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Hulahan TS, Spruill L, Wallace EN, Park Y, West RB, Marks JR, Hwang ES, Drake RR, Angel PM. Extracellular Microenvironment Alterations in Ductal Carcinoma In Situ and Invasive Breast Cancer Pathologies by Multiplexed Spatial Proteomics. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6748. [PMID: 38928454 PMCID: PMC11203487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a heterogeneous breast disease that remains challenging to treat due to its unpredictable progression to invasive breast cancer (IBC). Contemporary literature has become increasingly focused on extracellular matrix (ECM) alterations with breast cancer progression. However, the spatial regulation of the ECM proteome in DCIS has yet to be investigated in relation to IBC. We hypothesized that DCIS and IBC present distinct ECM proteomes that could discriminate between these pathologies. Tissue sections of pure DCIS, mixed DCIS-IBC, or pure IBC (n = 22) with detailed pathological annotations were investigated by multiplexed spatial proteomics. Across tissues, 1,005 ECM peptides were detected in pathologically annotated regions and their surrounding extracellular microenvironments. A comparison of DCIS to IBC pathologies demonstrated 43 significantly altered ECM peptides. Notably, eight fibrillar collagen peptides could distinguish with high specificity and sensitivity between DCIS and IBC. Lesion-targeted proteomic imaging revealed heterogeneity of the ECM proteome surrounding individual DCIS lesions. Multiplexed spatial proteomics reported an invasive cancer field effect, in which DCIS lesions in closer proximity to IBC shared a more similar ECM profile to IBC than distal counterparts. Defining the ECM proteomic microenvironment provides novel molecular insights relating to DCIS and IBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor S. Hulahan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (T.S.H.); (E.N.W.); (R.R.D.)
| | - Laura Spruill
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Elizabeth N. Wallace
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (T.S.H.); (E.N.W.); (R.R.D.)
| | - Yeonhee Park
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA;
| | - Robert B. West
- Department of Pathology Clinical, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Jeffrey R. Marks
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (J.R.M.); (E.S.H.)
| | - E. Shelley Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (J.R.M.); (E.S.H.)
| | - Richard R. Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (T.S.H.); (E.N.W.); (R.R.D.)
| | - Peggi M. Angel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (T.S.H.); (E.N.W.); (R.R.D.)
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Deutscher K, Hillen T, Newby J. A computational model for the cancer field effect. Front Artif Intell 2023; 6:1060879. [PMID: 37469932 PMCID: PMC10352683 DOI: 10.3389/frai.2023.1060879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Cancer Field Effect describes an area of pre-cancerous cells that results from continued exposure to carcinogens. Cells in the cancer field can easily develop into cancer. Removal of the main tumor mass might leave the cancer field behind, increasing risk of recurrence. Methods The model we propose for the cancer field effect is a hybrid cellular automaton (CA), which includes a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) to compute the effects of the carcinogens on the gene expression of the genes related to cancer development. We use carcinogen interactions that are typically associated with smoking and alcohol consumption and their effect on cancer fields of the tongue. Results Using simulations we support the understanding that tobacco smoking is a potent carcinogen, which can be reinforced by alcohol consumption. The effect of alcohol alone is significantly less than the effect of tobacco. We further observe that pairing tumor excision with field removal delays recurrence compared to tumor excision alone. We track cell lineages and find that, in most cases, a polyclonal field develops, where the number of distinct cell lineages decreases over time as some lineages become dominant over others. Finally, we find tumor masses rarely form via monoclonal origin.
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Mohammadizadeh F, Nasri F. P16 Expression in Human Breast Carcinoma and its Relationship to Clinicopathological Parameters. Adv Biomed Res 2023; 12:154. [PMID: 37564443 PMCID: PMC10410420 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_180_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background p16 is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and a cardinal regulator of the cell cycle. The relationship between p16 overexpression and poor prognosis of breast cancer has been reported in some studies. This study aimed to evaluate p16 expression in breast cancer in comparison to normal breast tissue and determine the association between p16 expression and clinicopathological parameters in breast cancer. Materials and Methods Paraffin blocks of 110 samples were studied. These included 40 invasive breast carcinoma (tumor group) and normal tissue adjacent to the tumor (tumor control), as well as 30 normal mammoplasty specimens (normal control). Samples were from the pathology archive of Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran, from 2016 to 2020. p16 expression was studied and compared in these three groups using the immunohistochemistry technique. Moreover, the relationship between p16 expression and age, tumor size, carcinoma subtype, tumor grade, and lymph node involvement was investigated in the tumor group. SPSS version 16 was used to analyze data. Results p16 expression showed a significant difference between the tumor group and the two control groups with a significantly higher expression in the tumor group. There was a significant direct relationship between the intensity of p16 expression and the number of involved lymph nodes (P < 0.001). No significant relationship was detected between p16 expression and other clinicopathological factors. Conclusion p16 seems to have a rather significant expression in breast cancer in comparison to normal breast parenchyma. However, among clinicopathological parameters, we found only a direct relationship between lymph node involvement and intensity of p16 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Mohammadizadeh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farnaz Nasri
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Field cancerization revisited in purview of quantum entanglement: Delving into the unexplored. Oral Oncol 2022; 125:105704. [PMID: 35026668 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2021.105704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Agboyibor C, Dong J, Effah CY, Drokow EK, Pervaiz W, Li D, Kang L, Ma X, Li J, Liu Z, Liu HM. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 Expression as a Prognostic Biomarker of Cancer Survival and Disease Progression. Cancer Control 2021; 28:10732748211051557. [PMID: 34802287 PMCID: PMC8727833 DOI: 10.1177/10732748211051557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous studies on the prognostic significance of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) up-regulation in tumors have different outcomes. The inconsistency originated from various studies looking into the association between LSD1 and tumor cells has prompted the decision of this quantitative systematic review to decipher how up-regulated LSD1 and overall survival (OS) or recurrence-free survival (RFS) or disease-free survival (DFS) are linked in tumor patients. Methods Articles were searched from online databases such as Embase, Web of Science Core, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. The extraction of the hazard ratios (HR) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was attained and survival data of 3151 tumor patients from 17 pieces of related research were used for this meta-analysis. Results To shed light on the link between LSD1 up-regulation and the prognosis of diverse tumors, the pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined. In this meta-analysis, it was observed that LSD1 up-regulation is linked with poor OS (HR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.66–2.61, P < .01) and RFS (HR = 3.09, 95% CI: 1.81–5.26, P < .01) in tumor patients. However, LSD1 up-regulation was not linked to DFS (HR = 1.49, 95% CI: .83–2.69, P = .18) in tumor patients. The subcategory examination grouped by tumor type and ethnicity showed that LSD1 up-regulation was linked with a poor outcome in the esophageal tumor and hepatocellular carcinoma and Asian patients, respectively. For clinical-pathological factors, up-regulated LSD1 was significantly linked with Lymph node status. Conclusion Despite the shortfall of the present work, this meta-analysis proposes that LSD1 up-regulation may be a prognostic biomarker for patients with tumors including esophageal tumors and hepatocellular carcinoma. We propose that large-scale studies are vital to substantiate these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Agboyibor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Drug Discovery and Development; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality Control and Evaluation, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianshu Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Drug Discovery and Development; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality Control and Evaluation, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Clement Y Effah
- College of Public Health, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Emmanuel K Drokow
- Department of Oncology, 89632Zhengzhou University People's Hospital and Henan Provincial People's Hospital Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Waqar Pervaiz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Drug Discovery and Development; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality Control and Evaluation, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dié Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Drug Discovery and Development; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality Control and Evaluation, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Kang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Drug Discovery and Development; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality Control and Evaluation, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinli Ma
- China-US(Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian Li
- China-US(Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- 12636The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Drug Discovery and Development; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality Control and Evaluation, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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S VS, Royea R, Buckman KJ, Benardis M, Holmes J, Fletcher RL, Eyk N, Rajendra Acharya U, Ellenhorn JDI. An introduction to the Cyrcadia Breast Monitor: A wearable breast health monitoring device. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 197:105758. [PMID: 33007593 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most common breast cancer detection modalities are generally limited by radiation exposure, discomfort, high costs, inter-observer variabilities in image interpretation, and low sensitivity in detecting cancer in dense breast tissue. Therefore, there is a clear need for an affordable and effective adjunct modality that can address these limitations. The Cyrcadia Breast Monitor (CBM) is a non-invasive, non-compressive, and non-radiogenic wearable device developed as an adjunct to current modalities to assist in the detection of breast tissue abnormalities in any type of breast tissue. METHODS The CBM records thermodynamic metabolic data from the breast skin surface over a period of time using two wearable biometric patches consisting of eight sensors each and a data recording device. The acquired multi-dimensional temperature time series data are analyzed to determine the presence of breast tissue abnormalities. The objective of this paper is to present the scientific background of CBM and also to describe the history around the design and development of the technology. RESULTS The results of using the CBM device in the initial clinical studies are also presented. Twenty four-hour long breast skin temperature circadian rhythm data was collected from 93 benign and 108 malignant female study subjects in the initial clinical studies. The predictive model developed using these datasets could differentiate benign and malignant lesions with 78% accuracy, 83.6% sensitivity and 71.5% specificity. A pilot study of 173 female study subjects is underway, in order to validate this predictive model in an independent test population. CONCLUSIONS The results from the initial studies indicate that the CBM may be valuable for breast health monitoring under physician supervision for confirmation of any abnormal changes, potentially prior to other methods, such as, biopsies. Studies are being conducted and planned to validate the technology and also to evaluate its ability as an adjunct breast health monitoring device for identifying abnormalities in difficult-to-diagnose dense breast tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinitha Sree S
- Cyrcadia Health, 1325 Airmotive Way, Ste. 175-L, Reno, NV 89502, United States; Cyrcadia Asia, Ltd., Hong Kong.
| | | | - Kevin J Buckman
- Cyrcadia Health, 1325 Airmotive Way, Ste. 175-L, Reno, NV 89502, United States; Adventist Health Lodi Memorial Hospital, Lodi, CA 95240, United States
| | - Matt Benardis
- Cyrcadia Health, 1325 Airmotive Way, Ste. 175-L, Reno, NV 89502, United States
| | - Jim Holmes
- Cyrcadia Health, 1325 Airmotive Way, Ste. 175-L, Reno, NV 89502, United States
| | - Ronald L Fletcher
- Cyrcadia Health, 1325 Airmotive Way, Ste. 175-L, Reno, NV 89502, United States
| | - Ng Eyk
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - U Rajendra Acharya
- School of Engineering, Division of ECE, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore 599489; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taiwan
| | - Joshua D I Ellenhorn
- Cyrcadia Health, 1325 Airmotive Way, Ste. 175-L, Reno, NV 89502, United States; Cyrcadia Asia, Ltd., Hong Kong; Surgery Group LA, Cedars-Sinai Medical Towers, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States; John Wayne Cancer Clinics, Santa Monica, CA 90404, United States
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Field cancerization in the understanding of parenchymal analysis of mammograms for breast cancer risk assessment. Med Hypotheses 2019; 136:109511. [PMID: 31837523 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mammographic image analysis has shown great potential for breast cancer risk assessment. The aim of risk assessment is to predict how likely a woman is to develop breast cancer in the future. Several studies suggest that computerized parenchymal analysis of mammograms can be utilized as an independent imaging biomarker of breast cancer. Parenchymal analysis consists of the quantitative assessment of visual texture patterns in mammograms to infer the level of risk. In spite of substantial evidence of the association between parenchymal patterns and breast cancer risk, its biological foundations remain poorly understood. In this work, we draw a hypothesis that links the field cancerization (FC) with breast cancer risk assessment based on the parenchymal analysis. In the literature, the FC is interpreted as a biochemical anomaly amplification in otherwise healthy cells due to the effect of pre-cancerous transformed cells in surrounding regions. Our hypothesis is that these biochemical anomaly amplifications change the cellular micro-environment which, in turn, alter tissue responses to X-ray radiation. As a result, it is reasonable to think that these changes influence the interaction of X-rays with parenchymal - the functional - breast tissue thus enabling cancer prediction by analyzing X-ray images of the breast. We believe that our hypothesis provides an actionable explanation as to how computerized parenchymal analysis of apparently normal mammograms can be successfully utilized for the stratification of breast cancer risk.
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Guo M, Peng Y, Gao A, Du C, Herman JG. Epigenetic heterogeneity in cancer. Biomark Res 2019; 7:23. [PMID: 31695915 PMCID: PMC6824025 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-019-0174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity is one of the hallmarks of human cancers. Tumor genotype variations among tumors within different patients are known as interpatient heterogeneity, and variability among multiple tumors of the same type arising in the same patient is referred to as intra-patient heterogeneity. Subpopulations of cancer cells with distinct phenotypic and molecular features within a tumor are called intratumor heterogeneity (ITH). Since Nowell proposed the clonal evolution of tumor cell populations in 1976, tumor heterogeneity, especially ITH, was actively studied. Research has focused on the genetic basis of cancer, particularly mutational activation of oncogenes or inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs). The phenomenon of ITH is commonly explained by Darwinian-like clonal evolution of a single tumor. Despite the monoclonal origin of most cancers, new clones arise during tumor progression due to the continuous acquisition of mutations. It is clear that disruption of the "epigenetic machinery" plays an important role in cancer development. Aberrant epigenetic changes occur more frequently than gene mutations in human cancers. The epigenome is at the intersection of the environment and genome. Epigenetic dysregulation occurs in the earliest stage of cancer. The current trend of epigenetic therapy is to use epigenetic drugs to reverse and/or delay future resistance to cancer therapies. A majority of cancer therapies fail to achieve durable responses, which is often attributed to ITH. Epigenetic therapy may reverse drug resistance in heterogeneous cancer. Complete understanding of genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity may assist in designing combinations of targeted therapies based on molecular information extracted from individual tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhou Guo
- 1Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052 China
| | - Yaojun Peng
- 1Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Aiai Gao
- 1Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Chen Du
- 1Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - James G Herman
- 3The Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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Liao Z, Tan ZW, Zhu P, Tan NS. Cancer-associated fibroblasts in tumor microenvironment – Accomplices in tumor malignancy. Cell Immunol 2019; 343:103729. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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10
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Novel Therapies in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN): Beyond JAK Inhibitors. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2019; 14:460-468. [DOI: 10.1007/s11899-019-00538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Guanghui R, Xiaoyan H, Shuyi Y, Jun C, Guobin Q. An efficient or methodical review of immunotherapy against breast cancer. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22339. [PMID: 31157481 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most widespread malignancies in women worldwide. Breast cancer is mainly classified into a few key molecular subtypes in accordance with hormone and growth factor receptor expression, etc. In spite of numerous advances in the remedy of breast cancer, the development of metastatic disease remains an untreatable and repeated basis of cancer death for women. Preclinical and clinical studies of immunotherapy in cancer remedy have been in progress for the past quite a few decades by an effort to accelerate, augment, and modulate the immune system to spot and devastate cancer cells. Advancement of cancer immunotherapy is rapidly increasing with eminent and most interesting therapy compared to other therapy like targeted therapy, cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiation as well as surgery. Cancer immunotherapy, also known as biological therapy, which denotes the controlling and by means of the patient's own immune system to goal the cancer cells rather than using an extrinsic therapy. In that way, focusing of cancer immunotherapy developing mediators that stimulates or enhances the immune system's recognition and destroying the cancer cells. This review describes a holistic outlook and deeper understanding of the biology of immunotherapy within the system of tumor microenvironment of breast cancer that improve clinical research and constructive impact on the study conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Guanghui
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, BaoAn District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Xiaoyan
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Longgang Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Shuyi
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, BaoAn District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Jun
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, BaoAn District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiu Guobin
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, BaoAn District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Pereira AL, Magalhães L, Moreira FC, Reis-das-Mercês L, Vidal AF, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos AM, Demachki S, Anaissi AKM, Burbano RMR, Albuquerque P, Dos Santos SEB, de Assumpção PP, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos ÂKC. Epigenetic Field Cancerization in Gastric Cancer: microRNAs as Promising Biomarkers. J Cancer 2019; 10:1560-1569. [PMID: 31031866 PMCID: PMC6485221 DOI: 10.7150/jca.27457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The biological role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in field cancerization is unknown. To investigate the involvement of miRNAs in gastric field cancerization, we evaluated the expression profile of ten miRNAs and their diagnostic value. Methods: We used three groups of FFPE gastric samples: non-cancer (NC), cancer adjacent (ADJ) and gastric cancer (GC). The expression profiles of hsa-miR-10a, -miR-21, -miR-29c, -miR-135b, -miR-148a, -miR-150, -miR-204, -miR-215, -miR-483 and -miR-664a were investigated using qRT-PCR. The results obtained by qRT-PCR were validated in Small RNA-Seq data from the TCGA database. The search for target genes of the studied miRNAs was performed in the miRTarBase public database and miRTargetLink tool, using experimentally validated interactions. In addition, we also performed the functional analysis of these genes using enrichment in KEGG pathways. The potential as biomarker was evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the derived area under the curve (AUC>0.85) analysis. Results: The miRNAs hsa-miR-10a, -miR-21, -miR-135b, hsa-miR-148a, -miR-150, -miR-215, -miR-204, -miR-483 and -miR-664a were up-regulated in ADJ and GC compared to NC (P<0.03); and hsa-miR-21 and -miR-135b were up-regulated in GC compared to ADJ (P<0.01). Hsa-miR-148a, -miR-150, -miR-215, -miR-483 and -miR-664a were not differentially expressed between GC and ADJ, suggesting that both share similar changes (P>0.1). The TS-miR hsa-miR-29c was up-regulated in ADJ compared to NC and GC (P<0.01); we did not observe a significant difference in the expression of this miRNA between NC and GC. This feature may be an antitumor mechanism used by cancer-adjacent tissue because this miRNA regulates the BCL-2, CDC42 and DMNT3A oncogenes. The expression level of hsa-miR-204 was associated with Helicobacter pylori infection status (P<0.05). Functional analysis using the genes regulated by the studied miRNAs showed that they are involved in biological pathways and cellular processes that are critical for the establishment of H. pylori infection and for the onset, development and progression of GC. hsa-miR-10a, -miR-21, -miR-135b, -miR-148a, -miR-150, -miR-215, -miR-483 and -miR-664a were able to discriminate NC from other tissues with great accuracy (AUC>0.85). Conclusion: The studied miRNAs are closely related to field cancerization, regulate genes important for gastric carcinogenesis and can be potentially useful as biomarkers in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adenilson Leão Pereira
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa Avenue, 66075-110, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Leandro Magalhães
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa Avenue, 66075-110, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Cordeiro Moreira
- Research Center on Oncology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Mundurucus Street, 66073-000, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Laís Reis-das-Mercês
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa Avenue, 66075-110, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Amanda Ferreira Vidal
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa Avenue, 66075-110, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - André Maurício Ribeiro-Dos-Santos
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa Avenue, 66075-110, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Samia Demachki
- Research Center on Oncology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Mundurucus Street, 66073-000, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ana Karyssa Mendes Anaissi
- Research Center on Oncology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Mundurucus Street, 66073-000, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Rommel Mario Rodríguez Burbano
- Research Center on Oncology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Mundurucus Street, 66073-000, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Paulo Albuquerque
- São Camilo and São Luís Hospital, Dr. Marcello Cândia Street, 68901-901, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Sidney Emanuel Batista Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa Avenue, 66075-110, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Research Center on Oncology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Mundurucus Street, 66073-000, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Paulo Pimentel de Assumpção
- Research Center on Oncology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Mundurucus Street, 66073-000, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ândrea Kely Campos Ribeiro-Dos-Santos
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa Avenue, 66075-110, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Research Center on Oncology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Mundurucus Street, 66073-000, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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13
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de Assumpção PP, Khayat AS, Thomaz Araújo TM, Barra WF, Ishak G, Cruz Ramos AMP, Dos Santos SEB, Dos Santos ÂKCR, Demachki S, de Assumpção PB, Calcagno DQ, Dos Santos NPC, de Assumpção MB, Moreira FC, Dos Santos AMR, de Assumpção CB, Riggins GJ, Rodríguez Burbano RM. Traps and trumps from adjacent-to-tumor samples in gastric cancer research. Chin J Cancer Res 2018; 30:564-567. [PMID: 30510368 PMCID: PMC6232362 DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2018.05.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for cancer biomarkers is frequently based on comparisons between tumors and adjacent-to-tumor samples. However, even after histological confirmation of been free of cancer cells, these adjacent-to-tumor samples might harbor molecular alterations which are not sufficient to cause them to look like cancer, but can differentiate these cells from normal cells. When comparing them, potential biomarkers are missed, and mainly the opportunity of finding initial aberrations presents in both tumors and adjacent samples, but not in true normal samples from non-cancer patients, resulting in misinterpretations about the carcinogenic process. Nevertheless, collecting adjacent-to-tumor samples brings trumps to be explored. The addition of samples from non-cancer patients opens an opportunity to increase the finds of the molecular cascade of events in the carcinogenic process. Differences between normal samples and adjacent samples might represent the first steps of the carcinogenic process. Adding samples of non-cancer patients to the analysis of molecular alterations relevant to the carcinogenic process opens a new window of opportunities to the discovery of cancer biomarkers and molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André Salim Khayat
- Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | | | | | - Geraldo Ishak
- Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Samia Demachki
- Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
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14
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Yang GJ, Lei PM, Wong SY, Ma DL, Leung CH. Pharmacological Inhibition of LSD1 for Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2018; 23:E3194. [PMID: 30518104 PMCID: PMC6320820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1A (LSD1, also named KDM1A) is a demethylase that can remove methyl groups from histones H3K4me1/2 and H3K9me1/2. It is aberrantly expressed in many cancers, where it impedes differentiation and contributes to cancer cell proliferation, cell metastasis and invasiveness, and is associated with inferior prognosis. Pharmacological inhibition of LSD1 has been reported to significantly attenuate tumor progression in vitro and in vivo in a range of solid tumors and acute myeloid leukemia. This review will present the structural aspects of LSD1, its role in carcinogenesis, a comparison of currently available approaches for screening LSD1 inhibitors, a classification of LSD1 inhibitors, and its potential as a drug target in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China.
| | - Pui-Man Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China.
| | - Suk-Yu Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China.
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15
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Dhage S, Ernlund A, Ruggles K, Axelrod D, Berman R, Roses D, Schneider RJ. A genomic ruler to assess oncogenic transition between breast tumor and stroma. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205602. [PMID: 30325954 PMCID: PMC6191134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancers induce gene expression alterations in stroma surrounding tumors that supports cancer progression. However, it is actually not at all known the extent of altered stromal gene expression enacted by tumors nor the extent to which altered stromal gene expression penetrates the stromal tissue. Presently, post-surgical “tumor-free” stromal tissue is determined to be cancer-free based on solely on morphological normality—a criteria that has not changed in more than 100 years despite the existence of sophisticated gene expression data to the contrary. We therefore investigated the extent to which breast tumors alter stromal gene expression in three dimensions in women undergoing mastectomy with the intent of providing a genomic determination for development of future risk of recurrence criteria, and to inform the need for adjuvant full-breast irradiation. Methods and findings Genome-wide gene expression changes were determined in histopathologically normal breast tissue in 33 women undergoing mastectomy for stage II and III primary invasive ductal carcinoma at serial distances in three dimensions from the tumor. Gene expression was determined by genome-wide mRNA analysis and subjected to metagene mRNA characterization. Tumor-like gene expression signatures in stroma were identified that surprisingly transitioned to a plastic, normalizing homeostatic signature with distance from tumor. Stroma closest to tumor displayed a pronounced tumor-like signature enriched in cancer-promoting pathways involved in disruption of basement membrane, cell migration and invasion, WNT signaling and angiogenesis. By 2 cm from tumor in all dimensions, stromal tissues were in transition, displaying homeostatic and tumor suppressing gene activity, while also expressing cancer supporting pathways. Conclusions The dynamics of gene expression in the post-tumor breast stroma likely co-determines disease outcome: reversion to normality or transition to transformation in morphologically normal tissue. Our stromal genomic signature may be important for personalizing surgical and adjuvant therapeutic decisions and risk of recurrence.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast/metabolism
- Breast/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/surgery
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/surgery
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genomics
- Humans
- Mastectomy
- Microarray Analysis
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/genetics
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology
- Neoplasm Staging
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhada Dhage
- Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Amanda Ernlund
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kelly Ruggles
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Deborah Axelrod
- Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Russell Berman
- Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel Roses
- Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Schneider
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Al-Mahmood S, Sapiezynski J, Garbuzenko OB, Minko T. Metastatic and triple-negative breast cancer: challenges and treatment options. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 8:1483-1507. [PMID: 29978332 PMCID: PMC6133085 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0551-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The major current conventional types of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) treatments include surgery, radiation, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy. Introducing biological drugs, targeted treatment and gene therapy can potentially reduce the mortality and improve the quality of life in patients with MBC. However, combination of several types of treatment is usually recommended. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 10-20% of all cases of breast carcinoma and is characterized by the low expression of progesterone receptor (PR), estrogen receptor (ER), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Consequently, convenient treatments used for MBC that target these receptors are not effective for TNBC which therefore requires special treatment approaches. This review discusses the occurrence of MBC, the prognosis and predictive biomarkers of MBC, and focuses on the novel advanced tactics for treatment of MBC and TNBC. Nanotechnology-based combinatorial approach for the suppression of EGFR by siRNA and gifitinib is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumayah Al-Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8020, USA
| | - Justin Sapiezynski
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8020, USA
| | - Olga B Garbuzenko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8020, USA
| | - Tamara Minko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8020, USA.
- Rutgers Cancer Institute, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA.
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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17
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Pleiman JK, Irving AA, Wang Z, Toraason E, Clipson L, Dove WF, Deming DA, Newton MA. The conserved protective cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase function PDE4B is expressed in the adenoma and adjacent normal colonic epithelium of mammals and silenced in colorectal cancer. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007611. [PMID: 30188895 PMCID: PMC6143270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Conservation over three mammalian genera-the mouse, rat, and human-has been found for a subset of the transcripts whose level differs between the adenoma and normal epithelium of the colon. Pde4b is one of the triply conserved transcripts whose level is enhanced both in the colonic adenoma and in the normal colonic epithelium, especially adjacent to adenomas. It encodes the phosphodiesterase PDE4B, specific for cAMP. Loss of PDE4B function in the ApcMin/+ mouse leads to a significant increase in the number of colonic adenomas. Similarly, Pde4b-deficient ApcMin/+ mice are hypersensitive to treatment by the inflammatory agent DSS, becoming moribund soon after treatment. These observations imply that the PDE4B function protects against ApcMin-induced adenomagenesis and inflammatory lethality. The paradoxical enhancement of the Pde4b transcript in the adenoma versus this inferred protective function of PDE4B can be rationalized by a feedback model in which PDE4B is first activated by early oncogenic stress involving cAMP and then, as reported for frank human colon cancer, inactivated by epigenetic silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K. Pleiman
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Amy A. Irving
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zhishi Wang
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Erik Toraason
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Linda Clipson
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - William F. Dove
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dustin A. Deming
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Newton
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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18
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Russo D, Merolla F, Varricchio S, Salzano G, Zarrilli G, Mascolo M, Strazzullo V, Di Crescenzo RM, Celetti A, Ilardi G. Epigenetics of oral and oropharyngeal cancers. Biomed Rep 2018; 9:275-283. [PMID: 30233779 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral and oropharyngeal cancers represent the two most common malignancies of the head and neck region. The major risk factors for these cancers include alcohol consumption, tobacco use (via smoking or chewing) and high-risk human papillomavirus infection. The transition from normal epithelium to premalignant tissue and finally carcinoma is in part caused by a summation of genetic and epigenetic modifications. Epigenetic refers to modifications in the way the genome is expressed in cells. The most common examples of epigenetic control of gene expression are DNA methylation, histone modification and regulation by small non-coding RNAs. The aim of the current paper was to review the recent studies on the main epigenetic changes that have been suggested to serve a role in the carcinogenesis process and progression of oral and oropharyngeal cancers. Furthermore, it is discussed how the epigenetic changes may be used as potential predictive biomarkers and how recent findings in the field may impact the personalized cancer therapy approach for these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Russo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Unit, University of Naples Federico II, Ι-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Merolla
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences V. Tiberio, University of Molise, Ι-86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Silvia Varricchio
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Unit, University of Naples Federico II, Ι-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Salzano
- Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Operative Unit of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Ι-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zarrilli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences V. Tiberio, University of Molise, Ι-86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Massimo Mascolo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Unit, University of Naples Federico II, Ι-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Viviana Strazzullo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Unit, University of Naples Federico II, Ι-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Di Crescenzo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Unit, University of Naples Federico II, Ι-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Celetti
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology Gaetano Salvatore, Italian National Council of Research, Ι-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Ilardi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Unit, University of Naples Federico II, Ι-80131 Naples, Italy
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19
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Cancer-associated fibroblasts in tumor microenvironment - Accomplices in tumor malignancy. Cell Immunol 2018; 343:103729. [PMID: 29397066 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is much cellular heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment. The tumor epithelia and stromal cells co-evolve, and this reciprocal relationship dictates almost every step of cancer development and progression. Despite this, many anticancer therapies are designed around druggable features of tumor epithelia, ignoring the supportive role of stromal cells. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the dominant cell type within the reactive stroma of many tumor types. Numerous previous studies have highlighted a pro-tumorigenic role for CAFs via secretion of various growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and the degradation of extracellular matrix. Recent works showed that CAFs secrete H2O2 to effect stromal-mediated field cancerization, transform primary epithelial cells, and aggravate cancer cell aggressiveness, in addition to inflammatory and mitogenic factors. Molecular characterization of CAFs also underscores the importance of Notch and specific nuclear receptor signaling in the activation of CAFs. This review consolidates recent findings of CAFs and highlights areas for future investigations.
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20
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Baker KT, Salk JJ, Brentnall TA, Risques RA. Precancer in ulcerative colitis: the role of the field effect and its clinical implications. Carcinogenesis 2018; 39:11-20. [PMID: 29087436 PMCID: PMC6248676 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cumulative evidence indicates that a significant proportion of cancer evolution may occur before the development of histological abnormalities. While recent improvements in DNA sequencing technology have begun to reveal the presence of these early preneoplastic clones, the concept of 'premalignant field' was already introduced by Slaughter more than half a century ago. Also referred to as 'field effect', 'field defect' or 'field cancerization', these terms describe the phenomenon by which molecular alterations develop in normal-appearing tissue and expand to form premalignant patches with the potential to progress to dysplasia and cancer. Field effects have been well-characterized in ulcerative colitis, an inflammatory bowel disease that increases the risk of colorectal cancer. The study of the molecular alterations that define these fields is informative of mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression and has provided potential targets for early cancer detection. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge about the molecular alterations that comprise the field effect in ulcerative colitis and the clinical utility of these fields for cancer screening and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn T Baker
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jesse J Salk
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- TwinStrand Biosciences Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Teresa A Brentnall
- Division of Gasteroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rosa Ana Risques
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +206-616-4976; Fax:
+206-543-1140;
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21
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Abstract
Tumorigenesis begins long before the growth of a clinically detectable lesion and, indeed, even before any of the usual morphological correlates of pre-malignancy are recognizable. Field cancerization, which is the replacement of the normal cell population by a cancer-primed cell population that may show no morphological change, is now recognized to underlie the development of many types of cancer, including the common carcinomas of the lung, colon, skin, prostate and bladder. Field cancerization is the consequence of the evolution of somatic cells in the body that results in cells that carry some but not all phenotypes required for malignancy. Here, we review the evidence of field cancerization across organs and examine the biological mechanisms that drive the evolutionary process that results in field creation. We discuss the clinical implications, principally, how measurements of the cancerized field could improve cancer risk prediction in patients with pre-malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Curtius
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, EC1M 6BQ London, UK
| | - Nicholas A Wright
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, EC1M 6BQ London, UK
| | - Trevor A Graham
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, EC1M 6BQ London, UK
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22
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Russell NS, Krul IM, van Eggermond AM, Aleman BM, Cooke R, Kuiper S, Allen SD, Wallis MG, Llanas D, Diallo I, de Vathaire F, Smith SA, Hauptmann M, Broeks A, Swerdlow AJ, Van Leeuwen FE. Retrospective methods to estimate radiation dose at the site of breast cancer development after Hodgkin lymphoma radiotherapy. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2017; 7:20-27. [PMID: 29594225 PMCID: PMC5862668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increased risk of breast cancer following radiotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) has now been robustly established. In order to estimate the dose-response relationship more accurately, and to aid clinical decision making, a retrospective estimation of the radiation dose delivered to the site of the subsequent breast cancer is required. METHODS For 174 Dutch and 170 UK female patients with breast cancer following HL treatment, the 3-dimensional position of the breast cancer in the affected breast was determined and transferred onto a CT-based anthropomorphic phantom. Using a radiotherapy treatment planning system the dose distribution on the CT-based phantom was calculated for the 46 different radiation treatment field set-ups used in the study population. The estimated dose at the centre of the breast cancer, and a margin to reflect dose uncertainty were determined on the basis of the location of the tumour and the isodose lines from the treatment planning. We assessed inter-observer variation and for 47 patients we compared the results with a previously applied dosimetry method. RESULTS The estimated median point dose at the centre of the breast cancer location was 29.75 Gy (IQR 5.8-37.2), or about 75% of the prescribed radiotherapy dose. The median dose uncertainty range was 5.97 Gy. We observed an excellent inter-observer variation (ICC 0.89 (95% CI: 0.74-0.95)). The absolute agreement intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for inter-method variation was 0.59 (95% CI: 0.37-0.75), indicating (nearly) good agreement. There were no systematic differences in the dose estimates between observers or methods. CONCLUSION Estimates of the dose at the point of a subsequent breast cancer show good correlation between methods, but the retrospective nature of the estimates means that there is always some uncertainty to be accounted for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola S. Russell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M. Krul
- Divison of Psychosocial Research, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna M. van Eggermond
- Divison of Psychosocial Research, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Berthe M.P. Aleman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rosie Cooke
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology (R.C., A.J.S.), Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Susanne Kuiper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven D. Allen
- Department of Radiology, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Rd, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Matthew G. Wallis
- Cambridge Breast Unit and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England, UK
| | - Damien Llanas
- Cancer and Radiation Team, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Ibrahima Diallo
- Cancer and Radiation Team, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Florent de Vathaire
- Cancer and Radiation Team, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Susan A. Smith
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael Hauptmann
- Divison of Psychosocial Research, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annegien Broeks
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony J. Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology (R.C., A.J.S.), Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research (A.J.S.), Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Flora E. Van Leeuwen
- Divison of Psychosocial Research, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Spitzwieser M, Entfellner E, Werner B, Pulverer W, Pfeiler G, Hacker S, Cichna-Markl M. Hypermethylation of CDKN2A exon 2 in tumor, tumor-adjacent and tumor-distant tissues from breast cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:260. [PMID: 28403857 PMCID: PMC5389179 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast carcinogenesis is a multistep process involving genetic and epigenetic changes. Tumor tissues are frequently characterized by gene-specific hypermethylation and global DNA hypomethylation. Aberrant DNA methylation levels have, however, not only been found in tumors, but also in tumor-surrounding tissue appearing histologically normal. This phenomenon is called field cancerization. Knowledge of the existence of a cancer field and its spread are of clinical relevance. If the tissue showing pre-neoplastic lesions is not removed by surgery, it may develop into invasive carcinoma. METHODS We investigated the prevalence of gene-specific and global DNA methylation changes in tumor-adjacent and tumor-distant tissues in comparison to tumor tissues from the same breast cancer patients (n = 18) and normal breast tissues from healthy women (n = 4). Methylation-sensitive high resolution melting (MS-HRM) analysis was applied to determine methylation levels in the promoters of APC, BRCA1, CDKN2A (p16), ESR1, HER2/neu and PTEN, in CDKN2A exon 2 and in LINE-1, as indicator for the global DNA methylation extent. The methylation status of the ESR2 promoter was determined by pyrosequencing. RESULTS Tumor-adjacent and tumor-distant tissues frequently showed pre-neoplastic gene-specific and global DNA methylation changes. The APC promoter (p = 0.003) and exon 2 of CDKN2A (p < 0.001) were significantly higher methylated in tumors than in normal breast tissues from healthy women. For both regions, significant differences were also found between tumor and tumor-adjacent tissues (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) and tumor and tumor-distant tissues (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) from breast cancer patients. In addition, tumor-adjacent (p = 0.002) and tumor-distant tissues (p = 0.005) showed significantly higher methylation levels of CDKN2A exon 2 than normal breast tissues serving as control. Significant correlations were found between the proliferative activity and the methylation status of CDKN2A exon 2 in tumor (r = -0.485, p = 0.041) and tumor-distant tissues (r = -0.498, p = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS From our results we can conclude that methylation changes in CDKN2A exon 2 are associated with breast carcinogenesis. Further investigations are, however, necessary to confirm that hypermethylation of CDKN2A exon 2 is associated with tumor proliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Spitzwieser
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Entfellner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Werner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Pulverer
- Molecular Diagnostics, Austrian Institute of Technology, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Pfeiler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Hacker
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margit Cichna-Markl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Chan JSK, Tan MJ, Sng MK, Teo Z, Phua T, Choo CC, Li L, Zhu P, Tan NS. Cancer-associated fibroblasts enact field cancerization by promoting extratumoral oxidative stress. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2562. [PMID: 28102840 PMCID: PMC5386391 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Histological inspection of visually normal tissue adjacent to neoplastic lesions often reveals multiple foci of cellular abnormalities. This suggests the presence of a regional carcinogenic signal that spreads oncogenic transformation and field cancerization. We observed an abundance of mutagenic reactive oxygen species in the stroma of cryosectioned patient tumor biopsies, indicative of extratumoral oxidative stress. Diffusible hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was elevated in the conditioned medium of cultured skin epithelia at various stages of oncogenic transformation, and H2O2 production increased with greater tumor-forming and metastatic capacity of the studied cell lines. Explanted cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) also had higher levels of H2O2 secretion compared with normal fibroblasts (FIBs). These results suggest that extracellular H2O2 acts as a field effect carcinogen. Indeed, H2O2-treated keratinocytes displayed decreased phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and increased Src activities because of oxidative modification. Furthermore, treating FIBs with CAF-conditioned medium or exogenous H2O2 resulted in the acquisition of an oxidative, CAF-like state. In vivo, the proliferative potential and invasiveness of composite tumor xenografts comprising cancerous or non-tumor-forming epithelia with CAFs and FIBs could be attenuated by the presence of catalase. Importantly, we showed that oxidatively transformed FIBs isolated from composite tumor xenografts retained their ability to promote tumor growth and aggressiveness when adoptively transferred into new xenografts. Higher H2O2 production by CAFs was contingent on impaired TGFβ signaling leading to the suppression of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1). Finally, we detected a reduction in Smad3, TAK1 and TGFβRII expression in a cohort of 197 clinical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) CAFs, suggesting that impaired stromal TGFβ signaling may be a clinical feature of SCC. Our study indicated that CAFs and cancer cells engage redox signaling circuitries and mitogenic signaling to reinforce their reciprocal relationship, suggesting that future anticancer approaches should simultaneously target ligand receptor and redox-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Soon Kiat Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore
| | - Ming Jie Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore
| | - Ming Keat Sng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore
| | - Ziqiang Teo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore
| | - Terri Phua
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobelsväg 16, StockholmSweden
| | - Chee Chong Choo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore
| | - Liang Li
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore
| | - Pengcheng Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore.,KK Women's and Children Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore
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25
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Fernández P J, Méndez-Sánchez SC, Gonzalez-Correa CA, Miranda DA. Could field cancerization be interpreted as a biochemical anomaly amplification due to transformed cells? Med Hypotheses 2016; 97:107-111. [PMID: 27876116 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Field cancerization is a concept used to explain cellular and molecular alterations in tissue associated to neoplasia and cancer. This effect was proposed by Slaughter in order to explain the development of multiple primary tumors and locally recurrent cancer. The particular changes associated with this effect, in each type of cancer, have been detected even at distances greater than 10cm off the tumor, in areas classified as normal by histopathological studies. Early detection of lung, colon, and ovary cancer has been reported by the use of Partial Wave Microscopy Spectroscopy (PWS) and has been explained in terms of the field cancerization effect. Until now, field cancerization has been studied as a field effect and we hypothesize that it can be understood as an amplifying effect of biochemical abnormalities in cells, which leads us to ask the question: Could field cancerization be interpreted as a biochemical anomaly amplification due to transformed cells? We propose this question because the biochemical changes due to field cancerization alter the dynamics of molecules and cells in abnormal tissues in comparison to normal ones, these alterations modify the interaction of intracellular and extracellular medium, as well as cellular movement. We hypothesize that field cancerization when interpreted as an amplification effect can be used for the early detection of cancer by measuring the change of cell dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeth Fernández P
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Cra 27 Cll 9, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Stelia C Méndez-Sánchez
- Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Cra 27 Cll 9, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | | | - David A Miranda
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Cra 27 Cll 9, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
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26
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Pitfalls of improperly procured adjacent non-neoplastic tissue for somatic mutation analysis using next-generation sequencing. BMC Med Genomics 2016; 9:64. [PMID: 27756300 PMCID: PMC5070097 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-016-0226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rapid adoption of next-generation sequencing provides an efficient system for detecting somatic alterations in neoplasms. The detection of such alterations requires a matched non-neoplastic sample for adequate filtering of non-somatic events such as germline polymorphisms. Non-neoplastic tissue adjacent to the excised neoplasm is often used for this purpose as it is simultaneously collected and generally contains the same tissue type as the neoplasm. Following NGS analysis, we and others have frequently observed low-level somatic mutations in these non-neoplastic tissues, which may impose additional challenges to somatic mutation detection as it complicates germline variant filtering. Methods We hypothesized that the low-level somatic mutation observed in non-neoplastic tissues may be entirely or partially caused by inadvertent contamination by neoplastic cells during the surgical pathology gross assessment or tissue procurement process. To test this hypothesis, we applied a systematic protocol designed to collect multiple grossly non-neoplastic tissues using different methods surrounding each single neoplasm. The procedure was applied in two breast cancer lumpectomy specimens. In each case, all samples were first sequenced by whole-exome sequencing to identify somatic mutations in the neoplasm and determine their presence in the adjacent non-neoplastic tissues. We then generated ultra-deep coverage using targeted sequencing to assess the levels of contamination in non-neoplastic tissue samples collected under different conditions. Results Contamination levels in non-neoplastic tissues ranged up to 3.5 and 20.9 % respectively in the two cases tested, with consistent pattern correlated with the manner of grossing and procurement. By carefully controlling the conditions of various steps during this process, we were able to eliminate any detectable contamination in both patients. Conclusion The results demonstrated that the process of tissue procurement contributes to the level of contamination in non-neoplastic tissue, and contamination can be reduced to below detectable levels by using a carefully designed collection method. A standard protocol dedicated for acquiring adjacent non-neoplastic tissue that minimizes neoplasm contamination should be implemented for all somatic mutation detection studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12920-016-0226-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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27
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Danforth DN. Genomic Changes in Normal Breast Tissue in Women at Normal Risk or at High Risk for Breast Cancer. BREAST CANCER-BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2016; 10:109-46. [PMID: 27559297 PMCID: PMC4990153 DOI: 10.4137/bcbcr.s39384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic breast cancer develops through the accumulation of molecular abnormalities in normal breast tissue, resulting from exposure to estrogens and other carcinogens beginning at adolescence and continuing throughout life. These molecular changes may take a variety of forms, including numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities, epigenetic changes, and gene expression alterations. To characterize these abnormalities, a review of the literature has been conducted to define the molecular changes in each of the above major genomic categories in normal breast tissue considered to be either at normal risk or at high risk for sporadic breast cancer. This review indicates that normal risk breast tissues (such as reduction mammoplasty) contain evidence of early breast carcinogenesis including loss of heterozygosity, DNA methylation of tumor suppressor and other genes, and telomere shortening. In normal tissues at high risk for breast cancer (such as normal breast tissue adjacent to breast cancer or the contralateral breast), these changes persist, and are increased and accompanied by aneuploidy, increased genomic instability, a wide range of gene expression differences, development of large cancerized fields, and increased proliferation. These changes are consistent with early and long-standing exposure to carcinogens, especially estrogens. A model for the breast carcinogenic pathway in normal risk and high-risk breast tissues is proposed. These findings should clarify our understanding of breast carcinogenesis in normal breast tissue and promote development of improved methods for risk assessment and breast cancer prevention in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Danforth
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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28
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Forsberg LA, Rasi C, Pekar G, Davies H, Piotrowski A, Absher D, Razzaghian HR, Ambicka A, Halaszka K, Przewoźnik M, Kruczak A, Mandava G, Pasupulati S, Hacker J, Prakash KR, Dasari RC, Lau J, Penagos-Tafurt N, Olofsson HM, Hallberg G, Skotnicki P, Mituś J, Skokowski J, Jankowski M, Śrutek E, Zegarski W, Tiensuu Janson E, Ryś J, Tot T, Dumanski JP. Signatures of post-zygotic structural genetic aberrations in the cells of histologically normal breast tissue that can predispose to sporadic breast cancer. Genome Res 2016; 25:1521-35. [PMID: 26430163 PMCID: PMC4579338 DOI: 10.1101/gr.187823.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic breast cancer (SBC) is a common disease without robust means of early risk prediction in the population. We studied 282 females with SBC, focusing on copy number aberrations in cancer-free breast tissue (uninvolved margin, UM) outside the primary tumor (PT). In total, 1162 UMs (1–14 per breast) were studied. Comparative analysis between UM(s), PT(s), and blood/skin from the same patient as a control is the core of the study design. We identified 108 patients with at least one aberrant UM, representing 38.3% of cases. Gains in gene copy number were the principal type of mutations in microscopically normal breast cells, suggesting that oncogenic activation of genes via increased gene copy number is a predominant mechanism for initiation of SBC pathogenesis. The gain of ERBB2, with overexpression of HER2 protein, was the most common aberration in normal cells. Five additional growth factor receptor genes (EGFR, FGFR1, IGF1R, LIFR, and NGFR) also showed recurrent gains, and these were occasionally present in combination with the gain of ERBB2. All the aberrations found in the normal breast cells were previously described in cancer literature, suggesting their causative, driving role in pathogenesis of SBC. We demonstrate that analysis of normal cells from cancer patients leads to identification of signatures that may increase risk of SBC and our results could influence the choice of surgical intervention to remove all predisposing cells. Early detection of copy number gains suggesting a predisposition toward cancer development, long before detectable tumors are formed, is a key to the anticipated shift into a preventive paradigm of personalized medicine for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars A Forsberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, 715 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chiara Rasi
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, 715 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gyula Pekar
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, 715 85 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Pathology, Central Hospital Falun, 791 82 Falun, Sweden
| | - Hanna Davies
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, 715 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arkadiusz Piotrowski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Devin Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Hamid Reza Razzaghian
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, 715 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aleksandra Ambicka
- Centre of Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Kraków Branch, 31-115 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Halaszka
- Centre of Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Kraków Branch, 31-115 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Przewoźnik
- Centre of Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Kraków Branch, 31-115 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Kruczak
- Centre of Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Kraków Branch, 31-115 Kraków, Poland
| | - Geeta Mandava
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, 715 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Saichand Pasupulati
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, 715 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julia Hacker
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, 715 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Reddy Prakash
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, 715 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ravi Chandra Dasari
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, 715 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joey Lau
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nelly Penagos-Tafurt
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, 715 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena M Olofsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, 715 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Hallberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Piotr Skotnicki
- Centre of Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Kraków Branch, 31-115 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jerzy Mituś
- Centre of Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Kraków Branch, 31-115 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Skokowski
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland; Bank of Frozen Tissues and Genetic Specimens, Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michal Jankowski
- Surgical Oncology, Collegium Medicum, Oncology Center, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewa Śrutek
- Surgical Oncology, Collegium Medicum, Oncology Center, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Zegarski
- Surgical Oncology, Collegium Medicum, Oncology Center, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Eva Tiensuu Janson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Janusz Ryś
- Centre of Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Kraków Branch, 31-115 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tibor Tot
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, 715 85 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Pathology, Central Hospital Falun, 791 82 Falun, Sweden
| | - Jan P Dumanski
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, 715 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Myers MB, Banda M, McKim KL, Wang Y, Powell MJ, Parsons BL. Breast Cancer Heterogeneity Examined by High-Sensitivity Quantification of PIK3CA, KRAS, HRAS, and BRAF Mutations in Normal Breast and Ductal Carcinomas. Neoplasia 2016; 18:253-63. [PMID: 27108388 PMCID: PMC4840288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutant cancer subpopulations have the potential to derail durable patient responses to molecularly targeted cancer therapeutics, yet the prevalence and size of such subpopulations are largely unexplored. We employed the sensitive and quantitative Allele-specific Competitive Blocker PCR approach to characterize mutant cancer subpopulations in ductal carcinomas (DCs), examining five specific hotspot point mutations (PIK3CA H1047R, KRAS G12D, KRAS G12V, HRAS G12D, and BRAF V600E). As an approach to aid interpretation of the DC results, the mutations were also quantified in normal breast tissue. Overall, the mutations were prevalent in normal breast and DCs, with 9/9 DCs having measureable levels of at least three of the five mutations. HRAS G12D was significantly increased in DCs as compared to normal breast. The most frequent point mutation reported in DC by DNA sequencing, PIK3CA H1047R, was detected in all normal breast tissue and DC samples and was present at remarkably high levels (mutant fractions of 1.1 × 10(-3) to 4.6 × 10(-2)) in 4/10 normal breast samples. In normal breast tissue samples, PIK3CA mutation levels were positively correlated with age. However, the PIK3CA H1047R mutant fraction distributions for normal breast tissues and DCs were similar. The results suggest PIK3CA H1047R mutant cells have a selective advantage in breast, contribute to breast cancer susceptibility, and drive tumor progression during breast carcinogenesis, even when present as only a subpopulation of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan B Myers
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Malathi Banda
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Karen L McKim
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Yiying Wang
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Michael J Powell
- DiaCarta, Inc., JOINN Innovation Park, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806
| | - Barbara L Parsons
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR 72079.
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30
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Gao L, Qi X, Hu K, Zhu R, Xu W, Sun S, Zhang L, Yang X, Hua B, Liu G. Estrogen receptor β promoter methylation: a potential indicator of malignant changes in breast cancer. Arch Med Sci 2016; 12:129-36. [PMID: 26925128 PMCID: PMC4754373 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.57588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) always lacks expression in estrogen-dependent tumors, which may result from gene inactivation by methylation. In this study, we aimed to determine whether aberrant methylation of the ERβ promoter is associated with decreased ERβ gene expression in breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS ERβ methylation status was determined for 132 pairs of breast cancer and adjacent normal tissues via the MethyLight method. Additionally, mRNA relative expression was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to determine whether aberrant methylation had a negative correlation with expression. The correlation of ERβ promoter methylation and clinical parameters is also discussed. RESULTS Methylation was observed in 96 (72.7%) breast cancer samples, and the median percentage of fully methylated reference (PMR) among methylated tissues was 0.83. Meanwhile, 94 (71.2%) adjacent normal tissues were methylated and the median PMR was 0.48. Compared to adjacent normal tissues, the methylation level of breast cancer was significantly higher (p < 0.001) and mRNA expression was much lower (p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between ERβ methylation and mRNA expression in adjacent normal breast tissues (p = 0.004). In addition, the methylation rate of cancer tissues whose maximum diameter < 3 cm was significantly higher than those > 3 cm (p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS ERβ promoter methylation level varies between cancerous and adjacent normal breast tissues. There was significant downregulation of ERβ methylation expression in pre-cancerous stages of breast cancer. Therefore, demethylation drugs may offer a potential strategy for preventing the development of pre-cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Laboratory Department, GuangAn'men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Qi
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiwen Hu
- Department of Oncology, Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ruili Zhu
- Laboratory Department, GuangAn'men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shipeng Sun
- Laboratory Department, GuangAn'men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ximing Yang
- Laboratory Department, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Baojin Hua
- Department of Oncology, GuangAn'men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- Laboratory Department, GuangAn'men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Diversity is the basis of fitness selection. Although the genome of an individual is considered to be largely stable, there is theoretical and experimental evidence--both in model organisms and in humans--that genetic mosaicism is the rule rather than the exception. The continuous generation of cell variants, their interactions and selective pressures lead to life-long tissue dynamics. Individuals may thus enjoy 'clonal health', defined as a clonal composition that supports healthy morphology and physiology, or suffer from clonal configurations that promote disease, such as cancer. The contribution of mosaicism to these processes starts during embryonic development. In this Opinion article, we argue that the road to cancer might begin during these early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis C Fernández
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Torres
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares-CNIC, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco X Real
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, and at the Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Sandhu GK, Milevskiy MJG, Wilson W, Shewan AM, Brown MA. Non-coding RNAs in Mammary Gland Development and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 886:121-153. [PMID: 26659490 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7417-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are untranslated RNA molecules that function to regulate the expression of numerous genes and associated biochemical pathways and cellular functions. NcRNAs include small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). They participate in the regulation of all developmental processes and are frequently aberrantly expressed or functionally defective in disease. This Chapter will focus on the role of ncRNAs, in particular miRNAs and lncRNAs, in mammary gland development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurveen K Sandhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Michael J G Milevskiy
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Wesley Wilson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Annette M Shewan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Melissa A Brown
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
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DeCensi A, Puntoni M, Guerrieri-Gonzaga A, Cazzaniga M, Serrano D, Lazzeroni M, Vingiani A, Gentilini O, Petrera M, Viale G, Cuzick J, Bonanni B, Pruneri G. Effect of Metformin on Breast Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Proliferation in a Randomized Presurgical Trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:888-94. [PMID: 26276754 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is associated with lower breast cancer risk in epidemiologic studies and showed decreased proliferation in HER2-positive breast cancer in a presurgical trial. To provide insight into its preventive potential, we measured proliferation by Ki-67 labeling index (LI) of intraepithelial lesions surrounding breast cancer. We randomly assigned 200 nondiabetic patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in core biopsies to metformin, 1,700 mg or placebo once daily for 28 days before surgery. Upon surgery, five to seven specimens of cancer adjacent (≤1 cm) and distant (>1 cm) tissue were screened for LCIS, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and ductal hyperplasia (DH). The prevalence of LCIS, DCIS, and DH was 4.5% (9/200), 67% (133/200), and 35% (69/200), respectively. Overall, metformin did not affect Ki-67 LI in premalignant disorders. The median posttreatment Ki-67 LI (IQR) in the metformin and placebo arm was, respectively, 15% (5-15) versus 5% (4-6) in LCIS (P = 0.1), 12% (8-20) versus 10% (7-24) in DCIS (P = 0.9), and 3% (1-4) versus 3% (1-4) in DH (P = 0.5). However, posttreatment Ki-67 in HER2-positive DCIS lesions was significantly lower in women randomized to metformin especially when ER was coexpressed: 22% (11-32) versus 35% (30-40) in HER2-positive DCIS (n = 22, P = .06); 12% (7-18) versus 32% (27-42) in ER-positive/HER2-positive DCIS (n = 15, P = .004). Eight of 22 (36%) HER2-positive DCIS were adjacent to HER2-negative invasive breast cancer. In tissue samples obtained following 4 weeks of study drug, proliferation was lower in HER2-positive DCIS for women randomized to metformin versus placebo. An adjuvant trial incorporating metformin in HER2-positive DCIS is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea DeCensi
- Division of Medical Oncology, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy. Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Matteo Puntoni
- Office of the Scientific Director, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Massimiliano Cazzaniga
- Divisions of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Serrano
- Divisions of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Lazzeroni
- Divisions of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Vingiani
- Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Oreste Gentilini
- Division of Breast Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Marilena Petrera
- Division of Medical Oncology, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Viale
- Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy. University of Milan, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Jack Cuzick
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bernardo Bonanni
- Divisions of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Pruneri
- Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy. University of Milan, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
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Tu L, Huda N, Grimes BR, Slee RB, Bates AM, Cheng L, Gilley D. Widespread telomere instability in prostatic lesions. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:842-52. [PMID: 25917938 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A critical function of the telomere is to disguise chromosome ends from cellular recognition as double strand breaks, thereby preventing aberrant chromosome fusion events. Such chromosome end-to-end fusions are known to initiate genomic instability via breakage-fusion-bridge cycles. Telomere dysfunction and other forms of genomic assault likely result in misregulation of genes involved in growth control, cell death, and senescence pathways, lowering the threshold to malignancy and likely drive disease progression. Shortened telomeres and anaphase bridges have been reported in a wide variety of early precursor and malignant cancer lesions including those of the prostate. These findings are being extended using methods for the analysis of telomere fusions (decisive genetic markers for telomere dysfunction) specifically within human tissue DNA. Here we report that benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and prostate cancer (PCa) prostate lesions all contain similarly high frequencies of telomere fusions and anaphase bridges. Tumor-adjacent, histologically normal prostate tissue generally did not contain telomere fusions or anaphase bridges as compared to matched PCa tissues. However, we found relatively high levels of telomerase activity in this histologically normal tumor-adjacent tissue that was reduced but closely correlated with telomerase levels in corresponding PCa samples. Thus, we present evidence of high levels of telomere dysfunction in BPH, an established early precursor (PIN) and prostate cancer lesions but not generally in tumor adjacent normal tissue. Our results suggest that telomere dysfunction may be a common gateway event leading to genomic instability in prostate tumorigenesis. .
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Affiliation(s)
- LiRen Tu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nazmul Huda
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Brenda R Grimes
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Roger B Slee
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Alison M Bates
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David Gilley
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Wu Y, Zhou BP. Epigenetic regulation of LSD1 during mammary carcinogenesis. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 1:e963426. [PMID: 27308339 PMCID: PMC4904887 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.963426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inheritable epigenetic regulation is integral to the dynamic control of gene expression under different stimuli for cellular homeostasis and disease progression. Histone methylation is a common and important type of chromatin modification. LSD1, the first known histone lysine-specific demethylase, operates as a key component of several corepressor complexes during development and in disease states. In this review, we focus on the regulation of LSD1 in mammary carcinogenesis. LSD1 plays a role in promoting mammary tumor metastasis and proliferation and in maintaining mammary cancer stem cells. Therefore, LSD1 represents a viable therapeutic target for effective treatment of mammary carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutrition Science; College of Medicine; University of Kentucky; Lexington, KY USA; Markey Cancer Center; College of Medicine; University of Kentucky; Lexington, KY USA
| | - Binhua P Zhou
- Markey Cancer Center; College of Medicine; University of Kentucky; Lexington, KY USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; College of Medicine; University of Kentucky; Lexington, KY USA
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Rivenbark AG, O'Connor SM, Coleman WB. Molecular and cellular heterogeneity in breast cancer: challenges for personalized medicine. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1113-1124. [PMID: 23993780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is noted for disparate clinical behaviors and patient outcomes, despite common histopathological features at diagnosis. Molecular pathogenesis studies suggest that breast cancer is a collection of diseases with variable molecular underpinnings that modulate therapeutic responses, disease-free intervals, and long-term survival. Traditional therapeutic strategies for individual patients are guided by the expression status of the estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Although such methods for clinical classification have utility in selection of targeted therapies, short-term patient responses and long-term survival remain difficult to predict. Molecular signatures of breast cancer based on complex gene expression patterns have utility in prediction of long-term patient outcomes, but are not yet used for guiding therapy. Examination of the correspondence between these methods for breast cancer classification reveals a lack of agreement affecting a significant percentage of cases. To realize true personalized breast cancer therapy, a more complete analysis and evaluation of the molecular characteristics of the disease in the individual patient is required, together with an understanding of the contributions of specific genetic and epigenetic alterations (and their combinations) to management of the patient. Here, we discuss the molecular and cellular heterogeneity of breast cancer, the impact of this heterogeneity on practical breast cancer classification, and the challenges for personalized breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley G Rivenbark
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Program in Translational Medicine, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Siobhan M O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Program in Translational Medicine, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - William B Coleman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Program in Translational Medicine, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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Katoh M. Therapeutics targeting angiogenesis: genetics and epigenetics, extracellular miRNAs and signaling networks (Review). Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:763-7. [PMID: 23863927 PMCID: PMC3812243 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a process of neovascular formation from pre-existing blood vessels, which consists of sequential steps for vascular destabilization, angiogenic sprouting, lumen formation and vascular stabilization. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), angiopoietin, Notch, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), Hedgehog and WNT signaling cascades orchestrate angiogenesis through the direct or indirect regulation of quiescence, migration and the proliferation of endothelial cells. Small-molecule compounds and human/humanized monoclonal antibodies interrupting VEGF signaling have been developed as anti-angiogenic therapeutics for cancer and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Gene or protein therapy delivering VEGF, FGF2 or FGF4, as well as cell therapy using endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been developed as pro-angiogenic therapeutics for ischemic heart disease and peripheral vascular disease. Anti-angiogenic therapy for cancer and neovascular AMD is more successful than pro-angiogenic therapy for cardiovascular diseases, as VEGF-signal interruption is technically feasible compared with vascular re-construction. Common and rare genetic variants are detected using array-based technology and personal genome sequencing, respectively. Drug and dosage should be determined based on personal genotypes of VEGF and other genes involved in angiogenesis. As epigenetic alterations give rise to human diseases, polymer-based hydrogel film may be utilized for the delivery of drugs targeting epigenetic processes and angiogenesis as treatment modalities for cardiovascular diseases. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in exosomes and microvesicles are applied as functional biomarkers for diagnostics and prognostics, while synthetic miRNAs in polymer-based nanoparticles are applicable for therapeutics. A more profound understanding of the spatio-temporal interactions of regulatory signaling cascades and advances in personal genotyping and miRNA profiling are required for the optimization of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Katoh
- Division of Integrative Omics and Bioinformatics, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
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Yang B, Ma C, Chen Z, Yi W, McNutt MA, Wang Y, Korteweg C, Gu J. Correlation of immunoglobulin G expression and histological subtype and stage in breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58706. [PMID: 23554916 PMCID: PMC3595271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, growing evidence indicates that immunoglobulins (Igs) are not only produced by mature B lymphocytes or plasma cells, but also by various normal cells types at immune privileged sites and neoplasm, including breast cancer. However, the association of breast cancer derived IgG with genesis and development of the disease has not yet been established. METHODS In this study we examined the expression of IgG in 186 breast cancers, 20 benign breast lesions and 30 normal breast tissues. Both immunohistochemistry with antibodies to Igκ (immunoglobulin G κ light chain) and Igγ (immunoglobulin G heavy chain) and in situ hybridization with an antisense probe to IgG1 heavy chain constant region gene were performed. Various clinicopathological features were also analyzed. RESULTS We found that IgG is specifically expressed in human breast cancer cells. Both infiltrating ductal carcinoma and infiltrating lobular carcinoma had significantly greater numbers of Igκ and Igγ positive cancer cells as compared with medullary carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, and benign lesions (all p<0.05). In addition, IgG expression was correlated with breast cancer histological subtypes (p<0.01) and AJCC stages (p<0.05), with more abundance of IgG expression in more malignant histological subtypes or in more advanced stage of the disease. CONCLUSIONS IgG expression in breast cancer cells is correlated with malignancy and AJCC stages of the cancers. This suggests that breast cancer derived IgG may be associated with genesis, development and prognosis of the cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baokai Yang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking (Beijing) University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Changchun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhengshan Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking (Beijing) University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Weining Yi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking (Beijing) University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Michael A. McNutt
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking (Beijing) University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking (Beijing) University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christine Korteweg
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jiang Gu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking (Beijing) University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- * E-mail:
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Gomperts BN, Walser TC, Spira A, Dubinett SM. Enriching the molecular definition of the airway "field of cancerization:" establishing new paradigms for the patient at risk for lung cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2012; 6:4-7. [PMID: 23233734 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-12-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The "field of cancerization" refers to histologically normal-appearing tissue adjacent to neoplastic tissue that displays molecular abnormalities, some of which are the same as those of the tumor. Improving our understanding of these molecular events is likely to increase our understanding of carcinogenesis. Kadara and colleagues attempt to characterize the molecular events occurring temporally and spatially within the field of cancerization of patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) following definitive surgery. They followed patients with bronchoscopies annually after tumor resection and extracted RNA from the serial brushings from different endobronchial sites. They then conducted microarray analysis to identify gene expression differences over time and in different sites in the airway. Candidate genes were found that may have biologic relevance to the field of cancerization. For example, expression of phosphorylated AKT and ERK1/2 was found to increase in the airway epithelium with time. Although there are limitations in the study design, this investigation demonstrates the utility of identifying molecular changes in histologically normal airway epithelium in lung cancer. In addition to increasing our understanding of lung cancer biology, studying the field of cancerization has the potential to identify biomarkers from samples obtained in a minimally invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte N Gomperts
- 1Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
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