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Khan H, Abu-Raisi M, Feasson M, Shaikh F, Saposnik G, Mamdani M, Qadura M. Current Prognostic Biomarkers for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Comprehensive Scoping Review of the Literature. Biomolecules 2024; 14:661. [PMID: 38927064 PMCID: PMC11201473 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a progressive dilatation of the aorta that can lead to aortic rupture. The pathophysiology of the disease is not well characterized but is known to be caused by the general breakdown of the extracellular matrix within the aortic wall. In this comprehensive literature review, all current research on proteins that have been investigated for their potential prognostic capabilities in patients with AAA was included. A total of 45 proteins were found to be potential prognostic biomarkers for AAA, predicting incidence of AAA, AAA rupture, AAA growth, endoleak, and post-surgical mortality. The 45 proteins fell into the following seven general categories based on their primary function: (1) cardiovascular health, (2) hemostasis, (3) transport proteins, (4) inflammation and immunity, (5) kidney function, (6) cellular structure, (7) and hormones and growth factors. This is the most up-to-date literature review on current prognostic markers for AAA and their functions. This review outlines the wide pathophysiological processes that are implicated in AAA disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamzah Khan
- Division of Vascular Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Mohamed Abu-Raisi
- Division of Vascular Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Manon Feasson
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Farah Shaikh
- Division of Vascular Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Gustavo Saposnik
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Muhammad Mamdani
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Mohammad Qadura
- Division of Vascular Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
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2
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Christensen KB, Ünsal Ş, Ebbesen MF, Hemstra L, Schlosser A, Rosenstand K, Hansen PBL, Jensen BL, Bloksgaard M, Simonsen U, Sorensen GL. MFAP4-Deficiency Aggravates Age-Induced Changes in Resistance Artery Structure, While Ameliorating Hypertension. Hypertension 2024; 81:1308-1319. [PMID: 38563153 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.22283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities of resistance arteries may play essential roles in the pathophysiology of aging and hypertension. Deficiency of the vascular extracellular matrix protein MFAP4 (microfibrillar-associated protein 4) has previously been observed as protective against aberrant arterial remodeling. We hypothesized that MFAP4-deficiency would reduce age- and hypertension-dependent arterial changes in extracellular matrix composition and stiffening. METHODS Mesenteric arteries were isolated from old (20-23 months) littermate Mfap4+/+ and Mfap4-/- mice, and 2-photon excitation microscopy imaging was used to quantify elastin and collagen volumes and dimensions in the vascular wall. Ten-week-old littermate Mfap4+/+ and Mfap4-/- mice were subjected to 20 days of continuous Ang II (angiotensin II) infusion and hypertension was monitored using invasive blood pressure measurements. Arterial stiffness, responses to vascular constrictors, and myogenic tone were monitored using wire- or pressure-myography. Collagen contents were assessed by Western blotting. RESULTS MFAP4-deficiency significantly increased collagen volume and elastin fragmentation in aged mesenteric arteries without affecting arterial stiffness. MFAP4-deficient mice exhibited reduced diastolic pressure in Ang II-induced hypertension. There was no significant effect of MFAP4-deficiency on mesenteric artery structural remodeling or myogenic tone, although collagen content in mesenteric arteries was tendentially increased in hypertensive Mfap4+/+ mice relative to Mfap4-/- mice. Increased efficacy of vasoconstrictors (phenylephrine, thromboxane) and reduced stiffness were observed in Ang II-treated Mfap4-/- mouse mesenteric arteries in ex vivo myography recordings. CONCLUSIONS MFAP4-deficiency reduces the elastin/collagen ratio in the aging resistance artery without affecting arterial stiffness. In contrast, MFAP4-deficiency reduces the stiffness of resistance arteries and ameliorates Ang II-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmie B Christensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (K.B.C., Ş.Ü., L.H., A.S., K.R., P.B.L.H., B.L.J., M.B., G.L.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - Şeyda Ünsal
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (K.B.C., Ş.Ü., L.H., A.S., K.R., P.B.L.H., B.L.J., M.B., G.L.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - Morten F Ebbesen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.F.E.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - Line Hemstra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (K.B.C., Ş.Ü., L.H., A.S., K.R., P.B.L.H., B.L.J., M.B., G.L.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - Anders Schlosser
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (K.B.C., Ş.Ü., L.H., A.S., K.R., P.B.L.H., B.L.J., M.B., G.L.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - Kristoffer Rosenstand
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (K.B.C., Ş.Ü., L.H., A.S., K.R., P.B.L.H., B.L.J., M.B., G.L.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - Pernille B L Hansen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (K.B.C., Ş.Ü., L.H., A.S., K.R., P.B.L.H., B.L.J., M.B., G.L.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - Boye L Jensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (K.B.C., Ş.Ü., L.H., A.S., K.R., P.B.L.H., B.L.J., M.B., G.L.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - Maria Bloksgaard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (K.B.C., Ş.Ü., L.H., A.S., K.R., P.B.L.H., B.L.J., M.B., G.L.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - Ulf Simonsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark (U.S.)
| | - Grith L Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (K.B.C., Ş.Ü., L.H., A.S., K.R., P.B.L.H., B.L.J., M.B., G.L.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense
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3
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Kasamatsu S, Takano K, Aoki M, Takahashi Y, Suzuki T. Rosemary extract and rosmarinic acid accelerate elastic fiber formation by increasing the expression of elastic fiber components in dermal fibroblasts. J Dermatol 2024; 51:816-826. [PMID: 38470170 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.17185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV)-induced skin photoaging is caused by qualitative and quantitative degradation of dermal extracellular matrix components such as collagen and elastic fibers. Elastic fibers are important for maintaining cutaneous elasticity, despite their small amount in the skin. Previously, microfibril-associated protein 4 (MFAP-4), which is downregulated in photoaging dermis, has been found to be essential for elastic fiber formation by interaction with both fibrillin-1 and elastin, which are core components of elastic fiber. In addition, enhanced cutaneous MFAP-4 expression in a human skin-xenografted murine photoaging model protects against UV-induced photodamage accompanied by the prevention of elastic fiber degradation and aggravated elasticity. We therefore hypothesized that the upregulation of MFAP-4 in dermal fibroblasts may more efficiently accelerate elastic fiber formation. We screened botanical extracts for MFAP-4 expression-promoting activity in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). We found that rosemary extract markedly promotes early microfibril formation and mature elastic fiber formation along with a significant upregulation of not only MFAP-4 but also fibrillin-1 and elastin in NHDFs. Furthermore, rosmarinic acid, which is abundant in rosemary extract, accelerated elastic fiber formation via upregulation of transforming growth factor β-1. This was achieved by the induction of cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation, demonstrating that rosmarinic acid represents one of the active ingredients in rosemary extract. Based on the findings in this study, we conclude that rosemary extract and rosmarinic acid represent promising materials that exert a preventive or ameliorative effect on skin photoaging by accelerating elastic fiber formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kasamatsu
- Biological Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kei Takano
- Biological Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mika Aoki
- Biological Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshito Takahashi
- Biological Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tamio Suzuki
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
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Wozny MR, Nelea V, Siddiqui IFS, Wanga S, de Waard V, Strauss M, Reinhardt DP. Microfibril-associated glycoprotein 4 forms octamers that mediate interactions with elastogenic proteins and cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4015. [PMID: 38740766 PMCID: PMC11091212 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Microfibril-associated glycoprotein 4 (MFAP4) is a 36-kDa extracellular matrix glycoprotein with critical roles in organ fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cardiovascular disorders, including aortic aneurysms. MFAP4 multimerises and interacts with elastogenic proteins, including fibrillin-1 and tropoelastin, and with cells via integrins. Structural details of MFAP4 and its potential interfaces for these interactions are unknown. Here, we present a cryo-electron microscopy structure of human MFAP4. In the presence of calcium, MFAP4 assembles as an octamer, where two sets of homodimers constitute the top and bottom halves of each octamer. Each homodimer is linked together by an intermolecular disulphide bond. A C34S missense mutation prevents disulphide-bond formation between monomers but does not prevent octamer assembly. The atomic model, built into the 3.55 Å cryo-EM map, suggests that salt-bridge interactions mediate homodimer assembly, while non-polar residues form the interface between octamer halves. In the absence of calcium, an MFAP4 octamer dissociates into two tetramers. Binding studies with fibrillin-1, tropoelastin, LTBP4, and small fibulins show that MFAP4 has multiple surfaces for protein-protein interactions, most of which depend upon MFAP4 octamer assembly. The C34S mutation does not affect these protein interactions or cell interactions. MFAP4 assemblies with fibrillin-1 abrogate MFAP4 interactions with cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Wozny
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Valentin Nelea
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Shaynah Wanga
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian de Waard
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mike Strauss
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Dieter P Reinhardt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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5
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Zhu L, Gou W, Ou L, Liu B, Liu M, Feng H. Role and new insights of microfibrillar-associated protein 4 in fibrotic diseases. APMIS 2024; 132:55-67. [PMID: 37957836 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is one of the most worrisome complications of chronic inflammatory diseases, leading to tissue damage, organ failure, and ultimately, death. The most notable pathological characteristic of fibrosis is the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as collagen and fibronectin adjacent to foci of inflammation or damage. The human microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4), an important member of the superfamily of fibrinogen-related proteins, is considered to have an extremely important role in ECM transformation of fibrogenesis. This review summarizes the structure, characteristics, and physiological functions of MFAP4 and the importance of MFAP4 in various fibrotic diseases. Meanwhile, we elaborated the underlying actions and mechanisms of MFAP4 in the development of fibrosis, suggesting that a better understand of MFAP4 broadens novel perspective for early screening, diagnosis, prognostic risk assessment, and treatment of fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhu
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, Changsha, China
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenqun Gou
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, Changsha, China
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Lijia Ou
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, Changsha, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Binjie Liu
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, Changsha, China
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Manyi Liu
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, Changsha, China
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
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6
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Mohammadi A, Sorensen GL, Pilecki B. MFAP4-Mediated Effects in Elastic Fiber Homeostasis, Integrin Signaling and Cancer, and Its Role in Teleost Fish. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132115. [PMID: 35805199 PMCID: PMC9265350 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein belonging to the fibrinogen-related domain superfamily. MFAP4 is highly expressed in elastin-rich tissues such as lung, blood vessels and skin. MFAP4 is involved in organization of the ECM, regulating proper elastic fiber assembly. On the other hand, during pathology MFAP4 actively contributes to disease development and progression due to its interactions with RGD-dependent integrin receptors. Both tissue expression and circulating MFAP4 levels are associated with various disorders, including liver fibrosis and cancer. In other experimental models, such as teleost fish, MFAP4 appears to participate in host defense as a macrophage-specific innate immune molecule. The aim of this review is to summarize the accumulating evidence that indicates the importance of MFAP4 in homeostasis as well as pathological conditions, discuss its known biological functions with special focus on elastic fiber assembly, integrin signaling and cancer, as well as describe the reported functions of non-mammalian MFAP4 in fish. Overall, our work provides a comprehensive overview on the role of MFAP4 in health and disease.
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7
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Kanaan R, Medlej-Hashim M, Jounblat R, Pilecki B, Sorensen GL. Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 in health and disease. Matrix Biol 2022; 111:1-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Liu B, Gou W, Feng H. Pathological investigations and correlation research of microfibrillar-associated protein 4 and tropoelastin in oral submucous fibrosis. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:588. [PMID: 34798886 PMCID: PMC8603475 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01962-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), distinguished by abnormal collagen deposition, is a potentially malignant disorder with 4.2% (95% CI 2.7–5.6%) of malignant transformation and rising global prevalence. However, the precise pathogenesis and effective treatment remain elusive and controversial despite the abundance of literature on this topic. Therefore, it is crucial to explore the clinicopathological characteristics and potential markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of OSF. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence and correlation of Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) and tropoelastin (TE) in the development of OSF patients. Material and methods Clinicopathological factors, hematoxylin–eosin (HE) and Masson trichome staining, immunohistochemical characteristics and the correlation between MFAP4 and TE were recorded and compared among different stages of OSF progression among cases (n = 60) and controls (n = 10). Student's t test, ANOVA analysis, and the chi-square test were performed to compare the categorical variables for clinicopathological characteristics and the expression level of MFAP4 and TE between the fibrotic and normal tissues. Correlation analysis of MFAP4 and TE was performed using Pearson's correlation test and linear regression. Results MFAP4 and TE proteins are upregulated and increased gradually in patients with varying stages of OSF, relative to the control group. Furthermore, statistical analyses revealed that the expression level of MFAP4 was positively associated with TE, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.3781 (p = 0.0048). Clinically, we found that OSF affected more males than females, with a ratio of 29:1. The age range was 16–60 years, and the mean age was 36.25 ± 10.25 years. In patients younger than 40 years, the positive expression rate of MFAP4 and TE was higher than in those over 40 years. All OSF cases had chewed areca nut, with 51.67% smoking tobacco. Conclusions Our study elucidates that the accumulation of MFAP4 and TE proteins may play a vital role in the occurrence and development of OSF and may be promising candidate moleculars for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies for OSF in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binjie Liu
- Department of Oral Medicine, Xiangya Stomalogical Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenqun Gou
- Department of Oral Medicine, Xiangya Stomalogical Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Oral Medicine, Xiangya Stomalogical Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Zhou M, Hong S, Li B, Liu C, Hu M, Min J, Tang J, Hong L. Development and Validation of a Prognostic Nomogram Based on DNA Methylation-Driven Genes for Patients With Ovarian Cancer. Front Genet 2021; 12:675197. [PMID: 34567062 PMCID: PMC8458765 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.675197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: DNA methylation affects the development, progression, and prognosis of various cancers. This study aimed to identify DNA methylated-differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and develop a methylation-driven gene model to evaluate the prognosis of ovarian cancer (OC). Methods: DNA methylation and mRNA expression profiles of OC patients were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas, Genotype-Tissue Expression, and Gene Expression Omnibus databases. We used the R package MethylMix to identify DNA methylation-regulated DEGs and built a prognostic signature using LASSO Cox regression. A quantitative nomogram was then drawn based on the risk score and clinicopathological features. Results: We identified 56 methylation-related DEGs and constructed a prognostic risk signature with four genes according to the LASSO Cox regression algorithm. A higher risk score not only predicted poor prognosis, but also was an independent poor prognostic indicator, which was validated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the validation cohort. A nomogram consisting of the risk score, age, FIGO stage, and tumor status was generated to predict 3- and 5-year overall survival (OS) in the training cohort. The joint survival analysis of DNA methylation and mRNA expression demonstrated that the two genes may serve as independent prognostic biomarkers for OS in OC. Conclusion: The established qualitative risk score model was found to be robust for evaluating individualized prognosis of OC and in guiding therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shasha Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingshu Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Min
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianming Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Sækmose SG, Holst R, Lottenburger T, Ytting H, Nielsen HJ, Junker P, Schlosser A, Sorensen GL. Circadian, Week-to-Week, and Physical Exercise-Induced Variation of Serum Microfibrillar-Associated Protein 4. Biomark Insights 2021; 16:11772719211016359. [PMID: 34035648 PMCID: PMC8127734 DOI: 10.1177/11772719211016359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (sMFAP4) has been investigated as a biomarker for various diseases and is demonstrated to show significant gradual increase with severity of liver fibrosis. Ideal biomarkers used for disease diagnosis or prognosis should display deviating levels in affected individuals only and be robust to factors unrelated to the disease. Here we show the impact of normal physiological variation of sMFAP4 by characterizing the circadian variation, week-to-week variation, and physical exercise-induced levels. Serum samples from 3 groups of healthy volunteers were drawn: 7 times during a 24-hour period, 5 times during a 3-week period, and before and after a standardized physical exercise challenge. sMFAP4 was determined by AlphaLISA. Statistical analysis was performed using mixed effects modeling of repeated measurements. Circadian variation of sMFAP4 was demonstrated, with time of peak and nadir values depending on age and gender. For males, the peak values were observed during nighttime whereas for females, peak values were observed in the morning. Individual sMFAP4 levels remained stable over a period of 3 weeks and physical exercise inferred a mild negative influence. In conclusion, the circadian sMFAP4 variation was significant, and the levels could be influenced by physical activity. However, these variations were of limited magnitude relative to previously observed disease-induced levels in support of the biomarker potential of sMFAP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Gjørup Sækmose
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark
| | - René Holst
- Oslo Centre of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University in Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | | | - Henriette Ytting
- Department of Hepatology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Jørgen Nielsen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Peter Junker
- Department of Rheumatology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Anders Schlosser
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Grith Lykke Sorensen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Osada Y, Suzuki T, Mizuta H, Mori K, Miura K, Dohmae N, Simizu S. The fibrinogen C-terminal domain is seldom C-mannosylated but its C-mannosylation is important for the secretion of microfibril-associated glycoprotein 4. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Wu H, Mu L, Yin X, Han K, Yan F, Zhou E, Han B, Guo Z, Ye J. A microfibril-associated glycoprotein 4 (MFAP4) from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) possesses agglutination and opsonization ability to bacterial pathogens. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:182-191. [PMID: 32531331 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microfibril-associated glycoprotein 4 (MFAP4), a pattern recognition-like molecule with a fibrinogen-like domain (FBG), has the ability to combine and agglutinate pathogens, playing an essential role in the first line of innate immune defense. In this study, the sequence of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) microfibril-associated glycoprotein 4 (OnMFAP4) open reading frame (ORF) was amplified and identified. The ORF of OnMFAP4 is 720 bp of nucleotides and codes for 239 amino acids. Spatial mRNA encoding analysis indicated that OnMFAP4 was highly produced in liver, intestine and head kidney in healthy tilapia, and with the lowest expression in muscle. After challenges with Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) and Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila), the expression of OnMFAP4 mRNA was prominently produced in the liver, spleen and head kidney. The up-regulation of OnMFAP4 expression was also presented in head kidney monocytes/macrophages (MO/MΦ) and hepatocytes. Recombinant OnMFAP4 ((r)OnMFAP4) could bind and agglutinate both bacterial pathogens. Moreover, (r)OnMFAP4 could take part in the modulation of inflammation and phagocytosis. In conclusion, this study revealed that OnMFAP4 might take effect in host defense against bacterial infection in Nile tilapia, with agglutination and opsonization capability to bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Wu
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Liangliang Mu
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Xiaoxue Yin
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Kailiang Han
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Fangfang Yan
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Enxu Zhou
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Biao Han
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Jianmin Ye
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
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High plasma microfibrillar-associated protein 4 is associated with reduced surgical repair in abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2020; 71:1921-1929. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2019.08.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Chang PY, Liao YP, Wang HC, Chen YC, Huang RL, Wang YC, Yuan CC, Lai HC. An epigenetic signature of adhesion molecules predicts poor prognosis of ovarian cancer patients. Oncotarget 2017; 8:53432-53449. [PMID: 28881822 PMCID: PMC5581121 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a promising biomarker for cancer. The epigenetic effects of cell adhesion molecules may affect the therapeutic outcome and the present study examined their effects on survival in ovarian cancer. We integrated methylomics and genomics datasets in The Cancer Genome Atlas (n = 391) and identified 106 highly methylated adhesion-related genes in ovarian cancer tissues. Univariate analysis revealed the methylation status of eight genes related to progression-free survival. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, four highly methylated genes (CD97, CTNNA1, DLC1, HAPLN2) and three genes (LAMA4, LPP, MFAP4) with low methylation were significantly associated with poor progression-free survival. Low methylation of VTN was an independent poor prognostic factor for overall survival after adjustment for age and stage. Patients who carried any two of CTNNA1, DLC1 or MFAP4 were significantly associated with poor progression-free survival (hazard ratio: 1.59; 95% confidence interval: 1.23, 2.05). This prognostic methylation signature was validated in a methylomics dataset generated in our lab (n = 37, hazard ratio: 16.64; 95% confidence interval: 2.68, 103.14) and in another from the Australian Ovarian Cancer Study (n = 91, hazard ratio: 2.43; 95% confidence interval: 1.11, 5.36). Epigenetics of cell adhesion molecules is related to ovarian cancer prognosis. A more comprehensive methylomics of cell adhesion molecules is needed and may advance personalized treatment with adhesion molecule-related drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ying Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Republic of China.,Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ping Liao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Hui-Chen Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Chih Chen
- Division of Research and Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Rui-Lan Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Chi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Chiou-Chung Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Republic of China
| | - Hung-Cheng Lai
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Republic of China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Republic of China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Republic of China.,Translational Epigenetic Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P. R. China
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15
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Milićević NM, Nohroudi K, Schmidt F, Schmidt H, Ringer C, Sorensen GL, Milićević Ž, Westermann J. Growth of Murine Splenic Tissue Is Suppressed by Lymphotoxin β-Receptor Signaling (LTβR) Originating from Splenic and Non-Splenic Tissues. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166901. [PMID: 27936003 PMCID: PMC5147843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Development and maintenance of secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes and spleen essentially depend on lymphotoxin β-receptor (LTβR) signaling. It is unclear, however, by which molecular mechanism their size is limited. Here, we investigate whether the LTβR pathway is also growth suppressing. By using splenic tissue transplantation it is possible to analyze a potential contribution of LTβR signaling inside and outside of the implanted tissue. We show that LTβR signaling within the endogenous spleen and within non-splenic tissues both significantly suppressed the regeneration of implanted splenic tissue. The suppressive activity positively correlated with the total number of LTβR expressing cells in the animal (regenerate weights of 115 ± 8 mg in LTβR deficient recipients and of 12 ± 9 mg in wild-type recipients), affected also developed splenic tissue, and was induced but not executed via LTβR signaling. Two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis and subsequent mass spectrometry of stromal splenic tissue was applied to screen for potential factors mediating the LTβR dependent suppressive activity. Thus, LTβR dependent growth suppression is involved in regulating the size of secondary lymphoid organs, and might be therapeutically used to eradicate tertiary lymphoid tissues during autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novica M. Milićević
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Beograd, Beograd, Serbia
| | - Klaus Nohroudi
- Department I of Anatomy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Friederike Schmidt
- Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hendrik Schmidt
- Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cornelia Ringer
- Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Grith Lykke Sorensen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Živana Milićević
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Beograd, Beograd, Serbia
| | - Jürgen Westermann
- Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- * E-mail:
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16
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Milićević NM, Schmidt F, Kunz N, Kalies K, Milićević Ž, Schlosser A, Holmskov U, Sorensen GL, Westermann J. The role of microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) in the formation and function of splenic compartments during embryonic and adult life. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 365:135-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Pilecki B, Holm AT, Schlosser A, Moeller JB, Wohl AP, Zuk AV, Heumüller SE, Wallis R, Moestrup SK, Sengle G, Holmskov U, Sorensen GL. Characterization of Microfibrillar-associated Protein 4 (MFAP4) as a Tropoelastin- and Fibrillin-binding Protein Involved in Elastic Fiber Formation. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1103-14. [PMID: 26601954 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.681775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MFAP4 (microfibrillar-associated protein 4) is an extracellular glycoprotein found in elastic fibers without a clearly defined role in elastic fiber assembly. In the present study, we characterized molecular interactions between MFAP4 and elastic fiber components. We established that MFAP4 primarily assembles into trimeric and hexameric structures of homodimers. Binding analysis revealed that MFAP4 specifically binds tropoelastin and fibrillin-1 and -2, as well as the elastin cross-linking amino acid desmosine, and that it co-localizes with fibrillin-1-positive fibers in vivo. Site-directed mutagenesis disclosed residues Phe(241) and Ser(203) in MFAP4 as being crucial for type I collagen, elastin, and tropoelastin binding. Furthermore, we found that MFAP4 actively promotes tropoelastin self-assembly. In conclusion, our data identify MFAP4 as a new ligand of microfibrils and tropoelastin involved in proper elastic fiber organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Pilecki
- From the Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Anne T Holm
- From the Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Anders Schlosser
- From the Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Jesper B Moeller
- From the Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | | | | | - Stefanie E Heumüller
- the Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and the Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Russell Wallis
- the Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom, and
| | - Soren K Moestrup
- From the Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark, the Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Gerhard Sengle
- the Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and the Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- From the Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Grith L Sorensen
- From the Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark,
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Schlosser A, Pilecki B, Hemstra LE, Kejling K, Kristmannsdottir GB, Wulf-Johansson H, Moeller JB, Füchtbauer EM, Nielsen O, Kirketerp-Møller K, Dubey LK, Hansen PBL, Stubbe J, Wrede C, Hegermann J, Ochs M, Rathkolb B, Schrewe A, Bekeredjian R, Wolf E, Gailus-Durner V, Fuchs H, Hrabě de Angelis M, Lindholt JS, Holmskov U, Sorensen GL. MFAP4 Promotes Vascular Smooth Muscle Migration, Proliferation and Accelerates Neointima Formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 36:122-33. [PMID: 26564819 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Arterial injury stimulates remodeling responses that, when excessive, lead to stenosis. These responses are influenced by integrin signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) is an integrin ligand localized to extracellular matrix fibers in the vascular wall. The role of MFAP4 in vascular biology is unknown. We aimed to test the hypothesis that MFAP4 would enhance integrin-dependent VSMC activation. APPROACH AND RESULTS We produced Mfap4-deficient (Mfap4(-/-)) mice and performed carotid artery ligation to explore the role of MFAP4 in vascular biology in vivo. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of MFAP4 in neointimal formation ex vivo and in primary VSMC and monocyte cultures in vitro. When challenged with carotid artery ligation, Mfap4(-/-) mice exhibited delayed neointimal formation, accompanied by early reduction in the number of proliferating medial and neointimal cells, as well as infiltrating leukocytes. Delayed neointimal formation was associated with decreased cross-sectional area of ligated Mfap4(-/-) carotid arteries resulting in lumen narrowing 28 days after ligation. MFAP4 blockade prohibited the formation of neointimal hyperplasia ex vivo. Moreover, we demonstrated that MFAP4 is a ligand for integrin αVβ3 and mediates VSMC phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, migration, and proliferation in vitro. MFAP4-dependent VSMC activation was reversible by treatment with MFAP4-blocking antibodies and inhibitors of focal adhesion kinase and downstream kinases. In addition, we showed that MFAP4 promotes monocyte chemotaxis in integrin αVβ3-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS MFAP4 regulates integrin αVβ3-induced VSMC proliferation and migration, as well as monocyte chemotaxis, and accelerates neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Schlosser
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (A.S., B.P., L.E.H., K.K., G.B.K., H.W.-J., J.B.M., K.K.-M., L.K.D., P.B.L.H., J.S., U.H, G.L.S.); Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (E.-M.F.); Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (O.N.); Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (C.W., J.H., M.O.); Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany (C.W., J.H., M.O.); REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany (C.W., J.H., M.O.); German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany (B.R., A.S., V.G.-D., H.F., M.H.d.A.); Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Munich, Germany (B.R, E.W.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (A.S., R.B.); Chair of Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Munich, Germany (M.H.d.A.); Cardiovascular Research Unit, Viborg Hospital, Viborg, Denmark (J.S.L.); and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Center of Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.S.L.)
| | - Bartosz Pilecki
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (A.S., B.P., L.E.H., K.K., G.B.K., H.W.-J., J.B.M., K.K.-M., L.K.D., P.B.L.H., J.S., U.H, G.L.S.); Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (E.-M.F.); Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (O.N.); Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (C.W., J.H., M.O.); Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany (C.W., J.H., M.O.); REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany (C.W., J.H., M.O.); German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany (B.R., A.S., V.G.-D., H.F., M.H.d.A.); Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Munich, Germany (B.R, E.W.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (A.S., R.B.); Chair of Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Munich, Germany (M.H.d.A.); Cardiovascular Research Unit, Viborg Hospital, Viborg, Denmark (J.S.L.); and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Center of Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.S.L.)
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Sækmose SG, Mössner B, Christensen PB, Lindvig K, Schlosser A, Holst R, Barington T, Holmskov U, Sorensen GL. Microfibrillar-Associated Protein 4: A Potential Biomarker for Screening for Liver Fibrosis in a Mixed Patient Cohort. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140418. [PMID: 26460565 PMCID: PMC4604125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims A method for assessment of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis without the need for a liver biopsy is desirable. Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) is a suggested biomarker for identification of high-risk patients with severe fibrosis stages. This study aimed to examine associations between plasma MFAP4 (pMFAP4) and transient elastography or chronic hepatitis C virus infection in drug users and in a mixed patient cohort with increased risk of liver disease. Moreover, the study aimed to identify comorbidities that significantly influence pMFAP4. Methods pMFAP4 was measured in samples from 351 drug users attending treatment centres and from 248 acutely hospitalized medical patients with mixed diagnoses. Linear and logistic multivariate regression analyses were performed and nonparametric receiver operating characteristic-curves for cirrhosis were used to estimate cut-off points for pMFAP4. Univariate and subgroup analyses were performed using non-parametric methods. Results pMFAP4 increased significantly with liver fibrosis score. pMFAP4 was significantly associated with chronic viral infection in the drug users and with transient elastography in both cohorts. In the mixed patient cohort, pMFAP4 was significantly increased among patients with a previous diagnosis of liver disease or congestive heart failure compared to patients with other diagnoses. Conclusions pMFAP4 has the potential to be used as an outreach-screening tool for liver fibrosis in drug users and in mixed medical patients. pMFAP4 level is positively associated with transient elastography, but additional studies are warranted to validate the possible use of pMFAP4 in larger cohorts and in combination with transient elastography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Gjørup Sækmose
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark
| | - Belinda Mössner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Kristoffer Lindvig
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Schlosser
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - René Holst
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Torben Barington
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Grith Lykke Sorensen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Lahm H, Schön P, Doppler S, Dreßen M, Cleuziou J, Deutsch MA, Ewert P, Lange R, Krane M. Tetralogy of Fallot and Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - Complex Clinical Phenotypes Meet Complex Genetic Networks. Curr Genomics 2015; 16:141-58. [PMID: 26069455 PMCID: PMC4460219 DOI: 10.2174/1389202916666150303232520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In many cases congenital heart disease (CHD) is represented by a complex phenotype and
an array of several functional and morphological cardiac disorders. These malformations will be
briefly summarized in the first part focusing on two severe CHD phenotypes, hypoplastic left heart
syndrome (HLHS) and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). In most cases of CHD the genetic origin remains
largely unknown, though the complexity of the clinical picture strongly argues against a dysregulation which can be attributed
to a single candidate gene but rather suggests a multifaceted polygenetic origin with elaborate interactions. Consistent
with this idea, genome-wide approaches using whole exome sequencing, comparative sequence analysis of multiplex
families to identify de novo mutations and global technologies to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms, copy
number variants, dysregulation of the transcriptome and epigenetic variations have been conducted to obtain information
about genetic alterations and potential predispositions possibly linked to the occurrence of a CHD phenotype. In the second
part of this review we will summarize and discuss the available literature on identified genetic alterations linked to
TOF and HLHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Lahm
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Patric Schön
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Defects, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, D-80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Doppler
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Dreßen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Julie Cleuziou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus-André Deutsch
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Ewert
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Defects, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, D-80636 Munich, Germany; ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) - partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Lange
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany; ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) - partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Krane
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany; ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) - partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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Pilecki B, Schlosser A, Wulf-Johansson H, Trian T, Moeller JB, Marcussen N, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, de Angelis MH, Vestbo J, Berger P, Holmskov U, Sorensen GL. Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 modulates airway smooth muscle cell phenotype in experimental asthma. Thorax 2015; 70:862-72. [PMID: 26038533 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, several proteins of the extracellular matrix have been characterised as active contributors to allergic airway disease. Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) is an extracellular matrix protein abundant in the lung, whose biological functions remain poorly understood. In the current study we investigated the role of MFAP4 in experimental allergic asthma. METHODS MFAP4-deficient mice were subjected to alum/ovalbumin and house dust mite induced models of allergic airway disease. In addition, human healthy and asthmatic primary bronchial smooth muscle cell cultures were used to evaluate MFAP4-dependent airway smooth muscle responses. RESULTS MFAP4 deficiency attenuated classical hallmarks of asthma, such as eosinophilic inflammation, eotaxin production, airway remodelling and hyperresponsiveness. In wild-type mice, serum MFAP4 was increased after disease development and correlated with local eotaxin levels. MFAP4 was expressed in human bronchial smooth muscle cells and its expression was upregulated in asthmatic cells. Regarding the underlying mechanism, we showed that MFAP4 interacted with integrin αvβ5 and promoted asthmatic bronchial smooth muscle cell proliferation and CCL11 release dependent on phosphatidyloinositol-3-kinase but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. CONCLUSIONS MFAP4 promoted the development of asthmatic airway disease in vivo and pro-asthmatic functions of bronchial smooth muscle cells in vitro. Collectively, our results identify MFAP4 as a novel contributor to experimental asthma, acting through modulation of airway smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Pilecki
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Schlosser
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle Wulf-Johansson
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Trian
- Department of Pharmacology, Bordeaux University, Cardio-thoracic Research Centre, U1045, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jesper B Moeller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Marcussen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Juan A Aguilar-Pimentel
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, German Mouse Clinic and Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany Department of Dermatology and Allergology am Biederstein, University Hospital Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, German Mouse Clinic and Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany Chair of Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Jorgen Vestbo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University Hospital South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Patrick Berger
- Department of Pharmacology, Bordeaux University, Cardio-thoracic Research Centre, U1045, Bordeaux, France Department of Lung Function Testing, Department of Thoracic Chirurgy, Department of Anatomy and Pathology, CHU Bordeaux Teaching Hospital, Pessac, France
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Grith L Sorensen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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22
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Mecham RP, Gibson MA. The microfibril-associated glycoproteins (MAGPs) and the microfibrillar niche. Matrix Biol 2015; 47:13-33. [PMID: 25963142 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The microfibril-associated glycoproteins MAGP-1 and MAGP-2 are extracellular matrix proteins that interact with fibrillin to influence microfibril function. The two proteins are related through a 60 amino acid matrix-binding domain but their sequences differ outside of this region. A distinguishing feature of both proteins is their ability to interact with TGFβ family growth factors, Notch and Notch ligands, and multiple elastic fiber proteins. MAGP-2 can also interact with αvβ3 integrins via a RGD sequence that is not found in MAGP-1. Morpholino knockdown of MAGP-1 expression in zebrafish resulted in abnormal vessel wall architecture and altered vascular network formation. In the mouse, MAGP-1 deficiency had little effect on elastic fibers in blood vessels and lung but resulted in numerous unexpected phenotypes including bone abnormalities, hematopoietic changes, increased fat deposition, diabetes, impaired wound repair, and a bleeding diathesis. Inactivation of the gene for MAGP-2 in mice produced a neutropenia yet had minimal effects on bone or adipose homeostasis. Double knockouts had phenotypes characteristic of each individual knockout as well as several additional traits only seen when both genes are inactivated. A common mechanism underlying all of the traits associated with the knockout phenotypes is altered TGFβ signaling. This review summarizes our current understanding of the function of the MAGPs and discusses ideas related to their role in growth factor regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Mark A Gibson
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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23
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Holm AT, Wulf-Johansson H, Hvidsten S, Jorgensen PT, Schlosser A, Pilecki B, Ormhøj M, Moeller JB, Johannsen C, Baun C, Andersen T, Schneider JP, Hegermann J, Ochs M, Götz AA, Schulz H, de Angelis MH, Vestbo J, Holmskov U, Sorensen GL. Characterization of spontaneous air space enlargement in mice lacking microfibrillar-associated protein 4. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 308:L1114-24. [PMID: 26033354 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00351.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) is localized to elastic fibers in blood vessels and the interalveolar septa of the lungs and is further present in bronchoalveolar lavage. Mfap4 has been previously suggested to be involved in elastogenesis in the lung. We tested this prediction and aimed to characterize the pulmonary function changes and emphysematous changes that occur in Mfap4-deficient (Mfap4(-/-)) mice. Significant changes included increases in total lung capacity and compliance, which were evident in Mfap4(-/-) mice at 6 and 8 mo but not at 3 mo of age. Using in vivo breath-hold gated microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) in 8-mo-old Mfap4(-/-) mice, we found that the mean density of the lung parenchyma was decreased, and the low-attenuation area (LAA) was significantly increased by 14% compared with Mfap4(+/+) mice. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) did not reveal differences in the organization of elastic fibers, and there was no difference in elastin content, but a borderline significant increase in elastin mRNA expression in 3-mo-old mice. Stereological analysis showed that alveolar surface density in relation to the lung parenchyma and total alveolar surface area inside of the lung were both significantly decreased in Mfap4(-/-) mice by 25 and 15%, respectively. The data did not support an essential role of MFAP4 in pulmonary elastic fiber organization or content but indicated increased turnover in young Mfap4(-/-) mice. However, Mfap4(-/-) mice developed a spontaneous loss of lung function, which was evident at 6 mo of age, and moderate air space enlargement, with emphysema-like changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Trommelholt Holm
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle Wulf-Johansson
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Svend Hvidsten
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Patricia Troest Jorgensen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Schlosser
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bartosz Pilecki
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Ormhøj
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bonnet Moeller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Claus Johannsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christina Baun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Andersen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan Philipp Schneider
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany; and REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Hegermann
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany; and REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany; and REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander A Götz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger Schulz
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; and Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; and
| | - Jørgen Vestbo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Grith Lykke Sorensen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark;
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24
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Johansson SL, Roberts NB, Schlosser A, Andersen CB, Carlsen J, Wulf-Johansson H, Sækmose SG, Titlestad IL, Tornoe I, Miller B, Tal-Singer R, Holmskov U, Vestbo J, Sorensen GL. Microfibrillar-associated protein 4: a potential biomarker of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2014; 108:1336-44. [PMID: 25022422 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) is a matricellular glycoprotein that co-localises with elastic fibres and is highly expressed in the lungs. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that plasma MFAP4 (pMFAP4) reflects clinical outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS pMFAP4 was measured by an AlphaLISA immunoassay in stable COPD (n = 69) at baseline and at follow-up until 24 months after inclusion and in acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) (n = 14) at baseline and until 6 months after inclusion. RESULTS The majority of patients (89%) were in GOLD II and III. Multiple linear regressions showed positive associations between pMFAP4 and the Global initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) grade (p = 0.01), modified Medical Research Council score (p < 0.0001) and BODE index (p = 0.04). Negative associations were found with 6-min walking distance (p = 0.04) and bronchodilator-induced reversibility (p = 0.02). The pMFAP4 levels varied less than 25% between the baseline and a 3 month follow-up in 83% of the patients. The pMFAP4 levels appeared unaffected in the acute phase of severe AECOPD but rose to an increased stable level within one month after hospitalization. CONCLUSION Increased pMFAP4 was associated to the severity in COPD and has the potential to serve as a stable disease biomarker. This observation warrants confirmation in a larger longitudinal COPD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Lock Johansson
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsløws Vej 25.3, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | | | - Anders Schlosser
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsløws Vej 25.3, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Claus B Andersen
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn Carlsen
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle Wulf-Johansson
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsløws Vej 25.3, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Susanne Gjørup Sækmose
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsløws Vej 25.3, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Clinical Immunology, Næstved Hospital, Ringstedgade 61, 4700 Næstved, Denmark
| | - Ingrid L Titlestad
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Ida Tornoe
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsløws Vej 25.3, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Bruce Miller
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Ruth Tal-Singer
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsløws Vej 25.3, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Vestbo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 46 Grafton Street, M13 9NT Manchester, UK; University Hospital South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR South Manchester Respiratory and Allergy Clinical Research Facility, Wythenshawe Hospital, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, Manchester, Greater Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Grith Lykke Sorensen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsløws Vej 25.3, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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25
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Wulf-Johansson H, Lock Johansson S, Schlosser A, Trommelholt Holm A, Melholt Rasmussen L, Mickley H, Diederichsen ACP, Munkholm H, Poulsen TS, Tornøe I, Nielsen V, Marcussen N, Vestbo J, Sækmose SG, Holmskov U, Sorensen GL. Localization of microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) in human tissues: clinical evaluation of serum MFAP4 and its association with various cardiovascular conditions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82243. [PMID: 24349233 PMCID: PMC3862580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) is located in the extracellular matrix (ECM). We sought to identify tissues with high levels of MFAP4 mRNA and MFAP4 protein expression. Moreover, we aimed to evaluate the significance of MFAP4 as a marker of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to correlate MFAP4 with other known ECM markers, such as fibulin-1, osteoprotegerin (OPG), and osteopontin (OPN). Quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated that MFAP4 mRNA was more highly expressed in the heart, lung, and intestine than in other elastic tissues. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated high levels of MFAP4 protein mainly at sites rich in elastic fibers and within blood vessels in all tissues investigated. The AlphaLISA technique was used to determine serum MFAP4 levels in a clinical cohort of 172 patients consisting of 5 matched groups with varying degrees of CVD: 1: patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), 2: patients with non-STEMI, 3: patients destined for vascular surgery because of various atherosclerotic diseases (stable atherosclerotic disease), 4: apparently healthy individuals with documented coronary artery calcification (CAC-positive), and 5: apparently healthy individuals without signs of coronary artery calcification (CAC-negative). Serum MFAP4 levels were significantly lower in patients with stable atherosclerotic disease than CAC-negative individuals (p<0.05). Furthermore, lower serum MFAP4 levels were present in patients with stable atherosclerotic disease compared with STEMI and non-STEMI patients (p<0.05). In patients with stable atherosclerotic disease, positive correlations between MFAP4 and both fibulin-1 (ρ = 0.50; p = 0.0244) and OPG (ρ = 0.62; p = 0.0014) were found. Together, these results indicate that MFAP4 is mainly located in elastic fibers and is highly expressed in blood vessels. The present study suggests that serum MFAP4 varies in groups of patients with different cardiovascular conditions. Further studies are warranted to describe the role of serum MFAP4 as a biomarker of stable atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Wulf-Johansson
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Sofie Lock Johansson
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Schlosser
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne Trommelholt Holm
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Melholt Rasmussen
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hans Mickley
- Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Axel C. P. Diederichsen
- Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik Munkholm
- Department of Cardiology, Lillebælt Hospital Vejle, Vejle, Denmark
| | | | - Ida Tornøe
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Vicki Nielsen
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Marcussen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Vestbo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Respiratory and Allergy Research Group, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University Hospital South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Gjørup Sækmose
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Næstved Hospital, Næstved, Denmark
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Grith Lykke Sorensen
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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26
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Sækmose SG, Schlosser A, Holst R, Johansson SL, Wulf-Johansson H, Tornøe I, Vestbo J, Kyvik KO, Barington T, Holmskov U, Sørensen GL. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay characterization of basal variation and heritability of systemic microfibrillar-associated protein 4. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82383. [PMID: 24324779 PMCID: PMC3853316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) is a systemic biomarker that is significantly elevated in samples from patients suffering from hepatic cirrhosis. The protein is generally localized to elastic fibers and other connective tissue fibers in the extracellular matrix (ECM), and variation in systemic MFAP4 (sMFAP4) has the potential to reflect diverse diseases with increased ECM turnover. Here, we aimed to validate an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the measurement of sMFAP4 with an emphasis on the robustness of the assay. Moreover, we aimed to determine confounders influencing the basal sMFAP4 variability and the genetic contribution to the basal variation. Methods The sandwich ELISA was based on two monoclonal anti-MFAP4 antibodies and was optimized and calibrated with a standard of recombinant MFAP4. The importance of pre-analytical sample handling was evaluated regarding sample tube type, time, and temperature conditions. The mean value structure and variance structure was determined in a twin cohort including 1,417 Danish twins (age 18-67 years) by mixed-effect linear regression modeling. Results The practical working range of the sandwich ELISA was estimated to be 4-75 U/ml. The maximum intra- and inter-assay variation was estimated to be 8.7% and 6.6%, respectively. Sample handling and processing appeared to influence MFAP4 measurements only marginally. The average concentration of sMFAP4 in the serum was 18.9 ± 8.4 (SD) U/ml in the twin cohort (95% CI: 18.5-19.4, median sMFAP4 17.3 U/ml). The mean structure model was demonstrated to include waist-hip ratio, age, and cigarette smoking status in interactions with gender. A relatively low heritability of h2 = 0.24 was found after applying a model including additive genetic factors and shared and non-shared environmental factors. Conclusions The described ELISA provides robust measures of the liver fibrosis marker sMFAP4. The low heritability and the relatively limited basal variation suggest that increased sMFAP4 reflects disease-induced processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Gjørup Sækmose
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Region Sjaelland, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Schlosser
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - René Holst
- Danish Twin Registry and Danish Aging Research Centre, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sofie Lock Johansson
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle Wulf-Johansson
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ida Tornøe
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Vestbo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Respiratory and Allergy Research Group, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University Hospital South Manchester NHD Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten Ohm Kyvik
- Danish Twin Registry and Danish Aging Research Centre, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Torben Barington
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Grith Lykke Sørensen
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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27
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Hitz MP, Lemieux-Perreault LP, Marshall C, Feroz-Zada Y, Davies R, Yang SW, Lionel AC, D'Amours G, Lemyre E, Cullum R, Bigras JL, Thibeault M, Chetaille P, Montpetit A, Khairy P, Overduin B, Klaassen S, Hoodless P, Nemer M, Stewart AFR, Boerkoel C, Scherer SW, Richter A, Dubé MP, Andelfinger G. Rare copy number variants contribute to congenital left-sided heart disease. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002903. [PMID: 22969434 PMCID: PMC3435243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Left-sided congenital heart disease (CHD) encompasses a spectrum of malformations that range from bicuspid aortic valve to hypoplastic left heart syndrome. It contributes significantly to infant mortality and has serious implications in adult cardiology. Although left-sided CHD is known to be highly heritable, the underlying genetic determinants are largely unidentified. In this study, we sought to determine the impact of structural genomic variation on left-sided CHD and compared multiplex families (464 individuals with 174 affecteds (37.5%) in 59 multiplex families and 8 trios) to 1,582 well-phenotyped controls. 73 unique inherited or de novo CNVs in 54 individuals were identified in the left-sided CHD cohort. After stringent filtering, our gene inventory reveals 25 new candidates for LS-CHD pathogenesis, such as SMC1A, MFAP4, and CTHRC1, and overlaps with several known syndromic loci. Conservative estimation examining the overlap of the prioritized gene content with CNVs present only in affected individuals in our cohort implies a strong effect for unique CNVs in at least 10% of left-sided CHD cases. Enrichment testing of gene content in all identified CNVs showed a significant association with angiogenesis. In this first family-based CNV study of left-sided CHD, we found that both co-segregating and de novo events associate with disease in a complex fashion at structural genomic level. Often viewed as an anatomically circumscript disease, a subset of left-sided CHD may in fact reflect more general genetic perturbations of angiogenesis and/or vascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Phillip Hitz
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christian Marshall
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yassamin Feroz-Zada
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Robbie Davies
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shi Wei Yang
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anath Christopher Lionel
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guylaine D'Amours
- Service of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Lemyre
- Service of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rebecca Cullum
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Bigras
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maryse Thibeault
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Chetaille
- Cardiology Service, Centre Mère-Enfants, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université de Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Montpetit
- Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Paul Khairy
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bert Overduin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory–European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Klaassen
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pamela Hoodless
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mona Nemer
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandre F. R. Stewart
- Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cornelius Boerkoel
- Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Richter
- Service of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gregor Andelfinger
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Kasamatsu S, Hachiya A, Fujimura T, Sriwiriyanont P, Haketa K, Visscher MO, Kitzmiller WJ, Bello A, Kitahara T, Kobinger GP, Takema Y. Essential role of microfibrillar-associated protein 4 in human cutaneous homeostasis and in its photoprotection. Sci Rep 2011; 1:164. [PMID: 22355679 PMCID: PMC3240987 DOI: 10.1038/srep00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
UVB-induced cutaneous photodamage/photoaging is characterized by qualitative and quantitative deterioration in dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as collagen and elastic fibers. Disappearance of microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP-4), a possible limiting factor for cutaneous elasticity, was documented in photoaged dermis, but its function is poorly understood. To characterize its possible contribution to photoprotection, MFAP-4 expression was either augmented or inhibited in a human skin xenograft photodamage murine model and human fibroblasts. Xenografted skin with enhanced MFAP-4 expression was protected from UVB-induced photodamage/photoaging accompanied by the prevention of ECM degradation and aggravated elasticity. Additionally, remarkably increased or decreased fibrillin-1-based microfibril development was observed when fibroblasts were treated with recombinant MFAP-4 or with MFAP-4-specific siRNA, respectively. Immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed direct interaction between MFAP-4 and fibrillin-1. Taken together, our findings reveal the essential role of MFAP-4 in photoprotection and offer new therapeutic opportunities to prevent skin-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kasamatsu
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Haga, Tochigi, 321–3497, Japan
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Niu D, Peatman E, Liu H, Lu J, Kucuktas H, Liu S, Sun F, Zhang H, Feng T, Zhou Z, Terhune J, Waldbieser G, Li J, Liu Z. Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) genes in catfish play a novel role in innate immune responses. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:568-579. [PMID: 21232551 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The lectin pathway of the complement system is characterized by two groups of soluble pattern recognition molecules, mannose-binding lectins (MBLs) and ficolins. These molecules recognize and bind carbohydrates in pathogens and activate complement leading to opsonization, leukocyte activation, and direct pathogen killing. While MBLs have been reported in many fish species, ficolins do not appear to be present in the teleost lineage, despite their importance in invertebrate and higher vertebrate innate immunity. A protein with a similar fibrinogen-like domain, microfibrillar-associated protein 4, MFAP4, is present in fish, albeit with no described immune function. We examined whether MFAP4 genes in fish may potentially act as pathogen receptors in the absence of ficolin. We isolated and characterized five MFAP4 genes from channel catfish. Linkage mapping and phylogenetic analysis indicated that at least three of the catfish MFAP4 genes are tightly clustered on a single chromosome, suggesting that they may have arisen through tandem duplication. Divergent, duplicated families of MFAP4 genes are also present in other teleost species. Expression analysis of the catfish MFAP4 transcripts revealed unique patterns of homeostatic expression among the genes in gill, spleen, skin, liver, and muscle. Expression of the five MFAP4 transcripts showed significant changes in expression as soon as 4h after infection with either Edwardsiella ictaluri or Flavobacterium columnare with modulation of expression continuing up to 7 d following pathogen exposure. Several different tissues and gene-specific patterns were captured and transcript expression changes of >30-fold were observed over the course of the bacterial challenges. Our results suggest a novel role for MFAP4 in teleost immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Niu
- Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Thomsen T, Schlosser A, Holmskov U, Sorensen GL. Ficolins and FIBCD1: soluble and membrane bound pattern recognition molecules with acetyl group selectivity. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:369-81. [PMID: 21071088 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A network of molecules, which recognizes pathogens, work together to establish a quick and efficient immune response to infectious agents. Molecules containing a fibrinogen related domain in invertebrates and vertebrates have been implicated in immune responses against pathogens, and characterized as pattern recognition molecules. Ficolins are soluble oligomeric proteins composed of trimeric collagen-like regions linked to fibrinogen-related domains (FReDs) that have the ability to sense molecular patterns on both pathogens and apoptotic cell surfaces and activate the complement system. The ficolins have acetyl-binding properties, which have been localized to different binding sites in the FReD-region. A newly discovered tetrameric transmembrane protein, FIBCD1, likewise binds acetylated structures via the highly conserved FReD. This review presents current knowledge on acetyl binding FReD-containing molecules, and discusses structural resemblance but also diversity in recognition of acetylated ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Thomsen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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Differential gene expression of 36-kDa microfibril-associated glycoprotein (MAGP-36/MFAP4) in rat organs. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 332:271-8. [PMID: 18322703 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0587-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
By using quantitative Western blot analysis and the real time polymerase chain reaction technique, we investigated the differential gene expression of microfibril-associated glycoprotein (MAGP-36) in rat organs. The gene was expressed highly in sites rich in elastic fibers, such as aorta, skin, and esophagus. However, MAGP-36 was also expressed highly in some other sites containing no elastic fibers. In lung and trachea, the expression levels of MAGP-36 mRNA were about seven times higher than those in other elastic tissues, although the protein abundances were almost at the same levels as other elastic tissues. MAGP-36 seemed to be secreted outside these organs. In brain, kidney, and spleen, although the expression levels of MAGP-36 mRNA were low, substantial amounts of MAGP-36 protein were detected. An immunohistochemical study revealed that MAGP-36 was present at the brush border of the S3 segment of proximal tubules in kidney. Since MAGP-36 is known to bind to mannan, MAGP-36 might be involved in mannose transport in the S3 segment. Thus, MAGP-36 might be multifunctional and present in a wide variety of sites in various organs.
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