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Surendran V, Safarulla S, Griffith C, Ali R, Madan A, Polacheck W, Chandrasekaran A. Magnetically Integrated Tumor-Vascular Interface System to Mimic Pro-angiogenic Endothelial Dysregulations for On-Chip Drug Testing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:47075-47088. [PMID: 39196896 PMCID: PMC11403600 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
The tumor-vascular interface is a critical component of the tumor microenvironment that regulates all of the dynamic interactions between a growing tumor and the endothelial lining of the surrounding vasculature. In this paper, we report the design and development of a custom-engineered tumor-vascular interface system for investigating the early stage tumor-mediated pro-angiogenic dysfunctional behavior of the endothelium. Using representative endothelial cells and triple negative breast cancer cell lines, we established a biomimetic interface between a three-dimensional tumor tissue across a mature, functional endothelial barrier using a magnetically hybrid-integrated tumor-vascular interface system, wherein vasculature-like features containing a monolayer of endothelial cell culture on porous microfluidic channel surfaces were magnetically attached to tumor spheroids generated on a composite polymer-hydrogel microwell plate and embedded in a collagen matrix. Tumor-mediated endothelial microdynamics were characterized by their hallmark behavior such as loss of endothelial adherens junctions, increased cell density, proliferation, and changes in cell spreading and corroborated with endothelial YAP/TAZ nuclear translocation. We further confirm the feasibility of drug-mediated reversal of this pro-angiogenic endothelial organization through two different signaling mechanisms, namely, inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway and the Notch signaling pathway, thereby demonstrating the utility of the tumor-vascular interface platform for rapid, early stage prediction of antiangiogenic drug efficacy. Overall, our work emphasizes the importance of our strategic engineering approach for identifying some unique, physiologically relevant aspects of the tumor-vascular interface, which are otherwise difficult to implement using standard in vitro approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Surendran
- Bioinspired Microengineering (BIOME) Laboratory, Department of Chemical, Biological and Bio Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27265, United States
| | - Simrit Safarulla
- Bioinspired Microengineering (BIOME) Laboratory, Department of Chemical, Biological and Bio Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27265, United States
| | - Christian Griffith
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill─NC State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Reem Ali
- Bioinspired Microengineering (BIOME) Laboratory, Department of Chemical, Biological and Bio Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27265, United States
| | - Ankit Madan
- MedStar Southern Maryland Hospital Center, MedStar Georgetown Cancer Institute, Clinton, Maryland 20735, United States
| | - William Polacheck
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill─NC State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Arvind Chandrasekaran
- Bioinspired Microengineering (BIOME) Laboratory, Department of Chemical, Biological and Bio Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27265, United States
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2
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Resnikoff HA, Schwarzbauer JE. Increased basal fibronectin is sufficient to promote excess endothelial cell matrix assembly causing localized barrier dysfunction. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar120. [PMID: 39046775 PMCID: PMC11449387 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e24-02-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell behavior is regulated by subendothelial extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM protein fibronectin (FN) is rare in healthy blood vessels but accumulates in disease accompanied by endothelial dysfunctions. Here, we report that excess assembly of FN disrupts key endothelial functions. We mimicked increased FN expression as in diseased stroma by providing exogenous FN basally in a Transwell insert and found dose-dependent upregulation of subendothelial FN matrix assembly. Taking advantage of discontinuous matrix assembly by endothelial cells, we show correlations between regional increases in FN matrix and disruptions in endothelial cell morphology, VE-cadherin junctions, and the cell cycle, all of which were not changed in FN-deficient regions of the monolayer. These changes affected endothelial barrier function with increased monolayer permeability exposing basal regions of high FN matrix and permitting FN-dependent adhesion of MDA-MB-231 tumor cells from the apical side of the monolayer. FN matrix accumulation was quick and increases in FN matrix preceded all other changes in the endothelium. Therefore, subendothelial accumulation of FN matrix is a cause, not an effect, of endothelial monolayer disorganization and leakiness. Regulating FN accumulation in the subendothelial space could be an important target for controlling progression of fibrosis and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry A Resnikoff
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
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3
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Cofiño-Fabres C, Boonen T, Rivera-Arbeláez JM, Rijpkema M, Blauw L, Rensen PCN, Schwach V, Ribeiro MC, Passier R. Micro-Engineered Heart Tissues On-Chip with Heterotypic Cell Composition Display Self-Organization and Improved Cardiac Function. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303664. [PMID: 38471185 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Advanced in vitro models that recapitulate the structural organization and function of the human heart are highly needed for accurate disease modeling, more predictable drug screening, and safety pharmacology. Conventional 3D Engineered Heart Tissues (EHTs) lack heterotypic cell complexity and culture under flow, whereas microfluidic Heart-on-Chip (HoC) models in general lack the 3D configuration and accurate contractile readouts. In this study, an innovative and user-friendly HoC model is developed to overcome these limitations, by culturing human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs), endothelial (ECs)- and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), together with human cardiac fibroblasts (FBs), underflow, leading to self-organized miniaturized micro-EHTs (µEHTs) with a CM-EC interface reminiscent of the physiological capillary lining. µEHTs cultured under flow display enhanced contractile performance and conduction velocity. In addition, the presence of the EC layer altered drug responses in µEHT contraction. This observation suggests a potential barrier-like function of ECs, which may affect the availability of drugs to the CMs. These cardiac models with increased physiological complexity, will pave the way to screen for therapeutic targets and predict drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cofiño-Fabres
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Boonen
- River BioMedics B.V, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
| | - José M Rivera-Arbeláez
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
| | - Minke Rijpkema
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne Blauw
- River BioMedics B.V, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Verena Schwach
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
| | - Marcelo C Ribeiro
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
- River BioMedics B.V, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, 2300 RC, The Netherlands
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4
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Hong SG, Ashby JW, Kennelly JP, Wu M, Steel M, Chattopadhyay E, Foreman R, Tontonoz P, Tarling EJ, Turowski P, Gallagher-Jones M, Mack JJ. Mechanosensitive membrane domains regulate calcium entry in arterial endothelial cells to protect against inflammation. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e175057. [PMID: 38771648 PMCID: PMC11213468 DOI: 10.1172/jci175057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) in the descending aorta are exposed to high laminar shear stress, and this supports an antiinflammatory phenotype. High laminar shear stress also induces flow-aligned cell elongation and front-rear polarity, but whether these are required for the antiinflammatory phenotype is unclear. Here, we showed that caveolin-1-rich microdomains polarize to the downstream end of ECs that are exposed to continuous high laminar flow. These microdomains were characterized by high membrane rigidity, filamentous actin (F-actin), and raft-associated lipids. Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV4) ion channels were ubiquitously expressed on the plasma membrane but mediated localized Ca2+ entry only at these microdomains where they physically interacted with clustered caveolin-1. These focal Ca2+ bursts activated endothelial nitric oxide synthase within the confines of these domains. Importantly, we found that signaling at these domains required both cell body elongation and sustained flow. Finally, TRPV4 signaling at these domains was necessary and sufficient to suppress inflammatory gene expression and exogenous activation of TRPV4 channels ameliorated the inflammatory response to stimuli both in vitro and in vivo. Our work revealed a polarized mechanosensitive signaling hub in arterial ECs that dampened inflammatory gene expression and promoted cell resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Gook Hong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology
- Molecular Biology Institute
| | | | - John P. Kennelly
- Molecular Biology Institute
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
| | - Meigan Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology
- Molecular Biology Institute
| | | | | | - Rob Foreman
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Molecular Biology Institute
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
| | | | - Patric Turowski
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Gallagher-Jones
- Correlated Imaging, Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Julia J. Mack
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology
- Molecular Biology Institute
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5
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Qu K, Wang C, Huang L, Qin X, Zhang K, Qiu J, Wang G. Oscillatory shear stress-induced downregulation of TET1s injures vascular endothelial planar cell polarity by suppression of actin polymerization. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:036104. [PMID: 37533755 PMCID: PMC10393427 DOI: 10.1063/5.0141289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial polarity induced by blood flow plays crucial roles in the development of atherosclerosis. Loss of endothelial polarity leads to an increase in permeability and leukocyte recruitment, which are crucial hallmarks of atherosclerotic initiation. Endothelial cells exhibit a morphological adaptation to hemodynamic shear stress and possesses planar cell polarity to the direction of blood flow. However, the mechanism of how hemodynamic shear stress regulates endothelial planar cell polarity has not been firmly established. Here, we found that TET1s, a short isoform of Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1, was a mediator in the regulation of the planar cell polarity in endothelial cells in response to hemodynamic shear stress. In the process, low expression of TET1s induced by oscillatory shear stress led to the endothelial planar polarity damage through inhibition of F-actin polymerization. TET1s can regulate demethylation level of the sFRP-1 promoter to alter the expression of sFRP-1, which affects the interaction of sFRP-1/Fzd4 and F-actin polymerization. Our study revealed the mechanism of how TET1s mediates endothelial planar cell polarity in response to hemodynamic shear stress and provides a new insight for the prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caihong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | | | | | | | - Juhui Qiu
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | - Guixue Wang
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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6
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Kutluk H, Bastounis EE, Constantinou I. Integration of Extracellular Matrices into Organ-on-Chip Systems. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2203256. [PMID: 37018430 PMCID: PMC11468608 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202203256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex, dynamic network present within all tissues and organs that not only acts as a mechanical support and anchorage point but can also direct fundamental cell behavior, function, and characteristics. Although the importance of the ECM is well established, the integration of well-controlled ECMs into Organ-on-Chip (OoC) platforms remains challenging and the methods to modulate and assess ECM properties on OoCs remain underdeveloped. In this review, current state-of-the-art design and assessment of in vitro ECM environments is discussed with a focus on their integration into OoCs. Among other things, synthetic and natural hydrogels, as well as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) used as substrates, coatings, or cell culture membranes are reviewed in terms of their ability to mimic the native ECM and their accessibility for characterization. The intricate interplay among materials, OoC architecture, and ECM characterization is critically discussed as it significantly complicates the design of ECM-related studies, comparability between works, and reproducibility that can be achieved across research laboratories. Improving the biomimetic nature of OoCs by integrating properly considered ECMs would contribute to their further adoption as replacements for animal models, and precisely tailored ECM properties would promote the use of OoCs in mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazal Kutluk
- Institute of Microtechnology (IMT)Technical University of BraunschweigAlte Salzdahlumer Str. 20338124BraunschweigGermany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ)Technical University of BraunschweigFranz‐Liszt‐Str. 35a38106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Effie E. Bastounis
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT)Eberhard Karls University of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 28, E872076TübingenGermany
- Cluster of Excellence “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections” EXC 2124Eberhard Karls University of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 2872076TübingenGermany
| | - Iordania Constantinou
- Institute of Microtechnology (IMT)Technical University of BraunschweigAlte Salzdahlumer Str. 20338124BraunschweigGermany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ)Technical University of BraunschweigFranz‐Liszt‐Str. 35a38106BraunschweigGermany
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7
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Di Matteo A, Belloni E, Pradella D, Chiaravalli AM, Pini GM, Bugatti M, Alfieri R, Barzan C, Franganillo Tena E, Bione S, Terenzani E, Sessa F, Wyatt CDR, Vermi W, Ghigna C. Alternative Splicing Changes Promoted by NOVA2 Upregulation in Endothelial Cells and Relevance for Gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098102. [PMID: 37175811 PMCID: PMC10178952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is crucial for cancer progression. While several anti-angiogenic drugs are in use for cancer treatment, their clinical benefits are unsatisfactory. Thus, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms sustaining cancer vessel growth is fundamental to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Alternative splicing (AS) is an essential modifier of human proteome diversity. Nevertheless, AS contribution to tumor vasculature development is poorly known. The Neuro-Oncological Ventral Antigen 2 (NOVA2) is a critical AS regulator of angiogenesis and vascular development. NOVA2 is upregulated in tumor endothelial cells (ECs) of different cancers, thus representing a potential driver of tumor blood vessel aberrancies. Here, we identified novel AS transcripts generated upon NOVA2 upregulation in ECs, suggesting a pervasive role of NOVA2 in vascular biology. In addition, we report that NOVA2 is also upregulated in ECs of gastric cancer (GC), and its expression correlates with poor overall survival of GC patients. Finally, we found that the AS of the Rap Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 6 (RapGEF6), a newly identified NOVA2 target, is altered in GC patients and associated with NOVA2 expression, tumor angiogenesis, and poor patient outcome. Our findings provide a better understanding of GC biology and suggest that AS might be exploited to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutics for anti-angiogenic GC treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Di Matteo
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Belloni
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide Pradella
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Maria Pini
- Department of Pathology, Ospedale di Circolo, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Mattia Bugatti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Alfieri
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Barzan
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori (IUSS), Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Franganillo Tena
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Bione
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Terenzani
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Fausto Sessa
- Department of Pathology, Ospedale di Circolo, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Christopher D R Wyatt
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - William Vermi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA
| | - Claudia Ghigna
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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8
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Lopera Higuita M, Shortreed NA, Dasari S, Griffiths LG. Basement Membrane of Tissue Engineered Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds Modulates Rapid Human Endothelial Cell Recellularization and Promote Quiescent Behavior After Monolayer Formation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:903907. [PMID: 35983533 PMCID: PMC9379346 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.903907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Off-the-shelf small diameter vascular grafts are an attractive alternative to eliminate the shortcomings of autologous tissues for vascular grafting. Bovine saphenous vein (SV) extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds are potentially ideal small diameter vascular grafts, due to their inherent architecture and signaling molecules capable of driving repopulating cell behavior and regeneration. However, harnessing this potential is predicated on the ability of the scaffold generation technique to maintain the delicate structure, composition, and associated functions of native vascular ECM. Previous de-cellularization methods have been uniformly demonstrated to disrupt the delicate basement membrane components of native vascular ECM. The antigen removal (AR) tissue processing method utilizes the protein chemistry principle of differential solubility to achieve a step-wise removal of antigens with similar physiochemical properties. Briefly, the cellular components of SV are permeabilized and the actomyosin crossbridges are relaxed, followed by lipophilic antigen removal, sarcomeric disassembly, hydrophilic antigen removal, nuclease digestion, and washout. Here, we demonstrate that bovine SV ECM scaffolds generated using the novel AR approach results in the retention of native basement membrane protein structure, composition (e.g., Collagen IV and laminin), and associated cell modulatory function. Presence of basement membrane proteins in AR vascular ECM scaffolds increases the rate of endothelial cell monolayer formation by enhancing cell migration and proliferation. Following monolayer formation, basement membrane proteins promote appropriate formation of adherence junction and apicobasal polarization, increasing the secretion of nitric oxide, and driving repopulating endothelial cells toward a quiescent phenotype. We conclude that the presence of an intact native vascular basement membrane in the AR SV ECM scaffolds modulates human endothelial cell quiescent monolayer formation which is essential for vessel homeostasis.
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Singh M, Mazumder B. Recent Advancements in Nanodiamond Mediated Brain Targeted Drug Delivery and Bioimaging of Brain Ailments: A Holistic Review. Pharm Nanotechnol 2021; 10:42-55. [PMID: 34951376 DOI: 10.2174/2211738510666211222111938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain is a vital and composite organ. By nature, the innate make-up of the brain is such that in anatomical parlance, it is highly protected by the "Blood-Brain Barrier", which is a nexus of capillary endothelial cells, basement membrane, neuroglial membrane and glialpodocytes. The same barrier, which protects and isolates the interstitial fluid of the brain from capillary circulation, also restricts the therapeutic intervention. Many standing pharmaceutical formulations are ineffective in the treatment of inimical brain ailments because of the inability of the API to surpass and subsist inside the Blood Brain Barrier. OBJECTIVE This is an integrated review that emphasizes on the recent advancements in brain-targeted drug delivery utilizing nanodiamonds (NDs) as a carrier of therapeutic agents. NDs are a novel nanoparticulate drug delivery system, having carbon moieties as their building blocks and their surface tenability is remarkable. These neoteric carbon-based carriers have exceptional, mechanical, electrical, chemical, optical, and biological properties, which can be further rationally modified and augmented. CONCLUSION NDs could be the next"revolution "in the field of nanoscience for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, brain tumors, and other pernicious brain ailments. What sets them apart from other nanocarriers is their versatile properties like diverse size range and surface modification potential, which makes them efficient enough to move across certain biological barriers and offer a plethora of brain targeting and bioimaging abilities. Lay Summary: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses a major hurdle in the way of treating many serious brain ailments. A range of nanoparticle based drug delivering systems have been formulated, including solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, nanogels, polymeric NPs, metallic NPs (gold, platinum, andironoxide) and diamondoids (carbonnanotubes). Despite this development, only a few of these formulations have shown the ability to cross the BBB. Nanodiamonds, because of their small size, shape, and surface characteristics, have a potential in moving beyond the diverse and intricate BBB, and offer a plethora of brain targeting capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini Singh
- Department of pharmaceutical sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam. India
| | - Bhaskar Mazumder
- Department of pharmaceutical sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam. India
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10
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Sharp KA, Khoury MJ, Wirtz-Peitz F, Bilder D. Evidence for a nuclear role for Drosophila Dlg as a regulator of the NURF complex. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:ar23. [PMID: 34495684 PMCID: PMC8693970 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-04-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scribble (Scrib), Discs-large (Dlg), and Lethal giant larvae (Lgl) are basolateral regulators of epithelial polarity and tumor suppressors whose molecular mechanisms of action remain unclear. We used proximity biotinylation to identify proteins localized near Dlg in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc epithelium. In addition to expected membrane- and cytoskeleton-associated protein classes, nuclear proteins were prevalent in the resulting mass spectrometry dataset, including all four members of the nucleosome remodeling factor (NURF) chromatin remodeling complex. Subcellular fractionation demonstrated a nuclear pool of Dlg and proximity ligation confirmed its position near the NURF complex. Genetic analysis showed that NURF activity is also required for the overgrowth of dlg tumors, and this growth suppression correlated with a reduction in Hippo pathway gene expression. Together, these data suggest a nuclear role for Dlg in regulating chromatin and transcription through a more direct mechanism than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Sharp
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720
| | - Mark J Khoury
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720
| | | | - David Bilder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720
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11
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Salminen AT, Tithof J, Izhiman Y, Masters EA, McCloskey MC, Gaborski TR, Kelley DH, Pietropaoli AP, Waugh RE, McGrath JL. Endothelial cell apicobasal polarity coordinates distinct responses to luminally versus abluminally delivered TNF-α in a microvascular mimetic. Integr Biol (Camb) 2021; 12:275-289. [PMID: 33164044 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are an active component of the immune system and interact directly with inflammatory cytokines. While ECs are known to be polarized cells, the potential role of apicobasal polarity in response to inflammatory mediators has been scarcely studied. Acute inflammation is vital in maintaining healthy tissue in response to infection; however, chronic inflammation can lead to the production of systemic inflammatory cytokines and deregulated leukocyte trafficking, even in the absence of a local infection. Elevated levels of cytokines in circulation underlie the pathogenesis of sepsis, the leading cause of intensive care death. Because ECs constitute a key barrier between circulation (luminal interface) and tissue (abluminal interface), we hypothesize that ECs respond differentially to inflammatory challenge originating in the tissue versus circulation as in local and systemic inflammation, respectively. To begin this investigation, we stimulated ECs abluminally and luminally with the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) to mimic a key feature of local and systemic inflammation, respectively, in a microvascular mimetic (μSiM-MVM). Polarized IL-8 secretion and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) transmigration were quantified to characterize the EC response to luminal versus abluminal TNF-α. We observed that ECs uniformly secrete IL-8 in response to abluminal TNF-α and is followed by PMN transmigration. The response to abluminal treatment was coupled with the formation of ICAM-1-rich membrane ruffles on the apical surface of ECs. In contrast, luminally stimulated ECs secreted five times more IL-8 into the luminal compartment than the abluminal compartment and sequestered PMNs on the apical EC surface. Our results identify clear differences in the response of ECs to TNF-α originating from the abluminal versus luminal side of a monolayer for the first time and may provide novel insight into future inflammatory disease intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec T Salminen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Tithof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yara Izhiman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Elysia A Masters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Molly C McCloskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Thomas R Gaborski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Douglas H Kelley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Anthony P Pietropaoli
- Medicine, Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Richard E Waugh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - James L McGrath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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12
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An Experimental Workflow for Studying Barrier Integrity, Permeability, and Tight Junction Composition and Localization in a Single Endothelial Cell Monolayer: Proof of Concept. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158178. [PMID: 34360944 PMCID: PMC8347178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial and epithelial barrier function is crucial for the maintenance of physiological processes. The barrier paracellular permeability depends on the composition and spatial distribution of the cell-to-cell tight junctions (TJ). Here, we provide an experimental workflow that yields several layers of physiological data in the setting of a single endothelial cell monolayer. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were grown on Transwell filters. Transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) and 10 kDa FITC dextran flux were measured using Alanyl-Glutamine (AlaGln) as a paracellular barrier modulator. Single monolayers were immunolabelled for Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1) and Claudin-5 (CLDN5) and used for automated immunofluorescence imaging. Finally, the same monolayers were used for single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) of ZO-1 and CLDN5 at the nanoscale for spatial clustering analysis. The TER increased and the paracellular dextran flux decreased after the application of AlaGln and these functional changes of the monolayer were mediated by an increase in the ZO-1 and CLDN5 abundance in the cell–cell interface. At the nanoscale level, the functional and protein abundance data were accompanied by non-random increased clustering of CLDN5. Our experimental workflow provides multiple data from a single monolayer and has wide applicability in the setting of paracellular studies in endothelia and epithelia.
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13
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Breikaa RM, Lilly B. The Notch Pathway: A Link Between COVID-19 Pathophysiology and Its Cardiovascular Complications. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:681948. [PMID: 34124207 PMCID: PMC8187573 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.681948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is associated with a large number of cardiovascular sequelae, including dysrhythmias, myocardial injury, myocarditis and thrombosis. The Notch pathway is one likely culprit leading to these complications due to its direct role in viral entry, inflammation and coagulation processes, all shown to be key parts of COVID-19 pathogenesis. This review highlights links between the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV2 and the Notch signaling pathway that serve as primary drivers of the cardiovascular complications seen in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa M. Breikaa
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Brenda Lilly
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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14
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Lu TM, Barcia Durán JG, Houghton S, Rafii S, Redmond D, Lis R. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Brain Endothelial Cells: Current Controversies. Front Physiol 2021; 12:642812. [PMID: 33868008 PMCID: PMC8044318 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.642812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) possess unique properties that are crucial for many functions of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) including maintenance of brain homeostasis and regulation of interactions between the brain and immune system. The generation of a pure population of putative brain microvascular endothelial cells from human pluripotent stem cell sources (iBMECs) has been described to meet the need for reliable and reproducible brain endothelial cells in vitro. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), embryonic or induced, can be differentiated into large quantities of specialized cells in order to study development and model disease. These hPSC-derived iBMECs display endothelial-like properties, such as tube formation and low-density lipoprotein uptake, high transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), and barrier-like efflux transporter activities. Over time, the de novo generation of an organotypic endothelial cell from hPSCs has aroused controversies. This perspective article highlights the developments made in the field of hPSC derived brain endothelial cells as well as where experimental data are lacking, and what concerns have emerged since their initial description.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Lu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - José Gabriel Barcia Durán
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sean Houghton
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - David Redmond
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Raphaël Lis
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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15
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Syahrul S, Maliga HA, Ilmawan M, Fahriani M, Mamada SS, Fajar JK, Frediansyah A, Syahrul FN, Imran I, Haris S, Rambe AS, Emran TB, Rabaan AA, Tiwari R, Dhama K, Nainu F, Mutiawati E, Harapan H. Hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: incidence, risk factors, and pathogenesis - a systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Res 2021; 10:34. [PMID: 33708378 PMCID: PMC7934095 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.42308.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In this study, we aimed to determine the global prevalence, chronological order of symptom appearance, and mortality rates with regard to hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to discuss possible pathogeneses of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in individuals with the disease. Methods: We searched the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for relevant articles published up to November 8, 2020. Data regarding study characteristics, hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and COVID-19 were retrieved in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of the eligible studies. The pooled prevalence and mortality rate of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke were calculated. Results: The pooled estimate of prevalence of hemorrhagic stroke was 0.46% (95% CI 0.40%–0.53%;
I
2=89.81%) among 67,155 COVID-19 patients and that of ischemic stroke was 1.11% (95% CI 1.03%–1.22%;
I
2=94.07%) among 58,104 COVID-19 patients. Ischemic stroke was more predominant (incidence: 71.58%) than hemorrhagic stroke (incidence: 28.42%) in COVID-19 patients who experienced a stroke. In COVID-19 patients who experienced a stroke, hospital admission with respiratory symptoms was more commonly reported than that with neurological symptoms (20.83% for hemorrhagic stroke and 5.51% for ischemic stroke versus
6.94% for hemorrhagic stroke and 5.33% for ischemic stroke, respectively). The pooled mortality rate of COVID-19 patients who experienced a hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke was 44.72% (95% CI 36.73%–52.98%) and 36.23% (95% CI 30.63%–42.24%), respectively. Conclusions: Although the occurrence of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke is low, the mortality rates of both stroke types in patients with COVID-19 are concerning, and therefore, despite several potential pathogeneses that have been proposed, studies aimed at definitively elucidating the mechanisms of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in individuals with COVID-19 are warranted. PROSPERO registration: CRD42020224470 (04/12/20)
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Affiliation(s)
- Syahrul Syahrul
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.,Department of Neurology, Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | | | - Muhammad Ilmawan
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65117, Indonesia
| | - Marhami Fahriani
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Sukamto S Mamada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Jonny Karunia Fajar
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65117, Indonesia.,Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Andri Frediansyah
- Research Division for Natural Product Technology (BPTBA), Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Wonosari, 55861, Indonesia
| | - Faza Nabila Syahrul
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Imran Imran
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.,Department of Neurology, Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Salim Haris
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Aldy Safruddin Rambe
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatra, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong-4381, Bangladesh
| | - Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281 001, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Firzan Nainu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Endang Mutiawati
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.,Department of Neurology, Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.,Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
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16
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A modular polymer microbead angiogenesis scaffold to characterize the effects of adhesion ligand density on angiogenic sprouting. Biomaterials 2021; 264:120231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Weinstein N, Mendoza L, Álvarez-Buylla ER. A Computational Model of the Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition. Front Genet 2020; 11:40. [PMID: 32226439 PMCID: PMC7080988 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) form the lining of lymph and blood vessels. Changes in tissue requirements or wounds may cause ECs to behave as tip or stalk cells. Alternatively, they may differentiate into mesenchymal cells (MCs). These processes are known as EC activation and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), respectively. EndMT, Tip, and Stalk EC behaviors all require SNAI1, SNAI2, and Matrix metallopeptidase (MMP) function. However, only EndMT inhibits the expression of VE-cadherin, PECAM1, and VEGFR2, and also leads to EC detachment. Physiologically, EndMT is involved in heart valve development, while a defective EndMT regulation is involved in the physiopathology of cardiovascular malformations, congenital heart disease, systemic and organ fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Therefore, the control of EndMT has many promising potential applications in regenerative medicine. Despite the fact that many molecular components involved in EC activation and EndMT have been characterized, the system-level molecular mechanisms involved in this process have not been elucidated. Toward this end, hereby we present Boolean network model of the molecular involved in the regulation of EC activation and EndMT. The simulated dynamic behavior of our model reaches fixed and cyclic patterns of activation that correspond to the expected EC and MC cell types and behaviors, recovering most of the specific effects of simple gain and loss-of-function mutations as well as the conditions associated with the progression of several diseases. Therefore, our model constitutes a theoretical framework that can be used to generate hypotheses and guide experimental inquiry to comprehend the regulatory mechanisms behind EndMT. Our main findings include that both the extracellular microevironment and the pattern of molecular activity within the cell regulate EndMT. EndMT requires a lack of VEGFA and sufficient oxygen in the extracellular microenvironment as well as no FLI1 and GATA2 activity within the cell. Additionally Tip cells cannot undergo EndMT directly. Furthermore, the specific conditions that are sufficient to trigger EndMT depend on the specific pattern of molecular activation within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Weinstein
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Mendoza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elena R Álvarez-Buylla
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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18
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Donners MMPC, Biessen EAL. SCRIBbling the role of endothelial polarity in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 115:1937-1939. [PMID: 31270532 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marjo M P C Donners
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik A L Biessen
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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19
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Liu Z, Mackay S, Gordon DM, Anderson JD, Haithcock DW, Garson CJ, Tearney GJ, Solomon GM, Pant K, Prabhakarpandian B, Rowe SM, Guimbellot JS. Co-cultured microfluidic model of the airway optimized for microscopy and micro-optical coherence tomography imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:5414-5430. [PMID: 31646055 PMCID: PMC6788592 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.005414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cell and endothelial cell co-cultured microfluidic model to mimic the in vivo human airway. This airway-on-a-chip was designed with a central epithelial channel and two flanking endothelial channels, with a three-dimensional monolayers of cells growing along the four walls of the channel, forming central clear lumens. These cultures mimic airways and microvasculature in vivo. The central channel cells are grown at air-liquid interface and show features of airway differentiation including tight-junction formation, mucus production, and ciliated cells. Combined with novel micro-optical coherence tomography, this chip enables functional imaging of the interior of the lumen, which includes quantitation of cilia motion including beat frequency and mucociliary transport. This airway-on-a chip is a significant step forward in the development of microfluidics models for functional imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Lowder Building Suite 620, 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, MCLM 706, 1918 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Stephen Mackay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Lowder Building Suite 620, 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, MCLM 706, 1918 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Dylan M. Gordon
- Biomedical Technology, CFD Research Corporation, 701 McMillian Way NW, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Justin D. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Lowder Building Suite 620, 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, MCLM 706, 1918 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Dustin W. Haithcock
- Biomedical Technology, CFD Research Corporation, 701 McMillian Way NW, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Charles J. Garson
- Biomedical Technology, CFD Research Corporation, 701 McMillian Way NW, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Department of Pathology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, & Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - George M. Solomon
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, MCLM 706, 1918 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1900 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kapil Pant
- Biomedical Technology, CFD Research Corporation, 701 McMillian Way NW, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | | | - Steven M. Rowe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Lowder Building Suite 620, 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, MCLM 706, 1918 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1900 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Guimbellot
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Lowder Building Suite 620, 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, MCLM 706, 1918 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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20
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Hayden MR. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Increases The Risk of Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease: Ultrastructural Remodeling of the Neurovascular Unit and Diabetic Gliopathy. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9100262. [PMID: 31569571 PMCID: PMC6826500 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9100262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease–dementia (LOAD) are increasing in global prevalence and current predictions indicate they will only increase over the coming decades. These increases may be a result of the concurrent increases of obesity and aging. T2DM is associated with cognitive impairments and metabolic factors, which increase the cellular vulnerability to develop an increased risk of age-related LOAD. This review addresses possible mechanisms due to obesity, aging, multiple intersections between T2DM and LOAD and mechanisms for the continuum of progression. Multiple ultrastructural images in female diabetic db/db models are utilized to demonstrate marked cellular remodeling changes of mural and glia cells and provide for the discussion of functional changes in T2DM. Throughout this review multiple endeavors to demonstrate how T2DM increases the vulnerability of the brain’s neurovascular unit (NVU), neuroglia and neurons are presented. Five major intersecting links are considered: i. Aging (chronic age-related diseases); ii. metabolic (hyperglycemia advanced glycation end products and its receptor (AGE/RAGE) interactions and hyperinsulinemia-insulin resistance (a linking linchpin); iii. oxidative stress (reactive oxygen–nitrogen species); iv. inflammation (peripheral macrophage and central brain microglia); v. vascular (macrovascular accelerated atherosclerosis—vascular stiffening and microvascular NVU/neuroglial remodeling) with resulting impaired cerebral blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin R Hayden
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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21
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Constitutive Active Mutant TIE2 Induces Enlarged Vascular Lumen Formation with Loss of Apico-basal Polarity and Pericyte Recruitment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12352. [PMID: 31451744 PMCID: PMC6710257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in controlling key aspects of angiogenesis including vascular cell migration, lumen formation and vessel maturation are hallmarks of vascular anomalies including venous malformation (VM). Gain-of-function mutations in the tyrosine kinase receptor TIE2 can cause VM and induce a ligand-independent hyperactivation of TIE2. Despite these important findings, the TIE2-dependent mechanisms triggering enlarged vascular lesions are not well understood. Herein we studied TIE2 p.L914F, the most frequent mutation identified in VM patients. We report that endothelial cells harboring a TIE2-L914F mutation display abnormal cell migration due to a loss of front-rear polarity as demonstrated by a non-polarized Golgi apparatus. Utilizing a three-dimensional fibrin-matrix based model we show that TIE2-L914F mutant cells form enlarged lumens mimicking vascular lesions present in VM patients, independently of exogenous growth factors. Moreover, these abnormal vascular channels demonstrate a dysregulated expression pattern of apico-basal polarity markers Podocalyxin and Collagen IV. Furthermore, in this system we recapitulated another pathological feature of VM, the paucity of pericytes around ectatic veins. The presented data emphasize the value of this in vitro model as a powerful tool for the discovery of cellular and molecular signals contributing to abnormal vascular development and subsequent identification of novel therapeutic approaches.
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22
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A MST1-FOXO1 cascade establishes endothelial tip cell polarity and facilitates sprouting angiogenesis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:838. [PMID: 30783090 PMCID: PMC6381131 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08773-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a main driver of sprouting angiogenesis, but how tip endothelial cells are directed to hypoxic regions remains poorly understood. Here, we show that an endothelial MST1–FOXO1 cascade is essential for directional migration of tip cells towards hypoxic regions. In mice, endothelial‐specific deletion of either MST1 or FOXO1 leads to the loss of tip cell polarity and subsequent impairment of sprouting angiogenesis. Mechanistically, MST1 is activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in mitochondria in response to hypoxia, and activated MST1 promotes the nuclear import of FOXO1, thus augmenting its transcriptional regulation of polarity and migration‐associated genes. Furthermore, endothelial MST1‐FOXO1 cascade is required for revascularization and neovascularization in the oxygen-induced retinopathy model. Together, the results of our study delineate a crucial coupling between extracellular hypoxia and an intracellular ROS‐MST1‐FOXO1 cascade in establishing endothelial tip cell polarity during sprouting angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is driven by the directed migration of tip endothelial cells towards hypoxic tissues. Here, Kim et al. show that the generation of reactive oxygen species in endothelial cells upon hypoxia activates MST1, which subsequently promotes the nuclear translocation of FOXO1, and thus activates a pro-migratory transcriptional programme in endothelial tip cells.
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23
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Boldbaatar K, Dashnyam K, Knowles JC, Lee HH, Lee JH, Kim HW. Dual-ion delivery for synergistic angiogenesis and bactericidal capacity with silica-based microsphere. Acta Biomater 2019; 83:322-333. [PMID: 30465920 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of bacterial growth with the simultaneous promotion of angiogenesis has been challenging in the repair and regeneration of infected tissues. Here, we aim to tackle this issue through the use of cobalt-doped silicate microspheres that can sustainably release dual ions (silicate and cobalt) at therapeutically-relevant doses. The cobalt was doped up to 2.5 wt% within a sol-gel silicate glass network, and microspheres with the size of ∼300 μm were generated by an emulsification method. The cobalt and silicate ions released were shown to synergistically upregulate key angiogenic genes, such as HIF1-α, VEGF and the receptor KDR. Moreover, the incorporation of ions promoted the polarization, migration, homing and sprouting angiogenesis of endothelial cells. Neo-vascular formation was significantly higher in the dual-ion delivered microspheres, as evidenced in a chicken chorioallantoic membrane model. When cultured with bacterial species, the cobalt-doped microspheres effectively inhibited bacteria growth in both indirect or direct contacts. Of note, the bacteria/endothelial cell coculture model proved the efficacy of dual-ion releasing microcarriers for maintaining the endothelial survivability against bacterial contamination and their cell-cell junction. The current study demonstrates the multiple actions (proangiogenic and antibacterial) of silicate and cobalt ions released from microspheres, and the concept provided here can be extensively applied to repair and regenerate infected tissues as a growth factor- or drug-free delivery system. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: While several ions have been introduced to biomaterials for therapeutic purposes, relaying the effects of antibacterial into tissue regenerative (e.g., angiogenesis) has been a significant challenge. In this study, we aim to develop a biomaterial platform that has the capacity of both 'antibacterial' and 'proangiogenic' from a microsphere sustainably releasing multiple ions (herein cobalt and silicate). Here, dual-actions of the microspheres revealed the stimulated endothelial functions as well as the inhibited growth of different bacterial species. In particular, protecting endothelial survivability against bacterial contamination was reported using the bacterial/endothelial co-culture model. The current concept of drug-free yet multiple-ion delivery biomaterials can be applicable for the repair and regeneration of infected tissues with dual actions of angiogenesis and suppressing bacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaliun Boldbaatar
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Khandmaa Dashnyam
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea; UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jonathan C Knowles
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea; UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea; Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK; The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hae-Hyoung Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea; UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea; UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea; UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Szymborska A, Gerhardt H. Hold Me, but Not Too Tight-Endothelial Cell-Cell Junctions in Angiogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a029223. [PMID: 28851748 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell-cell junctions must perform seemingly incompatible tasks during vascular development-providing stable connections that prevent leakage, while allowing dynamic cellular rearrangements during sprouting, anastomosis, lumen formation, and functional remodeling of the vascular network. This review aims to highlight recent insights into the molecular mechanisms governing endothelial cell-cell adhesion in the context of vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szymborska
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
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25
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Laviña B, Castro M, Niaudet C, Cruys B, Álvarez-Aznar A, Carmeliet P, Bentley K, Brakebusch C, Betsholtz C, Gaengel K. Defective endothelial cell migration in the absence of Cdc42 leads to capillary-venous malformations. Development 2018; 145:dev.161182. [PMID: 29853619 DOI: 10.1242/dev.161182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Formation and homeostasis of the vascular system requires several coordinated cellular functions, but their precise interplay during development and their relative importance for vascular pathologies remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the endothelial functions regulated by Cdc42 and their in vivo relevance during angiogenic sprouting and vascular morphogenesis in the postnatal mouse retina. We found that Cdc42 is required for endothelial tip cell selection, directed cell migration and filopodia formation, but dispensable for cell proliferation or apoptosis. Although the loss of Cdc42 seems generally compatible with apical-basal polarization and lumen formation in retinal blood vessels, it leads to defective endothelial axial polarization and to the formation of severe vascular malformations in capillaries and veins. Tracking of Cdc42-depleted endothelial cells in mosaic retinas suggests that these capillary-venous malformations arise as a consequence of defective cell migration, when endothelial cells that proliferate at normal rates are unable to re-distribute within the vascular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bàrbara Laviña
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marco Castro
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Colin Niaudet
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bert Cruys
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alberto Álvarez-Aznar
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katie Bentley
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden.,Computational Biology Laboratory, Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden .,Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (ICMC), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Novum, SE-141 57 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konstantin Gaengel
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Ramirez SH, Andrews AM, Paul D, Pachter JS. Extracellular vesicles: mediators and biomarkers of pathology along CNS barriers. Fluids Barriers CNS 2018; 15:19. [PMID: 29960602 PMCID: PMC6026502 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-018-0104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous, nano-sized vesicles that are shed into the blood and other body fluids, which disperse a variety of bioactive molecules (e.g., protein, mRNA, miRNA, DNA and lipids) to cellular targets over long and short distances. EVs are thought to be produced by nearly every cell type, however this review will focus specifically on EVs that originate from cells at the interface of CNS barriers. Highlighted topics include, EV biogenesis, the production of EVs in response to neuroinflammation, role in intercellular communication and their utility as a therapeutic platform. In this review, novel concepts regarding the use of EVs as biomarkers for BBB status and as facilitators for immune neuroinvasion are also discussed. Future directions and prospective are covered along with important unanswered questions in the field of CNS endothelial EV biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servio H Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Shriners Hospital Pediatric Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Center for Substance Abuse Research, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Allison M Andrews
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Center for Substance Abuse Research, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Debayon Paul
- Department of Immunology, Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory & Laser Capture Microdissection Core, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06070, USA
| | - Joel S Pachter
- Department of Immunology, Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory & Laser Capture Microdissection Core, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06070, USA.
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27
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Dragoni S, Turowski P. Polarised VEGFA Signalling at Vascular Blood–Neural Barriers. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051378. [PMID: 29734754 PMCID: PMC5983809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
At blood–neural barriers, endothelial VEGFA signalling is highly polarised, with entirely different responses being triggered by luminal or abluminal stimulation. These recent findings were made in a field which is still in its mechanistic infancy. For a long time, endothelial polarity has intuitively been presumed, and likened to that of epithelial cells, but rarely demonstrated. In the cerebral and the retinal microvasculature, the uneven distribution of VEGF receptors 1 and 2, with the former predominant on the luminal and the latter on the abluminal face of the endothelium, leads to a completely polarised signalling response to VEGFA. Luminal VEGFA activates VEGFR1 homodimers and AKT, leading to a cytoprotective response, whilst abluminal VEGFA induces vascular leakage via VEGFR2 homodimers and p38. Whilst these findings do not provide a complete picture of VEGFA signalling in the microvasculature—there are still unclear roles for heterodimeric receptor complexes as well as co-receptors—they provide essential insight into the adaptation of vascular systems to environmental cues that are naturally different, depending on whether they are present on the blood or tissue side. Importantly, sided responses are not only restricted to VEGFA, but exist for other important vasoactive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dragoni
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
| | - Patric Turowski
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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28
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Tao H, Yang JJ, Shi KH, Li J. Wnt signaling pathway in cardiac fibrosis: New insights and directions. Metabolism 2016; 65:30-40. [PMID: 26773927 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wnt signaling pathway significantly participates in cardiac fibrosis and CFs activation. Therefore, we reviewed current evidence on the new perspectives and biological association between Wnt signaling pathway and cardiac fibrosis. DESIGN AND METHODS A PubMed database search was performed for studies of Wnt signaling pathway in cardiac fibrosis and CFs activation. RESULTS Numerous studies have shown that the Wnt signaling pathway significantly participates in cardiac fibrosis pathogenesis. The aim of this review is to describe the present knowledge about the Wnt signaling pathway significantly participating in cardiac fibrosis and CFs activation, and look ahead on new perspectives of Wnt signaling pathway research. Moreover, we will discuss the different insights that interact with the Wnt signaling pathway-regulated cardiac fibrosis. The Wnt proteins are glycoproteins that bind to the Fz receptors on the cell surface, which lead to several important biological functions, such as cell differentiation and proliferation. There are several signals among the characterized pathways of cardiac fibrosis, including Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In this review, new insight into the Wnt signaling pathway in cardiac fibrosis pathogenesis is discussed, with special emphasis on Wnt/β-catenin. CONCLUSION It seems reasonable to suggest the potential targets of Wnt signaling pathway and it can be developed as a therapeutic target for cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China 230601; Cardiovascular Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China 230601
| | - Jing-Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China 230601.
| | - Kai-Hu Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China 230601; Cardiovascular Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China 230601.
| | - Jun Li
- School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China 230032
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29
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Worzfeld T, Schwaninger M. Apicobasal polarity of brain endothelial cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:340-62. [PMID: 26661193 PMCID: PMC4759676 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15608644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Normal brain homeostasis depends on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier that controls the access of nutrients, humoral factors, and immune cells to the CNS. The blood-brain barrier is composed mainly of brain endothelial cells. Forming the interface between two compartments, they are highly polarized. Apical/luminal and basolateral/abluminal membranes differ in their lipid and (glyco-)protein composition, allowing brain endothelial cells to secrete or transport soluble factors in a polarized manner and to maintain blood flow. Here, we summarize the basic concepts of apicobasal cell polarity in brain endothelial cells. To address potential molecular mechanisms underlying apicobasal polarity in brain endothelial cells, we draw on investigations in epithelial cells and discuss how polarity may go awry in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Worzfeld
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research, DZHK, Lübeck, Germany
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30
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Pabois A, Pagie S, Gérard N, Laboisse C, Pattier S, Hulin P, Nedellec S, Toquet C, Charreau B. Notch signaling mediates crosstalk between endothelial cells and macrophages via Dll4 and IL6 in cardiac microvascular inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 104:95-107. [PMID: 26826491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although short-term outcomes have improved with modern era immunosuppression, little progress has been made in long-term graft survival in cardiac transplantation. Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is one of the leading causes of graft failure and contributes significantly to poor long-term outcomes. Endothelial cell (EC) injury, intravascular macrophage infiltrate and microvascular inflammation are the histological features of AMR. Nevertheless, mechanisms of AMR remain unclear and treatment is still limited. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying vascular and inflammatory cell network involved in AMR at endothelial and macrophage levels, using endomyocardial transplant biopsies and EC/monocyte cocultures. First, we found that AMR associates with changes in Notch signaling at endothelium/monocyte interface including loss of endothelial Notch4 and the acquisition of the Notch ligand Dll4 in both cell types. We showed that endothelial Dll4 induces macrophage polarization into a pro-inflammatory fate (CD40(high)CD64(high)CD200R(low) HLA-DR(low)CD11b(low)) eliciting the production of IL-6. Dll4 and IL-6 are both Notch-dependent and are required for macrophage polarization through selective down and upregulation of M2- and M1-type markers, respectively. Overall, these findings highlight the impact of the graft's endothelium on macrophage recruitment and differentiation upon AMR via Notch signaling. We identified Dll4 and IL-6 as coregulators of vascular inflammation in cardiac transplantation and as potential targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Pabois
- INSERM UMR1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, LabEx IGO and LabEx Transplantex, Nantes F44000, France; CHU de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation-Urologie-Néphrologie, ITUN, Nantes F44000, France; LUNAM Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes F44000, France
| | - Sylvain Pagie
- INSERM UMR1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, LabEx IGO and LabEx Transplantex, Nantes F44000, France; CHU de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation-Urologie-Néphrologie, ITUN, Nantes F44000, France; LUNAM Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes F44000, France
| | - Nathalie Gérard
- INSERM UMR1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, LabEx IGO and LabEx Transplantex, Nantes F44000, France; CHU de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation-Urologie-Néphrologie, ITUN, Nantes F44000, France
| | | | - Sabine Pattier
- Service de transplantation cardiaque, CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44000, France
| | - Philippe Hulin
- LUNAM Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes F44000, France; Plateforme MicroPICell SFR Santé - IRT, Nantes, France
| | - Steven Nedellec
- LUNAM Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes F44000, France; Plateforme MicroPICell SFR Santé - IRT, Nantes, France
| | - Claire Toquet
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44000, France
| | - Béatrice Charreau
- INSERM UMR1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, LabEx IGO and LabEx Transplantex, Nantes F44000, France; CHU de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation-Urologie-Néphrologie, ITUN, Nantes F44000, France; LUNAM Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes F44000, France.
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31
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Mechanisms of Vessel Pruning and Regression. Dev Cell 2015; 34:5-17. [PMID: 26151903 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The field of angiogenesis research has primarily focused on the mechanisms of sprouting angiogenesis. Yet vascular networks formed by vessel sprouting subsequently undergo extensive vascular remodeling to form a functional and mature vasculature. This "trimming" includes distinct processes of vascular pruning, the regression of selected vascular branches. In some situations complete vascular networks may undergo physiological regression. Vessel regression is an understudied yet emerging field of research. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art of vessel pruning and regression with a focus on the cellular processes and the molecular regulators of vessel maintenance and regression.
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32
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Hoopes SL, Garcia V, Edin ML, Schwartzman ML, Zeldin DC. Vascular actions of 20-HETE. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 120:9-16. [PMID: 25813407 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) is a metabolite of arachidonic acid that exhibits a myriad of biological effects in the vascular system. This review discusses the current knowledge related to the effects of 20-HETE on vascular reactivity, activation, and remodeling, as well as its role in vascular inflammation and angiogenesis. The information explaining how 20-HETE and the renin-angiotensin system interact to promote hypertension, vasoconstriction, and vascular dysfunction is summarized in this article. 20-HETE enhances vascular inflammation and injury in models of diabetes, ischemia/reperfusion, and cerebrovascular oxidative stress. Recent studies also established a role for 20-HETE in normal and pathological angiogenesis conditions. This review will also discuss the molecular mechanisms through which 20-HETE induces these vascular actions. Potential additional studies are suggested to address shortcomings in the current knowledge of 20-HETE in the vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Hoopes
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Victor Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Matthew L Edin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Darryl C Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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33
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Charpentier MS, Tandon P, Trincot CE, Koutleva EK, Conlon FL. A distinct mechanism of vascular lumen formation in Xenopus requires EGFL7. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116086. [PMID: 25705891 PMCID: PMC4338030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During vertebrate blood vessel development, lumen formation is the critical process by which cords of endothelial cells transition into functional tubular vessels. Here, we use Xenopus embryos to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying lumen formation of the dorsal aorta and the posterior cardinal veins, the primary major vessels that arise via vasculogenesis within the first 48 hours of life. We demonstrate that endothelial cells are initially found in close association with one another through the formation of tight junctions expressing ZO-1. The emergence of vascular lumens is characterized by elongation of endothelial cell shape, reorganization of junctions away from the cord center to the periphery of the vessel, and onset of Claudin-5 expression within tight junctions. Furthermore, unlike most vertebrate vessels that exhibit specialized apical and basal domains, we show that early Xenopus vessels are not polarized. Moreover, we demonstrate that in embryos depleted of the extracellular matrix factor Epidermal Growth Factor-Like Domain 7 (EGFL7), an evolutionarily conserved factor associated with vertebrate vessel development, vascular lumens fail to form. While Claudin-5 localizes to endothelial tight junctions of EGFL7-depleted embryos in a timely manner, endothelial cells of the aorta and veins fail to undergo appropriate cell shape changes or clear junctions from the cell-cell contact. Taken together, we demonstrate for the first time the mechanisms by which lumens are generated within the major vessels in Xenopus and implicate EGFL7 in modulating cell shape and cell-cell junctions to drive proper lumen morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta S. Charpentier
- University of North Carolina McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Panna Tandon
- University of North Carolina McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Claire E. Trincot
- University of North Carolina McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elitza K. Koutleva
- University of North Carolina McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biology, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Frank L. Conlon
- University of North Carolina McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biology, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Pelton JC, Wright CE, Leitges M, Bautch VL. Multiple endothelial cells constitute the tip of developing blood vessels and polarize to promote lumen formation. Development 2014; 141:4121-6. [PMID: 25336741 DOI: 10.1242/dev.110296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessel polarization in the apical-basal axis is important for directed secretion of proteins and lumen formation; yet, when and how polarization occurs in the context of angiogenic sprouting is not well understood. Here, we describe a novel topology for endothelial cells at the tip of angiogenic sprouts in several mammalian vascular beds. Two cells that extend filopodia and have significant overlap in space and time were present at vessel tips, both in vitro and in vivo. The cell overlap is more extensive than predicted for tip cell switching, and it sets up a longitudinal cell-cell border that is a site of apical polarization and lumen formation, presumably via a cord-hollowing mechanism. The extent of cell overlap at the tip is reduced in mice lacking aPKCζ, and this is accompanied by reduced distal extension of both the apical border and patent lumens. Thus, at least two polarized cells occupy the distal tip of blood vessel sprouts, and topology, polarization and lumenization along the longitudinal border of these cells are influenced by aPKCζ.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Pelton
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Catherine E Wright
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Curriculum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael Leitges
- The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Victoria L Bautch
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Genetics and Molecular Biology Curriculum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA McAllister Heart Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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35
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Bauer HC, Krizbai IA, Bauer H, Traweger A. "You Shall Not Pass"-tight junctions of the blood brain barrier. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:392. [PMID: 25520612 PMCID: PMC4253952 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure and function of the barrier layers restricting the free diffusion of substances between the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the systemic circulation is of great medical interest as various pathological conditions often lead to their impairment. Excessive leakage of blood-borne molecules into the parenchyma and the concomitant fluctuations in the microenvironment following a transient breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during ischemic/hypoxic conditions or because of an autoimmune disease are detrimental to the physiological functioning of nervous tissue. On the other hand, the treatment of neurological disorders is often hampered as only minimal amounts of therapeutic agents are able to penetrate a fully functional BBB or blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier. An in-depth understanding of the molecular machinery governing the establishment and maintenance of these barriers is necessary to develop rational strategies allowing a controlled delivery of appropriate drugs to the CNS. At the basis of such tissue barriers are intimate cell-cell contacts (zonulae occludentes, tight junctions) which are present in all polarized epithelia and endothelia. By creating a paracellular diffusion constraint TJs enable the vectorial transport across cell monolayers. More recent findings indicate that functional barriers are already established during development, protecting the fetal brain. As an understanding of the biogenesis of TJs might reveal the underlying mechanisms of barrier formation during ontogenic development numerous in vitro systems have been developed to study the assembly and disassembly of TJs. In addition, monitoring the stage-specific expression of TJ-associated proteins during development has brought much insight into the “developmental tightening” of tissue barriers. Over the last two decades a detailed molecular map of transmembrane and cytoplasmic TJ-proteins has been identified. These proteins not only form a cell-cell adhesion structure, but integrate various signaling pathways, thereby directly or indirectly impacting upon processes such as cell-cell adhesion, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and transcriptional control. This review will provide a brief overview on the establishment of the BBB during embryonic development in mammals and a detailed description of the ultrastructure, biogenesis, and molecular composition of epithelial and endothelial TJs will be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Christian Bauer
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University - Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg Salzburg, Austria ; Department of Traumatology and Sports Injuries, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria ; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Vienna, Austria
| | - István A Krizbai
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Szeged, Hungary ; Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad Arad, Romania
| | - Hannelore Bauer
- Department of Organismic Biology, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Traweger
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University - Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg Salzburg, Austria ; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Vienna, Austria
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36
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Hudson N, Powner MB, Sarker MH, Burgoyne T, Campbell M, Ockrim ZK, Martinelli R, Futter CE, Grant MB, Fraser PA, Shima DT, Greenwood J, Turowski P. Differential apicobasal VEGF signaling at vascular blood-neural barriers. Dev Cell 2014; 30:541-52. [PMID: 25175707 PMCID: PMC4160345 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelium operates in a highly polarized environment, but to date there has been little exploration of apicobasal polarization of its signaling. We show that VEGF-A, histamine, IGFBP3, and LPA trigger unequal endothelial responses when acting from the circulation or the parenchymal side at blood-neural barriers. For VEGF-A, highly polarized receptor distribution contributed to distinct signaling patterns: VEGFR2, which was found to be predominantly abluminal, mediated increased permeability via p38; in contrast, luminal VEGFR1 led to Akt activation and facilitated cytoprotection. Importantly, such differential apicobasal signaling and VEGFR distribution were found in the microvasculature of brain and retina but not lung, indicating that endothelial cells at blood-neural barriers possess specialized signaling compartments that assign different functions depending on whether an agonist is tissue or blood borne. At blood-neural barriers, only abluminal (tissue-side) VEGF-A induces permeability Most VEGFR1 is localized on the luminal face of neural microvascular endothelium Most VEGFR2 is localized on the abluminal face of neural microvascular endothelium Luminal VEGFR1 stimulates Akt; abluminal VEGFR2 induces permeability via p38
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Hudson
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Michael B Powner
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Mosharraf H Sarker
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Matthew Campbell
- Neurovascular Genetics Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Zoe K Ockrim
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Roberta Martinelli
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Clare E Futter
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Maria B Grant
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1160 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Paul A Fraser
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - David T Shima
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - John Greenwood
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Patric Turowski
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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37
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Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) exhibit dramatic plasticity of form at the single- and collective-cell level during new vessel growth, adult vascular homeostasis, and pathology. Understanding how, when, and why individual ECs coordinate decisions to change shape, in relation to the myriad of dynamic environmental signals, is key to understanding normal and pathological blood vessel behavior. However, this is a complex spatial and temporal problem. In this review we show that the multidisciplinary field of Adaptive Systems offers a refreshing perspective, common biological language, and straightforward toolkit that cell biologists can use to untangle the complexity of dynamic, morphogenetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Bentley
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Andrew Philippides
- Centre for Computational Neuroscience and Robotics, Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Erzsébet Ravasz Regan
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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38
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Charpentier MS, Conlon FL. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying blood vessel lumen formation. Bioessays 2013; 36:251-9. [PMID: 24323945 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of a functional vascular system requires multiple complex steps throughout embryogenesis, from endothelial cell (EC) specification to vascular patterning into venous and arterial hierarchies. Following the initial assembly of ECs into a network of cord-like structures, vascular expansion and remodeling occur rapidly through morphogenetic events including vessel sprouting, fusion, and pruning. In addition, vascular morphogenesis encompasses the process of lumen formation, critical for the transformation of cords into perfusable vascular tubes. Studies in mouse, zebrafish, frog, and human endothelial cells have begun to outline the cellular and molecular requirements underlying lumen formation. Although the lumen can be generated through diverse mechanisms, the coordinated participation of multiple conserved molecules including transcription factors, small GTPases, and adhesion and polarity proteins remains a fundamental principle, leading us closer to a more thorough understanding of this complex event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta S Charpentier
- McAllister Heart Institute, Departments of Biology and Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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