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Kundrapu DB, Chaitanya AK, Manaswi K, Kumari S, Malla R. Quercetin and taxifolin inhibits TMPRSS2 activity and its interaction with EGFR in paclitaxel-resistant breast cancer cells: An in silico and in vitro study. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 104:e14600. [PMID: 39075030 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Transmembrane protease/serine (TMPRSS2), a type II transmembrane serine protease, plays a crucial role in different stages of cancer. Recent studies have reported that the triggering epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation through protease action promotes metastasis. However, there are no reports on the interaction of TMPRSS2 with EGFR, especially in triple-negative triple negative (TNBC). The current study investigates the unexplored interaction between TMPRSS2 and EGFR, which are key partners mediating metastasis. This interaction is explored for potential targeting using quercetin (QUE) and taxifolin (TAX). TMPRSS2 expression patterns in breast cancer (BC) tissues and subtypes have been predicted, with the prognostic significance assessed using the GENT2.0 database. Validation of TMPRSS2 expression was performed in normal and TNBC tissues, including drug-resistant cell lines, utilizing GEO datasets. TMPRSS2 was further validated as a predictive biomarker for FDA-approved chemotherapeutics through transcriptomic data from BC patients. The study demonstrated the association of TMPRSS2 with EGFR through in silico analysis and validates the findings in TNBC cohorts using the TIMER2.0 web server and the TCGA dataset through C-Bioportal. Molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies identified QUE and TAX as best leads targeting TMPRSS2. They inhibited cell-free TMPRSS2 activity like clinical inhibitor of TMPRSS2, Camostat mesylate. In cell-based assays focused on paclitaxel-resistant TNBC (TNBC/PR), QUE and TAX demonstrated potent inhibitory activity against extracellular and membrane-bound TMPRSS2, with low IC50 values. Furthermore, ELISA and cell-based AlphaLISA assays demonstrated that QUE and TAX inhibit the interaction of TMPRSS2 with EGFR. Additionally, QUE and TAX exhibited significant inhibition of proliferation and cell cycle accompanied by notable alterations in the morphology of TNBC/PR cells. This study provides valuable insights into potential of QUE and TAX targeting TMPRSS2 overexpressing TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Bhavani Kundrapu
- Cancer Biology, Department of Life Sciences, GITAM School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Department of Life Sciences, GITAM School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Amajala Krishna Chaitanya
- Department of Life Sciences, GITAM School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kothapalli Manaswi
- Department of Life Sciences, GITAM School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Seema Kumari
- Cancer Biology, Department of Life Sciences, GITAM School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Department of Life Sciences, GITAM School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - RamaRao Malla
- Cancer Biology, Department of Life Sciences, GITAM School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Department of Life Sciences, GITAM School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
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2
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Tao C, Li Y, An N, Liu H, Liu Z, Sun Y, Qian Y, Li N, Xing Y, Gao Y. Pathological mechanisms and future therapeutic directions of thrombin in intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1293428. [PMID: 38698822 PMCID: PMC11063263 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1293428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), a common subtype of hemorrhagic stroke, often causes severe disability or death. ICH induces adverse events that might lead to secondary brain injury (SBI), and there is currently a lack of specific effective treatment strategies. To provide a new direction for SBI treatment post-ICH, the systematic review discussed how thrombin impacts secondary injury after ICH through several potentially deleterious or protective mechanisms. We included 39 studies and evaluated them using SYRCLE's ROB tool. Subsequently, we explored the potential molecular mechanisms of thrombin-mediated effects on SBI post-ICH in terms of inflammation, iron deposition, autophagy, and angiogenesis. Furthermore, we described the effects of thrombin in endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, and neurons, as well as the harmful and beneficial effects of high and low thrombin concentrations on ICH. Finally, we concluded the current research status of thrombin therapy for ICH, which will provide a basis for the future clinical application of thrombin in the treatment of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Tao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Na An
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Haoqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yikun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Qian
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Xing
- Guang’an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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3
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Poh AR, Ernst M. Functional roles of SRC signaling in pancreatic cancer: Recent insights provide novel therapeutic opportunities. Oncogene 2023:10.1038/s41388-023-02701-x. [PMID: 37120696 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignant disease with a 5-year survival rate of <10%. Aberrant activation or elevated expression of the tyrosine kinase c-SRC (SRC) is frequently observed in PDAC and is associated with a poor prognosis. Preclinical studies have revealed a multifaceted role for SRC activation in PDAC, including promoting chronic inflammation, tumor cell proliferation and survival, cancer cell stemness, desmoplasia, hypoxia, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. Strategies to inhibit SRC signaling include suppressing its catalytic activity, inhibiting protein stability, or by interfering with signaling components of the SRC signaling pathway including suppressing protein interactions of SRC. In this review, we discuss the molecular and immunological mechanisms by which aberrant SRC activity promotes PDAC tumorigenesis. We also provide a comprehensive update of SRC inhibitors in the clinic, and discuss the clinical challenges associated with targeting SRC in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh R Poh
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, 3084, Australia.
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, 3084, Australia.
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4
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Chen Y, Yang W, Chen F, Cui L. COVID-19 and cognitive impairment: neuroinvasive and blood‒brain barrier dysfunction. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:222. [PMID: 36071466 PMCID: PMC9450840 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to a global pandemic. Although COVID-19 was initially described as a respiratory disease, there is growing evidence that SARS-CoV-2 is able to invade the brains of COVID-19 patients and cause cognitive impairment. It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 may have invasive effects on a variety of cranial nerves, including the olfactory, trigeminal, optic, and vagus nerves, and may spread to other brain regions via infected nerve endings, retrograde transport, and transsynaptic transmission. In addition, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), composed of neurovascular units (NVUs) lining the brain microvasculature, acts as a physical barrier between nerve cells and circulating cells of the immune system and is able to regulate the transfer of substances between the blood and brain parenchyma. Therefore, the BBB may be an important structure for the direct and indirect interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the brain via the blood circulation. In this review, we assessed the potential involvement of neuroinvasion under the SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the potential impact of BBB disorder under SARS-CoV-2 infection on cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Chen
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Wenren Yang
- Department of Trauma Center, Hengyang Medical School, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421002, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China.
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5
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Ashrafizadeh M, Rafiei H, Mohammadinejad R, Farkhondeh T, Samarghandian S. Anti-tumor activity of resveratrol against gastric cancer: a review of recent advances with an emphasis on molecular pathways. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:66. [PMID: 33478512 PMCID: PMC7818776 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01773-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers with high malignancy. In spite of the great development in diagnostic tools and application of anti-tumor drugs, we have not witnessed a significant increase in the survival time of patients with GC. Multiple studies have revealed that Wnt, Nrf2, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways are involved in GC invasion. Besides, long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs function as upstream mediators in GC malignancy. GC cells have acquired resistance to currently applied anti-tumor drugs. Besides, combination therapy is associated with higher anti-tumor activity. Resveratrol (Res) is a non-flavonoid polyphenol with high anti-tumor activity used in treatment of various cancers. A number of studies have demonstrated the potential of Res in regulation of molecular pathways involved in cancer malignancy. At the present review, we show that Res targets a variety of signaling pathways to induce apoptotic cell death and simultaneously, to inhibit the migration and metastasis of GC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | - Hossein Rafiei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, 9318614139, Iran.
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6
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Rysenkova KD, Klimovich PS, Shmakova AA, Karagyaur MN, Ivanova KA, Aleksandrushkina NA, Tkachuk VA, Rubina KA, Semina EV. Urokinase receptor deficiency results in EGFR-mediated failure to transmit signals for cell survival and neurite formation in mouse neuroblastoma cells. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109741. [PMID: 32822758 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator uPA and its receptor (uPAR) are the central players in extracellular matrix proteolysis, which facilitates cancer invasion and metastasis. EGFR is one of the important components of uPAR interactome. uPAR/EGFR interaction controls signaling pathways that regulate cell survival, proliferation and migration. We have previously established that uPA binding to uPAR stimulates neurite elongation in neuroblastoma cells, while blocking uPA/uPAR interaction induces neurite branching and new neurite formation. Here we demonstrate that blocking the uPA binding to uPAR with anti-uPAR antibody decreases the level of pEGFR and its downstream pERK1/2, but does increase phosphorylation of Akt, p38 and c-Src Since long-term uPAR blocking results in a severe DNA damage, accompanied by PARP-1 proteolysis and Neuro2a cell death, we surmise that Akt, p38 and c-Src activation transmits a pro-apoptotic signal, rather than a survival. Serum deprivation resulting in enhanced neuritogenesis is accompanied by an upregulated uPAR mRNA expression, while EGFR mRNA remains unchanged. EGFR activation by EGF stimulates neurite growth only in uPAR-overexpressing cells but not in control or uPAR-deficient cells. In addition, AG1478-mediated inhibition of EGFR activity impedes neurite growth in control and uPAR-deficient cells, but not in uPAR-overexpressing cells. Altogether these data implicate uPAR as an important regulator of EGFR and ERK1/2 signaling, representing a novel mechanism which implicates urokinase system in neuroblastoma cell survival and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Rysenkova
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Gene and Cell Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - P S Klimovich
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Shmakova
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - M N Karagyaur
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - K A Ivanova
- Laboratory of Gene and Cell Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Aleksandrushkina
- Laboratory of Gene and Cell Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - V A Tkachuk
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Gene and Cell Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - K A Rubina
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis and Tissue Reparation, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - E V Semina
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Gene and Cell Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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7
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Jiao YQ, Huang P, Yan L, Sun K, Pan CS, Li Q, Fan JY, Ma ZZ, Han JY. YangXue QingNao Wan, a Compound Chinese Medicine, Attenuates Cerebrovascular Hyperpermeability and Neuron Injury in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat: Effect and Mechanism. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1246. [PMID: 31632292 PMCID: PMC6779832 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of the study was to explore the effect of YangXue QingNao Wan (YXQNW), a compound Chinese medicine, on cerebrovascular hyperpermeability, neuronal injury, and related mechanisms in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Methods Fourteen-week-old male SHR were used, with Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats as control. YXQNW (0.5 g/kg/day), enalapril (EN, 8 mg/kg/day), and nifedipine (NF, 7.1 mg/kg/day) were administrated orally for 4 weeks. To assess the effects of the YXQNW on blood pressure, the systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean blood pressure (MBP) were measured. After administering the drugs for 4 weeks, the cerebral blood flow (CBF), albumin leakage from microvessels in middle cerebral artery (MCA)-dominated area, and the number and morphology of microvessels were assessed in the hippocampus area and cortex. Neuronal damage and apoptosis were assessed by Nissl staining and TUNEL staining. To assess the mechanisms of cerebrovascular hyperpermeability, we performed immunofluorescence and Western blot to assess the expression and integrity of cerebral microvascular tight junction (TJ) and caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in cortex. Energy metabolism and Src-MLC-MLCK pathway in cortex were assessed then for elucidating the underlying mechanism of the observed effect of YXQNW. Results Spontaneously hypertensive rat exhibited higher blood pressure, Evans blue (EB) extravasation, albumin leakage, increased brain water content, decreased CBF, perivascular edema, and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus and cortex, all of which were attenuated by YXQNW treatment. YXQNW inhibited the downregulation of TJ proteins, mitochondrial Complex I, Complex II, and Complex V, and upregulation of caveolin-1, inhibiting Src/MLCK/MLC signaling in SHR. YXQNW combined with EN + NF revealed a better effect for some outcomes compared with either YXQNW or EN + NF alone. Conclusion The overall result shows the potential of YXQNW to attenuate blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown in SHR, which involves regulation of energy metabolism and Src/MLCK/MLC signaling. This result provides evidence supporting the application of YXQNW as an adjuvant management for hypertensive patients to prevent hypertensive encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qian Jiao
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,Academy of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,Academy of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yan
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,Academy of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,Academy of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Shui Pan
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,Academy of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Li
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,Academy of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Yu Fan
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Zhong Ma
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,Academy of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Yan Han
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,Academy of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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8
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Uzawa K, Amelio AL, Kasamatsu A, Saito T, Kita A, Fukamachi M, Sawai Y, Toeda Y, Eizuka K, Hayashi F, Kato-Kase I, Sunohara M, Iyoda M, Koike K, Nakashima D, Ogawara K, Endo-Sakamoto Y, Shiiba M, Takiguchi Y, Yamauchi M, Tanzawa H. Resveratrol Targets Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor Expression to Overcome Cetuximab-Resistance in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12179. [PMID: 31434965 PMCID: PMC6704133 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48717-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance to anti-cancer agents is a major concern regarding the successful treatment of malignant tumors. Recent studies have suggested that acquired resistance to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapies such as cetuximab are in part caused by genetic alterations in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, the molecular mechanisms employed by other complementary pathways that govern resistance remain unclear. In the current study, we performed gene expression profiling combined with extensive molecular validation to explore alternative mechanisms driving cetuximab-resistance in OSCC cells. Among the genes identified, we discovered that a urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR)/integrin β1/Src/FAK signal circuit converges to regulate ERK1/2 phosphorylation and this pathway drives cetuximab-resistance in the absence of EGFR overexpression or acquired EGFR activating mutations. Notably, the polyphenolic phytoalexin resveratrol, inhibited uPAR expression and consequently the signaling molecules ERK1/2 downstream of EGFR thus revealing additive effects on promoting OSCC cetuximab-sensitivity in vitro and in vivo. The current findings indicate that uPAR expression plays a critical role in acquired cetuximab resistance of OSCC and that combination therapy with resveratrol may provide an attractive means for treating these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Uzawa
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. .,Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan.
| | - Antonio L Amelio
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, UNC Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7455, USA. .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7455, USA. .,Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7455, USA.
| | - Atsushi Kasamatsu
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Saito
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kita
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Megumi Fukamachi
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yuki Sawai
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yuriko Toeda
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Keitaro Eizuka
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hayashi
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Ikuko Kato-Kase
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masataka Sunohara
- Department of Anatomy, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8159, Japan
| | - Manabu Iyoda
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Koike
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Dai Nakashima
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Katsunori Ogawara
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yosuke Endo-Sakamoto
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Masashi Shiiba
- Department of Medical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yuichi Takiguchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Yamauchi
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, UNC Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7455, USA
| | - Hideki Tanzawa
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
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9
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Oyanadel C, Holmes C, Pardo E, Retamal C, Shaughnessy R, Smith P, Cortés P, Bravo-Zehnder M, Metz C, Feuerhake T, Romero D, Roa JC, Montecinos V, Soza A, González A. Galectin-8 induces partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition with invasive tumorigenic capabilities involving a FAK/EGFR/proteasome pathway in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:557-574. [PMID: 29298841 PMCID: PMC6004583 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-05-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells can acquire invasive and tumorigenic capabilities through epithelial–mesenchymal-transition (EMT). The glycan-binding protein galectin-8 (Gal-8) activates selective β1-integrins involved in EMT and is overexpressed by certain carcinomas. Here we show that Gal-8 overexpression or exogenous addition promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion in nontumoral Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, involving focal-adhesion kinase (FAK)-mediated transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), likely triggered by α5β1integrin binding. Under subconfluent conditions, Gal-8–overexpressing MDCK cells (MDCK-Gal-8H) display hallmarks of EMT, including decreased E-cadherin and up-regulated expression of vimentin, fibronectin, and Snail, as well as increased β-catenin activity. Changes related to migration/invasion included higher expression of α5β1 integrin, extracellular matrix-degrading MMP13 and urokinase plasminogen activator/urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPA/uPAR) protease systems. Gal-8–stimulated FAK/EGFR pathway leads to proteasome overactivity characteristic of cancer cells. Yet MDCK-Gal-8H cells still develop apical/basolateral polarity reverting EMT markers and proteasome activity under confluence. This is due to the opposite segregation of Gal-8 secretion (apical) and β1-integrins distribution (basolateral). Strikingly, MDCK-Gal-8H cells acquired tumorigenic potential, as reflected in anchorage-independent growth in soft agar and tumor generation in immunodeficient NSG mice. Therefore, Gal-8 can promote oncogenic-like transformation of epithelial cells through partial and reversible EMT, accompanied by higher proliferation, migration/invasion, and tumorigenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Oyanadel
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Sebastián, 7510156 Santiago, Chile.,Fundación Ciencia y Vida, 7780272 Santiago, Chile
| | - Christopher Holmes
- Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330023 Santiago, Chile
| | - Evelyn Pardo
- Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330023 Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Retamal
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Sebastián, 7510156 Santiago, Chile.,Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330023 Santiago, Chile
| | - Ronan Shaughnessy
- Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330023 Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Smith
- Unidad de Odontología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330023 Santiago, Chile
| | - Priscilla Cortés
- Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330023 Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Bravo-Zehnder
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Sebastián, 7510156 Santiago, Chile.,Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330023 Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Metz
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Sebastián, 7510156 Santiago, Chile.,Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330023 Santiago, Chile
| | - Teo Feuerhake
- Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330023 Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Romero
- Departamento de Patología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330023 Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Roa
- Departamento de Patología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330023 Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana Montecinos
- Departamento de Hematología y Oncología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330023 Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Soza
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Sebastián, 7510156 Santiago, Chile .,Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330023 Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfonso González
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Sebastián, 7510156 Santiago, Chile .,Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330023 Santiago, Chile
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10
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Zhou H, Wang H, Yu G, Wang Z, Zheng X, Duan H, Sun J. Synergistic inhibitory effects of an engineered antibody-like molecule ATF-Fc and trastuzumab on tumor growth and invasion in a human breast cancer xenograft mouse model. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:5189-5196. [PMID: 29113154 PMCID: PMC5656026 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of the oncogene human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) has been associated with decreased disease-free survival and is a marker of poor prognosis of invasive breast cancer. Although the high efficacy of trastuzumab, a drug that targets the HER-2 oncogene, has been widely recognized, the efficiency of the treatment remains at ~30%. Therefore, novel effective treatments are required for patients with recurrent metastatic breast cancer. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of an engineered antibody-like molecule administered alone or in combination with trastuzumab on the tumor growth and metastasis of HER-2-positive breast cancer. Another aim was to investigate novel cancer therapies for HER-2-positive breast cancer. The engineered antibody-like molecule consists of the amino-terminal fragment (ATF) of human urokinase-type plasminogen (uPA) and is conjugated with the Fc fragment of human immunoglobulin G1 (ATF-Fc). The anti-cancer effect of ATF-Fc (alone and in combination with trastuzumab) on tumor cells and in a nude mouse tumor model was evaluated by detecting the expression of uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and HER-2. In vitro experiments demonstrated that specifically blocking the uPA-uPAR and HER-2 signaling pathways may effectively promote the apoptosis of breast cancer cells. Additionally, ATF-Fc-induced cell death in HER-2-positive breast cancer cells was observed in vivo. When ATF-Fc was administered in combination with trastuzumab, cell death was increased and breast cancer metastasis was reduced. The novel engineered antibody-like molecule ATF-Fc was able to inhibit HER-2-positive breast cancer cell growth and metastasis by interfering with uPA and its receptor (uPA-uPAR) system. Additionally, the antibody-like molecule exhibits a synergistic inhibitory effect when administered in combination with trastuzumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Guangyuan Yu
- Department of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Department of Geriatric Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Xi Zheng
- Department of Geriatric Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Duan
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Junzhong Sun
- Department of Geriatric Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
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11
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Chen FQ, Li Q, Pan CS, Liu YY, Yan L, Sun K, Mao XW, Mu HN, Wang MX, Wang CS, Fan JY, Cui YC, Zhang YP, Yang JY, Bai W, Han JY. Kudiezi Injection®Alleviates Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption After Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats. Microcirculation 2016; 23:426-37. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Levo-tetrahydropalmatine attenuates mouse blood-brain barrier injury induced by focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion: Involvement of Src kinase. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11155. [PMID: 26059793 PMCID: PMC4461916 DOI: 10.1038/srep11155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The restoration of blood flow following thrombolytic therapy causes ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury leading to blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and subsequent brain edema in patients of ischemic stroke. Levo-tetrahydropalmatine (l-THP) occurs in Corydalis genus and some other plants. However, whether l-THP exerts protective role on BBB disrpution following cerebral I/R remains unclear. Male C57BL/6N mice (23 to 28 g) were subjected to 90 min middle cerebral artery occlusion, followed by reperfusion for 24 h. l-THP (10, 20, 40 mg/kg) was administrated by gavage 60 min before ischemia. We found I/R evoked Evans blue extravasation, albumin leakage, brain water content increase, cerebral blood flow decrease, cerebral infarction and neurological deficits, all of which were attenuated by l-THP treatment. Meanwhile, l-THP inhibited tight junction (TJ) proteins down-expression, Src kinase phosphorylation, matrix metalloproteinases-2/9 (MMP-2/9) and caveolin-1 activation. In addition, surface plasmon resonance revealed binding of l-THP to Src kinase with high affinity. Then we found Src kinase inhibitor PP2 could attenuate Evans blue dye extravasation and inhibit the caveolin-1, MMP-9 activation, occludin down-expression after I/R, respectively. In conclusion, l-THP attenuated BBB injury and brain edema, which were correlated with inhibiting the Src kinase phosphorylation.
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13
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Indira Chandran V, Eppenberger-Castori S, Venkatesh T, Vine KL, Ranson M. HER2 and uPAR cooperativity contribute to metastatic phenotype of HER2-positive breast cancer. Oncoscience 2015; 2:207-24. [PMID: 25897424 PMCID: PMC4394126 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)-positive breast carcinoma is highly aggressive and mostly metastatic in nature though curable/manageable in part by molecular targeted therapy. Recent evidence suggests a subtype of cells within HER2-positive breast tumors that concomitantly expresses the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) with inherent stem cell/mesenchymal-like properties promoting tumor cell motility and a metastatic phenotype. This HER-positive/uPAR-positive subtype may be partially responsible for the failure of HER2-targeted treatment strategies. Herein we discuss and substantiate the cumulative preclinical and clinical evidence on HER2-uPAR cooperativity in terms of gene co-amplification and/or mRNA/protein co-overexpression. We then propose a regulatory signaling model that we hypothesize to maintain upregulation and cooperativity between HER2 and uPAR in aggressive breast cancer. An improved understanding of the HER2/uPAR interaction in breast cancer will provide critical biomolecular information that may help better predict disease course and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineesh Indira Chandran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Thejaswini Venkatesh
- Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Kara Lea Vine
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia ; Centre for Medical & Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia ; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia ; Centre for Medical & Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia ; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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14
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Kozlova N, Samoylenko A, Drobot L, Kietzmann T. Urokinase is a negative modulator of Egf-dependent proliferation and motility in the two breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:170-81. [PMID: 25641046 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is involved in the regulation of various cellular processes and dysregulation of its signalling plays a critical role in the etiology of a variety of malignancies like breast cancer. At the same time, elevated levels of urokinase (uPA), its receptor uPAR, and other components of the plasminogen activation system are found to be correlated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer. Interestingly, EGFR appears to participate in transducing the signal generated upon binding of uPA to uPAR. However, whether uPA signalling would thereby interfere with ligand-driven EGFR signalling was not described before. Therefore, it was the aim of the present study to investigate the combined effects of uPA and EGF in the low invasive and high invasive breast adenocarcinoma cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, respectively. Simultaneous exposure of cells to both signals negatively affected ERK1/2 and AKT activation whereas positive effects on p38 and Src kinase phosphorylation were noted in both cell lines. Furthermore, uPA attenuated the mitogenic effect of EGF on cellular proliferation, invasion and motility in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Experiments with the uPA amino terminal fragment (ATF) revealed that the negative effects of uPA were independent from its protease activity. Together, these data suggest that enhanced levels of uPA in breast cancer modulate the mitogenic effects of EGF and thus, this knowledge may help to better understand breast cancer pathogenesis as well as to develop new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kozlova
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anatoly Samoylenko
- Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Laboratory of Cell Signalling, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Lyudmyla Drobot
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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15
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Jing J, Zheng S, Han C, Du L, Guo Y, Wang P. Evaluating the value of uPAR of serum and tissue on patients with cervical cancer. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 26:16-21. [PMID: 24833530 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between the urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) in sera and tissues of patients with cervical cancer and the clinical and pathological features of the cancer. Immunohistochemistry (SABC method) was used to detect uPAR expression in cervical cancer and normal tissues; ELISA was employed to assay the uPAR levels in cervical cancer and normal tissues and the corresponding sera. The immunohistochemistry results showed that there were 37 cases of uPAR expression in 56 patients of cervical cancer with a positive expression rate of 66%, whereas there was no uPAR expression in normal cervical tissues. The uPAR levels in cancer tissue from patients with cervical cancer (70.92 ± 28.55 ng/100 mg protein) were significantly higher than those of adjacent tissues obtained from the cancer patients (11.01 ± 5.40 ng/100 mg protein) (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the tissue uPAR levels are correlated with the TNM stages, lymph node metastasis, and the degree of differentiation instead of tumor-infiltrating and vessel thrombosis. Serum uPAR levels of patients (2.38 ± 0.29 ng/ml) were significantly increased compared with health control group (0.50 ± 0.16 ng/ml) (P < 0.001). Single-factor analysis shows that the serum uPAR levels of preoperative patients are related with clinical grade, lymph node metastasis, vein embolism, and the depth of infiltration instead of tumor differentiation. We conducted multiple regression analysis and found that the factors affecting preoperative serum suPAR include clinical stage (P = 0.000), pelvic lymph node metastasis (P = 0.000), and depth of myometrial invasion (P = 0.001). The serum suPAR levels of patients with cervical cancer after surgery are significantly decreased compared with preoperation (P < 0.001). The uPAR levels of serum and tissue present a positive correlation (r = 0.705, P < 0.001). The soluble uPAR in serum (suPAR) may be a more convenient indicator to reflect the uPAR system activity in vivo. It could be a tumor marker for clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis monitor of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexian Jing
- Etiology and Tumor Markers Laboratory, Shanxi Province Tumor Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Transforming growth factor-Beta and urokinase-type plasminogen activator: dangerous partners in tumorigenesis-implications in skin cancer. ISRN DERMATOLOGY 2013; 2013:597927. [PMID: 23984088 PMCID: PMC3732602 DOI: 10.1155/2013/597927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic factor, with several different roles in health and disease. TGF-β has been postulated as a dual factor in tumor progression, since it represses epithelial tumor development in early stages, whereas it stimulates tumor progression in advanced stages. During tumorigenesis, cancer cells acquire the capacity to migrate and invade surrounding tissues and to metastasize different organs. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system, comprising uPA, the uPA cell surface receptor, and plasminogen-plasmin, is involved in the proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix and regulates key cellular events by activating intracellular signal pathways, which together allow cancer cells to survive, thus, enhancing cell malignance during tumor progression. Due to their importance, uPA and its receptor are tightly transcriptionally regulated in normal development, but are deregulated in cancer, when their activity and expression are related to further development of cancer. TGF-β regulates uPA expression in cancer cells, while uPA, by plasminogen activation, may activate the secreted latent TGF-β, thus, producing a pernicious cycle which contributes to the enhancement of tumor progression. Here we review the specific roles and the interplay between TGF-β and uPA system in cancer cells and their implication in skin cancer.
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17
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Kotipatruni RR, Nalla AK, Asuthkar S, Gondi CS, Dinh DH, Rao JS. Apoptosis induced by knockdown of uPAR and MMP-9 is mediated by inactivation of EGFR/STAT3 signaling in medulloblastoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44798. [PMID: 22984561 PMCID: PMC3440337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medulloblastoma is a highly invasive cancer of central nervous system diagnosed mainly in children. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) are over expressed in several cancers and well established for their roles in tumor progression. The present study is aimed to determine the consequences of targeting these molecules on medulloblastoma progression. Methodology/Principal Findings Radiation is one of the foremost methods applied for treating cancer and considerable evidence showed that radiation elevated uPAR and MMP-9 expression in medulloblastoma cell. Therefore efforts are made to target these molecules in non-irradiated and irradiated medulloblastoma cells. Our results showed that siRNA-mediated knockdown of uPAR and MMP-9, either alone or in combination with radiation modulated a series of events leading to apoptosis. Down regulation of uPAR and MMP-9 inhibited the expression of anti-apoptotic molecules like Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, survivin, XIAP and cIAPI; activated BID cleavage, enhanced the expression of Bak and translocated cyctochrome C to cytosol. Capsase-3 and -9 activities were also increased in uPAR- and MMP-9-downregulated cells. The apoptosis induced by targeting MMP-9 and uPAR was initiated by inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mediated activation of STAT3 and NF-κB related signaling molecules. Silencing uPAR and MMP-9 inhibited DNA binding activity of STAT3 and also reduced the recruitment of STAT3 protein at the promoter region of Bcl-2 and survivin genes. Our results suggest that inhibiting uPAR and MMP-9 reduced the expression of anti-apoptotic molecules by inactivating the transcriptional activity of STAT3. In addition, treating pre-established medulloblastoma with siRNAs against uPAR and MMP-9 both alone or in combination with radiation suppressed uPAR, MMP-9, EGFR, STAT3 expression and induced Bak activation leading to apoptosis. Conclusion/Significance Taken together, our results illustrated that RNAi mediated targeting of uPAR and MMP-9 might have therapeutic potential against medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaprasada Rao Kotipatruni
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Arun Kumar Nalla
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Swapna Asuthkar
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christopher S. Gondi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dzung H. Dinh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jasti S. Rao
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Prager GW, Poettler M. Angiogenesis in cancer. Basic mechanisms and therapeutic advances. Hamostaseologie 2011; 32:105-14. [PMID: 21837355 DOI: 10.5482/ha-1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Etiological concepts on cancer development, malignant growth and tumour propagation have undergone a revolutionary development during recent years: Among other aspects, the discovery of angiogenesis - the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature - as a key element in the pathogenesis of malignancy has opened an abundance of biologic insights and subsequent therapeutic options, which have led to improved prognosis in many cancers including those originating from colon, lung, breast and kidney. Thereby, targeting the major pro-angiogenic stimulus vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) became the focus for therapeutic interventions. However, the use of VEGF-targeting drugs has been shown to be of limited efficacy, which might lie in the fact that tumor angiogenesis is mediated by a variety of different subcellular systems. This review focuses on the basic mechanisms involved in angiogenesis, which potentially represent novel targets for pharmacological agents in the treatment of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Prager
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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19
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Zajac M, Law J, Cvetkovic DD, Pampillo M, McColl L, Pape C, Di Guglielmo GM, Postovit LM, Babwah AV, Bhattacharya M. GPR54 (KISS1R) transactivates EGFR to promote breast cancer cell invasiveness. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21599. [PMID: 21738726 PMCID: PMC3125256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptins (Kp), peptide products of the Kisspeptin-1 (KISS1) gene are endogenous ligands for a G protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54). Previous findings have shown that KISS1 acts as a metastasis suppressor in numerous cancers in humans. However, recent studies have demonstrated that an increase in KISS1 and GPR54 expression in human breast tumors correlates with higher tumor grade and metastatic potential. At present, whether or not Kp signaling promotes breast cancer cell invasiveness, required for metastasis and the underlying mechanisms, is unknown. We have found that kisspeptin-10 (Kp-10), the most potent Kp, stimulates the invasion of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T cells using Matrigel-coated Transwell chamber assays and induces the formation of invasive stellate structures in three-dimensional invasion assays. Furthermore, Kp-10 stimulated an increase in matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-9 activity. We also found that Kp-10 induced the transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Knockdown of the GPCR scaffolding protein, β-arrestin 2, inhibited Kp-10-induced EGFR transactivation as well as Kp-10 induced invasion of breast cancer cells via modulation of MMP-9 secretion and activity. Finally, we found that the two receptors associate with each other under basal conditions, and FRET analysis revealed that GPR54 interacts directly with EGFR. The stability of the receptor complex formation was increased upon treatment of cells by Kp-10. Taken together, our findings suggest a novel mechanism by which Kp signaling via GPR54 stimulates breast cancer cell invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Zajac
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Law
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dragana Donna Cvetkovic
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Macarena Pampillo
- The Children's Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindsay McColl
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia Pape
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gianni M. Di Guglielmo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lynne M. Postovit
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andy V. Babwah
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- The Children's Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Moshmi Bhattacharya
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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20
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Hellriegel C, Caiolfa VR, Corti V, Sidenius N, Zamai M. Number and brightness image analysis reveals ATF-induced dimerization kinetics of uPAR in the cell membrane. FASEB J 2011; 25:2883-97. [PMID: 21602447 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-181537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We studied the molecular forms of the GPI-anchored urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR-mEGFP) in the human embryo kidney (HEK293) cell membrane and demonstrated that the binding of the amino-terminal fragment (ATF) of urokinase plasminogen activator is sufficient to induce the dimerization of the receptor. We followed the association kinetics and determined precisely the dimeric stoichiometry of uPAR-mEGFP complexes by applying number and brightness (N&B) image analysis. N&B is a novel fluctuation-based approach for measuring the molecular brightness of fluorophores in an image time sequence in live cells. Because N&B is very sensitive to long-term temporal fluctuations and photobleaching, we have introduced a filtering protocol that corrects for these important sources of error. Critical experimental parameters in N&B analysis are illustrated and analyzed by simulation studies. Control experiments are based on mEGFP-GPI, mEGFP-mEGFP-GPI, and mCherry-GPI, expressed in HEK293. This work provides a first direct demonstration of the dimerization of uPAR in live cells. We also provide the first methodological guide on N&B to discern minor changes in molecular composition such as those due to dimerization events, which are involved in fundamental cell signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hellriegel
- Microscopy and Dynamic Imaging Unit, National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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21
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Blassberg RA, Garza-Garcia A, Janmohamed A, Gates PB, Brockes JP. Functional convergence of signalling by GPI-anchored and anchorless forms of a salamander protein implicated in limb regeneration. J Cell Sci 2010; 124:47-56. [PMID: 21118959 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.076331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The GPI-anchor is an established determinant of molecular localisation and various functional roles have been attributed to it. The newt GPI-anchored three-finger protein (TFP) Prod1 is an important regulator of cell behaviour during limb regeneration, but it is unclear how it signals to the interior of the cell. Prod1 was expressed by transfection in cultured newt limb cells and activated transcription and expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) by a pathway involving ligand-independent activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling and phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). This was dependent on the presence of the GPI-anchor and critical residues in the α-helical region of the protein. Interestingly, Prod1 in the axolotl, a salamander species that also regenerates its limbs, was shown to activate ERK1/2 signalling and MMP9 transcription despite being anchorless, and both newt and axolotl Prod1 co-immunoprecipitated with the newt EGFR after transfection. The substitution of the axolotl helical region activated a secreted, anchorless version of the newt molecule. The activity of the newt molecule cannot therefore depend on a unique property conferred by the anchor. Prod1 is a salamander-specific TFP and its interaction with the phylogenetically conserved EGFR has implications for our view of regeneration as an evolutionary variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Blassberg
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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22
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Martínez-Hernández MG, Baiza-Gutman LA, Castillo-Trápala A, Armant DR. Regulation of proteinases during mouse peri-implantation development: urokinase-type plasminogen activator expression and cross talk with matrix metalloproteinase 9. Reproduction 2010; 141:227-39. [PMID: 21075828 DOI: 10.1530/rep-10-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Trophoblast cells express urokinase-type plasminogen activator (PLAU) and may depend on its activity for endometrial invasion and tissue remodeling during peri-implantation development. However, the developmental regulation, tissue distribution, and function of PLAU are not completely understood. In this study, the expression of PLAU and its regulation by extracellular matrix proteins was examined by RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, and plasminogen-casein zymography in cultured mouse embryos. There was a progressive increase in Plau mRNA expression in blastocysts cultured on gestation days 4-8. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (55 kDa) and PLAU (a triplet of 40, 37, and 31 kDa) were present in conditioned medium and embryo lysates, and were adsorbed to the culture plate surface. The temporal expression pattern of PLAU, according to semi-quantitative gel zymography, was similar in non-adhering embryos and embryos cultured on fibronectin, laminin, or type IV collagen, although type IV collagen and laminin upregulated Plau mRNA expression. Immunofluorescence revealed PLAU on the surface of the mural trophectoderm and in non-spreading giant trophoblast cells. Exogenous human plasminogen was transformed to plasmin by cultured embryos and activated endogenous matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9). Indeed, the developmental expression profile of MMP9 was similar to that of PLAU. Our data suggest that the intrinsic developmental program predominantly regulates PLAU expression during implantation, and that PLAU could be responsible for activation of MMP9, leading to localized matrix proteolysis as trophoblast invasion commences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Martínez-Hernández
- Obstetrics and Gynecology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, C. S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 275 East Hancock Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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23
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Kong L, Deng Z, Shen H, Zhang Y. Src family kinase inhibitor PP2 efficiently inhibits cervical cancer cell proliferation through down-regulating phospho-Src-Y416 and phospho-EGFR-Y1173. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 348:11-9. [PMID: 21052789 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine (Y) kinases inhibitors have been approved for targeted treatment of cancer. However, their clinical use is limited to some cancers and the mechanism of their action remains unclear. Previous study has indicated that PP2, a selective inhibitor of the Src family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases (nRTK), efficiently repressed cervical cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. In this regard, our aims are to explore the mechanism of PP2 on cervical cancer cell growth inhibition by investigating the suppressive divergence among PP1, PP2, and a negative control compound PP3. MTT results showed that three compounds had different inhibitory effects on proliferation of two cervical cancer cells, HeLa and SiHa, and PP2 was most efficient in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, we found 10 μM PP2 down-regulated pSrc-Y416 (P < 0.05), pEGFR-Y845 (P < 0.05), and -Y1173 (P < 0.05) expression levels, while 10 μM PP1 down-regulated pSrc-Y416 (P < 0.05) and pEGFR-Y845 (P < 0.05), but not pEGFR-Y1173; 10 μM PP3 down-regulated only pEGFR-Y1173 (P < 0.05). PP2 could modulate cell cycle arrest by up-regulating p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1) in both HeLa and SiHa cells and down-regulating expression of cyclin A, and cyclin dependent kinase-2, -4 (Cdk-2, -4) in HeLa and of cyclin B and Cdk-2 in SiHa. Our results indicate that Src pathway and EGFR pathway play different roles in the proliferation of cervical cancer cells and PP2 efficiently reduces cervical cancer cell proliferation by reduction of both Src and EGFR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Acute ligand-independent Src activation mimics low EGF-induced EGFR surface signalling and redistribution into recycling endosomes. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:3239-53. [PMID: 20832399 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is a key signal transduction partner of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR). In human breast cancer, EGFR and Src are frequently over-expressed and/or over-activated. Although reciprocal activation is documented, mechanisms underlying Src:EGFR interactions are incompletely understood. We here exploited ts/v-Src thermo-activation in MDCK monolayers to test whether acute Src activation impacts on signalling and trafficking of non-liganded EGFR. We found that thermo-activation caused rapid Src recruitment to the plasma membrane, concomitant association with EGFR, and its phosphorylation at Y845 and Y1173 predominantly at the cell surface. Like low EGF concentrations, activated Src (i) decreased EGF surface binding without affecting the total EGFR pool; (ii) triggered EGFR endocytosis via clathrin-coated vesicles; (iii) and led to its sequestration in perinuclear/recycling endosomes with avoidance of multivesicular bodies and lysosomal degradation. Combined Src activation and EGF were synergistic for EGFR-Y845 and -Y1173 phosphorylation at some endosomes. We conclude that acute effects of Src in MDCK cells may mimic those of low EGF on EGFR activation and redistribution. Src:EGFR interactions may be sufficient to trigger EGFR activation and might contribute to its local signalling, without requiring either soluble extracellular signal or receptor over-expression.
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Liu DZ, Ander BP, Xu H, Shen Y, Kaur P, Deng W, Sharp FR. Blood-brain barrier breakdown and repair by Src after thrombin-induced injury. Ann Neurol 2010; 67:526-33. [PMID: 20437588 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thrombin mediates the life-threatening cerebral edema that occurs after intracerebral hemorrhage. Therefore, we examined the mechanisms of thrombin-induced injury to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and subsequent mechanisms of BBB repair. METHODS Intracerebroventricular injection of thrombin (20U) was used to model intraventricular hemorrhage in adult rats. RESULTS Thrombin reduced brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMVEC) and perivascular astrocyte immunoreactivity-indicating either cell injury or death-and functionally disrupted the BBB as measured by increased water content and extravasation of sodium fluorescein and Evans blue dyes 24 hours later. Administration of nonspecific Src family kinase inhibitor (PP2) immediately after thrombin injections blocked brain edema and BBB disruption. At 7 to 14 days after thrombin injections, newborn endothelial cells and astrocytes were observed around cerebral vessels at the time when BBB permeability and cerebral water content resolved. Delayed administration of PP2 on days 2 through 6 after thrombin injections prevented resolution of the edema and abnormal BBB permeability. INTERPRETATION Thrombin, via its protease-activated receptors, is postulated to activate Src kinase phosphorylation of molecules that acutely injure the BBB and produce edema. Thus, acute administration of Src antagonists blocks edema. In contrast, Src blockade for 2 to 6 days after thrombin injections is postulated to prevent resolution of edema and abnormal BBB permeability in part because Src kinase proto-oncogene members stimulate proliferation of newborn BMVECs and perivascular astrocytes in the neurovascular niche that repair the damaged BBB. Thus, Src kinases not only mediate acute BBB injury but also mediate chronic BBB repair after thrombin-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Zhi Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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26
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Extravasale Proteolyse: Funktion und Interaktion der Faktoren des fibrinolytischen Systems. Hamostaseologie 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-01544-1_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Bae MH, Bissonette GB, Mars WM, Michalopoulos GK, Achim CL, Depireux DA, Powell EM. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) modulates GABAergic inhibition and seizure susceptibility. Exp Neurol 2009; 221:129-35. [PMID: 19853606 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Disrupted ontogeny of forebrain inhibitory interneurons leads to neurological disorders, including epilepsy. Adult mice lacking the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (Plaur) have decreased numbers of neocortical GABAergic interneurons and spontaneous seizures, attributed to a reduction of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF). We report that by increasing endogenous HGF/SF concentration in the postnatal Plaur null mouse brain maintains the interneuron populations in the adult, reverses the seizure behavior and stabilizes the spontaneous electroencephalogram activity. The perinatal intervention provides a pathway to reverse potential birth defects and ameliorate seizures in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihyun H Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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28
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Ovarian cancer cells stimulate uPA gene expression in fibroblastic stromal cells via multiple paracrine and autocrine mechanisms. Gynecol Oncol 2009; 115:121-126. [PMID: 19631971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Expression of uPA mRNA is massively up-regulated in the stroma of poorly differentiated ovarian tumors. We hypothesized that this expression was induced by paracrine signals from the epithelial tumor cells, and established an in vitro model of ovarian cancer microenvironment to study intercellular cross-talk. METHODS ES-2 clear cell carcinoma cells were grown in tissue culture inserts in a double-chamber system with fibroblastic stromal LEP cells embedded in Matrigel. Binding-site directed antibodies were used to neutralize soluble cytokines in ES-2 conditioned medium (CM) before incubation with LEP cells. Real time PCR measured uPA mRNA in LEP cells, as well as mRNA for cytokines in both cell types. RESULTS Co-culture with ES-2 cells as well as incubation with ES-2 CM induced uPA mRNA in LEP cells about two-fold. In short time (12 h) incubation of LEP cells with CM, antibodies to EGF and bFGF reduced induction of uPA mRNA, suggesting that these cytokines function as paracrine signals. EGF mRNA and bFGF mRNA were also found in ES-2 cells. At longer incubation (24 h) antibodies to bFGF, HB-EGF, HGF, IGF-1, and IL-1alpha reduced uPA mRNA induction, suggesting an autocrine function for these cytokines in LEP cells. In fact, expression of the same five cytokines was up-regulated in LEP cells exposed to CM. CONCLUSION We identified two cytokines as paracrine signals, and five cytokines as autocrine signals in ovarian cancer cell induced up-regulation of uPA mRNA in stromal fibroblastic cells. It is crucial to understand intra-tumoral cross-talk, since it can offer new therapeutic approaches.
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Tilley DG, Kim IM, Patel PA, Violin JD, Rockman HA. beta-Arrestin mediates beta1-adrenergic receptor-epidermal growth factor receptor interaction and downstream signaling. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:20375-86. [PMID: 19509284 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.005793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
beta1-Adrenergic receptor (beta1AR) stimulation confers cardioprotection via beta-arrestin-de pend ent transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs), however, the precise mechanism for this salutary process is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the beta1AR and EGFR form a complex that differentially directs intracellular signaling pathways. beta1AR stimulation and EGF ligand can each induce equivalent EGFR phosphorylation, internalization, and downstream activation of ERK1/2, but only EGF ligand causes translocation of activated ERK to the nucleus, whereas beta1AR-stimulated/EGFR-transactivated ERK is restricted to the cytoplasm. beta1AR and EGFR are shown to interact as a receptor complex both in cell culture and endogenously in human heart, an interaction that is selective and undergoes dynamic regulation by ligand stimulation. Although catecholamine stimulation mediates the retention of beta1AR-EGFR interaction throughout receptor internalization, direct EGF ligand stimulation initiates the internalization of EGFR alone. Continued interaction of beta1AR with EGFR following activation is dependent upon C-terminal tail GRK phosphorylation sites of the beta1AR and recruitment of beta-arrestin. These data reveal a new signaling paradigm in which beta-arrestin is required for the maintenance of a beta1AR-EGFR interaction that can direct cytosolic targeting of ERK in response to catecholamine stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Tilley
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Henic E, Noskova V, Høyer-Hansen G, Hansson S, Casslén B. Estradiol attenuates EGF-induced rapid uPAR mobilization and cell migration via the G-protein-coupled receptor 30 in ovarian cancer cells. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19:214-22. [PMID: 19395996 DOI: 10.1111/igc.0b013e31819bcb75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates proliferation and migration in ovarian cancer cells, and high tumor expression of the EGF system correlates with poor prognosis. Epidermal growth factor upregulates urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) on the cell surface via 3 distinct mechanisms: rapid mobilization of uPAR from detergent-resistant domains, increased mRNA, and decreased degradation. G-protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) is a newly identified membrane estrogen receptor (ER).The objective of this study was to explore the effects of 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) on uPAR expression and cell migration in ovarian cancer cells and further to identify the ER involved.We used 7 ovarian cancer cell lines, cell migration assay, cellular binding of (125)I-uPA, cellular degradation of (125)I-uPA/PAI-1 complex, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for uPAR, solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for ERalpha, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Estradiol attenuates the stimulatory effect of EGF on cell migration and uPAR expression. Specifically, E(2) reduces the very rapid increase of detergent extractable uPAR, which occurs within minutes of EGF stimulation and probably represents mobilization of uPAR from detergent-resistant domains such as lipid rafts. Estradiol influenced neither the amount of uPAR mRNA nor the rate of uPAR degradation or solubilization. The nuclear ER antagonists ICI 182780 and tamoxifen, which are GPR30 agonists, as well as the specifically constructed GPR30 agonist G1, mimicked the effect of E(2) on uPAR expression and cell migration. OVCAR-3 cells express mRNA for GPR30.Estradiol attenuates EGF-induced mobilization of ligated uPAR from detergent-resistant domains and subsequent migration in ovarian cancer cells. The response to various ER ligands indicates that this effect is mediated via the membrane ER GPR30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Henic
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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31
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Smith PC, Guerrero J, Tobar N, Cáceres M, González MJ, Martínez J. Tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase production is modulated by epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2009; 44:73-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Mannari C, Santi S, Migliori M, Filippi C, Origlia N, Sansò M, Boldrini E, Giovannini L. Sucralfate modulates uPAR and EGFR expression in an experimental rat model of cervicitis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2008; 21:651-8. [PMID: 18831933 DOI: 10.1177/039463200802100319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucralfate is a drug used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer; it is cytoprotective and able to increase the bioavailability of several growth factors, modulating the wound healing process. In this study we tested the possible therapeutic effect of Sucralfate in the treatment of ulcerative lesions occurring in uterine cervix; to investigate such effect we used an experimental rat model of cervicitis in which the uPAR and EGFR expression were evaluated. Cervicitis was induced in wild and ovariectomized Wistar female rats by an acetic acid-soaked tampon. The animals were divided into two main groups (4 and 7 days) and Sucralfate was administered topically until the day they were sacrificed. In order to distinguish physiological and drug-induced healing, quantitative and qualitative uPAR and EGFR expression were evaluated by using Western blot and Immunohistochemistry techniques. Western blot analysis demonstrated an increased expression of both receptors after 4 days from wounding in wild and ovariectomized animals. In particular in ovariectomized animals the expression of uPAR and EGFR increased after 4 days while it reduced following the administration of Sucralfate. In wild rats the same was observed for uPAR expression, while EGFR was different; in fact, its expression increased significantly at day 4 in the animals treated with the drug and only at day 7 in those untreated. Immunohistochemistry highlighted a noteworthy epithelial colocalization of EGFR and uPAR after 4 days in the animals treated with Sucralfate. We conclude that Sucralfate can promote the healing of ulcerative cervicitis and moreover, it reduces the normal healing time because of its modulatory property on uPAR and EGFR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mannari
- Department of Neuroscience, Pharmacology section, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Fuentes LQ, Reyes CE, Sarmiento JM, Villanueva CI, Figueroa CD, Navarro J, González CB. Vasopressin up-regulates the expression of growth-related immediate-early genes via two distinct EGF receptor transactivation pathways. Cell Signal 2008; 20:1642-50. [PMID: 18571897 PMCID: PMC2602840 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of V(1a) receptor triggers the expression of growth-related immediate-early genes (IEGs), including c-Fos and Egr-1. We found that pre-treatment of rat vascular smooth muscle A-10 cell line with the EGF receptor inhibitor AG1478 or the over-expression of an EGFR dominant negative mutant (HEBCD533) blocked the vasopressin-induced expression of IEGs, suggesting that activation of these early genes mediated by V(1a) receptor is via transactivation of the EGF receptor. Importantly, the inhibition of the metalloproteinases, which catalyzed the shedding of the EGF receptor agonist HB-EGF, selectively blocked the vasopressin-induced expression c-Fos. On the other hand, the inhibition of c-Src selectively blocked the vasopressin-induced expression of Egr-1. Interestingly, in contrast to the expression of c-Fos, the expression of Egr-1 was mediated via the Ras/MEK/MAPK-dependent signalling pathway. Vasopressin-triggered expression of both genes required the release of intracellular calcium, activation of PKC and beta-arrestin 2. These findings demonstrated that vasopressin up-regulated the expression of c-Fos and Erg-1 via transactivation of two distinct EGF receptor-dependent signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Q. Fuentes
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos E. Reyes
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - José M. Sarmiento
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Carlos D. Figueroa
- Department of Histology & Pathology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Javier Navarro
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77555
| | - Carlos B. González
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77555
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Cáceres M, Tobar N, Guerrero J, Smith PC, Martínez J. c-jun-NH2JNK mediates invasive potential and EGFR activation by regulating the expression of HB-EGF in a urokinase-stimulated pathway. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:986-93. [PMID: 17654528 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrated that tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR and the autocrine expression of uPA and HB-EGF depend on the activity of c-jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) in human prostatic DU-145 cells. These cells overexpress EGFR and produce a high amount of uPA. Treatment with either SP600125, a specific chemical inhibitor of JNK, or the expression of a dominant-negative JNK form inhibited autocrine production of uPA and HB-EGF, which block EGFR phosphorylation and mitigates invasive capacity. Our data provided evidence that in DU-145 cells, the maintenance of the activation level of EGFR, which determines the cellular invasive potential, operates through an autocrine loop involving the JNK-dependent production of uPA and HB-EGF activity. Moreover, we found that exogenously added uPA stimulates autocrine production of HB-EGF, and that blocking HB-EGF activity curbed DU-145 cell invasive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Cáceres
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Zhang G, Eddy AA. Urokinase and its receptors in chronic kidney disease. FRONTIERS IN BIOSCIENCE : A JOURNAL AND VIRTUAL LIBRARY 2008; 13:5462-78. [PMID: 18508599 PMCID: PMC3142275 DOI: 10.2741/3093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of the serine protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its high affinity receptor uPAR/CD87 in chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. An emerging theme is their organ- and site-specific effects. In addition to tubules, uPA is produced by macrophages and fibroblasts in CKD. By activating hepatocyte growth factor and degrading fibrinogen uPA may have anti-fibrotic effects. However renal fibrosis was similar between uPA wild-type and knockout mice in experimental CKD. The uPAR is expressed by renal parenchymal cells and inflammatory cells in a variety of kidney diseases. Such expression appears anti-fibrotic based on studies in uPAR-deficient mice. In CKD uPAR expression is associated with higher uPA activity but its most important effect appears to be due to effects on cell recruitment and migration that involve interactions with a variety of co-receptors and chemoattractant effects of soluble uPAR. Vitronectin and high molecular weight kininogen are alternate uPAR ligands, and receptors in addition to uPAR may also bind directly to uPA and activate cell signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Zhang
- University of Washington and Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Division of Nephrology, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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Buvinic S, Bravo-Zehnder M, Boyer JL, Huidobro-Toro JP, González A. Nucleotide P2Y1 receptor regulates EGF receptor mitogenic signaling and expression in epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2008; 120:4289-301. [PMID: 18057028 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) function is transregulated by a variety of stimuli, including agonists of certain G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). One of the most ubiquitous GPCRs is the P2Y(1) receptor (P2RY1, hereafter referred to as P2Y(1)R) for extracellular nucleotides, mainly ADP. Here, we show in tumoral HeLa cells and normal FRT epithelial cells that P2Y(1)R broadcasts mitogenic signals by transactivating the EGFR. The pathway involves PKC, Src and cell surface metalloproteases. Stimulation of P2Y(1)R for as little as 15-60 minutes triggers mitogenesis, mirroring the half-life of extracellular ADP. Apyrase degradation of extracellular nucleotides and drug inhibition of P2Y(1)R, both reduced basal cell proliferation of HeLa and FRT cells, but not MDCK cells, which do not express P2Y(1)R. Thus, cell-released nucleotides constitute strong mitogenic stimuli, which act via P2Y(1)R. Strikingly, MDCK cells ectopically expressing P2Y(1)R display a highly proliferative phenotype that depends on EGFR activity associated with an increased level of EGFR, thus disclosing a novel aspect of GPCR-mediated regulation of EGFR function. These results highlight a role of P2Y(1)R in EGFR-dependent epithelial cell proliferation. P2Y(1)R could potentially mediate both trophic stimuli of basally released nucleotides and first-line mitogenic stimulation upon tissue damage. It could also contribute to carcinogenesis and serve as target for antitumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Buvinic
- Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología JV Luco, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330033, Santiago, Chile
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Sahores M, Prinetti A, Chiabrando G, Blasi F, Sonnino S. uPA binding increases UPAR localization to lipid rafts and modifies the receptor microdomain composition. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:250-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Li QQ, Wang WJ, Xu JD, Cao XX, Chen Q, Yang JM, Xu ZD. Up-regulation of CD147 and matrix metalloproteinase-2, -9 induced by P-glycoprotein substrates in multidrug resistant breast cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:1767-74. [PMID: 17725804 PMCID: PMC11158410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Revised: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of animals bearing multidrug resistant (MDR) tumor cells with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates could worsen host survival. It is assumed that this is due to increased tumor metastasis. To clarify the mechanism(s) underlying this observation, the MDR human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7/AdrR, and its sensitive parental line, MCF-7, was treated with various concentrations of P-gp substrate drugs (vincristine, paclitoxel, adriamycin) and a P-gp non-substrate drug (bleomycin) in serum-free media. Increased production of CD147, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, -9 was observed only in MDR cancer cells exposed to P-gp substrates, as determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and zymography. Correspondingly, P-gp substrates significantly enhanced the in vitro invasion abilities of MCF-7/Adr cells. It was also found that the drug-induced promotion of CD147, and MMP-2, -9 was consistent with increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and that inhibition of either EGFR or P-gp activity could significantly interrupt the downstream effects, and so inhibit in vitro invasion abilities motivated by P-gp substrates. These results imply that treatment of MDR tumors with P-gp substrates could adversely affect therapeutic outcomes through modulating the production of CD147, MMP-2, -9, and EGFR, and suggest that this effect may be initiated by the transporter function of P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Quan Li
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 138, Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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McEneaney V, Harvey BJ, Thomas W. Aldosterone rapidly activates protein kinase D via a mineralocorticoid receptor/EGFR trans-activation pathway in the M1 kidney CCD cell line. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 107:180-90. [PMID: 17681751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone elicits physiological responses through the modulation of gene expression and by stimulating signaling processes. Here we investigated the activation pathway of protein kinase D1 (PKD1) by aldosterone in the murine M1 renal cortical collecting duct cell line. Aldosterone stimulated a rapid increase in PKD1 activity peaking at 2-5 min and at 30 min after treatment that was insensitive to inhibitors of transcription or translation. PKD1 was not activated by aldosterone in MR null NIH-3T3 fibroblasts or M1-CCD cells propagated without dexamethasone, which did not express MR. PKD1 activation was sensitive to the MR antagonists spironolactone and RU28318 but not to the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486. Aldosterone activation of PKD1 was inhibited by the epidermal growth factor (EGFR) antagonist tyrphostin AG1478 and by the c-Src inhibitor PP2. Western blotting revealed EGFR phosphorylation following aldosterone treatment at the c-Src tyrosine kinase-specific residue Tyr845. The activation of c-Src was dependent on its interaction with HSP84, since HSP84 antagonist 17-AAG inhibited both the phosphorylation of EGFR in response to aldosterone by c-Src and also the subsequent activation of PKD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria McEneaney
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Education and Research Centre, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Paugh BS, Paugh SW, Bryan L, Kapitonov D, Wilczynska KM, Gopalan SM, Rokita H, Milstien S, Spiegel S, Kordula T. EGF regulates plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) by a pathway involving c-Src, PKCdelta, and sphingosine kinase 1 in glioblastoma cells. FASEB J 2007; 22:455-65. [PMID: 17855624 PMCID: PMC2752832 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8276com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Patients with gliomas expressing high levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) have a shorter overall survival prognosis. Moreover, EGF enhances PAI-1 expression in glioma cells. Although multiple known signaling cascades are activated by EGF in glioma cells, we show for the first time that EGF enhances expression of PAI-1 via sequential activation of c-Src, protein kinase C delta (PKCdelta), and sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), the enzyme that produces sphingosine-1-phosphate. EGF induced rapid phosphorylation of c-Src and PKCdelta and concomitant translocation of PKCdelta as well as SphK1 to the plasma membrane. Down-regulation of PKCdelta abolished EGF-induced SphK1 translocation and up-regulation of PAI-1 by EGF; whereas, down-regulation of PKCalpha had no effect on the EGF-induced PAI-1 activation but enhanced its basal expression. Similarly, inhibition of c-Src activity by PP2 blocked both EGF-induced translocation of SphK1 and PKCdelta to the plasma membrane and up-regulation of PAI-1 expression. Furthermore, SphK1 was indispensable for both EGF-induced c-Jun phosphorylation and PAI-1 expression. Collectively, our results provide a functional link between three critical downstream targets of EGF, c-Src, PKCdelta, and SphK1 that have all been implicated in regulating motility and invasion of glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara S. Paugh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine/Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Steven W. Paugh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine/Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Lauren Bryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine/Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Dmitri Kapitonov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine/Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Katarzyna M. Wilczynska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine/Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sunita M. Gopalan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine/Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Hanna Rokita
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sheldon Milstien
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine/Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Tomasz Kordula
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine/Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Correspondence: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine/Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA. E-mail:
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Langlois S, Nyalendo C, Di Tomasso G, Labrecque L, Roghi C, Murphy G, Gingras D, Béliveau R. Membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase stimulates cell migration through epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation. Mol Cancer Res 2007; 5:569-83. [PMID: 17541067 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-06-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis of extracellular matrix proteins by membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) plays a pivotal role in tumor and endothelial cell migration. In addition to its proteolytic activity, several studies indicate that the proinvasive properties of MT1-MMP also involve its short cytoplasmic domain, but the specific mechanisms mediating this function have yet to be fully elucidated. Having previously shown that the serum factor sphingosine 1-phosphate stimulates MT1-MMP promigratory function through a process that involves its cytoplasmic domain, we now extend these findings to show that this cooperative interaction is permissive to cellular migration through MT1-MMP-dependent transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In the presence of sphingosine 1-phosphate, MT1-MMP stimulates EGFR transactivation through a process that is dependent upon the cytoplasmic domain of the enzyme but not its catalytic activity. The MT1-MMP-induced EGFR transactivation also involves G(i) protein signaling and Src activities and leads to enhanced cellular migration through downstream extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. The present study, thus, elucidates a novel role of MT1-MMP in signaling events mediating EGFR transactivation and provides the first evidence of a crucial role of this receptor activity in MT1-MMP promigratory function. Taken together, our results suggest that the inhibition of EGFR may represent a novel target to inhibit MT1-MMP-dependent processes associated with tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Langlois
- Laboratoire de Médecine Moléculaire, Hôpital Ste-Justine-Université du Québec à Montréal, Centre de Cancérologie Charles-Bruneau, 3175 Chemin Côte-Ste-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5
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Lee EJ, Whang JH, Jeon NK, Kim J. The epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD1839 (Iressa) suppresses proliferation and invasion of human oral squamous carcinoma cells via p53 independent and MMP, uPAR dependent mechanism. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1095:113-28. [PMID: 17404024 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1397.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) are characterized by a marked propensity for local invasion and dissemination to cervical lymph nodes. Overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and high levels of certain matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of oral cancer. ZD1839 (Iressa) is a quinazoline derivative that selectively inhibits the EGFR tyrosine kinase activity and is clinically used for cancer patients. This article attempted to determine the mechanisms underlying the effects of ZD1839 on the cellular level, and to characterize the effects of ZD1839 with regard to human OSCC cell growth and invasion/migration. The YD-10B cells represent a highly invasive human OSCC cell line, which has a frame shift p53 mutation. ZD1839 inhibited the growth of the cell line in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Cell cycle kinetic analysis demonstrated that ZD1839 induces a delay in cell cycle progression and a G1 arrest. This induction of a G1 cell cycle arrest was associated with the upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKI) p27(KIP1) and p21(CIP1/WAF1). The upregulation of CDKI in ZD1839 treated cell lines may be mediated by a p53-independent and hnRNPC1/C2-dependent pathway. In addition, 100 nM ZD1839 demonstrated that both MMP-2 and MMP-9 enzyme activity were decreased by approximately 25-30%. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed that ZD1839 downregulated the uPAR mRNA level. These results might be associated with the reduction of MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities. The current in vitro study indicates that the inhibition of proliferation and invasion/migration in OSCC cell lines by ZD1839 results in an anticancer effect via multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms, and suggests that ZD1839 may be useful in inhibiting and/or preventing metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ju Lee
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, School of Dentistry, 134 Shinchon-Dong, Sudaemun-Ku, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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Ardizzone TD, Zhan X, Ander BP, Sharp FR. SRC kinase inhibition improves acute outcomes after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2007; 38:1621-5. [PMID: 17395859 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.106.478966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The mechanisms by which intracerebral hemorrhages produce changes of blood flow and metabolism, cell death, and behavioral abnormalities are complex. In this study, we begin to test the hypothesis that intracerebral hemorrhage activates Src kinases that phosphorylate other molecules to produce cell injury and behavioral deficits after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). METHODS ICH was produced in adult Sprague Dawley rats by direct injection of autologous blood (50 microL) into striatum. Src kinase activity, glucose hypermetabolic areas around the ICH, TUNEL-stained cells, and apomorphine-induced rotational behaviors were assessed in animals with ICH pretreated with the Src kinase inhibitor, PP1, or with vehicle. RESULTS PP1 (3 mg/kg) blocked increases of Src kinase activity (5-fold) at 3 hours after ICH. PP1 also blocked the areas of glucose hypermetabolism and decreased the numbers of TUNEL-stained cells surrounding the ICH at 24 hours. Finally, apomorphine-induced (1 mg/kg) rotation at 24 hours after ICH was markedly attenuated by previous treatment with PP1 (3 mg/kg intraperitoneal). CONCLUSIONS PP1 decreases Src kinase activation, glucose metabolic activation, cell death, and behavioral abnormalities after ICH in striatum of adult rats. It is hypothesized that intracerebral hemorrhage, possibly via thrombin activation of protease-activated receptors, activates Src that phosphorylates NMDA receptors, matrix metalloproteinases, and other proteins that mediate injury after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Ardizzone
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Diseases Institute and Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Wilkins-Port CE, Higgins CE, Freytag J, Higgins SP, Carlson JA, Higgins PJ. PAI-1 is a Critical Upstream Regulator of the TGF-beta1/EGF-Induced Invasive Phenotype in Mutant p53 Human Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Biomed Biotechnol 2007; 2007:85208. [PMID: 17515947 PMCID: PMC1868077 DOI: 10.1155/2007/85208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of highly aggressive subtypes of human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) often reflects increased autocrine/paracrine TGF-β synthesis and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification. Cooperative TGF-β/EGFR signaling promotes cell migration and induces expression of both proteases and protease inhibitors that regulate stromal remodeling resulting in acquisition of an invasive phenotype. TGF-β1+EGF stimulation increases the production of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in human SCC. Among the most prominent is MMP-10 which is known to be elevated in SCC in situ. Activation of stromal plasminogen appears to be critical in triggering downstream MMP activity. Paradoxically, PAI-1, the major physiological inhibitor of plasmin generation, is also up-regulated under these conditions and is an early event in progression of incipient epidermal SCC. A model is proposed in which TGF-β1+EGF-dependent MMP-10 elevation directs focalized matrix remodeling events that promote epithelial cell plasticity and tissue invasion. Increased PAI-1 expression serves to temporally and spatially modulate plasmin-initiated pericellular proteolysis, further facilitating epithelial invasive potential. Defining the complex signaling mechanisms that maintain this elegant balance is critical to developing potential therapeutics for the treatment of human cutaneous malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia E. Wilkins-Port
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Craig E. Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Jennifer Freytag
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Stephen P. Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - J. Andrew Carlson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Paul J. Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
- *Paul J. Higgins:
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Shah BH, Baukal AJ, Chen HD, Shah AB, Catt KJ. Mechanisms of endothelin-1-induced MAP kinase activation in adrenal glomerulosa cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 102:79-88. [PMID: 17113976 PMCID: PMC3196343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) such as angiotensin II, bradykinin and endothelin-1 (ET-1) are critically involved in the regulation of adrenal function, including aldosterone production from zona glomerulosa cells. Whereas, substantial data are available on the signaling mechanisms of ET-1 in cardiovascular tissues, such information in adrenal glomerulosa cells is lacking. Bovine adrenal glomerulosa (BAG) cells express receptors for endothelin-1 (ET-1) and their stimulation caused phosphorylation of Src (at Tyr416), proline-rich tyrosine kinase (Pyk2 at Tyr402), extracellularly regulated signal kinases (ERK1/2), and their dependent proteins, p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK-1) and CREB. ET-1 elicited these responses predominantly through activation of a G(i)-linked cascade with a minor contribution from the G(q)/PKC pathway. Whereas, selective inhibition of EGF-R kinase with AG1478 caused complete inhibition of EGF-induced ERK/RSK-1/CREB activation, it caused only partial reduction (30-40%) of such ET-1-induced responses. Consistent with this, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) with GM6001 reduced ERK1/2 activation by ET-1, consistent with partial involvement of the MMP-dependent EGF-R activation in this cascade. Activation of ERK/RSK-1/CREB by both ET-1 and EGF was abolished by inhibition of Src, indicating its central role in ET-1 signaling in BAG cells. Moreover, the signaling characteristics of ET-1 in cultured BAG cells closely resembled those observed in clonal adrenocortical H295R cells. The ET-1-induced proliferation of BAG and H295 R cells was much smaller than that induced by Ang II or FGF. These data demonstrate that ET-1 causes ERK/RSK-1/CREB phosphorylation predominantly through activation of G(i) and Src, with a minor contribution from MMP-dependent EGF-R transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bukhtiar H Shah
- Endocrinology and Reproduction Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Yamamoto N, Mammadova G, Song RXD, Fukami Y, Sato KI. Tyrosine phosphorylation of p145met mediated by EGFR and Src is required for serum-independent survival of human bladder carcinoma cells. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:4623-33. [PMID: 17062641 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we address the molecular mechanism of serum-independent survival and growth of human bladder carcinoma cell line 5637. Serum starvation promoted tyrosine phosphorylation of a 145-kDa protein and activation of the tyrosine kinase Src and the receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGFR) over a slow time course (>8 hours). The phosphorylated 145-kDa protein was identified as the beta-subunit of c-Met/hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor, p145(met), in which tyrosine residues 1003, 1234, and 1235 were phosphorylated. Inhibitors of Src (PP2, SU6656) or EGFR (AG99), but not p145(met) (K252a), effectively blocked tyrosine phosphorylation of p145(met) and promoted cell death accompanied by activation of caspase-like proteases. Conditioned medium from the serum-starved 5637 cells or purified EGF readily promoted the activation of Src and EGFR, and tyrosine phosphorylation of p145(met) in normally grown 5637 cells, suggesting that autocrine signaling of EGFR ligands is responsible for signal transduction events in serum-starved cells. Consistent with this idea, a monoclonal antibody against EGFR that would interfere with the ligand binding to EGFR blocked tyrosine phosphorylation events and promoted the caspase activation and cell death in serum-free conditions. Such apoptotic cell death was also induced by pretreatment of cells with a high concentration of HGF that downregulated endogenous p145(met). Nevertheless, Cu2+ ions, competitive inhibitors for HGF-binding to p145(met), did not show any effect on cellular functions in serum-free conditions. These results suggest that the serum-independent growth of 5637 cells involves the transmembrane signaling cascade via EGFR ligand(s) (but not HGF), EGFR, Src and p145(met).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, Japan
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Henic E, Sixt M, Hansson S, Høyer-Hansen G, Casslén B. EGF-stimulated migration in ovarian cancer cells is associated with decreased internalization, increased surface expression, and increased shedding of the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 101:28-39. [PMID: 16263158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Revised: 09/16/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The EGFR is expressed in malignant ovarian tumor tissue, and tissue content of EGFR has been directly associated with poor prognosis in patients with ovarian cancer. The uPA system plays a role in pericellular proteolysis, cell migration, invasion, and is over-expressed in ovarian cancer. This study explored the effects of EGF on uPAR expression in the ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR-3. METHODS We used OVCAR-3 cells and the following methods: cell migration assay, time-lapse video microscopy, real-time PCR, assays for cellular binding of 125I-uPA and cellular degradation of 125I-uPA:PAI-1 complex, biosynthetic labeling using 35S-methionin, Western blot, Northern blot, and ELISAs for uPA, PAI-1, and uPAR. RESULTS EGF up-regulates both protein and mRNA not only for uPAR, but also for the ligand uPA and its inhibitor PAI-1. Cell surface uPAR, in control as well as EGF-stimulated cells, is present only in the intact, not the cleaved, form. Ligand binding experiments showed an increase of endogenously occupied uPAR, whereas non-occupied receptor sites were not increased. In addition, EGF treatment resulted in decreased degradation of radiolabeled uPA:PAI-1 complex. This suggests decreased internalization of uPAR, since the complex is internalized together with uPAR. Like EGF, colchicine, which inhibits endocytosis, increased cell surface expression of uPAR. In addition, we found an immediate increase of uPAR after exposing the cells to EGF and this was accompanied by a transient increase of cell migration. The increase of cell surface uPAR in response to EGF is accompanied by increased release of the soluble form of uPAR (suPAR) to the medium as well as by increased cell migration. Both uPAR and suPAR increased in cells treated with the endocytosis inhibitor colchicine even though cell migration was inhibited, suggesting that the mechanism of uPAR shedding is not related to cell migration. CONCLUSION Increased cell surface uPAR in response to EGF stimulation results from mobilization of uPAR from detergent-resistant domains, increased expression of uPAR mRNA, and decreased internalization and degradation of uPAR. Both the anti-uPAR antibody R3, which inhibits binding of uPA, and the EGFR phosphorylation inhibitor Iressa inhibited cell migration in response to uPA as well as to EGF, suggesting that EGFR and uPAR are engaged in the same multiprotein assembly on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Henic
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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Kutz SM, Higgins CE, Samarakoon R, Higgins SP, Allen RR, Qi L, Higgins PJ. TGF-beta 1-induced PAI-1 expression is E box/USF-dependent and requires EGFR signaling. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:1093-105. [PMID: 16457817 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Revised: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) transcriptionally regulates the expression of genes that encode specific proteins (e.g., plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; PAI-1) important in stromal remodeling and cellular invasion. Definition of molecular events underlying TGF-beta1-initiated PAI-1 transcription, therefore, may lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets for diseases associated with elevated PAI-1 synthesis (e.g., tissue fibrosis, vascular disorders, tumor progression). An intact upstream stimulatory factor (USF)-binding E box motif (5'-(-165)CACGTG(-160)-3') at the HRE-2 site in the rat PAI-1 gene was required for PAI-1 transcription in TGF-beta1-treated cells. Mutation of the CA dinucleotide to TC at position -165/-164 in a reporter construct driven by 764 bp of PAI-1 promoter sequence decreased TGF-beta1-dependent CAT activity by >80% indicating the necessity for a consensus hexanucleotide E box motif in induced expression. The same CA --> TC substitution eliminated USF binding to an 18-bp HRE-2 DNA target highlighting the importance of site occupancy to transcriptional activation. Transfection of a dominant-negative USF construct, moreover, completely inhibited formation of USF/HRE-2 probe complexes, attenuated PAI-1 promoter-driven luciferase activity and reduced the response of the endogenous PAI-1 gene to TGF-beta1 (to that approximating quiescent controls). Maximal immediate-early PAI-1 induction upon exposure to TGF-beta1 required EGFR, p21ras, MEK and pp60(c-src) signaling as pharmacologic or dominant-negative inhibition of any of the four intermediates (EGFR, p21ras, MEK, pp60(c-src)) virtually eliminated TGF-beta1-augmented PAI-1 levels. U0126 titering experiments, furthermore, revealed that the same MEK inhibitor concentration that blocked the TGF-beta1 increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation (20 microM) also effectively attenuated the PAI-1 inductive response suggesting a requirement for stimulated ERK signaling in TGF-beta1-mediated PAI-1 expression. These data suggest a model whereby TGF-beta1 activates a complex signaling cascade to affect PAI-1 gene control and involves USF occupancy of a critical E box motif at the HRE-2 site in the PAI-1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie M Kutz
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, MC-165, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Monaghan-Benson E, McKeown-Longo PJ. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor regulates a novel pathway of fibronectin matrix assembly requiring Src-dependent transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:9450-9. [PMID: 16461772 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m501901200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) can functionally interact with integrins thereby modulating integrin activity. We have previously demonstrated that treatment of fibroblasts with the uPAR ligand, P25, results in an increase in the activation of the beta1 integrin and a 35-fold increase in fibronectin matrix assembly (Monaghan, E., Gueorguiev, V., Wilkins-Port, C., and McKeown-Longo, P. J. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 1400-1407). Experiments were conducted to address the mechanism of uPAR regulation of matrix assembly. Treatment of fibroblasts with P25 led to an increase in the activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and a colocalization of activated EGFR with beta1 integrins in cell matrix contacts. The effects of P25 on matrix assembly and beta1 integrin activation were inhibited by pretreatment with EGFR or Src kinase inhibitors, suggesting a role for both Src and EGFR in integrin activation by uPAR. Phosphorylation of EGFR in response to P25 occurred on Tyr-845, an Src-dependent phosphorylation site and was inhibited by PP2, the Src kinase inhibitor, consistent with Src kinase lying upstream of EGFR and integrin activation. Cells null for Src kinases also showed a loss of P25-induced matrix assembly, integrin activation, and EGFR phosphorylation. These P25-induced effects were restored following Src re-expression. The effects of P25 were specific for uPAR as enhanced matrix assembly by P25 was not seen in uPAR-/- cells, but was restored upon uPAR re-expression. These data provide evidence for a novel pathway of fibronectin matrix assembly through the uPAR-dependent sequential activation of Src kinase, EGFR, and beta1 integrin.
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Mahbub Hasan AKM, Sato KI, Sakakibara K, Ou Z, Iwasaki T, Ueda Y, Fukami Y. Uroplakin III, a novel Src substrate in Xenopus egg rafts, is a target for sperm protease essential for fertilization. Dev Biol 2005; 286:483-92. [PMID: 16168405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Revised: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we identified Xenopus egg uroplakin III (xUPIII), a single-transmembrane protein that localized to lipid/membrane rafts and was tyrosine-phosphorylated upon fertilization. An antibody against the xUPIII extracellular domain abolishes fertilization, suggesting that xUPIII acts not only as tyrosine kinase substrate but also as a receptor for sperm. Previously, it has been shown that the protease cathepsin B can promote a transient Ca2+ release and egg activation as seen in fertilized eggs (Mizote, A., Okamoto, S., Iwao, Y., 1999. Activation of Xenopus eggs by proteases: possible involvement of a sperm protease in fertilization. Dev. Biol. 208, 79-92). Here, we show that activation of Xenopus eggs by cathepsin B is accompanied by tyrosine phosphorylation of egg-raft-associated Src, phospholipase Cgamma, and xUPIII. Cathepsin B also promotes a partial digestion of xUPIII both in vitro and in vivo. A synthetic xUPIII-GRR peptide, which contains a potential proteolytic site, inhibits the cathepsin-B-mediated proteolysis and tyrosine phosphorylation of xUPIII and egg activation. Importantly, this peptide also inhibits sperm-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of xUPIII and egg activation. Protease activity that digests xUPIII in an xUPIII-GRR peptide-sensitive manner is present in Xenopus sperm. Several protease inhibitors, which have been identified to be inhibitory toward Xenopus fertilization, are shown to inhibit sperm-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of xUPIII. Uroplakin Ib, a tetraspanin UP member, is found to be associated with xUPIII in egg rafts. Our results highlight novel mechanisms of fertilization signaling by which xUPIII serves as a potential target for sperm protease essential for fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K M Mahbub Hasan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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