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Wang G, Lian H, Guo Q, Zhang H, Wang X. A Prospective Study of the Association of IL6 with the Critical Unit and Their Effect on in-Hospital Mortality in Critically Ill Patients. Int J Gen Med 2024; 17:3257-3268. [PMID: 39070225 PMCID: PMC11283831 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s474250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose We previously proposed a new concept, the "critical unit", which covers the structural integrity and function of mitochondria and endothelium. Injury of the critical unit plays a key role in the development of critical illnesses. High levels of inflammation may lead to abnormalities of the critical unit, which is an important mechanism for critical illnesses, and both inflammation and critical unit dysfunction may affect patient prognosis. Here we evaluated the correlation between interleukin-6 (IL6) and the critical unit biomarkers in critically ill patients and the impact of both on prognosis. Patients and Methods This study included adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit for various reasons from January 1st to May 31st, 2023. Baseline characteristics, intensive care unit parameters, and laboratory test and outcome data were obtained from the electronic medical records system. Critical unit parameters were measured using polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. Correlations were examined between IL6, critical unit parameters, and various outcomes. Results In critically ill patients, IL6 was closely associated with all the critical unit biomarkers (activated partial thromboplastin time, sphingosine 1-phosphate, mitochondrial DNA, mitochondrial fission 1, and Parkin) and the prognoses of patients. A nomogram was constructed using the critical unit biomarkers to predict the in-hospital mortality of critically ill patients. The area under the curve for the mortality prediction model was 0.708. In sensitivity analyses, the predictive effect was better in the non-surgery and tumor groups compared with the surgery and non-tumor groups, with area under the curve values of 0.885 and 0.891, respectively. Conclusion Our study innovatively integrated mitochondrial and endothelial markers in the critical unit to comprehensively evaluate patient prognosis, which may be a trend in the future assessment of critically ill patients. There are few such studies, and ours may promote the progress of related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjian Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Lian
- Department of Health Care, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qirui Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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2
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O’Hare N, Millican K, Ebong EE. Unraveling neurovascular mysteries: the role of endothelial glycocalyx dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1394725. [PMID: 39027900 PMCID: PMC11254711 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1394725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
While cardiovascular disease, cancer, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) mortality rates have decreased over the past 20 years, Alzheimer's Disease (AD) deaths have risen by 145% since 2010. Despite significant research efforts, effective AD treatments remain elusive due to a poorly defined etiology and difficulty in targeting events that occur too downstream of disease onset. In hopes of elucidating alternative treatment pathways, now, AD is commonly being more broadly defined not only as a neurological disorder but also as a progression of a variety of cerebrovascular pathologies highlighted by the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. The endothelial glycocalyx (GCX), which is an essential regulator of vascular physiology, plays a crucial role in the function of the neurovascular system, acting as an essential vascular mechanotransducer to facilitate ultimate blood-brain homeostasis. Shedding of the cerebrovascular GCX could be an early indication of neurovascular dysfunction and may subsequently progress neurodegenerative diseases like AD. Recent advances in in vitro modeling, gene/protein silencing, and imaging techniques offer new avenues of scrutinizing the GCX's effects on AD-related neurovascular pathology. Initial studies indicate GCX degradation in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases and have begun to demonstrate a possible link to GCX loss and cerebrovascular dysfunction. This review will scrutinize the GCX's contribution to known vascular etiologies of AD and propose future work aimed at continuing to uncover the relationship between GCX dysfunction and eventual AD-associated neurological deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O’Hare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Karina Millican
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Eno E. Ebong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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3
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Totoń-Żurańska J, Mikolajczyk TP, Saju B, Guzik TJ. Vascular remodelling in cardiovascular diseases: hypertension, oxidation, and inflammation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:817-850. [PMID: 38920058 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Optimal vascular structure and function are essential for maintaining the physiological functions of the cardiovascular system. Vascular remodelling involves changes in vessel structure, including its size, shape, cellular and molecular composition. These changes result from multiple risk factors and may be compensatory adaptations to sustain blood vessel function. They occur in diverse cardiovascular pathologies, from hypertension to heart failure and atherosclerosis. Dynamic changes in the endothelium, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, pericytes or other vascular wall cells underlie remodelling. In addition, immune cells, including macrophages and lymphocytes, may infiltrate vessels and initiate inflammatory signalling. They contribute to a dynamic interplay between cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, inflammation, and extracellular matrix reorganisation, all critical mechanisms of vascular remodelling. Molecular pathways underlying these processes include growth factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor), inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α), reactive oxygen species, and signalling pathways, such as Rho/ROCK, MAPK, and TGF-β/Smad, related to nitric oxide and superoxide biology. MicroRNAs and long noncoding RNAs are crucial epigenetic regulators of gene expression in vascular remodelling. We evaluate these pathways for potential therapeutic targeting from a clinical translational perspective. In summary, vascular remodelling, a coordinated modification of vascular structure and function, is crucial in cardiovascular disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Totoń-Żurańska
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz P Mikolajczyk
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Blessy Saju
- BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
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4
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McBride A, Duyen HTL, Vuong NL, Tho PV, Tai LTH, Phong NT, Ngoc NT, Yen LM, Nhat PTH, Vi TT, Llewelyn MJ, Thwaites L, Hao NV, Yacoub S. Endothelial and inflammatory pathophysiology in dengue shock: New insights from a prospective cohort study in Vietnam. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012071. [PMID: 38536887 PMCID: PMC11020502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Dengue shock (DS) is the most severe complication of dengue infection; endothelial hyperpermeability leads to profound plasma leakage, hypovolaemia and extravascular fluid accumulation. At present, the only treatment is supportive with intravenous fluid, but targeted endothelial stabilising therapies and host immune modulators are needed. With the aim of prioritising potential therapeutics, we conducted a prospective observational study of adults (≥16 years) with DS in Vietnam from 2019-2022, comparing the pathophysiology underlying circulatory failure with patients with septic shock (SS), and investigating the association of biomarkers with clinical severity (SOFA score, ICU admission, mortality) and pulmonary vascular leak (daily lung ultrasound for interstitial and pleural fluid). Plasma was collected at enrolment, 48 hours later and hospital discharge. We measured biomarkers of inflammation (IL-6, ferritin), endothelial activation (Ang-1, Ang-2, sTie-2, VCAM-1) and endothelial glycocalyx breakdown (hyaluronan, heparan sulfate, endocan, syndecan-1). We enrolled 135 patients with DS (median age 26, median SOFA score 7, 34 required ICU admission, 5 deaths), together with 37 patients with SS and 25 healthy controls. Within the DS group, IL-6 and ferritin were associated with admission SOFA score (IL-6: βeta0.70, p<0.001 & ferritin: βeta0.45, p<0.001), ICU admission (IL-6: OR 2.6, p<0.001 & ferritin: OR 1.55, p<0.001) and mortality (IL-6: OR 4.49, p = 0.005 & ferritin: OR 13.8, p = 0.02); both biomarkers discriminated survivors and non-survivors at 48 hours and all patients who died from DS had pre-mortem ferritin ≥100,000ng/ml. IL-6 most strongly correlated with severity of pulmonary vascular leakage (R = 0.41, p<0.001). Ang-2 correlated with pulmonary vascular leak (R = 0.33, p<0.001) and associated with SOFA score (β 0.81, p<0.001) and mortality (OR 8.06, p = 0.002). Ang-1 was associated with ICU admission (OR 1.6, p = 0.005) and mortality (OR 3.62, p = 0.006). All 4 glycocalyx biomarkers were positively associated with SOFA score, but only syndecan-1 was associated with ICU admission (OR 2.02, p<0.001) and mortality (OR 6.51, p<0.001). This study highlights the central role of hyperinflammation in determining outcomes from DS; the data suggest that anti-IL-1 and anti-IL-6 immune modulators and Tie2 agonists may be considered as candidates for therapeutic trials in severe dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela McBride
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nguyen Lam Vuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phan Vinh Tho
- Hospital for Tropical Disease, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | - Lam Minh Yen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Tran Thuy Vi
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Louise Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nguyen Van Hao
- Hospital for Tropical Disease, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Sophie Yacoub
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Alamilla-Sanchez ME, Alcala-Salgado MA, Cerezo Samperio B, Prado Lozano P, Diaz Garcia JD, Gonzalez Fuentes C, Yama Estrella MB, Morales Lopez EF. Advances in the Physiology of Transvascular Exchange and A New Look At Rational Fluid Prescription. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:2753-2770. [PMID: 37408844 PMCID: PMC10319290 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s405926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Starling principle is a model that explains the transvascular distribution of fluids essentially governed by hydrostatic and oncotic forces, which dynamically allow vascular refilling according to the characteristics of the blood vessel. However, careful analysis of fluid physiology has shown that the principle, while correct, is not complete. The revised Starling principle (Michel-Weinbaum model) provides relevant information on fluid kinetics. Special emphasis has been placed on the endothelial glycocalyx, whose subendothelial area allows a restricted oncotic pressure that limits the reabsorption of fluid from the interstitial space, so that transvascular refilling occurs mainly from the lymphatic vessels. The close correlation between pathological states of the endothelium (eg: sepsis, acute inflammation, or chronic kidney disease) and the prescription of fluids forces the physician to understand the dynamics of fluids in the organism; this will allow rational fluid prescriptions. A theory that integrates the physiology of exchange and transvascular refilling is the "microconstant model", whose variables include dynamic mechanisms that can explain edematous states, management of acute resuscitation, and type of fluids for common clinical conditions. The clinical-physiological integration of the concepts will be the hinges that allow a rational and dynamic prescription of fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pamela Prado Lozano
- Department of Nephrology, Centro Medico Nacional “20 de Noviembre”, Mexico City, Mexico
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Sembajwe LF, Ssekandi AM, Namaganda A, Muwonge H, Kasolo JN, Kalyesubula R, Nakimuli A, Naome M, Patel KP, Masenga SK, Kirabo A. Glycocalyx-Sodium Interaction in Vascular Endothelium. Nutrients 2023; 15:2873. [PMID: 37447199 PMCID: PMC10343370 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx generally covers almost all cellular surfaces, where it participates in mediating cell-surface interactions with the extracellular matrix as well as with intracellular signaling molecules. The endothelial glycocalyx that covers the luminal surface mediates the interactions of endothelial cells with materials flowing in the circulating blood, including blood cells. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. The cardiovascular risk factors start by causing endothelial cell dysfunction associated with destruction or irregular maintenance of the glycocalyx, which may culminate into a full-blown cardiovascular disease. The endothelial glycocalyx plays a crucial role in shielding the cell from excessive exposure and absorption of excessive salt, which can potentially cause damage to the endothelial cells and underlying tissues of the blood vessels. So, in this mini review/commentary, we delineate and provide a concise summary of the various components of the glycocalyx, their interaction with salt, and subsequent involvement in the cardiovascular disease process. We also highlight the major components of the glycocalyx that could be used as disease biomarkers or as drug targets in the management of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Fred Sembajwe
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Abdul M. Ssekandi
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Agnes Namaganda
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Haruna Muwonge
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Josephine N. Kasolo
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Robert Kalyesubula
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Annettee Nakimuli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda;
| | - Mwesigwa Naome
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
| | - Kaushik P. Patel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Sepiso K. Masenga
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Kabwe P.O. Box 80415, Zambia;
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
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7
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Knežević D, Ćurko-Cofek B, Batinac T, Laškarin G, Rakić M, Šoštarič M, Zdravković M, Šustić A, Sotošek V, Batičić L. Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Narrative Review and Clinical Implications. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:jcdd10050213. [PMID: 37233179 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10050213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac surgery is one of the highest-risk procedures, usually involving cardiopulmonary bypass and commonly inducing endothelial injury that contributes to the development of perioperative and postoperative organ dysfunction. Substantial scientific efforts are being made to unravel the complex interaction of biomolecules involved in endothelial dysfunction to find new therapeutic targets and biomarkers and to develop therapeutic strategies to protect and restore the endothelium. This review highlights the current state-of-the-art knowledge on the structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx and mechanisms of endothelial glycocalyx shedding in cardiac surgery. Particular emphasis is placed on potential strategies to protect and restore the endothelial glycocalyx in cardiac surgery. In addition, we have summarized and elaborated the latest evidence on conventional and potential biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction to provide a comprehensive synthesis of crucial mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, and to highlight their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijel Knežević
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Božena Ćurko-Cofek
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tanja Batinac
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences I, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Viktora Cara Emina 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Gordana Laškarin
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia-Opatija", M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia
| | - Marijana Rakić
- Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia-Opatija", M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia
| | - Maja Šoštarič
- Clinical Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive Therapy, Division of Cardiac Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University Clinical Center Ljubljana, Zaloska 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Zdravković
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Management, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Alan Šustić
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vlatka Sotošek
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lara Batičić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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8
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Wang N, Li JY, Zeng B, Chen GL. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Signaling in Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050818. [PMID: 37238688 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is an important sphingolipid molecule involved in regulating cardiovascular functions in physiological and pathological conditions by binding and activating the three G protein-coupled receptors (S1PR1, S1PR2, and S1PR3) expressed in endothelial and smooth muscle cells, as well as cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts. It exerts its actions through various downstream signaling pathways mediating cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis. S1P is essential for the development of the cardiovascular system, and abnormal S1P content in the circulation is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders. This article reviews the effects of S1P on cardiovascular function and signaling mechanisms in different cell types in the heart and blood vessels under diseased conditions. Finally, we look forward to more clinical findings with approved S1PR modulators and the development of S1P-based therapies for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jing-Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Gui-Lan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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9
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Sawashita Y, Kazuma S, Tokinaga Y, Kikuchi K, Hirata N, Masuda Y, Yamakage M. Albumin protects the ultrastructure of the endothelial glycocalyx of coronary arteries in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 666:29-35. [PMID: 37172449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury induces endothelial glycocalyx (GCX) degradation. Several candidate GCX-protective factors including albumin have been identified, few have been demonstrated in in vivo studies and most albumins used to date have been heterologous. Albumin is a carrier protein for sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), which has protective effects on the cardiovascular system. However, changes inhibited by albumin in the endothelial GCX structure in I/R in vivo via the S1P receptor has not been reported. In this study, we aimed to determine whether albumin prevents the shedding of endothelial GCX in response to I/R in vivo. Rats were divided into four groups: control (CON), I/R, I/R with albumin preload (I/R + ALB), and I/R + ALB with S1P receptor agonist fingolimod (I/R + ALB + FIN). FIN acts as an initial agonist of S1P receptor 1 and downregulates the receptor in an inhibitory manner. The CON and I/R groups received saline and I/R + ALB and I/R + ALB + FIN groups received albumin solution before left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. Our study used rat albumin. Shedding of endothelial GCX was evaluated in the myocardium by electron microscopy, and the concentration of serum syndecan-1 was measured. Thus, albumin administration maintained the structure of endothelial GCX and prevented shedding of endothelial GCX via the S1P receptor in myocardial I/R, and FIN annihilated the protective effect of albumin against I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Sawashita
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kazuma
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Tokinaga
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kikuchi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Hirata
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kumamoto University, School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Masuda
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Michiaki Yamakage
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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10
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Diebel LN, Liberati DM, Carge M. Effect of albumin solutions on endothelial oxidant injury: A microfluidic study. Surgery 2023; 173:876-882. [PMID: 36372576 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2022.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have suggested a beneficial effect of early plasma-based resuscitation in patients following trauma-hemorrhagic shock. The underlying mechanism(s) are unknown but may be owing to protective effects of plasma components on the endothelium and its glycocalyx layer. Albumin, the major protein in plasma, influences vascular integrity and has antioxidant properties in vivo. Sphingosine 1-phosphate is a bioactive sphingolipid with diverse signaling functions, which include endothelial barrier protection in part owing to preservation of the glycocalyx. Sphingosine 1-phosphate is bound mainly to albumin and high-density lipids in the plasma. Debate continues about the beneficial effect of albumin solutions in shock resuscitation. Pharmacologic preparations may modify constituents of albumin solutions for clinical use. We examined the relative effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate concentrations in albumin solutions on the endothelial-glycocalyx barrier in an in vitro microfluidic platform. METHODS Endothelial cell monolayers were established in microfluidic perfusion devices and exposed to control or biomimetic shock conditions followed by 5% plasma or different albumin solutions ± exogenous sphingosine 1-phosphate perfusion. Biomarkers of endothelial and glycocalyx activation, damage, and oxidant injury were then determined. RESULTS Endothelial cell and glycocalyx barriers were damaged after biomimetic shock conditions. Plasma and sphingosine 1-phosphate loaded albumin solutions protected against barrier injury. Modest protective effects were noted with albumin alone; the efficacy varied with sphingosine 1-phosphate content of the albumin solution. CONCLUSION The protective effect of albumin on the endothelia-glycocalyx barrier against oxidant injury was dependent on its sphingosine 1-phosphate concentration. Our data may help explain the discrepancies regarding the effectiveness of albumin solutions in shock resuscitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence N Diebel
- Michael and Marian Ilitch Department of Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
| | - David M Liberati
- Michael and Marian Ilitch Department of Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Michael Carge
- Michael and Marian Ilitch Department of Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
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Dufour-Gaume F, Frescaline N, Cardona V, Prat NJ. Danger signals in traumatic hemorrhagic shock and new lines for clinical applications. Front Physiol 2023; 13:999011. [PMID: 36726379 PMCID: PMC9884701 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.999011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhage is the leading cause of death in severe trauma injuries. When organs or tissues are subjected to prolonged hypoxia, danger signals-known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)-are released into the intercellular environment. The endothelium is both the target and a major provider of damage-associated molecular patterns, which are directly involved in immuno-inflammatory dysregulation and the associated tissue suffering. Although damage-associated molecular patterns release begins very early after trauma, this release and its consequences continue beyond the initial treatment. Here we review a few examples of damage-associated molecular patterns to illustrate their pathophysiological roles, with emphasis on emerging therapeutic interventions in the context of severe trauma. Therapeutic intervention administered at precise points during damage-associated molecular patterns release may have beneficial effects by calming the inflammatory storm triggered by traumatic hemorrhagic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Dufour-Gaume
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Bretigny surOrge, France,*Correspondence: Frédérique Dufour-Gaume,
| | | | - Venetia Cardona
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Bretigny surOrge, France
| | - Nicolas J. Prat
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Bretigny surOrge, France
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12
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Setting the stage for universal pharmacological targeting of the glycocalyx. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2023; 91:61-88. [PMID: 37080681 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
All cells in the human body are covered by a complex meshwork of sugars as well as proteins and lipids to which these sugars are attached, collectively termed the glycocalyx. Over the past few decades, the glycocalyx has been implicated in a range of vital cellular processes in health and disease. Therefore, it has attracted considerable interest as a therapeutic target. Considering its omnipresence and its relevance for various areas of cell biology, the glycocalyx should be a versatile platform for therapeutic intervention, however, the full potential of the glycocalyx as therapeutic target is yet to unfold. This might be attributable to the fact that glycocalyx alterations are currently discussed mainly in the context of specific diseases. In this perspective review, we shift the attention away from a disease-centered view of the glycocalyx, focusing on changes in glycocalyx state. Furthermore, we survey important glycocalyx-targeted drugs currently available and finally discuss future steps. We hope that this approach will inspire a unified, holistic view of the glycocalyx in disease, helping to stimulate novel glycocalyx-targeted therapy strategies.
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13
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Li L, Cook C, Liu Y, Li J, Jiang J, Li S. Endothelial glycocalyx in hepatopulmonary syndrome: An indispensable player mediating vascular changes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1039618. [PMID: 36618396 PMCID: PMC9815560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a serious pulmonary vascular complication that causes respiratory insufficiency in patients with chronic liver diseases. HPS is characterized by two central pathogenic features-intrapulmonary vascular dilatation (IPVD) and angiogenesis. Endothelial glycocalyx (eGCX) is a gel-like layer covering the luminal surface of blood vessels which is involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes including controlling vascular tone and angiogenesis. In terms of lung disorders, it has been well established that eGCX contributes to dysregulated vascular contraction and impaired blood-gas barrier and fluid clearance, and thus might underlie the pathogenesis of HPS. Additionally, pharmacological interventions targeting eGCX are dramatically on the rise. In this review, we aim to elucidate the potential role of eGCX in IPVD and angiogenesis and describe the possible degradation-reconstitution equilibrium of eGCX during HPS through a highlight of recent literature. These studies strongly underscore the therapeutic rationale in targeting eGCX for the treatment of HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Liang Li, ; Shaomin Li,
| | - Christopher Cook
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Yale Liu
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiantao Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaomin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Liang Li, ; Shaomin Li,
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14
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A Dietary Supplement Containing Fucoidan Preserves Endothelial Glycocalyx through ERK/MAPK Signaling and Protects against Damage Induced by CKD Serum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415520. [PMID: 36555160 PMCID: PMC9779516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Damage to the endothelial glycocalyx (eGC), a protective layer lining the endothelial luminal surface, is associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which leads to a worsening of cardiovascular outcomes in these patients. Currently, there are no targeted therapeutic approaches. Whether the dietary supplement EndocalyxTM (ECX) protects against endothelial damage caused by uremic toxins is unknown. (2) We addressed this question by performing atomic force microscopy measurements on living endothelial cells. We examined the effect of ECX on eGC thickness at baseline and with pooled serum from hemodialysis patients. ECX was also successfully administered in vivo in mice, in which eGC was assessed using perfused boundary region measurements by intravital microscopy of cremasteric vessels. (3) Both ECX and fucoidan significantly improved baseline eGC thickness. Our data indicate that these effects are dependent on ERK/MAPK and PI3K signaling. After incubation with eGC damaging serum from dialysis patients, ECX increased eGC height. Intravital microscopy in mice revealed a relevant increase in baseline eGC dimensions after feeding with ECX. (4) We identified a dietary supplement containing glycocalyx substrates and fucoidan as potential mediators of eGC preservation in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that fucoidan may be an essential component responsible for protecting the eGC in acute settings. Moreover, ECX might contribute to both protection and rebuilding of the eGC in the context of CKD.
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15
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Pretorius D, Richter RP, Anand T, Cardenas JC, Richter JR. Alterations in heparan sulfate proteoglycan synthesis and sulfation and the impact on vascular endothelial function. Matrix Biol Plus 2022; 16:100121. [PMID: 36160687 PMCID: PMC9494232 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2022.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx attached to the apical surface of vascular endothelial cells is a rich network of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and glycoproteins with instrumental roles in vascular homeostasis. Given their molecular complexity and ability to interact with the intra- and extracellular environment, heparan sulfate proteoglycans uniquely contribute to the glycocalyx's role in regulating endothelial permeability, mechanosignaling, and ligand recognition by cognate cell surface receptors. Much attention has recently been devoted to the enzymatic shedding of heparan sulfate proteoglycans from the endothelial glycocalyx and its impact on vascular function. However, other molecular modifications to heparan sulfate proteoglycans are possible and may have equal or complementary clinical significance. In this narrative review, we focus on putative mechanisms driving non-proteolytic changes in heparan sulfate proteoglycan expression and alterations in the sulfation of heparan sulfate side chains within the endothelial glycocalyx. We then discuss how these specific changes to the endothelial glycocalyx impact endothelial cell function and highlight therapeutic strategies to target or potentially reverse these pathologic changes.
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Key Words
- ACE2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- CLP, cecal ligation and puncture
- COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019
- EXT, Exostosin
- EXTL, Exostosin-like glycosyltransferase
- FFP, Fresh frozen plasma
- FGF, Fibroblast growth factor
- FGFR1, Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1
- GAG, Glycosaminoglycan
- GPC, Glypican
- Gal, Galactose
- GlcA, Glucuronic acid
- GlcNAc, N-actetyl glucosamine
- Glycocalyx
- HLMVEC, Human lung microvascular endothelial cell
- HS, Heparan sulfate
- HS2ST, Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase
- HS3ST, Heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase
- HS6ST, Heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase
- HSPG, Heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- HUVEC, Human umbilical vein endothelial cell
- Heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- NDST, N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SDC, Syndecan
- Sulf, Endosulfatase
- Sulfation
- Synthesis
- TNFα, Tumor necrosis factor alpha
- UA, Hexuronic acid
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor
- Vascular endothelium
- XYLT, Xylosyltransferase
- Xyl, Xylose
- eGCX, Endothelial glycocalyx
- eNOS, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Pretorius
- Division of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Robert P. Richter
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Center for Injury Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Tanya Anand
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burn & Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jessica C. Cardenas
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Translational Injury Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jillian R. Richter
- Division of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Center for Injury Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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16
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Foote CA, Soares RN, Ramirez-Perez FI, Ghiarone T, Aroor A, Manrique-Acevedo C, Padilla J, Martinez-Lemus LA. Endothelial Glycocalyx. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3781-3811. [PMID: 35997082 PMCID: PMC10214841 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a polysaccharide structure that protrudes from the body of a cell. It is primarily conformed of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which provide communication, electrostatic charge, ionic buffering, permeability, and mechanosensation-mechanotransduction capabilities to cells. In blood vessels, the endothelial glycocalyx that projects into the vascular lumen separates the vascular wall from the circulating blood. Such a physical location allows a number of its components, including sialic acid, glypican-1, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronan, to participate in the mechanosensation-mechanotransduction of blood flow-dependent shear stress, which results in the synthesis of nitric oxide and flow-mediated vasodilation. The endothelial glycocalyx also participates in the regulation of vascular permeability and the modulation of inflammatory responses, including the processes of leukocyte rolling and extravasation. Its structural architecture and negative charge work to prevent macromolecules greater than approximately 70 kDa and cationic molecules from binding and flowing out of the vasculature. This also prevents the extravasation of pathogens such as bacteria and virus, as well as that of tumor cells. Due to its constant exposure to shear and circulating enzymes such as neuraminidase, heparanase, hyaluronidase, and matrix metalloproteinases, the endothelial glycocalyx is in a continuous process of degradation and renovation. A balance favoring degradation is associated with a variety of pathologies including atherosclerosis, hypertension, vascular aging, metastatic cancer, and diabetic vasculopathies. Consequently, ongoing research efforts are focused on deciphering the mechanisms that promote glycocalyx degradation or limit its syntheses, as well as on therapeutic approaches to improve glycocalyx integrity with the goal of reducing vascular disease. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-31, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Foote
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Rogerio N. Soares
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Thaysa Ghiarone
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Annayya Aroor
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Luis A. Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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17
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Yasuda S, Sumioka T, Miyajima M, Iwanishi H, Morii T, Mochizuki N, Reinach PS, Kao WWY, Okada Y, Liu CY, Saika S. Anomaly of cornea and ocular adnexa in spinster homolog 2 (Spns2) knockout mice. Ocul Surf 2022; 26:111-127. [PMID: 35988880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Spinster 2 (Spns2) is a transporter that pumps sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lipid mediator synthesized in the cytoplasm, out of cells into the inter cellular space. S1P is a signal that modulates cellular behavior during embryonic development, inflammation and tissue repair, etc. A Spns2-null (KO) mouse is born with failure of eyelid closure (eyelid-open-at birth; EOB) and develop corneal fibrosis in adulthood. It remains elusive whether corneal lesion is caused by exposure to keratitis (lagophthalmos) of EOB phenotype or the loss of Spns2 directly perturbs the corneal tissue morphogenesis and intra-eyelid structures. Therefore, we investigated differences between the cornea and ocular adnexa morphogenesis in KO and wild-type (WT) embryos and adults as well. The loss of Spns2 perturbs cornea morphogenesis during embryonic development as early as E16.5 besides EOB phenotype. Histology showed that the corneal stroma was thinner with less extracellular matrix accumulation, e.g., collagen and keratocan in the KO mouse. Epithelial stratification, expression of keratin 12 and formation of desmosomes and hemidesmosomes were also perturbed in these KO corneas. Lacking Spns2 impaired morphogenesis of the Meibomian glands and of orbicularis oculi muscles. KO glands were labeled for ELOVL4 and PPARγ and were Oil-Red O-positive, suggesting KO acinar cells possessed functionality as the glands. This is the first report on the roles of Spns2 in corneal and Meibomian gland morphogenesis. Corneal tissue destruction in an adult KO mouse might be due to not only lagophthalmos but also to an impaired morphogenesis of cornea, Meibomian glands, and orbicularis oculi muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Yasuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Japan; Indiana University School of Optometry, USA.
| | - Takayoshi Sumioka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masayasu Miyajima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iwanishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tomoya Morii
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Japan
| | - Peter S Reinach
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Winston W Y Kao
- Crawley Vision Research Center & Ophthalmic Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine University of Cincinnati, USA
| | - Yuka Okada
- Deaprtment of Ophthalmology, Kihoku Hospital, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Shizuya Saika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
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18
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Milusev A, Rieben R, Sorvillo N. The Endothelial Glycocalyx: A Possible Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular Disorders. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:897087. [PMID: 35647072 PMCID: PMC9136230 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.897087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological, anti-inflammatory, and anti-coagulant properties of endothelial cells (ECs) rely on a complex carbohydrate-rich layer covering the luminal surface of ECs, called the glycocalyx. In a range of cardiovascular disorders, glycocalyx shedding causes endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, underscoring the importance of glycocalyx preservation to avoid disease initiation and progression. In this review we discuss the physiological functions of the glycocalyx with particular focus on how loss of endothelial glycocalyx integrity is linked to cardiovascular risk factors, like hypertension, aging, diabetes and obesity, and contributes to the development of thrombo-inflammatory conditions. Finally, we consider the role of glycocalyx components in regulating inflammatory responses and discuss possible therapeutic interventions aiming at preserving or restoring the endothelial glycocalyx and therefore protecting against cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Milusev
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert Rieben
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicoletta Sorvillo
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Nicoletta Sorvillo
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19
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Dufour-Gaume F, Javelle E, Sailliol A, Cap AP, Prat NJ. COVID-19 : viral infection, endotheliopathy and the immuno-inflammatory response… is it time to consider a standard (non-immunized) plasma therapy approach to maintain homeostasis? Transfus Clin Biol 2022; 29:191-194. [PMID: 35644840 PMCID: PMC9059338 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilie Javelle
- Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Laveran, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Sailliol
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, France
| | - Andre P Cap
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Houston, USA
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20
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Zwart SR, Auñón-Chancellor SM, Heer M, Melin MM, Smith SM. Albumin, Oral Contraceptives, and Venous Thromboembolism Risk in Astronauts. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:1232-1239. [PMID: 35389755 PMCID: PMC9126217 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00024.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A venous thromboembolism (VTE) event occurred in a female astronaut during long-duration spaceflight. Multiple factors may have contributed to this risk, including the use of combined (progestin + estrogen) oral contraceptives (cOC). METHODS Biochemistry data from 65 astronauts were evaluated for associations with cOC use and with sex. RESULTS The female astronauts who used cOCs had lower concentrations of serum albumin and higher concentrations of transferrin, a protein involved in the clotting cascade, than the male astronauts and the female astronauts who were not taking cOCs (P<0.001). The women who used cOCs had higher serum concentrations of the acute phase reactant ceruloplasmin during flight and cortisol (P<0.001) than the men and the women who were not taking cOCs; they also had higher calculated whole blood viscosity than women not taking cOCs (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Lower circulating concentrations of albumin, higher concentrations of transferrin, and elevated markers of inflammation all could contribute to an increased risk of VTE during spaceflight. These changes, in association with a higher blood viscosity can directly affect endothelial glycocalyx integrity and hypercoagulability status, both of which contribute to VTE risk in terrestrial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Zwart
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Serena M Auñón-Chancellor
- LSU Health New Orleans School of Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.,NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Martina Heer
- IU International University of Applied Sciences and University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Mark Melin
- M Health Fairview (University of Minnesota Physicians), Edina, MN, United States
| | - Scott M Smith
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
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21
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Angioregulatory role of miRNAs and exosomal miRNAs in glioblastoma pathogenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112760. [PMID: 35228062 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is a highly aggressive cancer of the central nervous system, occurring in the brain or spinal cord. Many factors such as angiogenesis are associated with GB development. Angiogenesis is a procedure by which the pre-existing blood vessels create new vessels that play an essential role in health and disease, including tumors. Also, angiogenesis is one of the significant factors thought to be responsible for treatment resistance in many tumors, including GB. Hence, an improved understanding of the molecular processes underlying GB angiogenesis will pave the way for developing potential new treatments. Recently, it has been found that microRNAs (miRNAs) and exosomal miRNAs have a crucial role in inducing or inhibiting the angiogenesis process in GB development. A better knowledge of the miRNA's regulation pathway in the angiogenesis process in cancer offers unique mechanistic insight into the mechanism of tumor-associated neovascularization. Because of advancements in miRNA characterization and delivery methods, miRNAs can also be employed in clinical settings as potential biomarkers for anti-angiogenic treatment response as well as therapies targeting tumor angiogenesis. The recent finding and insights about miRNAs' angioregulatory role and exosomal miRNAs in GB are provided throughout the review. Also, we discuss the new concept of miRNAs-based therapies for GB in the future.
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22
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Qiu Y, Shen J, Jiang W, Yang Y, Liu X, Zeng Y. Sphingosine 1-phosphate and its regulatory role in vascular endothelial cells. Histol Histopathol 2022; 37:213-225. [PMID: 35118637 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive metabolite of sphingomyelin. S1P activates a series of signaling cascades by acting on its receptors S1PR1-3 on endothelial cells (ECs), which plays an important role in endothelial barrier maintenance, anti-inflammation, antioxidant and angiogenesis, and thus is considered as a potential therapeutic biomarker for ischemic stroke, sepsis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cancers, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. We presently review the levels of S1P in those vascular and vascular-related diseases. Plasma S1P levels were reduced in various inflammation-related diseases such as atherosclerosis and sepsis, but were increased in other diseases including type 2 diabetes, neurodegeneration, cerebrovascular damages such as acute ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, angina, heart failure, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, community-acquired pneumonia, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Then, we highlighted the molecular mechanism by which S1P regulated EC biology including vascular development and angiogenesis, inflammation, permeability, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), which might provide new ways for exploring the pathogenesis and implementing individualized therapy strategies for those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qiu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junyi Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Jiang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Orthopeadics, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Zeng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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23
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Richter RP, Payne GA, Ambalavanan N, Gaggar A, Richter JR. The endothelial glycocalyx in critical illness: A pediatric perspective. Matrix Biol Plus 2022; 14:100106. [PMID: 35392182 PMCID: PMC8981764 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2022.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx thins with age and cardiovascular comorbidities. Endothelial glycocalyx is affected by and integral to severe pediatric illnesses. Mechanistic insight into cause/effect of endothelial glycocalyx injury is paramount. Vascular glycocalyx damage in pediatric critical illness warrants further study.
The vascular endothelium is the interface between circulating blood and end organs and thus has a critical role in preserving organ function. The endothelium is lined by a glycan-rich glycocalyx that uniquely contributes to endothelial function through its regulation of leukocyte and platelet interactions with the vessel wall, vascular permeability, coagulation, and vasoreactivity. Degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx can thus promote vascular dysfunction, inflammation propagation, and organ injury. The endothelial glycocalyx and its role in vascular pathophysiology has gained increasing attention over the last decade. While studies characterizing vascular glycocalyx injury and its downstream consequences in a host of adult human diseases and in animal models has burgeoned, studies evaluating glycocalyx damage in pediatric diseases are relatively few. As children have unique physiology that differs from adults, significant knowledge gaps remain in our understanding of the causes and effects of endothelial glycocalyx disintegrity in pediatric critical illness. In this narrative literature overview, we offer a unique perspective on the role of the endothelial glycocalyx in pediatric critical illness, drawing from adult and preclinical data in addition to pediatric clinical experience to elucidate how marked derangement of the endothelial surface layer may contribute to aberrant vascular biology in children. By calling attention to this nascent field, we hope to increase research efforts to address important knowledge gaps in pediatric vascular biology that may inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P. Richter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Center for Injury Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 5 Avenue South, CPPI Suite 102, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA.
| | - Gregory A. Payne
- Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Namasivayam Ambalavanan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Translational Research in Normal and Disordered Development Program, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Amit Gaggar
- Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jillian R. Richter
- Center for Injury Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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24
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Ballermann BJ, Nyström J, Haraldsson B. The Glomerular Endothelium Restricts Albumin Filtration. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:766689. [PMID: 34912827 PMCID: PMC8667033 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.766689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory activation and/or dysfunction of the glomerular endothelium triggers proteinuria in many systemic and localized vascular disorders. Among them are the thrombotic microangiopathies, many forms of glomerulonephritis, and acute inflammatory episodes like sepsis and COVID-19 illness. Another example is the chronic endothelial dysfunction that develops in cardiovascular disease and in metabolic disorders like diabetes. While the glomerular endothelium is a porous sieve that filters prodigious amounts of water and small solutes, it also bars the bulk of albumin and large plasma proteins from passing into the glomerular filtrate. This endothelial barrier function is ascribed predominantly to the endothelial glycocalyx with its endothelial surface layer, that together form a relatively thick, mucinous coat composed of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycolipids, sialomucins and other glycoproteins, as well as secreted and circulating proteins. The glycocalyx/endothelial surface layer not only covers the glomerular endothelium; it extends into the endothelial fenestrae. Some glycocalyx components span or are attached to the apical endothelial cell plasma membrane and form the formal glycocalyx. Other components, including small proteoglycans and circulating proteins like albumin and orosomucoid, form the endothelial surface layer and are bound to the glycocalyx due to weak intermolecular interactions. Indeed, bound plasma albumin is a major constituent of the endothelial surface layer and contributes to its barrier function. A role for glomerular endothelial cells in the barrier of the glomerular capillary wall to protein filtration has been demonstrated by many elegant studies. However, it can only be fully understood in the context of other components, including the glomerular basement membrane, the podocytes and reabsorption of proteins by tubule epithelial cells. Discovery of the precise mechanisms that lead to glycocalyx/endothelial surface layer disruption within glomerular capillaries will hopefully lead to pharmacological interventions that specifically target this important structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny Nyström
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Börje Haraldsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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25
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Banerjee S, Mwangi JG, Stanley TK, Mitra R, Ebong EE. Regeneration and Assessment of the Endothelial Glycocalyx To Address Cardiovascular Disease. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Selina Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - John G. Mwangi
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Theodora K. Stanley
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ronodeep Mitra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Eno E. Ebong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York 10461, United States
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26
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Warboys CM, Weinberg PD. S1P in the development of atherosclerosis: roles of hemodynamic wall shear stress and endothelial permeability. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1959243. [PMID: 34542010 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1959243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by focal accumulations of lipid within the arterial wall, thought to arise from effects of hemodynamic wall shear stress (WSS) on endothelial permeability. Identifying pathways that mediate the effects of shear on permeability could therefore provide new therapeutic opportunities. Here, we consider whether the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) pathway could constitute such a route. We review effects of S1P in endothelial barrier function, the influence of WSS on S1P production and signaling, the results of trials investigating S1P in experimental atherosclerosis in mice, and associations between S1P levels and cardiovascular disease in humans. Although it seems clear that S1P reduces endothelial permeability and responds to WSS, the evidence that it influences atherosclerosis is equivocal. The effects of specifically pro- and anti-atherosclerotic WSS profiles on the S1P pathway require investigation, as do influences of S1P on the vesicular pathways likely to dominate low-density lipoprotein transport across endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Warboys
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Peter D Weinberg
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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27
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Schenck H, Netti E, Teernstra O, De Ridder I, Dings J, Niemelä M, Temel Y, Hoogland G, Haeren R. The Role of the Glycocalyx in the Pathophysiology of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Induced Delayed Cerebral Ischemia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:731641. [PMID: 34540844 PMCID: PMC8446455 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.731641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx is an important constituent of blood vessels located between the bloodstream and the endothelium. It plays a pivotal role in intercellular interactions in neuroinflammation, reduction of vascular oxidative stress, and provides a barrier regulating vascular permeability. In the brain, the glycocalyx is closely related to functions of the blood-brain barrier and neurovascular unit, both responsible for adequate neurovascular responses to potential threats to cerebral homeostasis. An aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) occurs following rupture of an intracranial aneurysm and leads to immediate brain damage (early brain injury). In some cases, this can result in secondary brain damage, also known as delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). DCI is a life-threatening condition that affects up to 30% of all aSAH patients. As such, it is associated with substantial societal and healthcare-related costs. Causes of DCI are multifactorial and thought to involve neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, thrombosis, and neurovascular uncoupling. To date, prediction of DCI is limited, and preventive and effective treatment strategies of DCI are scarce. There is increasing evidence that the glycocalyx is disrupted following an aSAH, and that glycocalyx disruption could precipitate or aggravate DCI. This review explores the potential role of the glycocalyx in the pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to DCI following aSAH. Understanding the role of the glycocalyx in DCI could advance the development of improved methods to predict DCI or identify patients at risk for DCI. This knowledge may also alter the methods and timing of preventive and treatment strategies of DCI. To this end, we review the potential and limitations of methods currently used to evaluate the glycocalyx, and strategies to restore or prevent glycocalyx shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Schenck
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Eliisa Netti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Onno Teernstra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Inger De Ridder
- Department of Neurology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jim Dings
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Mika Niemelä
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yasin Temel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Govert Hoogland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Roel Haeren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Hajny S, Borup A, Elsøe S, Christoffersen C. Increased plasma apoM levels impair triglyceride turnover in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158969. [PMID: 34051379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is an essential transporter of plasma Sphingosine-1-Phosphate (S1P), typically attached to all lipoprotein classes, but with a majority bound to high density lipoproteins (HDL). ApoM-deficient mice display an increased activity in brown adipose tissue and a concomitant fast turnover of triglycerides. In what manner apoM/S1P affect the triglyceride metabolism is however still unknown and explored in the present study. METHODS Triglyceride turnover and potentially associated metabolic pathways were studied in the female human apoM transgenic mouse model (apoM-Tg) with increased plasma apoM and S1P levels. The model was compared with wild type (WT) mice. RESULTS ApoM-Tg mice had a reduced plasma triglyceride turnover rate and a lower free fatty acid uptake in subcutaneous adipocytes compared to WT mice. Screening for potential molecular mechanisms furthermore revealed a reduction in plasma lipase activity in apoM-Tg animals. Overexpression of apoM also reduced the plasma levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). CONCLUSIONS The study features the significant role of the apoM/S1P axis in maintaining a balanced triglyceride metabolism. Further, it also highlights the risk of inducing dyslipidaemia in patients receiving S1P-analouges and additionlly emphasizes the apoM/S1P axis as a potential therapeutic target in treatment of hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hajny
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Science, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3A, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anna Borup
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Science, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3A, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara Elsøe
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Christoffersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Science, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3A, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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29
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Piotti A, Novelli D, Meessen JMTA, Ferlicca D, Coppolecchia S, Marino A, Salati G, Savioli M, Grasselli G, Bellani G, Pesenti A, Masson S, Caironi P, Gattinoni L, Gobbi M, Fracasso C, Latini R. Endothelial damage in septic shock patients as evidenced by circulating syndecan-1, sphingosine-1-phosphate and soluble VE-cadherin: a substudy of ALBIOS. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2021; 25:113. [PMID: 33741039 PMCID: PMC7980645 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-021-03545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Septic shock is characterized by breakdown of the endothelial glycocalyx and endothelial damage, contributing to fluid extravasation, organ failure and death. Albumin has shown benefit in septic shock patients. Our aims were: (1) to identify the relations between circulating levels of syndecan-1 (SYN-1), sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) (endothelial glycocalyx), and VE-cadherin (endothelial cell junctions), severity of the disease, and survival; (2) to evaluate the effects of albumin supplementation on endothelial dysfunction in patients with septic shock. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of a multicenter randomized clinical trial on albumin replacement in severe sepsis or septic shock (the Albumin Italian Outcome Sepsis Trial, ALBIOS). Concentrations of SYN-1, S1P, soluble VE-cadherin and other biomarkers were measured on days 1, 2 and 7 in 375 patients with septic shock surviving up to 7 days after randomization. Results Plasma concentrations of SYN-1 and VE-cadherin rose significantly over 7 days. SYN-1 and VE-cadherin were elevated in patients with organ failure, and S1P levels were lower. SYN-1 and VE-cadherin were independently associated with renal replacement therapy requirement during ICU stay, but only SYN-1 predicted its new occurrence. Both SYN-1 and S1P, but not VE-cadherin, predicted incident coagulation failure. Only SYN-1 independently predicted 90-day mortality. Albumin significantly reduced VE-cadherin, by 9.5% (p = 0.003) at all three time points. Conclusion Circulating components of the endothelial glycocalyx and of the endothelial cell junctions provide insights into severity and progression of septic shock, with special focus on incident coagulation and renal failure. Albumin supplementation lowered circulating VE-cadherin consistently over time. Clinical Trial Registration: ALBIOS ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT00707122. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13054-021-03545-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Piotti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Deborah Novelli
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Antonella Marino
- Anestesia III Terapia Intensiva Adulti, ASST Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Salati
- UOC Anestesia E Rianimazione, IRCCS Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Monica Savioli
- Dipartimento Di Anestesia, Rianimazione Ed Emergenza Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Grasselli
- Dipartimento Di Anestesia, Rianimazione Ed Emergenza Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Bellani
- Emergency Department, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Pesenti
- Dipartimento Di Anestesia, Rianimazione Ed Emergenza Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Serge Masson
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Caironi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, AOU S. Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy.,Department of Oncology, Università Degli Studi Di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Luciano Gattinoni
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Gӧttingen, Gӧttingen, Germany
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Fracasso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Latini
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy.
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30
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Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Regulator of Fibrotic Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062996. [PMID: 33804258 PMCID: PMC7999025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx, the gel layer covering the endothelium, is composed of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and adsorbed plasma proteins. This structure modulates vessels’ mechanotransduction, vascular permeability, and leukocyte adhesion. Thus, it regulates several physiological and pathological events. In the present review, we described the mechanisms that disturb glycocalyx stability such as reactive oxygen species, matrix metalloproteinases, and heparanase. We then focused our attention on the role of glycocalyx degradation in the induction of profibrotic events and on the possible pharmacological strategies to preserve this delicate structure.
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31
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The Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Target of Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Kidney Transplantation-Where Have We Gone So Far? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042157. [PMID: 33671524 PMCID: PMC7926299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The damage of the endothelial glycocalyx as a consequence of ischemia and/or reperfusion injury (IRI) following kidney transplantation has come at the spotlight of research due to potential associations with delayed graft function, acute rejection as well as long-term allograft dysfunction. The disintegration of the endothelial glycocalyx induced by IRI is the crucial event which exposes the denuded endothelial cells to further inflammatory and oxidative damage. The aim of our review is to present the currently available data regarding complex links between shedding of the glycocalyx components, like syndecan-1, hyaluronan, heparan sulphate, and CD44 with the activation of intricate immune system responses, including toll-like receptors, cytokines and pro-inflammatory transcription factors. Evidence on modes of protection of the endothelial glycocalyx and subsequently maintenance of endothelial permeability as well as novel nephroprotective molecules such as sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P), are also depicted. Although advances in technology are making the visualization and the analysis of the endothelial glycocalyx possible, currently available evidence is mostly experimental. Ongoing progress in understanding the complex impact of IRI on the endothelial glycocalyx, opens up a new era of research in the field of organ transplantation and clinical studies are of utmost importance for the future.
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32
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Obesity and impaired barrier function after shock: A biomimetic in vitro model using microfluidics. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2021; 89:544-550. [PMID: 32467464 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired microvascular perfusion in the obese patient has been linked to chronic adverse health consequences. The impact on acute illnesses including trauma, sepsis, and hemorrhagic shock (HS) is uncertain. Studies have shown that endothelial glycocalyx and vascular endothelial derangements are causally linked to perfusion abnormalities. Trauma and HS are also associated with impaired microvascular perfusion in which glycocalyx injury and endothelial dysfunction are sentinel events. We postulate that obesity may impact the adverse consequences of HS on the vascular barrier. This was studied in vivo in a biomimetic model of HS using microfluidic technology. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers were established in a microfluidic device. Cells were exposed to standard or biomimetic shock conditions (hypoxia plus epinephrine) followed by perfusion from plasma obtained from obese or nonobese subjects. Endothelial glycocalyx and endothelial cellular injury were then determined. RESULTS Plasma from nonobese patients completely reversed glycocalyx and endothelial vascular barrier injury. Plasma from obese patients was only partially protective and was associated with differences in adipokines and other substances in the plasma of these patients. CONCLUSION Our study supports that obesity impairs HS resuscitation. This may be due to microrheological differences between nonobese and obese individuals and may contribute to the poorer outcome in this patient population.
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33
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Kanyo N, Kovacs KD, Saftics A, Szekacs I, Peter B, Santa-Maria AR, Walter FR, Dér A, Deli MA, Horvath R. Glycocalyx regulates the strength and kinetics of cancer cell adhesion revealed by biophysical models based on high resolution label-free optical data. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22422. [PMID: 33380731 PMCID: PMC7773743 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx is thought to perform a potent, but not yet defined function in cellular adhesion and signaling. Since 95% of cancer cells have altered glycocalyx structure, this role can be especially important in cancer development and metastasis. The glycocalyx layer of cancer cells directly influences cancer progression, involving the complicated kinetic process of cellular adhesion at various levels. In the present work, we investigated the effect of enzymatic digestion of specific glycocalyx components on cancer cell adhesion to RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid) peptide motif displaying surfaces. High resolution kinetic data of cell adhesion was recorded by the surface sensitive label-free resonant waveguide grating (RWG) biosensor, supported by fluorescent staining of the cells and cell surface charge measurements. We found that intense removal of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate chains by chondroitinase ABC reduced the speed and decreased the strength of adhesion of HeLa cells. In contrast, mild digestion of glycocalyx resulted in faster and stronger adhesion. Control experiments on a healthy and another cancer cell line were also conducted, and the discrepancies were analysed. We developed a biophysical model which was fitted to the kinetic data of HeLa cells. Our analysis suggests that the rate of integrin receptor transport to the adhesion zone and integrin-RGD binding is strongly influenced by the presence of glycocalyx components, but the integrin-RGD dissociation is not. Moreover, based on the kinetic data we calculated the dependence of the dissociation constant of integrin-RGD binding on the enzyme concentration. We also determined the dissociation constant using a 2D receptor binding model based on saturation level static data recorded at surfaces with tuned RGD densities. We analyzed the discrepancies of the kinetic and static dissociation constants, further illuminating the role of cancer cell glycocalyx during the adhesion process. Altogether, our experimental results and modelling demonstrated that the chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate chains of glycocalyx have an important regulatory function during the cellular adhesion process, mainly controlling the kinetics of integrin transport and integrin assembly into mature adhesion sites. Our results potentially open the way for novel type of cancer treatments affecting these regulatory mechanisms of cellular glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolett Kanyo
- Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, 1120, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Dora Kovacs
- Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, 1120, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Saftics
- Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, 1120, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Inna Szekacs
- Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, 1120, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beatrix Peter
- Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, 1120, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ana R Santa-Maria
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62., 6726, Szeged, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., 6726, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Fruzsina R Walter
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62., 6726, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Dér
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62., 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária A Deli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62., 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Robert Horvath
- Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, 1120, Budapest, Hungary.
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Nian K, Harding IC, Herman IM, Ebong EE. Blood-Brain Barrier Damage in Ischemic Stroke and Its Regulation by Endothelial Mechanotransduction. Front Physiol 2020; 11:605398. [PMID: 33424628 PMCID: PMC7793645 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.605398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, a major cause of mortality in the United States, often contributes to disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB along with its supportive cells, collectively referred to as the “neurovascular unit,” is the brain’s multicellular microvasculature that bi-directionally regulates the transport of blood, ions, oxygen, and cells from the circulation into the brain. It is thus vital for the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis. BBB disruption, which is associated with the altered expression of tight junction proteins and BBB transporters, is believed to exacerbate brain injury caused by ischemic stroke and limits the therapeutic potential of current clinical therapies, such as recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Accumulating evidence suggests that endothelial mechanobiology, the conversion of mechanical forces into biochemical signals, helps regulate function of the peripheral vasculature and may similarly maintain BBB integrity. For example, the endothelial glycocalyx (GCX), a glycoprotein-proteoglycan layer extending into the lumen of bloods vessel, is abundantly expressed on endothelial cells of the BBB and has been shown to regulate BBB permeability. In this review, we will focus on our understanding of the mechanisms underlying BBB damage after ischemic stroke, highlighting current and potential future novel pharmacological strategies for BBB protection and recovery. Finally, we will address the current knowledge of endothelial mechanotransduction in BBB maintenance, specifically focusing on a potential role of the endothelial GCX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqing Nian
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ian C Harding
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ira M Herman
- Department of Development, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, United States.,Center for Innovations in Wound Healing Research, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Eno E Ebong
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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35
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The Glycocalyx and Its Role in Vascular Physiology and Vascular Related Diseases. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2020; 12:37-71. [PMID: 32959164 PMCID: PMC7505222 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-020-00485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose In 2007 the two senior authors wrote a review on the structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx layer (Weinbaum in Annu Rev Biomed Eng 9:121–167, 2007). Since then there has been an explosion of interest in this hydrated gel-like structure that coats the luminal surface of endothelial cells that line our vasculature due to its important functions in (A) basic vascular physiology and (B) vascular related diseases. This review will highlight the major advances that have occurred since our 2007 paper. Methods A literature search mainly focusing on the role of the glycocalyx in the two major areas described above was performed using electronic databases. Results In part (A) of this review, the new formulation of the century old Starling principle, now referred to as the Michel–Weinbaum glycoclayx model or revised Starling hypothesis, is described including new subtleties and physiological ramifications. New insights into mechanotransduction and release of nitric oxide due to fluid shear stress sensed by the glycocalyx are elaborated. Major advances in understanding the organization and function of glycocalyx components, and new techniques for measuring both its thickness and spatio-chemical organization based on super resolution, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) are presented. As discussed in part (B) of this review, it is now recognized that artery wall stiffness associated with hypertension and aging induces glycocalyx degradation, endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease. In addition to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, the glycocalyx plays an important role in lifestyle related diseases (e.g., diabetes) and cancer. Infectious diseases including sepsis, Dengue, Zika and Corona viruses, and malaria also involve the glycocalyx. Because of increasing recognition of the role of the glycocalyx in a wide range of diseases, there has been a vigorous search for methods to protect the glycocalyx from degradation or to enhance its synthesis in disease environments. Conclusion As we have seen in this review, many important developments in our basic understanding of GCX structure, function and role in diseases have been described since the 2007 paper. The future is wide open for continued GCX research.
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Anisodamine Hydrobromide Protects Glycocalyx and Against the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Increases in Microvascular Endothelial Layer Permeability and Nitric Oxide Production. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2020; 12:91-100. [PMID: 32935201 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-020-00486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anisodamine hydrobromide (Ani HBr) has been used to improve the microcirculation during cardiovascular disorders and sepsis. Glycocalyx plays an important role in preserving the endothelial cell (EC) barrier permeability and nitric oxide (NO) production. We aimed to test the hypothesis that Ani HBr could protect the EC against permeability and NO production via preventing glycocalyx shedding. METHODS A human cerebral microvascular EC hCMEC/D3 injury model induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was established. Ani HBr was administrated to ECs with the LPS challenge. Cell viability was performed by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by EdU and Hoechst 33342 staining. Apoptosis and cell cycle were also assessed by flow cytometry with annexin V staining and propidium iodide staining, respectively. Then, adherens junction integrity was evaluated basing on the immunofluorescence staining of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin). The glycocalyx component heparan sulfate (HS) was stained in ECs. The cell permeability was evaluated by leakage of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran. Cellular NO production was measured by the method of nitric acid reductase. RESULTS Ani HBr at 20 μg/mL significantly increased the viability of ECs with LPS challenge, but significantly inhibited the cell viability at 80 μg/mL, showing a bidirectional regulation of cell viability by Ani HBr. Ani HBr had not significantly change the LPS-induced EC proliferation. Ani HBr significantly reversed the induction of LPS on EC apoptosis. Ani HBr reinstated the LPS-induced glycocalyx and VE-cadherin shedding and adherens junction disruption. Ani HBr significantly alleviated LPS-induced EC layer permeability and NO production. CONCLUSION Ani HBr protects ECs against LPS-induced increase in cell barrier permeability and nitric oxide production via preserving the integrity of glycocalyx. Ani HBr is a promising drug to rescue or protect the glycocalyx.
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Yao X, Xie L, Zeng Y. MiR-9 Promotes Angiogenesis via Targeting on Sphingosine-1- Phosphate Receptor 1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:755. [PMID: 32850858 PMCID: PMC7426628 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that vascular endothelial cells released VEGF-enriched exosomes to promote the tumor vasculogenesis and progression after anti-angiogenic therapies (AATs). To clarify how microRNA (miR)-9 promoted the angiogenesis of tumor-associated endothelial cells, in the present study, we investigated the association between miR-9 and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors in angiogenesis. The levels of miR-9 and S1P receptors in normal and tumor endothelial cells were compared with EndoDB database and their correlations were analyzed. The levels of S1P1, S1P2, and S1P3 were detected in miR-9 overexpressing endothelial cells by qRT-PCR and western blot. The binding sites of miR-9 on S1P1 and S1P3 were predicted and tested by dual-luciferase reporter assays. Then, angiogenesis in endothelial cells overexpressing both S1P1 and miR-9 was detected. The results showed that miR-9 is overexpressed in ECs from medulloblastoma and glioblastoma xenograft, which is negatively associated with S1P1 and S1P3. Overexpression of miR-9 significantly inhibited S1P1 and S1P3 in both mRNA and protein levels. We predicted that binding sites exist between miR-9 and S1P1, S1P3, but only S1P1 was directly targeted by miR-9. Overexpression of S1P1 significantly suppressed the miR-9-induced angiogenesis. Therefore, miR-9 induces angiogenesis via targeting on S1P1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghong Yao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Linshen Xie
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Zeng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Alves NG, Trujillo AN, Breslin JW, Yuan SY. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Reduces Hemorrhagic Shock and Resuscitation-Induced Microvascular Leakage by Protecting Endothelial Mitochondrial Integrity. Shock 2020; 52:423-433. [PMID: 30339634 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Excessive microvascular permeability is a serious complication following hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (HSR). S1P has been shown to ameliorate microvascular leakage in a model of combined alcohol intoxication and HSR. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that S1P reduces HSR-induced microvascular leakage by preserving endothelial cell junctional structure and the endothelial glycocalyx through the protection of mitochondrial function. We used an established in vivo rat model of conscious HSR and assessed microvascular leakage, endothelial glycocalyx integrity, and mitochondrial function by intravital microscopy. Junctional integrity in the mesenteric microcirculation was assessed by confocal microscopy. Cultured rat intestinal microvascular endothelial cells monolayers were used to test the ability of S1P to protect against glycocalyx shedding and endothelial barrier dysfunction caused by direct disruption of mitochondrial integrity due to inhibition of mitochondrial complex III. The results show that in vivo, S1P protects against HSR-induced hyperpermeability, preserves the expression of adherens junctional proteins, and protects against glycocalyx degradation. S1P treatment during HSR also protects against mitochondrial membrane depolarization. S1P also protects against mitochondrial dysfunction-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction and glycocalyx degradation by acting through mitochondrial complex III. Taken together, our data indicate that S1P protects against HSR-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in endothelial cells, which in turn improves the structure of the endothelial glycocalyx after HSR and allows for better junctional integrity to the prevention of excess microvascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha G Alves
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Protective effects of plasma products on the endothelial-glycocalyx barrier following trauma-hemorrhagic shock: Is sphingosine-1 phosphate responsible? J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2020; 87:1061-1069. [PMID: 31453986 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma is an important component of resuscitation after trauma and hemorrhagic shock (T/HS). The specific plasma proteins and the impact of storage conditions are uncertain. Utilizing a microfluidic device system, we studied the effect of various types of plasma on the endothelial barrier function following T/HS. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were cultured in microfluidic plates. The microfluidic plates were subjected to control or shock conditions (hypoxia/reoxygenation + epinephrine, 10 μM). Fresh plasma, 1 day thawed plasma, 5-day thawed plasma and lyophilized plasma were then added. Supplementation of sphingosine-1 phosphate (S-1P) was done in a subset of experiments. Effect on the endothelial glycocalyx was indexed by shedding of syndecan-1 and hyaluronic acid. Endothelial injury/activation was indexed by soluble thrombomodulin, tissue plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Vascular permeability determined by the ratio of angiopoietin-2 to angiopoietin-1. Concentration of S-1P and adiponectin in the different plasma groups was measured. RESULTS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to shock conditions increased shedding of syndecan-1 and hyaluronic acid. Administration of the various types of plasma decreased shedding, except for 5-day thawed plasma. Shocked HUVEC cells demonstrated a profibrinolytic phenotype, this normalized with all plasma types except for 5-day thawed plasma. The concentration of S-1P was significantly less in the 5-day thawed plasma compared with the other plasma types. Addition of S-1P to 5-day thawed plasma returned the benefits lost with storage. CONCLUSION A biomimetic model of the microcirculation following T/HS demonstrated endothelial glycocalyx and endothelial cellular injury/activation as well as a profibrinolytic phenotype. These effects were abrogated by all plasma products except the 5-day thawed plasma. Plasma thawed longer than 5 days had diminished S1-P concentrations. Our data suggest that S1-P protein is critical to the protective effect of plasma products on the endothelial-glycocalyx barrier following T/HS.
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Jozefczuk E, Guzik TJ, Siedlinski M. Significance of sphingosine-1-phosphate in cardiovascular physiology and pathology. Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104793. [PMID: 32278039 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a signaling lipid, synthetized by sphingosine kinases (SPHK1 and SPHK2), that affects cardiovascular function in various ways. S1P signaling is complex, particularly since its molecular action is reliant on the differential expression of its receptors (S1PR1, S1PR2, S1PR3, S1PR4, S1PR5) within various tissues. Significance of this sphingolipid is manifested early in vertebrate development as certain defects in S1P signaling result in embryonic lethality due to defective vasculo- or cardiogenesis. Similar in the mature organism, S1P orchestrates both physiological and pathological processes occurring in the heart and vasculature of higher eukaryotes. S1P regulates cell fate, vascular tone, endothelial function and integrity as well as lymphocyte trafficking, thus disbalance in its production and signaling has been linked with development of such pathologies as arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction and aberrant angiogenesis. Number of signaling mechanisms are critical - from endothelial nitric oxide synthase through STAT3, MAPK and Akt pathways to HDL particles involved in redox and inflammatory balance. Moreover, S1P controls both acute cardiac responses (cardiac inotropy and chronotropy), as well as chronic processes (such as apoptosis and hypertrophy), hence numerous studies demonstrate significance of S1P in the pathogenesis of hypertrophic/fibrotic heart disease, myocardial infarction and heart failure. This review presents current knowledge concerning the role of S1P in the cardiovascular system, as well as potential therapeutic approaches to target S1P signaling in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jozefczuk
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - T J Guzik
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - M Siedlinski
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Araibi H, van der Merwe E, Gwanyanya A, Kelly-Laubscher R. The effect of sphingosine-1-phosphate on the endothelial glycocalyx during ischemia-reperfusion injury in the isolated rat heart. Microcirculation 2020; 27:e12612. [PMID: 32017300 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sphingosine-1-phosphate is a natural metabolite that is cardioprotective, but its effects on endothelial glycocalyx damage during ischemia-reperfusion are unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effect of sphingosine-1-phosphate on the endothelial glycocalyx during ischemia-reperfusion. METHODS Isolated hearts from Wistar rats were perfused on a Langendorff system with Krebs-Henseleit buffer and pretreated with sphingosine-1-phosphate (10 nmol/L) before ischemia-reperfusion. Infarct size was measured by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining (n ≥ 6 per group). Cardiac edema was assessed by calculating total water content (n = 7 per group) and histologically quantifying the interstitial compartment (n ≥ 3 per group). The post-ischemic coronary release of syndecan-1 was quantified using ELISA. Syndecan-1 immunostaining intensity was assessed in perfusion-fixed hearts (n ≥ 3 per group). RESULTS Pretreatment with sphingosine-1-phosphate decreased infarct size in isolated hearts subjected to ischemia-reperfusion (P = .01 vs ischemia-reperfusion). However, sphingosine-1-phosphate had no effect on syndecan-1 levels in the coronary effluent or on the intensity of the syndecan-1 immunostaining signal in cardiac tissue. Heart total water content was not significantly different between control and ischemic groups but was significantly decreased in hearts treated with sphingosine-1-phosphate alone. CONCLUSION These results suggest that sphingosine-1-phosphate-induced cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury is not mediated by the maintenance of syndecan-1 in the endothelial glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Araibi
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth van der Merwe
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Asfree Gwanyanya
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Roisin Kelly-Laubscher
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Tjakra M, Wang Y, Vania V, Hou Z, Durkan C, Wang N, Wang G. Overview of Crosstalk Between Multiple Factor of Transcytosis in Blood Brain Barrier. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1436. [PMID: 32038141 PMCID: PMC6990130 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood brain barrier (BBB) conserves unique regulatory system to maintain barrier tightness while allowing adequate transport between neurovascular units. This mechanism possess a challenge for drug delivery, while abnormality may result in pathogenesis. Communication between vascular and neural system is mediated through paracellular and transcellular (transcytosis) pathway. Transcytosis itself showed dependency with various components, focusing on caveolae-mediated. Among several factors, intense communication between endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes is the key for a normal development. Regulatory signaling pathway such as VEGF, Notch, S1P, PDGFβ, Ang/Tie, and TGF-β showed interaction with the transcytosis steps. Recent discoveries showed exploration of various factors which has been proven to interact with one of the process of transcytosis, either endocytosis, endosomal rearrangement, or exocytosis. As well as providing a hypothetical regulatory pathway between each factors, specifically miRNA, mechanical stress, various cytokines, physicochemical, basement membrane and junctions remodeling, and crosstalk between developmental regulatory pathways. Finally, various hypotheses and probable crosstalk between each factors will be expressed, to point out relevant research application (Drug therapy design and BBB-on-a-chip) and unexplored terrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tjakra
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yeqi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Vicki Vania
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengjun Hou
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Colm Durkan
- The Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nan Wang
- The Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Astapenko D, Turek Z, Dostal P, Hyspler R, Ticha A, Kaska M, Zadak Z, Skulec R, Lehmann C, Cerny V. Effect of short-term administration of lipid emulsion on endothelial glycocalyx integrity in ICU patients – A microvascular and biochemical pilot study. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2019; 73:329-339. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-190564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Astapenko
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Centre for Research and Development, University Hospital of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Turek
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Dostal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Radomir Hyspler
- Centre for Research and Development, University Hospital of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Departement of Clinical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Ticha
- Centre for Research and Development, University Hospital of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Departement of Clinical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kaska
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Zadak
- Centre for Research and Development, University Hospital of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Skulec
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, J. E. Purkinje University, Masaryk Hospital, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Vladimir Cerny
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Centre for Research and Development, University Hospital of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, J. E. Purkinje University, Masaryk Hospital, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Abstract
Objective: The endothelial glycocalyx (eGC) is a dynamic and multicomponent layer of macromolecules found at the surface of vascular endothelium, which is largely underappreciated. It has recently been recognized that eGC is a major regulator of endothelial function and may have therapeutic value in organ injuries. This study aimed to explore the role of the eGC in various pathologic and physiologic conditions, by reviewing the basic research findings pertaining to the detection of the eGC and its clinical significance. We also explored different pharmacologic agents used to protect and rebuild the eGC. Data sources: An in-depth search was performed in the PubMed database, focusing on research published after 2003 with keywords including eGC, permeability, glycocalyx and injuries, and glycocalyx protection. Study selection: Several authoritative reviews and original studies were identified and reviewed to summarize the characteristics of the eGC under physiologic and pathologic conditions as well as the detection and protection of the eGC. Results: The eGC degradation is closely associated with pathophysiologic changes such as vascular permeability, edema formation, mechanotransduction, and clotting cascade, together with neutrophil and platelet adhesion in diverse injury and disease states including inflammation (sepsis and trauma), ischemia-reperfusion injury, shock, hypervolemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and high Na+ as well as diabetes and atherosclerosis. Therapeutic strategies for protecting and rebuilding the eGC should be explored through experimental test and clinical verifications. Conclusions: Disturbance of the eGC usually occurs at early stages of various clinical pathophysiologies which can be partly prevented and reversed by protecting and restoring the eGC. The eGC seems to be a promising diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target in clinical settings.
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Fels J, Kusche-Vihrog K. Endothelial Nanomechanics in the Context of Endothelial (Dys)function and Inflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:945-959. [PMID: 29433330 PMCID: PMC6354603 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Stiffness of endothelial cells is closely linked to the function of the vasculature as it regulates the release of vasoactive substances such as nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species. The outer layer of endothelial cells, consisting of the glycocalyx above and the cortical zone beneath the plasma membrane, is a vulnerable compartment able to adapt its nanomechanical properties to any changes of forces exerted by the adjacent blood stream. Sustained stiffening of this layer contributes to the development of endothelial dysfunction and vascular pathologies. Recent Advances: The development of specific techniques to quantify the mechanical properties of cells enables the detailed investigation of the mechanistic link between structure and function of cells. CRITICAL ISSUES Challenging the mechanical stiffness of cells, for instance, by inflammatory mediators can lead to the development of endothelial dysfunction. Prevention of sustained stiffening of the outer layer of endothelial cells in turn improves endothelial function. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The mechanical properties of cells can be used as critical marker and test system for the proper function of the vascular system. Pharmacological substances, which are able to improve endothelial nanomechanics and function, could take a new importance in the prevention and treatment of vascular diseases. Thus, detailed knowledge acquisition about the structure/function relationship of endothelial cells and the underlying signaling pathways should be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Fels
- Institute of Cell Dynamics and Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Harding IC, Mitra R, Mensah SA, Herman IM, Ebong EE. Pro-atherosclerotic disturbed flow disrupts caveolin-1 expression, localization, and function via glycocalyx degradation. J Transl Med 2018; 16:364. [PMID: 30563532 PMCID: PMC6299559 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial-dependent atherosclerosis develops in a non-random pattern in regions of vessel bending and bifurcations, where blood flow exhibits disturbed flow (DF) patterns. In contrast, uniform flow (UF), normal endothelium, and healthy vessel walls co-exist within straight vessels. In clarifying how flow protectively or atherogenically regulates endothelial cell behavior, involvement of the endothelial surface glycocalyx has been suggested due to reduced expression in regions of atherosclerosis development. Here, we hypothesized that pro-atherosclerotic endothelial dysfunction occurs as a result of DF-induced reduction in glycocalyx expression and subsequently impairs endothelial sensitivity to flow. Specifically, we propose that glycocalyx degradation can induce pro-atherosclerotic endothelial dysfunction through decreased caveolin-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and localization. METHODS We studied endothelial cells in atherosclerotic-prone DF and atherosclerotic-resistant UF conditions in parallel plate flow culture and in C57Bl/6 mice. The effects of flow conditioning on endothelial cell behavior were quantified using immunocytochemistry. The glycocalyx was fluorescently labeled for wheat germ agglutinin, which serves as a general glycocalyx label, and heparan sulfate, a major glycocalyx component. Additionally, mechanosensitivity was assessed by immunocytochemical fluorescence expression and function of caveolin-1, the protein that forms the mechanosignaling caveolar invaginations on the endothelial surface, total endothelial-type nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which synthesizes nitric oxide, and serine 1177 phosphorylated eNOS (eNOS-pS1177), which is the active form of eNOS. Caveolin function and eNOS expression and activation were correlated to glycocalyx expression. Heparinase III enzyme was used to degrade a major glycocalyx component, HS, to identify the role of the glycocalyx in caveoin-1 and eNOS-pS1177 regulation. RESULTS Results confirmed that DF reduces caveolin-1 expression and abolishes most of its subcellular localization preferences, when compared to the effect of UF. DF down-regulates caveolin-1 mechanosignaling, as indicated by its reduced colocalization with serine 1177 phosphorylated endothelial-type nitric oxide synthase (eNOS-pS1177), a vasoregulatory signaling molecule whose activity is regulated by its residence in caveolae. As expected, DF inhibited glycocalyx expression compared to UF. In the absence of heparan sulfate, a major glycocalyx component, UF-conditioned endothelial cells exhibited near DF-like caveolin-1 expression, localization, and colocalization with eNOS-pS1177. CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration of a flow-defined role of the glycocalyx in caveolae expression and function related to vasculoprotective endothelial mechanosensitivity that defends against atherosclerosis. The results suggest that a glycocalyx-based therapeutic targeted to areas of atherosclerosis development could prevent disease initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Harding
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronodeep Mitra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Solomon A Mensah
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ira M Herman
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Innovations in Wound Healing Research, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eno E Ebong
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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LaRivière WB, Schmidt EP. The Pulmonary Endothelial Glycocalyx in ARDS: A Critical Role for Heparan Sulfate. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 82:33-52. [PMID: 30360782 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a glycosaminoglycan-enriched endovascular layer that, with the development of novel fixation and in vivo microscopy techniques, has been increasingly recognized as a major contributor to vascular homeostasis. Sepsis-associated degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx mediates the onset of the alveolar microvascular dysfunction characteristic of sepsis-induced lung injury (such as the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, ARDS). Emerging evidence indicates that processes of glycocalyx reconstitution are necessary for endothelial repair and, as such, are promising therapeutic targets to accelerate lung injury recovery. This review discusses what has been learned about the homeostatic and pathophysiologic role of the pulmonary endothelial glycocalyx during lung health and injury, with the goal to identify promising new areas for future mechanistic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wells B LaRivière
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Eric P Schmidt
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States.
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Liu J, Kang H, Ma X, Sun A, Luan H, Deng X, Fan Y. Vascular Cell Glycocalyx-Mediated Vascular Remodeling Induced by Hemodynamic Environmental Alteration. Hypertension 2018; 71:1201-1209. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular remodeling induced by hemodynamic stimuli contributes to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. The importance of vascular cells (endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells) glycocalyx in the mechanotransduction of flow-induced shear stress at the cellular and molecular levels has been demonstrated over the past decade. However, its potential mechanotransduction role in vascular remodeling has triggered little attention. In the present study, a home-made apparatus was used to expose the rat abdominal aorta to sterile, flow or no flow, normal-pressure or high-pressure conditions for 4 days. The histomophometric, cellular, and molecular analysis of vessels were performed. The results showed that after exposing the vessels in the flow and high-pressure condition, the apoptotic rate, the cell number, and the RNA level of contractile marker gene smooth muscle 22 of smooth muscle cells were significantly increased, whereas the expression of nitric oxide synthase, α-smooth muscle actin, smoothelin, and calponion showed no significant differences compared with the flow and normal-pressure groups. Moreover, the histomophometric analysis of vascular walls suggested a remodeling induced by flow and high-pressure loading consistent with the classic hypertensive aortic phenotype, which is characterized by a thicker and more rigid vascular wall as well as increased aortic diameter. However, those phenomena were totally abolished after compromising the integrity of glycocalyx by the treatment of vessels with hyaluronidase, which provided evidence of the important mechanotransduction role of the vascular cells glycocalyx in vascular remodeling induced by hemodynamic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Liu
- From the Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China (J.L., H.K., X.M., A.S., X.D., Y.F.)
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, China (J.L., H.K., X.M., A.S., X.D., Y.F.)
| | - Hongyan Kang
- From the Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China (J.L., H.K., X.M., A.S., X.D., Y.F.)
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, China (J.L., H.K., X.M., A.S., X.D., Y.F.)
| | - Xuejiao Ma
- From the Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China (J.L., H.K., X.M., A.S., X.D., Y.F.)
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, China (J.L., H.K., X.M., A.S., X.D., Y.F.)
| | - Anqiang Sun
- From the Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China (J.L., H.K., X.M., A.S., X.D., Y.F.)
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, China (J.L., H.K., X.M., A.S., X.D., Y.F.)
| | - Huiqin Luan
- National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, China (H.L., Y.F.)
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- From the Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China (J.L., H.K., X.M., A.S., X.D., Y.F.)
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, China (J.L., H.K., X.M., A.S., X.D., Y.F.)
| | - Yubo Fan
- From the Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China (J.L., H.K., X.M., A.S., X.D., Y.F.)
- National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, China (H.L., Y.F.)
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, China (J.L., H.K., X.M., A.S., X.D., Y.F.)
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Dai D, Huang W, Lu Q, Chen H, Liu J, Hong B. miR‑24 regulates angiogenesis in gliomas. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:358-368. [PMID: 29749450 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are one of the most common and most aggressive types of central nervous system tumor. Angiogenesis is an important basis for the growth of solid tumors, including gliomas, which is regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the mechanism remains unclear. Recently, it was demonstrated that miR‑24 was upregulated in gliomas, so the aim of the present study is to establish whether the dysregulation of miR‑24 in glioma cells promotes microvascular proliferation of endothelial cells (ECs), and to investigate the potential mechanism. miR‑24 was overexpressed or downregulated in U251 glioma cell line cells using miR‑24 mimics or inhibitors, respectively. Subsequently, the effects of conditional medium from miR‑24 mimic‑ or inhibitor‑transfected U251 cells on cell viability, migration and angiogenesis of human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) were examined. The expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mRNA, epidermal growth factor (EGF) mRNA, transforming growth factor (TGF)‑β mRNA, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑2 mRNA and MMP‑9 mRNA, and the mRNA and protein levels of VEGF and TGF‑β in miR‑24 mimic‑ or inhibitor‑transfected U251 cells were obtained by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. The effects of conditional medium from miR‑24 mimic‑ or inhibitor‑transfected U251 cells on expression levels of VEGF mRNA, TGF‑β mRNA, MMP‑2 mRNA and MMP‑9 mRNA, and mRNA and protein expression levels of VEGF and TGF‑β, and intracellular AKT and β‑catenin signaling in HUVECs were also examined. The results indicated that the conditional medium from miR‑24 mimic‑transfected U251 cells exhibited significantly increased cell viability, cell migration and tube formation of HUVECs. By contrast, the conditional medium from miR‑24 inhibitor‑transfected U251 cells exhibited significantly decreased cell viability, cell migration and tube formation of HUVECs. Enforced expression of miR‑24 in U251 cells may promote the cell viability and angiogenesis of HUVECs. The mRNA expression levels of VEGF, bFGF, EGF, TGF‑β, MMP‑2 and MMP‑9 in U251 cells were significantly increased by miR‑24 mimics. Western blot detection confirmed the increased levels of VEGF and TGF‑β protein expression in U251 by miR‑24 mimics, and the decrease of VEGF and TGF‑β protein expression levels in U251 by miR‑24 inhibitors. The conditional medium from miR‑24 mimic‑transfected U251 cells increased the expression levels of the angiogenesis‑associated factors, including VEGF, TGF‑β, MMP‑2, and MMP‑9. By contrast, reduced expression of miR‑24 in U251 cells may downregulate the expression of those angiogenesis‑associated factors. Thus, miR‑24 in U251 cells may be important in the angiogenesis of HUVECs via VEGF and TGF‑β, and the intracellular signaling of AKT and β‑catenin may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Hanchun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 215021, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Bo Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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Zeng Y, Yao X, Chen L, Yan Z, Liu J, Zhang Y, Feng T, Wu J, Liu X. Sphingosine-1-phosphate induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma via an MMP-7/ syndecan-1/TGF-β autocrine loop. Oncotarget 2018; 7:63324-63337. [PMID: 27556509 PMCID: PMC5325366 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, its underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the correlation between S1P and syndecan-1 in HCC, the molecular mechanism involved, as well as their roles in EMT of HCC. Results revealed a high serum S1P level presents in patients with HCC, which positively correlated with the serum syndecan-1 level. A significant inverse correlation existed between S1P1 and syndecan-1 in HCC tissues. S1P elicits activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathways via S1P1, which triggers HPSE, leading to increases in expression and activity of MMP-7 and leading to shedding and suppression of syndecan-1. The loss of syndecan-1 causes an increase in TGF-β1 production. The limited chronic increase in TGF-β1 can convert HCC cells into a mesenchymal phenotype via establishing an MMP-7/Syndecan-1/TGF-β autocrine loop. Finally, TGF-β1 and syndecan-1 are essential for S1P-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Taken together, our study demonstrates that S1P induces advanced tumor phenotypes of HCC via establishing an MMP-7/syndecan-1/TGF-β1 autocrine loop, and implicates targetable S1P1-PI3K/AKT-HPSE-MMP-7 signaling axe in HCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zeng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinghong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiping Yan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingxia Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tang Feng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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