LNS experiments. After transplantation into the sub-retinal space of neonatal mice, mouse LNS cells expressed photoreceptor specific markers, but no incorporation into host retinal tissue was seen. Human LNS cells also expressed retinal progenitor markers at the transcription level but mature retinal markers were not observed invitro or invivo. This data highlights that mouse corneal limbal stromal progenitor cells can transdifferentiate towards a retinal lineage. Complete differentiation is likely to require more comprehensive regulation; however, the accessibility and plasticity of LNS makes them an attractive cell resource for future study and ultimately therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Chen
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Thomson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Cooke
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Eye Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Scott
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Parwez Hossain
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Lotery
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Matsushita T, Fujihara A, Royall L, Kagiwada S, Kosaka M, Araki M. Immediate differentiation of neuronal cells from stem/progenitor-like cells in the avian iris tissues. Exp Eye Res 2014; 123:16-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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22
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Lee SH, Kim KW, Kim MK, Chun YS, Kim JC. Evaluation of stem cell components in retrocorneal membranes. J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29:846-51. [PMID: 24932088 PMCID: PMC4055820 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.6.846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the origin and cellular composition of retrocorneal membranes (RCMs) associated with chemical burns using immunohistochemical staining for primitive cell markers. Six cases of RCMs were collected during penetrating keratoplasty. We examined RCMs with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and immunohistochemical analysis using monoclonal antibodies against hematopoietic stem cells (CD34, CD133, c-kit), mesenchymal stem cells (beta-1-integrin, TGF-β, vimentin, hSTRO-1), fibroblasts (FGF-β, α-smooth muscle actin), and corneal endothelial cells (type IV collagen, CD133, VEGF, VEGFR1). Histologic analysis of RCMs revealed an organized assembly of spindle-shaped cells, pigment-laden cells, and thin collagenous matrix structures. RCMs were positive for markers of mesenchymal stem cells including beta-1-integrin, TGF-β, vimentin, and hSTRO-1. Fibroblast markers were also positive, including FGF-β and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA). In contrast, immunohistochemical staining was negative for hematopoietic stem cell markers including CD34, CD133 and c-kit as well as corneal endothelial cell markers such as type IV collagen, CD133 except VEGF and VEGFR1. Pigment-laden cells did not stain with any antibodies. The results of this study suggest that RCMs consist of a thin collagen matrix and fibroblast-like cells and may be a possible neogenetic structure produced from a lineage of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hyun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Woo Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeoun Sook Chun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Chan Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Miyake A, Araki M. Retinal stem/progenitor cells in the ciliary marginal zone complete retinal regeneration: a study of retinal regeneration in a novel animal model. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 74:739-56. [PMID: 24488715 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Our research group has extensively studied retinal regeneration in adult Xenopus laevis. However, X. laevis does not represent a suitable model for multigenerational genetics and genomic approaches. Instead, Xenopus tropicalis is considered as the ideal model for these studies, although little is known about retinal regeneration in X. tropicalis. In the present study, we showed that a complete retina regenerates at approximately 30 days after whole retinal removal. The regenerating retina was derived from the stem/progenitor cells in the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ), indicating a novel mode of vertebrate retinal regeneration, which has not been previously reported. In a previous study, we showed that in X. laevis, retinal regeneration occurs primarily through the transdifferentiation of retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells. RPE cells migrate to the retinal vascular membrane and reform a new epithelium, which then differentiates into the retina. In X. tropicalis, RPE cells also migrated to the vascular membrane, but transdifferentiation was not evident. Using two tissue culture models of RPE tissues, it was shown that in X. laevis RPE culture neuronal differentiation and reconstruction of the retinal three-dimensional (3-D) structure were clearly observed, while in X. tropicalis RPE culture neither ßIII tubulin-positive cells nor 3-D retinal structure were seen. These results indicate that the two Xenopus species are excellent models to clarify the cellular and molecular mechanisms of retinal regeneration, as these animals have contrasting modes of regeneration; one mode primarily involves RPE cells and the other mode involves stem/progenitor cells in the CMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Miyake
- Department of Biological Sciences, Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Nara Women's University, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
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24
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Layer PG, Araki M, Vogel-Höpker A. New concepts for reconstruction of retinal and pigment epithelial tissues. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.10.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Yip HK. Retinal stem cells and regeneration of vision system. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 297:137-60. [PMID: 24293400 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate retina is a well-characterized model for studying neurogenesis. Retinal neurons and glia are generated in a conserved order from a pool of mutlipotent progenitor cells. During retinal development, retinal stem/progenitor cells (RPC) change their competency over time under the influence of intrinsic (such as transcriptional factors) and extrinsic factors (such as growth factors). In this review, we summarize the roles of these factors, together with the understanding of the signaling pathways that regulate eye development. The information about the interactions between intrinsic and extrinsic factors for retinal cell fate specification is useful to regenerate specific retinal neurons from RPCs. Recent studies have identified RPCs in the retina, which may have important implications in health and disease. Despite the recent advances in stem cell biology, our understanding of many aspects of RPCs in the eye remains limited. PRCs are present in the developing eye of all vertebrates and remain active in lower vertebrates throughout life. In mammals, however, PRCs are quiescent and exhibit very little activity and thus have low capacity for retinal regeneration. A number of different cellular sources of RPCs have been identified in the vertebrate retina. These include PRCs at the retinal margin, pigmented cells in the ciliary body, iris, and retinal pigment epithelium, and Müller cells within the retina. Because PRCs can be isolated and expanded from immature and mature eyes, it is possible now to study these cells in culture and after transplantation in the degenerated retinal tissue. We also examine current knowledge of intrinsic RPCs, and human embryonic stems and induced pluripotent stem cells as potential sources for cell transplant therapy to regenerate the diseased retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry K Yip
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, People's Republic of China; Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, People's Republic of China
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Osakada F, Takahashi M. Stem Cells in the Developing and Adult Nervous System. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Fuhrmann S. Wnt signaling in eye organogenesis. Organogenesis 2012; 4:60-7. [PMID: 19122781 DOI: 10.4161/org.4.2.5850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate eye consists of multiple tissues with distinct embryonic origins. To ensure formation of the eye as a functional organ, development of ocular tissues must be precisely coordinated. Besides intrinsic regulators, several extracellular pathways have been shown to participate in controlling critical steps during eye development. Many components of Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathways are expressed in developing ocular tissues, and substantial progress has been made in the past few years in understanding their function during vertebrate eye development. Here, I summarize recent work using functional experiments to elucidate the roles of Wnt/Frizzled pathways during development of ocular tissues in different vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Fuhrmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences; John A. Moran Eye Center; University of Utah; Salt Lake City, Utah USA
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Shaham O, Menuchin Y, Farhy C, Ashery-Padan R. Pax6: a multi-level regulator of ocular development. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 31:351-76. [PMID: 22561546 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Eye development has been a paradigm for the study of organogenesis, from the demonstration of lens induction through epithelial tissue morphogenesis, to neuronal specification and differentiation. The transcription factor Pax6 has been shown to play a key role in each of these processes. Pax6 is required for initiation of developmental pathways, patterning of epithelial tissues, activation of tissue-specific genes and interaction with other regulatory pathways. Herein we examine the data accumulated over the last few decades from extensive analyses of biochemical modules and genetic manipulation of the Pax6 gene. Specifically, we describe the regulation of Pax6's expression pattern, the protein's DNA-binding properties, and its specific roles and mechanisms of action at all stages of lens and retinal development. Pax6 functions at multiple levels to integrate extracellular information and execute cell-intrinsic differentiation programs that culminate in the specification and differentiation of a distinct ocular lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Shaham
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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29
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Wohl SG, Schmeer CW, Isenmann S. Neurogenic potential of stem/progenitor-like cells in the adult mammalian eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 31:213-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Derivation of human differential photoreceptor-like cells from the iris by defined combinations of CRX, RX and NEUROD. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35611. [PMID: 22558175 PMCID: PMC3338414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Examples of direct differentiation by defined transcription factors have been provided for beta-cells, cardiomyocytes and neurons. In the human visual system, there are four kinds of photoreceptors in the retina. Neural retina and iris-pigmented epithelium (IPE) share a common developmental origin, leading us to test whether human iris cells could differentiate to retinal neurons. We here define the transcription factor combinations that can determine human photoreceptor cell fate. Expression of rhodopsin, blue opsin and green/red opsin in induced photoreceptor cells were dependent on combinations of transcription factors: A combination of CRX and NEUROD induced rhodopsin and blue opsin, but did not induce green opsin; a combination of CRX and RX induced blue opsin and green/red opsin, but did not induce rhodopsin. Phototransduction-related genes as well as opsin genes were up-regulated in those cells. Functional analysis; i.e. patch clamp recordings, clearly revealed that generated photoreceptor cells, induced by CRX, RX and NEUROD, responded to light. The response was an inward current instead of the typical outward current. These data suggest that photosensitive photoreceptor cells can be generated by combinations of transcription factors. The combination of CRX and RX generate immature photoreceptors: and additional NEUROD promotes maturation. These findings contribute substantially to a major advance toward eventual cell-based therapy for retinal degenerative diseases.
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Frøen RC, Johnsen EO, Petrovski G, Berényi E, Facskó A, Berta A, Nicolaissen B, Moe MC. Pigment epithelial cells isolated from human peripheral iridectomies have limited properties of retinal stem cells. Acta Ophthalmol 2011; 89:e635-44. [PMID: 21801333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The identification of cells with properties of retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) in the adult human ciliary margin (CM) prompted a number of studies of their proliferative and differentiation potential. One of the remaining challenges is to find a feasible method of isolating RPCs from the patient's eye. In the human CM, only the iris pigment epithelium (IPE) is easily obtained by a minimally invasive procedure. In the light of recent studies questioning the existence of RPCs in the adult mammalian CM, we wanted to assess the potential of the adult human IPE as source of RPCs. METHODS The IPE were isolated from peripheral iridectomies during glaucoma surgery, and IPE and ciliary body (CB) epithelium were also isolated from post-mortem tissue. Cells were cultivated in sphere-promoting conditions or as monolayers. Whole-tissue samples, undifferentiated and differentiated cells were studied by immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS The adult human IPE, like the CB, expressed markers of RPCs such as Pax6, Sox2 and Nestin in vivo. Both sphere-promoting and monolayer cultures preserved this phenotype. However, both IPE/CB cultures expressed markers of differentiated epithelial cells such as Claudin, microphtalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and Cytokeratin-19. Ultrastructurally, IPE spheres displayed epithelial-like junctions and contained mature melanosomes. After induced differentiation, IPE-derived cells showed only partial neuronal differentiation expressing β-III-tubulin, Map-2 and Rhodopsin, whereas no mature glial markers were found. CONCLUSION Proliferative cells with some properties of RPCs can be isolated from the adult human IPE by peripheral iridectomies. Yet, many cells retain properties of differentiated epithelial cells and lack central properties of somatic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Frøen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Center for Eye Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Mason SL, Stewart RMK, Kearns VR, Williams RL, Sheridan CM. Ocular epithelial transplantation: current uses and future potential. Regen Med 2011; 6:767-82. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual loss may be caused by a variety of ocular diseases and places a significant burden on society. Replacing or regenerating epithelial structures in the eye has been demonstrated to recover visual loss in a number of such diseases. Several types of cells (e.g., embryonic stem cells, adult stem/progenitor/differentiated epithelial cells and induced pluripotent cells) have generated much interest and research into their potential in restoring vision in a variety of conditions: from ocular surface disease to age-related macular degeneration. While there has been some success in clinical transplantation of conjunctival and particularly corneal epithelium utilizing ocular stem cells, in particular, from the limbus, the replacement of the retinal pigment epithelium by utilizing stem cell sources has yet to reach the clinic. Advances in our understanding of all of these cell types, their differentiation and subsequent optimization of culture conditions and development of suitable substrates for their transplantation will enable us to overcome current clinical obstacles. This article addresses the current status of knowledge concerning the biology of stem cells, their progeny and the use of differentiated epithelial cells to replace ocular epithelial cells. It will highlight the clinical outcomes to date and their potential for future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Mason
- Department of Eye & Vision Science, Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Daulby Street, L69 3GA, UK
| | - Rosalind MK Stewart
- Department of Eye & Vision Science, Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Daulby Street, L69 3GA, UK
| | - Victoria R Kearns
- Department of Eye & Vision Science, Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Daulby Street, L69 3GA, UK
| | - Rachel L Williams
- Department of Eye & Vision Science, Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Daulby Street, L69 3GA, UK
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Kuznetsova AV, Grigoryan EN, Aleksandrova MA. Human adult retinal pigment epithelial cells as potential cell source for retina recovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x11050075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Stem Cells in the Developing and Adult Nervous System. Regen Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9075-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Wang SZ, Ma W, Yan RT, Mao W. Generating retinal neurons by reprogramming retinal pigment epithelial cells. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:1227-39. [PMID: 20528097 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.495218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Retinal degenerations cause blindness. One potential therapy is cell replacement. Because the human retina lacks regeneration capacity, much attention has been directed towards searching for cells that can differentiate into retinal neurons. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We discuss the possibility of using transcription factor genes to channel retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells' capabilities of proliferation and plasticity towards the production of retinal neurons. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Experiments with chick embryos show that RPE cells - in the eye, in explant, or in a dissociated cell culture - can give rise to cells resembling retinal neurons when reprogrammed with regulatory genes involved in retinal neurogenesis. Depending on the regulatory gene used, reprogramming generates cells exhibiting traits of photoreceptor cells, amacrine cells and/or young ganglion neurons. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Gene-directed reprogramming of chick RPE can efficiently generate cells that exhibit traits of retinal neurons. Remaining to be addressed is the question of whether the results from chicks apply to mammals. Since the RPE is located adjacent to the neural retina, RPE reprogramming, if successful in mammals, may offer an approach to repopulate the neural retina without involving cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Zhen Wang
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Ophthalmology, Birmingham, AL 35294-0009, USA.
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Yamamoto N, Tanikawa A, Horiguchi M. Basic study of retinal stem/progenitor cell separation from mouse iris tissue. Med Mol Morphol 2010; 43:139-44. [PMID: 20857262 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-009-0486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We described the possibility of retinal regeneration using a novel and efficient technique for culturing and separating retinal stem/progenitor cells from iris tissue. Immunohistochemical staining of adult agouti mouse iris tissue revealed the presence of nestin/low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75(NTR))-positive cells on the endothelium camerae anterioris side. Cultured mouse iris-derived cells contained little or no melanin and were found to be positive for nestin. Most nestin-positive cells were analyzed for the coexpression of p75(NTR) as a cell membrane protein. When the p75(NTR) was used as a marker to sort the cells, we obtained a dense population of nestin-positive cells. Furthermore, the nestin/p75(NTR)-positive cells were able to differentiate into neural retina cells. Thus, this culture and separation technique is useful for obtaining retinal stem/progenitor cells from adult mouse iris tissue and for the efficient production of neural retina cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology & Histochemistry, Fujita Health University Joint Research Laboratory, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
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Machalińska A, Baumert B, Kuprjanowicz L, Wiszniewska B, Karczewicz D, Machaliński B. Potential application of adult stem cells in retinal repair--challenge for regenerative medicine. Curr Eye Res 2009; 34:748-60. [PMID: 19839868 DOI: 10.1080/02713680903050592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) maintain the balance among somatic cell populations in various tissues and are responsible for organ regeneration. The remarkable progress of regenerative medicine in the last few years indicates promise for the use of SCs in ophthalmic disorder treatment. This review describes the current view on hierarchy in the SC compartment and presents the latest attempts to use adult SCs in the regeneration of the retina. Research performed primarily in animal models gives hope for using similar strategies in humans. However, the search for the optimal source of SCs for cell therapy continues. We briefly discuss various potential sources of adult SCs that could be employed in regenerative medicine, particularly focusing on recently identified, very small embryonic-like SCs (VSEL-SCs). These cells are even present in the bone marrow and adult tissues of older patients and could be harvested from cord blood. We believe that VSEL-SCs, after the establishment of ex vivo expansion and differentiation protocols, could be harnessed for retina regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Machalińska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Trimarchi JM, Cho SH, Cepko CL. Identification of genes expressed preferentially in the developing peripheral margin of the optic cup. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:2327-9. [PMID: 19449303 PMCID: PMC2916742 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Specification of the peripheral optic cup by Wnt signaling is critical for formation of the ciliary body/iris. Identification of marker genes for this region during development provides a starting point for functional analyses. During transcriptional profiling of single cells from the developing eye, two cells were identified that expressed genes not found in most other single cell profiles. In situ hybridizations demonstrated that many of these genes were expressed in the peripheral optic cup in both early mouse and chicken development, and in the ciliary body/iris at subsequent developmental stages. These analyses indicate that the two cells probably originated from the developing ciliary body/iris. Changes in expression of these genes were assayed in embryonic chicken retinas when canonical Wnt signaling was ectopically activated by CA-beta-catenin. Twelve ciliary body/iris genes were identified as upregulated following induction, suggesting they are excellent candidates for downstream effectors of Wnt signaling in the optic cup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Trimarchi
- Department of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Stem/progenitor cells: A potential source of retina-specific cells for retinal repair. Neurosci Res 2009; 65:215-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 06/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bringmann A, Iandiev I, Pannicke T, Wurm A, Hollborn M, Wiedemann P, Osborne NN, Reichenbach A. Cellular signaling and factors involved in Müller cell gliosis: neuroprotective and detrimental effects. Prog Retin Eye Res 2009; 28:423-51. [PMID: 19660572 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Müller cells are active players in normal retinal function and in virtually all forms of retinal injury and disease. Reactive Müller cells protect the tissue from further damage and preserve tissue function by the release of antioxidants and neurotrophic factors, and may contribute to retinal regeneration by the generation of neural progenitor/stem cells. However, Müller cell gliosis can also contribute to neurodegeneration and impedes regenerative processes in the retinal tissue by the formation of glial scars. This article provides an overview of the neuroprotective and detrimental effects of Müller cell gliosis, with accounts on the cellular signal transduction mechanisms and factors which are implicated in Müller cell-mediated neuroprotection, immunomodulation, regulation of Müller cell proliferation, upregulation of intermediate filaments, glial scar formation, and the generation of neural progenitor/stem cells. A proper understanding of the signaling mechanisms implicated in gliotic alterations of Müller cells is essential for the development of efficient therapeutic strategies that increase the supportive/protective and decrease the destructive roles of gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Li X, Ma W, Zhuo Y, Yan RT, Wang SZ. Using neurogenin to reprogram chick RPE to produce photoreceptor-like neurons. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 51:516-25. [PMID: 19628733 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-3822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE One potential therapy for vision loss from photoreceptor degeneration is cell replacement, but this approach presents a need for photoreceptor cells. This study explores whether the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) could be a convenient source of developing photoreceptors. METHODS The RPE of chick embryos was subjected to reprogramming by proneural genes neurogenin (ngn)1 and ngn3. The genes were introduced into the RPE through retrovirus RCAS-mediated transduction, with the virus microinjected into the eye or added to retinal pigment epithelial explant culture. The retinal pigment epithelia were then analyzed for photoreceptor traits. RESULTS In chick embryos infected with retrovirus RCAS-expressing ngn3 (RCAS-ngn3), the photoreceptor gene visinin (the equivalent of mammalian recoverin) was expressed in cells of the retinal pigment epithelial layer. When isolated and cultured as explants, retinal pigment epithelial tissues from embryos infected with RCAS-ngn3 or RCAS-ngn1 gave rise to layers of visinin-positive cells. These reprogrammed cells expressed genes of phototransduction and synapses, such as red opsin, the alpha-subunit of cone transducin, SNAP-25, and PSD-95. Reprogramming occurred with retinal pigment epithelial explants derived from virally infected embryos and with retinal pigment epithelial explants derived from normal embryos, with the recombinant viruses added at the onset of the explant culture. In addition, reprogramming took place in retinal pigment epithelial explants from both young and old embryos, from embryonic day (E)6 to E18, when the visual system becomes functional in the chick. CONCLUSIONS The results support the prospect of exploring the RPE as a convenient source of developing photoreceptors for in situ cell replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Lamba D, Karl M, Reh T. Neural regeneration and cell replacement: a view from the eye. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 2:538-49. [PMID: 18522847 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal degenerations in the retina are leading causes of blindness. Like most other areas of the CNS, the neurons of the mammalian retina are not replaced following degeneration. However, in nonmammalian vertebrates, endogenous repair processes restore neurons very efficiently, even after complete loss of the retina. We describe the phenomenon of retinal regeneration in nonmammalian vertebrates and attempts made in recent years to stimulate similar regenerative processes in the mammalian retina. In addition, we review the various strategies employed to replace lost neurons in the retina and the recent use of stem cell technologies to address problems of retinal repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Lamba
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Sekiguchi-Tonosaki M, Obata M, Haruki A, Himi T, Kosaka J. Acetylcholine induces Ca2+ signaling in chicken retinal pigmented epithelial cells during dedifferentiation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 296:C1195-206. [PMID: 19244481 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00423.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Retinal pigmented epithelial cells exchange their cellular phenotypes into lens cells and neurons, via depigmented and non-epithelial-shaped dedifferentiated intermediates. Because these dedifferentiated cells can either revert to pigmented epithelial cells or transdifferentiate into lens cells and/or neurons, they are recognized as candidates for lens and retinal cell regeneration. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the signal transduction pathways between chicken retinal pigmented epithelial cells and their dedifferentiated intermediates. We monitored intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations using Fluo-4-based Ca(2+) optical imaging and focused on cellular responses to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Muscarinic Ca(2+) mobilization was observed both in retinal pigmented epithelial cells and in dedifferentiated cells, and was inhibited by atropine. The muscarine-dependent acetylcholine response depended on Ca(2+) release from intracellular Ca(2+) stores, which was completely blocked by thapsigargin. In contrast, the nicotine-dependent acetylcholine response that led to Ca(2+) influx through L-type Ca(2+) channels was inhibited by alpha-bungarotoxin and attenuated by nifedipine, and it was detected only in the dedifferentiated intermediates. Application of (S)-(-)-BayK8644 elevated intracellular Ca(2+) both in retinal pigmented epithelial cells and in dedifferentiated intermediates; however, the nicotinic response was not observed in pigmented epithelial cells. Another L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker, diltiazem, also blocked the nicotine-dependent acetylcholine response in dedifferentiated cells and maintained the epithelial-like morphology of retinal pigmented epithelial cells. Our results indicate that an alternative acetylcholine signaling pathway is used during the dedifferentiation process of retinal pigmented epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Sekiguchi-Tonosaki
- Dept. of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Carter DA, Dick AD, Mayer EJ. CD133+ adult human retinal cells remain undifferentiated in Leukaemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF). BMC Ophthalmol 2009; 9:1. [PMID: 19236693 PMCID: PMC2649894 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-9-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD133 is a cell surface marker of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), sustains proliferation and not differentiation of embryonic stem cells. We used CD133 to purify adult human retinal cells and aimed to determine what effect LIF had on these cultures and whether they still had the ability to generate neurospheres. Methods Retinal cell suspensions were derived from adult human post-mortem tissue with ethical approval. With magnetic automated cell sorting (MACS) CD133+ retinal cells were enriched from post mortem adult human retina. CD133+ retinal cell phenotype was analysed by flow cytometry and cultured cells were observed for proliferative capacity, neuropshere generation and differentiation with or without LIF supplementation. Results We demonstrated purification (to 95%) of CD133+ cells from adult human postmortem retina. Proliferating cells were identified through BrdU incorporation and expression of the proliferation markers Ki67 and Cyclin D1. CD133+ retinal cells differentiated whilst forming neurospheres containing appropriate lineage markers including glia, neurons and photoreceptors. LIF maintained CD133+ retinal cells in a proliferative and relatively undifferentiated state (Ki67, Cyclin D1 expression) without significant neurosphere generation. Differentiation whilst forming neurospheres was re-established on LIF withdrawal. Conclusion These data support the evidence that CD133 expression characterises a population of cells within the resident adult human retina which have progenitor cell properties and that their turnover and differentiation is influenced by LIF. This may explain differences in retinal responses observed following disease or injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra A Carter
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences South Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol Eye Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS12LX, UK.
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Lamba DA, Karl MO, Reh TA. Strategies for retinal repair: cell replacement and regeneration. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2009; 175:23-31. [PMID: 19660646 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(09)17502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The retina, like most other regions of the central nervous system, is subject to degeneration from both genetic and acquired causes. Once the photoreceptors or inner retinal neurons have degenerated, they are not spontaneously replaced in mammals. In this review, we provide an overview of retinal development and regeneration with emphasis on endogenous repair and replacement seen in lower vertebrates and recent work on induced mammalian retinal regeneration from Müller glia. Additionally, recent studies demonstrating the potential for cellular replacement using postmitotic photoreceptors and embryonic stem cells are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak A Lamba
- Department of Biological Structure, Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Burns CJ, Zhang J, Brown EC, Van Bibber AM, Van Es J, Clevers H, Ishikawa TO, Taketo MM, Vetter ML, Fuhrmann S. Investigation of Frizzled-5 during embryonic neural development in mouse. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:1614-26. [PMID: 18489003 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies revealed that the Wnt receptor Frizzled-5 (Fzd5) is required for eye and retina development in zebrafish and Xenopus, however, its role during mammalian eye development is unknown. In the mouse embryo, Fzd5 is prominently expressed in the pituitary, distal optic vesicle, and optic stalk, then later in the progenitor zone of the developing retina. To elucidate the role of Fzd5 during eye development, we analyzed embryos with a germline disruption of the Fzd5 gene at E10.25, just before embryos die due to defects in yolk sac angiogenesis. We observed severe defects in optic cup morphogenesis and lens development. However, in embryos with conditional inactivation of Fzd5 using Six3-Cre, we observed no obvious early eye defects. Analysis of Axin2 mRNA expression and TCF/LEF-responsive reporter activation demonstrate that Fzd5 does not regulate the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in the eye. Thus, the function of Fzd5 during eye development appears to be species-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole J Burns
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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Kokkinopoulos I, Pearson R, MacNeil A, Dhomen N, MacLaren R, Ali R, Sowden J. Isolation and characterisation of neural progenitor cells from the adult Chx10orJ/orJ central neural retina. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008; 38:359-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Osakada F, Ikeda H, Mandai M, Wataya T, Watanabe K, Yoshimura N, Akaike A, Akaike A, Sasai Y, Takahashi M. Toward the generation of rod and cone photoreceptors from mouse, monkey and human embryonic stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 2008; 26:215-24. [PMID: 18246062 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells into retinal progenitors. However, these progenitors rarely differentiate into photoreceptors unless they are cultured with embryonic retinal tissues. Here we show the in vitro generation of putative rod and cone photoreceptors from mouse, monkey and human ES cells by stepwise treatments under defined culture conditions, in the absence of retinal tissues. With mouse ES cells, Crx+ photoreceptor precursors were induced from Rx+ retinal progenitors by treatment with a Notch signal inhibitor. Further application of fibroblast growth factors, Shh, taurine and retinoic acid yielded a greater number of rhodopsin+ rod photoreceptors, in addition to default cone production. With monkey and human ES cells, feeder- and serum-free suspension culture combined with Wnt and Nodal inhibitors induced differentiation of Rx+ or Mitf+ retinal progenitors, which produced retinal pigment epithelial cells. Subsequent treatment with retinoic acid and taurine induced photoreceptor differentiation. These findings may facilitate the development of human ES cell-based transplantation therapies for retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Osakada
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
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