1
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Huynh TNT, Nguyen KT, Sukwattanasinitt M, Wacharasindhu S. Electrochemical NaI-mediated one-pot synthesis of guanidines from isothiocyanates via tandem addition-guanylation. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8667-8674. [PMID: 37672208 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01113e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present an electrochemical approach for the synthesis of guanidines from isothiocyanates and amines in a single reaction vessel. This one-pot operation takes place in aqueous media, utilizing an undivided cell setup with NaI serving as both the electrolyte and mediator. The process involves the in situ generation of thiourea, followed by electrolytic guanylation with amines. Under ambient temperature conditions, we successfully demonstrated the formation of 30 different guanidine compounds, achieving yields ranging from fair to excellent. Furthermore, the synthesis method could be carried out on a gram scale with a good yield. This protocol stands out for its cost-effectiveness, step-economical design, high tolerance towards various functional groups, and environmentally friendly reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Nguyen Thanh Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 10330.
| | - Khuyen Thu Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 10330.
| | | | - Sumrit Wacharasindhu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 10330.
- Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Productions and Environmental Remediation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 10330
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2
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Jiang W, Wang B, Song C, Liu J. Electrocatalytic Desulfurizative Amination of Thioureas to Guanidines. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14601-14609. [PMID: 37788335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Guanidine has been known as an important class of N-containing molecules with a wide range of applications. Described here is a selective and efficient electrochemical approach to the synthesis of guanidines from easily accessible thioureas and amines. The key to success for this reaction is the in situ generation of a hypervalent iodine reagent as a catalyst from iodoarene by anodic oxidation. This mild desulfurizative amination presents ample substrate scope and good functional group tolerance without the use of extra stoichiometric chemical oxidants. As only electrons serve as the oxidation reagents, this method offers a more straightforward and sustainable manner toward versatile guanidines, including late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutically relevant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Bing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Chunlan Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511300, Guangdong Province, China
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3
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Specterman MJ, Aziz Q, Li Y, Anderson NA, Ojake L, Ng KE, Thomas AM, Finlay MC, Schilling RJ, Lambiase PD, Tinker A. Hypoxia Promotes Atrial Tachyarrhythmias via Opening of ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2023; 16:e011870. [PMID: 37646176 PMCID: PMC10510820 DOI: 10.1161/circep.123.011870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia-ischemia predisposes to atrial arrhythmia. Atrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) modulation during hypoxia has not been explored. We investigated the effects of hypoxia on atrial electrophysiology in mice with global deletion of KATP pore-forming subunits. METHODS Whole heart KATP RNA expression was probed. Whole-cell KATP current and action potentials were recorded in isolated wild-type (WT), Kir6.1 global knockout (6.1-gKO), and Kir6.2 global knockout (6.2-gKO) murine atrial myocytes. Langendorff-perfused hearts were assessed for atrial effective refractory period (ERP), conduction velocity, wavefront path length (WFPL), and arrhymogenicity under normoxia/hypoxia using a microelectrode array and programmed electrical stimulation. Heart histology was assessed. RESULTS Expression patterns were essentially identical for all KATP subunit RNA across human heart, whereas in mouse, Kir6.1 and SUR2 (sulphonylurea receptor subunit) were higher in ventricle than atrium, and Kir6.2 and SUR1 were higher in atrium. Compared with WT, 6.2-gKO atrial myocytes had reduced tolbutamide-sensitive current and action potentials were more depolarized with slower upstroke and reduced peak amplitude. Action potential duration was prolonged in 6.1-gKO atrial myocytes, absent of changes in other ion channel gene expression or atrial myocyte hypertrophy. In Langendorff-perfused hearts, baseline atrial ERP was prolonged and conduction velocity reduced in both KATP knockout mice compared with WT, without histological fibrosis. Compared with baseline, hypoxia led to conduction velocity slowing, stable ERP, and WFPL shortening in WT and 6.1-gKO hearts, whereas WFPL was stable in 6.2-gKO hearts due to ERP prolongation with conduction velocity slowing. Tolbutamide reversed hypoxia-induced WFPL shortening in WT and 6.1-gKO hearts through ERP prolongation. Atrial tachyarrhythmias inducible with programmed electrical stimulation during hypoxia in WT and 6.1-gKO mice correlated with WFPL shortening. Spontaneous arrhythmia was not seen. CONCLUSIONS KATP block/absence leads to cellular and tissue level atrial electrophysiological modification. Kir6.2 global knockout prevents hypoxia-induced atrial WFPL shortening and atrial arrhythmogenicity to programmed electrical stimulation. This mechanism could be explored translationally to treat ischemically driven atrial arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Specterman
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (M.J.S., Q.A., Y.L., N.A.A., L.O., K.-E.N., A.M.T., M.C.F., R.J.S., A.T.)
| | - Qadeer Aziz
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (M.J.S., Q.A., Y.L., N.A.A., L.O., K.-E.N., A.M.T., M.C.F., R.J.S., A.T.)
| | - Yiwen Li
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (M.J.S., Q.A., Y.L., N.A.A., L.O., K.-E.N., A.M.T., M.C.F., R.J.S., A.T.)
| | - Naomi A. Anderson
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (M.J.S., Q.A., Y.L., N.A.A., L.O., K.-E.N., A.M.T., M.C.F., R.J.S., A.T.)
| | - Leona Ojake
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (M.J.S., Q.A., Y.L., N.A.A., L.O., K.-E.N., A.M.T., M.C.F., R.J.S., A.T.)
| | - Keat-Eng Ng
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (M.J.S., Q.A., Y.L., N.A.A., L.O., K.-E.N., A.M.T., M.C.F., R.J.S., A.T.)
| | - Alison M. Thomas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (M.J.S., Q.A., Y.L., N.A.A., L.O., K.-E.N., A.M.T., M.C.F., R.J.S., A.T.)
| | - Malcolm C. Finlay
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (M.J.S., Q.A., Y.L., N.A.A., L.O., K.-E.N., A.M.T., M.C.F., R.J.S., A.T.)
| | - Richard J. Schilling
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (M.J.S., Q.A., Y.L., N.A.A., L.O., K.-E.N., A.M.T., M.C.F., R.J.S., A.T.)
| | - Pier D. Lambiase
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (P.D.L.)
| | - Andrew Tinker
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (M.J.S., Q.A., Y.L., N.A.A., L.O., K.-E.N., A.M.T., M.C.F., R.J.S., A.T.)
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4
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Zhou Y, Fyrner T, Chen CH, Sather NA, Hsu EL, Stupp SI, Snead ML. Optimization of peptide amphiphile-lipid raft interaction by changing peptide amphiphile lipophilicity. Acta Biomater 2023; 164:377-386. [PMID: 37040812 PMCID: PMC10225347 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Various peptide amphiphile (PA) molecules have been developed to promote bone regeneration. Previously we discovered that a peptide amphiphile with a palmitic acid tail (C16) attenuates the signaling threshold of leucine-rich amelogenin peptide (LRAP)-mediated Wnt activation by increasing membrane lipid raft mobility. In the current study, we found that treatment of murine ST2 cells with an inhibitor (Nystatin) or Caveolin-1-specific siRNA abolishes the effect of C16 PA, indicating that Caveolin-mediated endocytosis is required. To determine whether hydrophobicity of the PA tail plays a role in its signaling effect, we modified the length of the tail (C12, C16 and C22) or composition (cholesterol). While shortening the tail (C12) decreased the signaling effect, lengthening the tail (C22) had no prominent effect. On the other hand, the cholesterol PA displayed a similar function as the C16 PA at the same concentration of 0.001% w/v. Interestingly, a higher concentration of C16 PA (0.005%) is cytotoxic while cholesterol PA at the higher concentration (0.005%) is well-tolerated by cells. Use of the cholesterol PA at 0.005% enabled a further reduction of the signaling threshold of LRAP to 0.20 nM, compared to 0.25 nM at 0.001%. Caveolin-mediated endocytosis is also required for cholesterol PA, as evidenced by Caveolin-1 siRNA knockdown experiments. We further demonstrated that the noted effects of cholesterol PA are also observed in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs). Taken together, these results indicate that the cholesterol PA modulates lipid raft/caveolar dynamics, thereby increasing receptor sensitivity for activation of canonical Wnt signaling. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cell signaling involves not only the binding of growth factors (or other cytokines) and cognate receptors, but also their clustering on the cell membrane. However, little or no work has been directed thus far toward investigating how biomaterials can serve to enhance growth factor or peptide signaling by increasing diffusion of cell surface receptors within membrane lipid rafts. Therefore, a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanism(s) operating at the material-cell membrane interface during cell signaling has the potential to change the paradigm in designing future biomaterials and regenerative medicine therapeutics. In this study, we designed a peptide amphiphile (PA) with a cholesterol tail to enhance canonical Wnt signaling by modulating lipid raft/caveolar dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Timmy Fyrner
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Charlotte H Chen
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Nicholas A Sather
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Erin L Hsu
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Samuel I Stupp
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Malcolm L Snead
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Darkow E, Yusuf D, Rajamani S, Backofen R, Kohl P, Ravens U, Peyronnet R. Meta-Analysis of Mechano-Sensitive Ion Channels in Human Hearts: Chamber- and Disease-Preferential mRNA Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10961. [PMID: 37446137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiac cell mechanical environment changes on a beat-by-beat basis as well as in the course of various cardiac diseases. Cells sense and respond to mechanical cues via specialized mechano-sensors initiating adaptive signaling cascades. With the aim of revealing new candidates underlying mechano-transduction relevant to cardiac diseases, we investigated mechano-sensitive ion channels (MSC) in human hearts for their chamber- and disease-preferential mRNA expression. Based on a meta-analysis of RNA sequencing studies, we compared the mRNA expression levels of MSC in human atrial and ventricular tissue samples from transplant donor hearts (no cardiac disease), and from patients in sinus rhythm (underlying diseases: heart failure, coronary artery disease, heart valve disease) or with atrial fibrillation. Our results suggest that a number of MSC genes are expressed chamber preferentially, e.g., CHRNE in the atria (compared to the ventricles), TRPV4 in the right atrium (compared to the left atrium), CACNA1B and KCNMB1 in the left atrium (compared to the right atrium), as well as KCNK2 and KCNJ2 in ventricles (compared to the atria). Furthermore, 15 MSC genes are differentially expressed in cardiac disease, out of which SCN9A (lower expressed in heart failure compared to donor tissue) and KCNQ5 (lower expressed in atrial fibrillation compared to sinus rhythm) show a more than twofold difference, indicative of possible functional relevance. Thus, we provide an overview of cardiac MSC mRNA expression in the four cardiac chambers from patients with different cardiac diseases. We suggest that the observed differences in MSC mRNA expression may identify candidates involved in altered mechano-transduction in the respective diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Darkow
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg∙Bad Krozingen, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Dilmurat Yusuf
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Sridharan Rajamani
- Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 91320, USA
| | - Rolf Backofen
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Peter Kohl
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg∙Bad Krozingen, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ursula Ravens
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg∙Bad Krozingen, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Rémi Peyronnet
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg∙Bad Krozingen, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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6
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Abstract
Ubiquitously expressed throughout the body, ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels couple cellular metabolism to electrical activity in multiple tissues; their unique assembly as four Kir6 pore-forming subunits and four sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) subunits has resulted in a large armory of selective channel opener and inhibitor drugs. The spectrum of monogenic pathologies that result from gain- or loss-of-function mutations in these channels, and the potential for therapeutic correction of these pathologies, is now clear. However, while available drugs can be effective treatments for specific pathologies, cross-reactivity with the other Kir6 or SUR subfamily members can result in drug-induced versions of each pathology and may limit therapeutic usefulness. This review discusses the background to KATP channel physiology, pathology, and pharmacology and considers the potential for more specific or effective therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Nichols
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA;
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7
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Young WJ, Lahrouchi N, Isaacs A, Duong T, Foco L, Ahmed F, Brody JA, Salman R, Noordam R, Benjamins JW, Haessler J, Lyytikäinen LP, Repetto L, Concas MP, van den Berg ME, Weiss S, Baldassari AR, Bartz TM, Cook JP, Evans DS, Freudling R, Hines O, Isaksen JL, Lin H, Mei H, Moscati A, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nursyifa C, Qian Y, Richmond A, Roselli C, Ryan KA, Tarazona-Santos E, Thériault S, van Duijvenboden S, Warren HR, Yao J, Raza D, Aeschbacher S, Ahlberg G, Alonso A, Andreasen L, Bis JC, Boerwinkle E, Campbell A, Catamo E, Cocca M, Cutler MJ, Darbar D, De Grandi A, De Luca A, Ding J, Ellervik C, Ellinor PT, Felix SB, Froguel P, Fuchsberger C, Gögele M, Graff C, Graff M, Guo X, Hansen T, Heckbert SR, Huang PL, Huikuri HV, Hutri-Kähönen N, Ikram MA, Jackson RD, Junttila J, Kavousi M, Kors JA, Leal TP, Lemaitre RN, Lin HJ, Lind L, Linneberg A, Liu S, MacFarlane PW, Mangino M, Meitinger T, Mezzavilla M, Mishra PP, Mitchell RN, Mononen N, Montasser ME, Morrison AC, Nauck M, Nauffal V, Navarro P, Nikus K, Pare G, Patton KK, Pelliccione G, Pittman A, Porteous DJ, Pramstaller PP, Preuss MH, Raitakari OT, Reiner AP, Ribeiro ALP, Rice KM, Risch L, Schlessinger D, Schotten U, Schurmann C, Shen X, Shoemaker MB, Sinagra G, Sinner MF, Soliman EZ, Stoll M, Strauch K, Tarasov K, Taylor KD, Tinker A, Trompet S, Uitterlinden A, Völker U, Völzke H, Waldenberger M, Weng LC, Whitsel EA, Wilson JG, Avery CL, Conen D, Correa A, Cucca F, Dörr M, Gharib SA, Girotto G, Grarup N, Hayward C, Jamshidi Y, Järvelin MR, Jukema JW, Kääb S, Kähönen M, Kanters JK, Kooperberg C, Lehtimäki T, Lima-Costa MF, Liu Y, Loos RJF, Lubitz SA, Mook-Kanamori DO, Morris AP, O'Connell JR, Olesen MS, Orini M, Padmanabhan S, Pattaro C, Peters A, Psaty BM, Rotter JI, Stricker B, van der Harst P, van Duijn CM, Verweij N, Wilson JF, Arking DE, Ramirez J, Lambiase PD, Sotoodehnia N, Mifsud B, Newton-Cheh C, Munroe PB. Genetic analyses of the electrocardiographic QT interval and its components identify additional loci and pathways. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5144. [PMID: 36050321 PMCID: PMC9436946 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32821-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The QT interval is an electrocardiographic measure representing the sum of ventricular depolarization and repolarization, estimated by QRS duration and JT interval, respectively. QT interval abnormalities are associated with potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmia. Using genome-wide multi-ancestry analyses (>250,000 individuals) we identify 177, 156 and 121 independent loci for QT, JT and QRS, respectively, including a male-specific X-chromosome locus. Using gene-based rare-variant methods, we identify associations with Mendelian disease genes. Enrichments are observed in established pathways for QT and JT, and previously unreported genes indicated in insulin-receptor signalling and cardiac energy metabolism. In contrast for QRS, connective tissue components and processes for cell growth and extracellular matrix interactions are significantly enriched. We demonstrate polygenic risk score associations with atrial fibrillation, conduction disease and sudden cardiac death. Prioritization of druggable genes highlight potential therapeutic targets for arrhythmia. Together, these results substantially advance our understanding of the genetic architecture of ventricular depolarization and repolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Young
- William Harvey Research Institute, Clinical Pharmacology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS trust, London, UK
| | - Najim Lahrouchi
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Deptartment of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Maastricht Center for Systems Biology MaCSBio, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - ThuyVy Duong
- McKusick-Nathans Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luisa Foco
- Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine affiliated with the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Farah Ahmed
- William Harvey Research Institute, Clinical Pharmacology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Reem Salman
- William Harvey Research Institute, Clinical Pharmacology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Walter Benjamins
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Haessler
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Linda Repetto
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Marten E van den Berg
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Weiss
- DZHK German Centre for Cardiovascular Research; partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics; Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Antoine R Baldassari
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Traci M Bartz
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Biostatistics and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James P Cook
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel S Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center, Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Freudling
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Hines
- Genetics Research Centre, St George's University of London, London, UK
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jonas L Isaksen
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Honghuang Lin
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hao Mei
- Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA
| | - Arden Moscati
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics IMBEI, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Casia Nursyifa
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yong Qian
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, US
| | - Anne Richmond
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carolina Roselli
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen A Ryan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eduardo Tarazona-Santos
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte/Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sébastien Thériault
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stefan van Duijvenboden
- William Harvey Research Institute, Clinical Pharmacology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of College London, London, UK
| | - Helen R Warren
- William Harvey Research Institute, Clinical Pharmacology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jie Yao
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences/The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Dania Raza
- William Harvey Research Institute, Clinical Pharmacology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Stefanie Aeschbacher
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gustav Ahlberg
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alvaro Alonso
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura Andreasen
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Archie Campbell
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Nine, Edinburgh Bioquarter, 9 Little France Road, Edinburgh, UK
- Health Data Research UK, University of Edinburgh, Nine, Edinburgh Bioquarter, 9 Little France Road, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eulalia Catamo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cocca
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Michael J Cutler
- Intermountain Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA
| | - Dawood Darbar
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Alessandro De Grandi
- Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine affiliated with the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Antonio De Luca
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, ASUGI, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jun Ding
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, US
| | - Christina Ellervik
- Department of Data and Data Support, Region Zealand, 4180, Sorø, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Demoulas Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephan B Felix
- DZHK German Centre for Cardiovascular Research; partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B - Cardiology, Pneumology, Infectious Diseases, Intensive Care Medicine; University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8199, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine affiliated with the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Martin Gögele
- Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine affiliated with the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Claus Graff
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences/The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics/Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics/David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susan R Heckbert
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology/University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul L Huang
- Cardiology Division and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Heikki V Huikuri
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Tampere Centre for Skills Training and Simulation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca D Jackson
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Juhani Junttila
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A Kors
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, NL, The Netherlands
| | - Thiago P Leal
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte/Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rozenn N Lemaitre
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Henry J Lin
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences/The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics/Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics/David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lars Lind
- Deptartment of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simin Liu
- Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health, Departments of Epidemiology, Medicine and Surgery, Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Peter W MacFarlane
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site: Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Massimo Mezzavilla
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Pashupati P Mishra
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Rebecca N Mitchell
- McKusick-Nathans Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nina Mononen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - May E Montasser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthias Nauck
- DZHK German Centre for Cardiovascular Research; partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Victor Nauffal
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pau Navarro
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Kjell Nikus
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Cardiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Guillaume Pare
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Kristen K Patton
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Giulia Pelliccione
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Alan Pittman
- Genetics Research Centre, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine affiliated with the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Michael H Preuss
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Alexander P Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology/University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Antonio Luiz P Ribeiro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Cardiology Service and Telehealth Center, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kenneth M Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lorenz Risch
- Labormedizinisches zentrum Dr. Risch, Vaduz, Liechtenstein
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, US
| | - Ulrich Schotten
- Deptartment of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Digital Health Center, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xia Shen
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine Guangzhou, Fudan University, Nansha District, Guangzhou, China
| | - M Benjamin Shoemaker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Arrhythmia Section, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, ASUGI, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Moritz F Sinner
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site: Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Elsayed Z Soliman
- Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center EPICARE, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, USA
| | - Monika Stoll
- Maastricht Center for Systems Biology MaCSBio, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, NL, The Netherlands
- Institute of Human Genetics, Genetic Epidemiology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics IMBEI, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kirill Tarasov
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, US
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences/The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics/Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics/David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Tinker
- William Harvey Research Institute, Clinical Pharmacology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Internal Medicine, section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Uwe Völker
- DZHK German Centre for Cardiovascular Research; partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics; Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- DZHK German Centre for Cardiovascular Research; partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site: Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lu-Chen Weng
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric A Whitsel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Christy L Avery
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - David Conen
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics and Population Health Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Rsearch, Italian National Research Council, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Marcus Dörr
- DZHK German Centre for Cardiovascular Research; partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B - Cardiology, Pneumology, Infectious Diseases, Intensive Care Medicine; University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sina A Gharib
- Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yalda Jamshidi
- Genetics Research Centre, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Kääb
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site: Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jørgen K Kanters
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven A Lubitz
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Demoulas Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeffrey R O'Connell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Michele Orini
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS trust, London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of College London, London, UK
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Cristian Pattaro
- Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine affiliated with the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site: Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology/University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences/The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics/Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics/David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bruno Stricker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niek Verweij
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Dan E Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julia Ramirez
- William Harvey Research Institute, Clinical Pharmacology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of College London, London, UK
| | - Pier D Lambiase
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS trust, London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of College London, London, UK
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Borbala Mifsud
- William Harvey Research Institute, Clinical Pharmacology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Genomics and Translational Biomedicine, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Christopher Newton-Cheh
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- William Harvey Research Institute, Clinical Pharmacology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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8
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The effective use of blebbistatin to study the action potential of cardiac pacemaker cells of zebrafish (Danio rerio) during incremental warming. Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:48-54. [PMID: 35128467 PMCID: PMC8803472 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Blebbistatin potently inhibits actin-myosin interaction, preventing contractile activity of excitable cells including cardiac myocytes, despite electrical excitation of an action potential (AP). We collected intracellular microelectrode recordings of pacemaker cells located in the sinoatrial region (SAR) of the zebrafish heart at room temperature and during acute warming to investigate whether or not blebbistatin inhibition of contraction significantly alters pacemaker cell electrophysiology. Changes were evaluated based on 16 variables that characterized the AP waveform. None of these AP variables nor the spontaneous heart rate were significantly modified with the application of 10 μM blebbistatin when recordings were made at room temperature. Compared with the control group, the blebbistatin-treated group showed minor changes in the rate of spontaneous diastolic depolarization (P = 0.027) and the 50% and 80% repolarization (P = 0.008 and 0.010, respectively) in the 26°C–29°C temperature bin, but not at higher temperatures. These findings suggest that blebbistatin is an effective excitation-contraction uncoupler that does not appreciably affect APs generated in pacemaking cells of the SAR and can, therefore, be used in zebrafish cardiac studies. Blebbistatin uncouples excitation-contraction in zebrafish cardiomyocytes. Blebbistatin does not modify the pacemaker action potential variables. Temperature does not modify the effect of blebbistatin. First validation of the use of blebbistatin in adult fish. Methodology of intracellular microelectrode recording of zebrafish pacemaker cells.
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Wan Y, Wu H, Ma N, Zhao J, Zhang Z, Gao W, Zhang G. De novo design and synthesis of dipyridopurinone derivatives as visible-light photocatalysts in productive guanylation reactions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15988-15997. [PMID: 35024122 PMCID: PMC8672711 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05294b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Described here is the de novo design and synthesis of a series of 6H-dipyrido[1,2-e:2',1'-i]purin-6-ones (DPs) as a new class of visible-light photoredox catalysts (PCs). The synthesized DP1-5 showed their λ Abs(max) values in 433-477 nm, excited state redox potentials in 1.15-0.69 eV and -1.41 to -1.77 eV (vs. SCE), respectively. As a representative, DP4 enables the productive guanylation of various amines, including 1°, 2°, and 3°-alkyl primary amines, secondary amines, aryl and heteroaryl amines, amino-nitrile, amino acids and peptides as well as propynylamines and α-amino esters giving diversities in biologically important guanidines and cyclic guanidines. The photocatalytic efficacy of DP4 in the guanylation overmatched commonly used Ir and Ru polypyridyl complexes, and some organic PCs. Other salient merits of this method include broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance, gram-scale synthesis, and versatile late-stage derivatizations that led to a derivative 81 exhibiting 60-fold better anticancer activity against Ramos cells with the IC50 of 0.086 μM than that of clinical drug ibrutinib (5.1 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yameng Wan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Nana Ma
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Wenjing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
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10
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Singareddy SS, Roessler HI, McClenaghan C, Ikle JM, Tryon RC, van Haaften G, Nichols CG. ATP-sensitive potassium channels in zebrafish cardiac and vascular smooth muscle. J Physiol 2021; 600:299-312. [PMID: 34820842 DOI: 10.1113/jp282157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channels) are hetero-octameric nucleotide-gated ion channels that couple cellular metabolism to excitability in various tissues. In the heart, KATP channels are activated during ischaemia and potentially during adrenergic stimulation. In the vasculature, they are normally active at a low level, reducing vascular tone, but the ubiquitous nature of these channels leads to complex and poorly understood channelopathies as a result of gain- or loss-of-function mutations. Zebrafish (ZF) models of these channelopathies may provide insights to the link between molecular dysfunction and complex pathophysiology, but this requires understanding the tissue dependence of channel activity and subunit specificity. Thus far, direct analysis of ZF KATP expression and functional properties has only been performed in pancreatic β-cells. Using a comprehensive combination of genetically modified fish, electrophysiology and gene expression analysis, we demonstrate that ZF cardiac myocytes (CM) and vascular smooth muscle (VSM) express functional KATP channels of similar subunit composition, structure and metabolic sensitivity to their mammalian counterparts. However, in contrast to mammalian cardiovascular KATP channels, ZF channels are insensitive to potassium channel opener drugs (pinacidil, minoxidil) in both chambers of the heart and in VSM. The results provide a first characterization of the molecular properties of fish KATP channels and validate the use of such genetically modified fish as models of human Cantú syndrome and ABCC9-related Intellectual Disability and Myopathy syndrome. KEY POINTS: Zebrafish cardiac myocytes (CM) and vascular smooth muscle (VSM) express functional KATP channels of similar subunit composition, structure and metabolic sensitivity to their mammalian counterparts. In contrast to mammalian cardiovascular KATP channels, zebrafish channels are insensitive to potassium channel opener drugs (pinacidil, minoxidil) in both chambers of the heart and in VSM. We provide a first characterization of the molecular properties of fish KATP channels and validate the use of such genetically modified fish as models of human Cantú syndrome and ABCC9-related Intellectual Disability and Myopathy syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma S Singareddy
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Helen I Roessler
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Conor McClenaghan
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer M Ikle
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert C Tryon
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gijs van Haaften
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Colin G Nichols
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
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11
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Shi J, Shi S, Shi S, Jia Q, Yuan G, Chu Y, Wang H, Hu Y, Cui H. Bibliometric analysis of potassium channel research. Channels (Austin) 2021; 14:18-27. [PMID: 31842669 PMCID: PMC7039634 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2019.1705055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: To explore the research status, hotspots, and trends in research on potassium channel. Methods: The Web of Science core collection database was used as the data source and the visual analysis software Citespace5.4 R3 was used to visualize the studies of potassium channel in the past 10 years. The national/institutional distribution, journal distribution, authors, and related research were discussed. Results 17,392 articles were obtained. The USA, Peoples R China, Germany, England, and Japan were the main countries in the field and University of California was the most important institution for the study of potassium channel. PLoS One was the most productive journal and proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america was the most frequently cited journal in potassium channel research. The author with the highest number was Colin G Nichols and the author with the highest co- cited frequency was Sanguinetti MC. The three hot spots of potassium channel research were gene expression, Ca2+ activated k+ channel and nitric oxide. The top four research frontiers of potassium channel research were bk channel,blood pressure,oxidative stress and electrophysiology. Conclusion The study provides a perspective for understanding the potassium channel research and provides valuable information for potassium channel researchers to identify potential collaborators, partner institutions, hot topics and research frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Shi
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqing Shi
- Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Shi
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiulei Jia
- Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guozhen Yuan
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuguang Chu
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanhui Hu
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanming Cui
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Integrated transcriptomics and epigenomics reveal chamber-specific and species-specific characteristics of human and mouse hearts. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001229. [PMID: 34003819 PMCID: PMC8130971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility, and gene expression represent different levels information in biological process, but a comprehensive multiomics analysis of the mammalian heart is lacking. Here, we applied nucleosome occupancy and methylome sequencing, which detected DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility simultaneously, as well as RNA-seq, for multiomics analysis of the 4 chambers of adult and fetal human hearts, and adult mouse hearts. Our results showed conserved region-specific patterns in the mammalian heart at transcriptome and DNA methylation level. Adult and fetal human hearts showed distinct features in DNA methylome, chromatin accessibility, and transcriptome. Novel long noncoding RNAs were identified in the human heart, and the gene expression profiles of major cardiovascular diseases associated genes were displayed. Furthermore, cross-species comparisons revealed human-specific and mouse-specific differentially expressed genes between the atria and ventricles. We also reported the relationship among multiomics and found there was a bell-shaped relationship between gene-body methylation and expression in the human heart. In general, our study provided comprehensive spatiotemporal and evolutionary insights into the regulation of gene expression in the heart. Multi-omic analyses of the four chambers of the human and mouse heart, including transcriptome, DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility, reveals characteristic patterns of gene regulation at the level of heart regions.
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13
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Saetan T, Sukwattanasinitt M, Wacharasindhu S. A Mild Photocatalytic Synthesis of Guanidine from Thiourea under Visible Light. Org Lett 2020; 22:7864-7869. [PMID: 32986446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we developed the catalytic guanylation of thiourea using Ru(bpy)3Cl2 as a photocatalyst under irradiation by visible light. The conversion of various thioureas to the corresponding guanidines was achieved using 1-5 mol % of photocatalyst in a mixture of water and ethanol at room temperature. Key benefits of this reaction include the use of photoredox catalyst, low-toxicity solvents/base, ambient temperature, and an open-flask environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trin Saetan
- Nanotec-CU Center of Excellence on Food and Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Mongkol Sukwattanasinitt
- Nanotec-CU Center of Excellence on Food and Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sumrit Wacharasindhu
- Nanotec-CU Center of Excellence on Food and Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Productions STAR, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok10330, Thailand
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14
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Hansen BJ, Zhao J, Helfrich KM, Li N, Iancau A, Zolotarev AM, Zakharkin SO, Kalyanasundaram A, Subr M, Dastagir N, Sharma R, Artiga EJ, Salgia N, Houmsse MM, Kahaly O, Janssen PML, Mohler PJ, Mokadam NA, Whitson BA, Afzal MR, Simonetti OP, Hummel JD, Fedorov VV. Unmasking Arrhythmogenic Hubs of Reentry Driving Persistent Atrial Fibrillation for Patient-Specific Treatment. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e017789. [PMID: 33006292 PMCID: PMC7792422 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.017789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) driver mechanisms are obscured to clinical multielectrode mapping approaches that provide partial, surface‐only visualization of unstable 3‐dimensional atrial conduction. We hypothesized that transient modulation of refractoriness by pharmacologic challenge during multielectrode mapping improves visualization of hidden paths of reentrant AF drivers for targeted ablation. Methods and Results Pharmacologic challenge with adenosine was tested in ex vivo human hearts with a history of AF and cardiac diseases by multielectrode and high‐resolution subsurface near‐infrared optical mapping, integrated with 3‐dimensional structural imaging and heart‐specific computational simulations. Adenosine challenge was also studied on acutely terminated AF drivers in 10 patients with persistent AF. Ex vivo, adenosine stabilized reentrant driver paths within arrhythmogenic fibrotic hubs and improved visualization of reentrant paths, previously seen as focal or unstable breakthrough activation pattern, for targeted AF ablation. Computational simulations suggested that shortening of atrial refractoriness by adenosine may (1) improve driver stability by annihilating spatially unstable functional blocks and tightening reentrant circuits around fibrotic substrates, thus unmasking the common reentrant path; and (2) destabilize already stable reentrant drivers along fibrotic substrates by accelerating competing fibrillatory wavelets or secondary drivers. In patients with persistent AF, adenosine challenge unmasked hidden common reentry paths (9/15 AF drivers, 41±26% to 68±25% visualization), but worsened visualization of previously visible reentry paths (6/15, 74±14% to 34±12%). AF driver ablation led to acute termination of AF. Conclusions Our ex vivo to in vivo human translational study suggests that transiently altering atrial refractoriness can stabilize reentrant paths and unmask arrhythmogenic hubs to guide targeted AF driver ablation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Hansen
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH.,Davis Heart & Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | | | - Katelynn M Helfrich
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH.,Davis Heart & Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH.,Davis Heart & Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Alexander Iancau
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Alexander M Zolotarev
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH.,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology Moscow Russia
| | - Stanislav O Zakharkin
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Anuradha Kalyanasundaram
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH.,Davis Heart & Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Megan Subr
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | | | | | - Esthela J Artiga
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH.,Davis Heart & Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Nicholas Salgia
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Mustafa M Houmsse
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Omar Kahaly
- Davis Heart & Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH.,Department of Internal Medicine The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH.,Davis Heart & Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Peter J Mohler
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH.,Davis Heart & Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Nahush A Mokadam
- Davis Heart & Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH.,Division of Cardiac Surgery The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Bryan A Whitson
- Davis Heart & Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH.,Division of Cardiac Surgery The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Muhammad R Afzal
- Davis Heart & Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH.,Department of Internal Medicine The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Orlando P Simonetti
- Davis Heart & Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH.,Department of Biomedical Engineering The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - John D Hummel
- Davis Heart & Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH.,Department of Internal Medicine The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Vadim V Fedorov
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH.,Davis Heart & Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
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15
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Le Ribeuz H, Capuano V, Girerd B, Humbert M, Montani D, Antigny F. Implication of Potassium Channels in the Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091261. [PMID: 32882918 PMCID: PMC7564204 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare and severe cardiopulmonary disease without curative treatments. PAH is a multifactorial disease that involves genetic predisposition, epigenetic factors, and environmental factors (drugs, toxins, viruses, hypoxia, and inflammation), which contribute to the initiation or development of irreversible remodeling of the pulmonary vessels. The recent identification of loss-of-function mutations in KCNK3 (KCNK3 or TASK-1) and ABCC8 (SUR1), or gain-of-function mutations in ABCC9 (SUR2), as well as polymorphisms in KCNA5 (Kv1.5), which encode two potassium (K+) channels and two K+ channel regulatory subunits, has revived the interest of ion channels in PAH. This review focuses on KCNK3, SUR1, SUR2, and Kv1.5 channels in pulmonary vasculature and discusses their pathophysiological contribution to and therapeutic potential in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Le Ribeuz
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (H.L.R.); (V.C.); (B.G.); (M.H.); (D.M.)
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hypertension pulmonaire, Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre de Référence de l’Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Véronique Capuano
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (H.L.R.); (V.C.); (B.G.); (M.H.); (D.M.)
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hypertension pulmonaire, Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre de Référence de l’Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Barbara Girerd
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (H.L.R.); (V.C.); (B.G.); (M.H.); (D.M.)
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hypertension pulmonaire, Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre de Référence de l’Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Humbert
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (H.L.R.); (V.C.); (B.G.); (M.H.); (D.M.)
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hypertension pulmonaire, Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre de Référence de l’Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - David Montani
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (H.L.R.); (V.C.); (B.G.); (M.H.); (D.M.)
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hypertension pulmonaire, Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre de Référence de l’Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Fabrice Antigny
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (H.L.R.); (V.C.); (B.G.); (M.H.); (D.M.)
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hypertension pulmonaire, Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre de Référence de l’Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +33-1-40-94-22-99
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16
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Meo M, Bonizzi P, Bear LR, Cluitmans M, Abell E, Haïssaguerre M, Bernus O, Dubois R. Body Surface Mapping of Ventricular Repolarization Heterogeneity: An Ex-vivo Multiparameter Study. Front Physiol 2020; 11:933. [PMID: 32903614 PMCID: PMC7438571 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased heterogeneity of ventricular repolarization is associated with life-threatening arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death (SCD). T-wave analysis through body surface potential mapping (BSPM) is a promising tool for risk stratification, but the clinical effectiveness of current electrocardiographic indices is still unclear, with limited experimental validation. This study aims to investigate performance of non-invasive state-of-the-art and novel T-wave markers for repolarization dispersion in an ex vivo model. Methods Langendorff-perfused pig hearts (N = 7) were suspended in a human-shaped 256-electrode torso tank. Tank potentials were recorded during sinus rhythm before and after introducing repolarization inhomogeneities through local perfusion with dofetilide and/or pinacidil. Drug-induced repolarization gradients were investigated from BSPMs at different experiment phases. Dispersion of electrical recovery was quantified by duration parameters, i.e., the time interval between the peak and the offset of T-wave (TPEAK-TEND) and QT interval, and variability over time and electrodes was also assessed. The degree of T-wave symmetry to the peak was quantified by the ratio between the terminal and initial portions of T-wave area (Asy). Morphological variability between left and right BSPM electrodes was measured by dynamic time warping (DTW). Finally, T-wave organization was assessed by the complexity of repolarization index (CR), i.e., the amount of energy non-preserved by the dominant eigenvector computed by principal component analysis (PCA), and the error between each multilead T-wave and its 3D PCA approximation (NMSE). Body surface indices were compared with global measures of epicardial dispersion of repolarization, and with local gradients between adjacent ventricular sites. Results After drug intervention, both regional and global repolarization heterogeneity were significantly enhanced. On the body surface, TPEAK-TEND was significantly prolonged and less stable in time in all experiments, while QT interval showed higher variability across the interventions in terms of duration and spatial dispersion. The rising slope of the repolarization profile was steeper, and T-waves were more asymmetric than at baseline. Interventricular shape dissimilarity was enhanced by repolarization gradients according to DTW. Organized T-wave patterns were associated with abnormal repolarization, and they were properly described by the first principal components. Conclusion Repolarization heterogeneity significantly affects T-wave properties, and can be non-invasively captured by BSPM-based metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Meo
- Institute of Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling (IHU Liryc), Foundation Bordeaux University, Pessac-Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, CRCTB, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, CRCTB, U1045, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pietro Bonizzi
- Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Laura R Bear
- Institute of Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling (IHU Liryc), Foundation Bordeaux University, Pessac-Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, CRCTB, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, CRCTB, U1045, Bordeaux, France
| | - Matthijs Cluitmans
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Emma Abell
- Institute of Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling (IHU Liryc), Foundation Bordeaux University, Pessac-Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, CRCTB, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, CRCTB, U1045, Bordeaux, France
| | - Michel Haïssaguerre
- Institute of Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling (IHU Liryc), Foundation Bordeaux University, Pessac-Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, CRCTB, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, CRCTB, U1045, Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University Hospital (CHU), Electrophysiology and Ablation Unit, Pessac, France
| | - Olivier Bernus
- Institute of Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling (IHU Liryc), Foundation Bordeaux University, Pessac-Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, CRCTB, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, CRCTB, U1045, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rémi Dubois
- Institute of Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling (IHU Liryc), Foundation Bordeaux University, Pessac-Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, CRCTB, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, CRCTB, U1045, Bordeaux, France
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17
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Zhao N, Li Q, Zhang K, Wang K, He R, Yuan Y, Zhang H. Heart failure-induced atrial remodelling promotes electrical and conduction alternans. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008048. [PMID: 32658888 PMCID: PMC7402519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is associated with an increased propensity for atrial fibrillation (AF), causing higher mortality than AF or HF alone. It is hypothesized that HF-induced remodelling of atrial cellular and tissue properties promotes the genesis of atrial action potential (AP) alternans and conduction alternans that perpetuate AF. However, the mechanism underlying the increased susceptibility to atrial alternans in HF remains incompletely elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of how HF-induced atrial cellular electrophysiological (with prolonged AP duration) and tissue structural (reduced cell-to-cell coupling caused by atrial fibrosis) remodelling can have an effect on the generation of atrial AP alternans and their conduction at the cellular and one-dimensional (1D) tissue levels. Simulation results showed that HF-induced atrial electrical remodelling prolonged AP duration, which was accompanied by an increased sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ content and Ca2+ transient amplitude. Further analysis demonstrated that HF-induced atrial electrical remodelling increased susceptibility to atrial alternans mainly due to the increased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) Ca2+ reuptake, modulated by increased phospholamban (PLB) phosphorylation, and the decreased transient outward K+ current (Ito). The underlying mechanism has been suggested that the increased SR Ca2+ content and prolonged AP did not fully recover to their previous levels at the end of diastole, resulting in a smaller SR Ca2+ release and AP in the next beat. These produced Ca2+ transient alternans and AP alternans, and further caused AP alternans and Ca2+ transient alternans through Ca2+→AP coupling and AP→Ca2+ coupling, respectively. Simulation of a 1D tissue model showed that the combined action of HF-induced ion channel remodelling and a decrease in cell-to-cell coupling due to fibrosis increased the heart tissue’s susceptibility to the formation of spatially discordant alternans, resulting in an increased functional AP propagation dispersion, which is pro-arrhythmic. These findings provide insights into how HF promotes atrial arrhythmia in association with atrial alternans. Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in adults, especially in the elderly, with the increased incidence of stroke being a major complication that increases morbidity and mortality. The occurrence of AF is often accompanied by heart failure (HF). AF and HF are also known to have the bidirectional relationship that AF worsens HF and HF promotes AF. HF can induce atrial remodelling, including electrical remodelling, atrial fibrosis, stretch and dilatation, and oxidative stress, in which many factors are associated with arrhythmogenic atrial alternans. HF-induced atrial remodelling varies during various stages and complications of HF, but possible mechanisms underlying their pro-susceptibility to alternans have not been completely elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of HF-induced atrial remodelling with prolonged action potential duration (APD) and decreased cell-to-cell coupling on susceptibility to atrial alternans. Simulation results showed that HF-induced an increase in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) Ca2+ reuptake caused by increased phospholamban phosphorylation and a decrease in transient outward K+ current played significant roles in the genesis of Ca2+ transient alternans and action potential alternans at the single-cell level. The HF-induced decline of cell-to-cell coupling and APD prolongation promoted the genesis of spatially discordant alternans in atrial tissue. This provides insights into how HF facilitates atrial arrhythmia in relation to atrial alternans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Qince Li
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kevin Zhang
- School of Medicine, Imperial College of London, United Kingdom
| | - Kuanquan Wang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Runnan He
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yongfeng Yuan
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Henggui Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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18
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Huang Y, Hu D, Huang C, Nichols CG. Genetic Discovery of ATP-Sensitive K + Channels in Cardiovascular Diseases. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2020; 12:e007322. [PMID: 31030551 DOI: 10.1161/circep.119.007322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels are hetero-octameric protein complexes comprising 4 pore-forming (Kir6.x) subunits and 4 regulatory sulfonylurea receptor (SURx) subunits. They are prominent in myocytes, pancreatic β cells, and neurons and link cellular metabolism with membrane excitability. Using genetically modified animals and genomic analysis in patients, recent studies have implicated certain ATP-sensitive K+ channel subtypes in physiological and pathological processes in a variety of cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we focus on the causal relationship between ATP-sensitive K+ channel activity and pathophysiology in the cardiovascular system, particularly from the perspective of genetic changes in human and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, PR China (Y.H., D.H., C.H.).,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, PR China (Y.H., D.H., C.H.)
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, PR China (Y.H., D.H., C.H.).,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, PR China (Y.H., D.H., C.H.)
| | - Congxin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, PR China (Y.H., D.H., C.H.).,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, PR China (Y.H., D.H., C.H.)
| | - Colin G Nichols
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO (C.G.N.)
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19
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Abi-Gerges N, Miller PE, Ghetti A. Human Heart Cardiomyocytes in Drug Discovery and Research: New Opportunities in Translational Sciences. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 21:787-806. [PMID: 31820682 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666191210142023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In preclinical drug development, accurate prediction of drug effects on the human heart is critically important, whether in the context of cardiovascular safety or for the purpose of modulating cardiac function to treat heart disease. Current strategies have significant limitations, whereby, cardiotoxic drugs can escape detection or potential life-saving therapies are abandoned due to false positive toxicity signals. Thus, new and more reliable translational approaches are urgently needed to help accelerate the rate of new therapy development. Renewed efforts in the recovery of human donor hearts for research and in cardiomyocyte isolation methods, are providing new opportunities for preclinical studies in adult primary cardiomyocytes. These cells exhibit the native physiological and pharmacological properties, overcoming the limitations presented by artificial cellular models, animal models and have great potential for providing an excellent tool for preclinical drug testing. Adult human primary cardiomyocytes have already shown utility in assessing drug-induced cardiotoxicity risk and helping in the identification of new treatments for cardiac diseases, such as heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Finally, strategies with actionable decision-making trees that rely on data derived from adult human primary cardiomyocytes will provide the holistic insights necessary to accurately predict human heart effects of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najah Abi-Gerges
- AnaBios Corporation, 3030 Bunker Hill St., Suite 312, San Diego, CA 92109, United States
| | - Paul E Miller
- AnaBios Corporation, 3030 Bunker Hill St., Suite 312, San Diego, CA 92109, United States
| | - Andre Ghetti
- AnaBios Corporation, 3030 Bunker Hill St., Suite 312, San Diego, CA 92109, United States
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20
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Bayer JD, Boukens BJ, Krul SPJ, Roney CH, Driessen AHG, Berger WR, van den Berg NWE, Verkerk AO, Vigmond EJ, Coronel R, de Groot JR. Acetylcholine Delays Atrial Activation to Facilitate Atrial Fibrillation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1105. [PMID: 31551802 PMCID: PMC6737394 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acetylcholine (ACh) shortens action potential duration (APD) in human atria. APD shortening facilitates atrial fibrillation (AF) by reducing the wavelength for reentry. However, the influence of ACh on electrical conduction in human atria and its contribution to AF are unclear, particularly when combined with impaired conduction from interstitial fibrosis. Objective To investigate the effect of ACh on human atrial conduction and its role in AF with computational, experimental, and clinical approaches. Methods S1S2 pacing (S1 = 600 ms and S2 = variable cycle lengths) was applied to the following human AF computer models: a left atrial appendage (LAA) myocyte to quantify the effects of ACh on APD, maximum upstroke velocity (V max ), and resting membrane potential (RMP); a monolayer of LAA myocytes to quantify the effects of ACh on conduction; and 3) an intact left atrium (LA) to determine the effects of ACh on arrhythmogenicity. Heterogeneous ACh and interstitial fibrosis were applied to the monolayer and LA models. To corroborate the simulations, APD and RMP from isolated human atrial myocytes were recorded before and after 0.1 μM ACh. At the tissue level, LAAs from AF patients were optically mapped ex vivo using Di-4-ANEPPS. The difference in total activation time (AT) was determined between AT initially recorded with S1 pacing, and AT recorded during subsequent S1 pacing without (n = 6) or with (n = 7) 100 μM ACh. Results In LAA myocyte simulations, S1 pacing with 0.1 μM ACh shortened APD by 41 ms, hyperpolarized RMP by 7 mV, and increased V max by 27 mV/ms. In human atrial myocytes, 0.1 μM ACh shortened APD by 48 ms, hyperpolarized RMP by 3 mV, and increased V max by 6 mV/ms. In LAA monolayer simulations, S1 pacing with ACh hyperpolarized RMP to delay total AT by 32 ms without and 35 ms with fibrosis. This led to unidirectional conduction block and sustained reentry in fibrotic LA with heterogeneous ACh during S2 pacing. In AF patient LAAs, S1 pacing with ACh increased total AT from 39.3 ± 26 ms to 71.4 ± 31.2 ms (p = 0.036) compared to no change without ACh (56.7 ± 29.3 ms to 50.0 ± 21.9 ms, p = 0.140). Conclusion In fibrotic atria with heterogeneous parasympathetic activation, ACh facilitates AF by shortening APD and slowing conduction to promote unidirectional conduction block and reentry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Bayer
- Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute (IHU-LIRYC), Bordeaux University Foundation, Bordeaux, France.,Institute of Mathematics of Bordeaux (U5251), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bastiaan J Boukens
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sébastien P J Krul
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Caroline H Roney
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Bioengineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wouter R Berger
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, OLVG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Arie O Verkerk
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Edward J Vigmond
- Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute (IHU-LIRYC), Bordeaux University Foundation, Bordeaux, France.,Institute of Mathematics of Bordeaux (U5251), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ruben Coronel
- Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute (IHU-LIRYC), Bordeaux University Foundation, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joris R de Groot
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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21
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Cathey B, Obaid S, Zolotarev AM, Pryamonosov RA, Syunyaev RA, George SA, Efimov IR. Open-Source Multiparametric Optocardiography. Sci Rep 2019; 9:721. [PMID: 30679527 PMCID: PMC6346041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36809-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the 1970s fluorescence imaging has become a leading tool in the discovery of mechanisms of cardiac function and arrhythmias. Gradual improvements in fluorescent probes and multi-camera technology have increased the power of optical mapping and made a major impact on the field of cardiac electrophysiology. Tandem-lens optical mapping systems facilitated simultaneous recording of multiple parameters characterizing cardiac function. However, high cost and technological complexity restricted its proliferation to the wider biological community. We present here, an open-source solution for multiple-camera tandem-lens optical systems for multiparametric mapping of transmembrane potential, intracellular calcium dynamics and other parameters in intact mouse hearts and in rat heart slices. This 3D-printable hardware and Matlab-based RHYTHM 1.2 analysis software are distributed under an MIT open-source license. Rapid prototyping permits the development of inexpensive, customized systems with broad functionality, allowing wider application of this technology outside biomedical engineering laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Cathey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Sofian Obaid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Alexander M Zolotarev
- Laboratory of Human Physiology, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman A Pryamonosov
- Laboratory of Human Physiology, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman A Syunyaev
- Laboratory of Human Physiology, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sharon A George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
| | - Igor R Efimov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
- Laboratory of Human Physiology, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia.
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22
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Ilkan Z, Akar FG. The Mitochondrial Translocator Protein and the Emerging Link Between Oxidative Stress and Arrhythmias in the Diabetic Heart. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1518. [PMID: 30416455 PMCID: PMC6212558 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) is a key outer mitochondrial membrane protein that regulates the activity of energy-dissipating mitochondrial channels in response to oxidative stress. In this article, we provide an overview of the role of TSPO in the systematic amplification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through an autocatalytic process known as ROS-induced ROS-release (RIRR). We describe how this TSPO-driven process destabilizes the mitochondrial membrane potential leading to electrical instability at the cellular and whole heart levels. Finally, we provide our perspective on the role of TSPO in the pathophysiology of diabetes, in general and diabetes-related arrhythmias, in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeki Ilkan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Fadi G Akar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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23
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Molina CE, Abu-Taha IH, Wang Q, Roselló-Díez E, Kamler M, Nattel S, Ravens U, Wehrens XHT, Hove-Madsen L, Heijman J, Dobrev D. Profibrotic, Electrical, and Calcium-Handling Remodeling of the Atria in Heart Failure Patients With and Without Atrial Fibrillation. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1383. [PMID: 30356673 PMCID: PMC6189336 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF) are common cardiovascular diseases that often co-exist. Animal models have suggested complex AF-promoting atrial structural, electrical, and Ca2+-handling remodeling in the setting of HF, but data in human samples are scarce, particularly regarding Ca2+-handling remodeling. Here, we evaluated atrial remodeling in patients with severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction (HFrEF), long-standing persistent ('chronic') AF (cAF) or both (HFrEF-cAF), and sinus rhythm controls with normal LV function (Ctl) using western blot in right-atrial tissue, sharp-electrode action potential (AP) measurements in atrial trabeculae and voltage-clamp experiments in isolated right-atrial cardiomyocytes. Compared to Ctl, expression of profibrotic markers (collagen-1a, fibronectin, periostin) was higher in HFrEF and HFrEF-cAF patients, indicative of structural remodeling. Connexin-43 expression was reduced in HFrEF patients, but not HFrEF-cAF patients. AP characteristics were unchanged in HFrEF, but showed classical indices of electrical remodeling in cAF and HFrEF-cAF (prolonged AP duration at 20% and shorter AP duration at 50% and 90% repolarization). L-type Ca2+ current (ICa,L) was significantly reduced in HFrEF, cAF and HFrEF-cAF, without changes in voltage-dependence. Potentially proarrhythmic spontaneous transient-inward currents were significantly more frequent in HFrEF and HFrEF-cAF compared to Ctl, likely resulting from increased sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ load (integrated caffeine-induced current) in HFrEF and increased ryanodine-receptor (RyR2) single-channel open probability in HFrEF and HFrEF-cAF. Although expression and phosphorylation of the SR Ca2+-ATPase type-2a (SERCA2a) regulator phospholamban were unchanged in HFrEF and HFrEF-cAF patients, protein levels of SERCA2a were increased in HFrEF-cAF and sarcolipin expression was decreased in both HFrEF and HFrEF-cAF, likely increasing SR Ca2+ uptake and load. RyR2 protein levels were decreased in HFrEF and HFrEF-cAF patients, but junctin levels were higher in HFrEF and relative Ser2814-RyR2 phosphorylation levels were increased in HFrEF-cAF, both potentially contributing to the greater RyR2 open probability. These novel insights into the molecular substrate for atrial arrhythmias in HF-patients position Ca2+-handling abnormalities as a likely trigger of AF in HF patients, which subsequently produces electrical remodeling that promotes the maintenance of the arrhythmia. Our new findings may have important implications for the development of novel treatment options for AF in the context of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina E Molina
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Biomedical Research Institute Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC) and Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Issam H Abu-Taha
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Qiongling Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute - Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Elena Roselló-Díez
- Cardiac Surgery Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcus Kamler
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stanley Nattel
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ursula Ravens
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Bad Krozingen, Germany.,Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- Cardiovascular Research Institute - Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Leif Hove-Madsen
- Biomedical Research Institute Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC) and Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Heijman
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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24
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Greenberg MJ, Daily NJ, Wang A, Conway MK, Wakatsuki T. Genetic and Tissue Engineering Approaches to Modeling the Mechanics of Human Heart Failure for Drug Discovery. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:120. [PMID: 30283789 PMCID: PMC6156537 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is the leading cause of death in the western world and as such, there is a great need for new therapies. Heart failure has a variable presentation in patients and a complex etiology; however, it is fundamentally a condition that affects the mechanics of cardiac contraction, preventing the heart from generating sufficient cardiac output under normal operating pressures. One of the major issues hindering the development of new therapies has been difficulties in developing appropriate in vitro model systems of human heart failure that recapitulate the essential changes in cardiac mechanics seen in the disease. Recent advances in stem cell technologies, genetic engineering, and tissue engineering have the potential to revolutionize our ability to model and study heart failure in vitro. Here, we review how these technologies are being applied to develop personalized models of heart failure and discover novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Greenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - Ann Wang
- InvivoSciences Inc., Madison, WI, United States
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25
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Tinker A, Aziz Q, Li Y, Specterman M. ATP‐Sensitive Potassium Channels and Their Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1463-1511. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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26
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Ali Z, Chandrasekera PC, Pippin JJ. Animal research for type 2 diabetes mellitus, its limited translation for clinical benefit, and the way forward. Altern Lab Anim 2018; 46:13-22. [PMID: 29553794 DOI: 10.1177/026119291804600101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have reached pandemic proportions worldwide, and considerable research efforts have been dedicated to investigating disease pathology and therapeutic options. The two hallmark features of T2DM, insulin resistance and pancreatic dysfunction, have been studied extensively by using various animal models. Despite the knowledge acquired from such models, particularly mechanistic discoveries that sometimes mimic human T2DM mechanisms or pathways, many details of human T2DM pathogenesis remain unknown, therapeutic options remain limited, and a cure has eluded research. Emerging human data have raised concern regarding inter-species differences at many levels (e.g. in gene regulation, pancreatic cytoarchitecture, glucose transport, and insulin secretion regulation), and the subsequent impact of these differences on the clinical translation of animal research findings. Therefore, it is important to recognise and address the translational gap between basic animal-based research and the clinical advances needed to prevent and treat T2DM. The purpose of this report is to identify some limitations of T2DM animal research, and to propose how greater human relevance and applicability of hypothesis-driven basic T2DM research could be achieved through the use of human-based data acquisition at various biological levels. This report addresses how in vitro, in vivo and in silico technologies could be used to investigate particular aspects of human glucose regulation. We do not propose that T2DM animal research has been without value in the identification of mechanisms, pathways, or potential targets for therapies, nor do we claim that human-based methods can provide all the answers. We recognise that the ultimate goal of T2DM animal research is to identify ways to advance the prevention, recognition and treatment of T2DM in humans, but postulate that this is where the use of animal models falls short, despite decades of effort. The best way to achieve this goal is by prioritising human-centred research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Ali
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - John J Pippin
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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27
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Aziz Q, Finlay M, Montaigne D, Ojake L, Li Y, Anderson N, Ludwig A, Tinker A. ATP-sensitive potassium channels in the sinoatrial node contribute to heart rate control and adaptation to hypoxia. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8912-8921. [PMID: 29666184 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) contribute to membrane currents in many tissues, are responsive to intracellular metabolism, and open as ATP falls and ADP rises. KATP channels are widely distributed in tissues and are prominently expressed in the heart. They have generally been observed in ventricular tissue, but they are also expressed in the atria and conduction tissues. In this study, we focused on the contribution and role of the inwardly rectifying KATP channel subunit, Kir6.1, in the sinoatrial node (SAN). To develop a murine, conduction-specific Kir6.1 KO model, we selectively deleted Kir6.1 in the conduction system in adult mice (cKO). Electrophysiological data in single SAN cells indicated that Kir6.1 underlies a KATP current in a significant proportion of cells and influences early repolarization during pacemaking, resulting in prolonged cycle length. Implanted telemetry probes to measure heart rate and electrocardiographic characteristics revealed that the cKO mice have a slow heart rate, with episodes of sinus arrest in some mice. The PR interval (time between the onset of the P wave to the beginning of QRS complex) was increased, suggesting effects on the atrioventricular node. Ex vivo studies of whole heart or dissected heart regions disclosed impaired adaptive responses of the SAN to hypoxia, and this may have had long-term pathological consequences in the cKO mice. In conclusion, Kir6.1-containing KATP channels in the SAN have a role in excitability, heart rate control, and the electrophysiological adaptation of the SAN to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qadeer Aziz
- From the Heart Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Finlay
- From the Heart Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - David Montaigne
- the Department of Clinical Physiology & Echocardiography, CHU Lille and the University of Lille, EGID, INSERM UMR1011, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Leona Ojake
- From the Heart Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Yiwen Li
- From the Heart Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Anderson
- From the Heart Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- the Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, and
| | - Andrew Tinker
- From the Heart Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom,
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28
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Bruegmann T, Beiert T, Vogt CC, Schrickel JW, Sasse P. Optogenetic termination of atrial fibrillation in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 114:713-723. [PMID: 29293898 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The primary goal in the treatment of symptomatic atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF) is to restore sinus rhythm by cardioversion. Electrical shocks are highly effective, but have to be applied under analgo-sedation and can further harm the heart. In order to develop a novel pain-free and less harmful approach, we explored herein the optogenetic cardioversion by light-induced depolarization. Methods and results Hearts from mice expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and the AF-promoting loss-of-function Connexin 40 Ala96Ser mutation were explanted and perfused with low K+ Tyrode's solution and an atrial KATP-channel activator. This new protocol shortened atrial refractoriness as well as slowed atrial conduction and thereby enabled the induction of sustained AF. AF episodes could be terminated by epicardial illumination of the atria with focussed blue light (470 nm, 0.4 mW/mm2) with an efficacy of ∼97% (n = 17 hearts). In > 80% of cases, light directly terminated the AF episode with onset of illumination. Because similar illumination intensity was able to locally inhibit atrial activity, we propose that a light-induced block of electrical activity is responsible for reliable AF termination. The success rate was strongly depending on the illuminated area, applied light intensity and duration of illumination. Importantly, we were also able to demonstrate optogenetic termination of AF in vivo, using epicardial illumination through the open chest (n = 3 hearts). To point towards a translational potential, we systemically injected an adeno-associated virus to express ChR2 in wild type hearts. After 6-8 months, we found robust ChR2 expression in the atria, enabling light-mediated AF termination in six of seven mice tested. Conclusion We provide the first evidence for optogenetic termination of atrial tachyarrhythmia in intact hearts from transgenic as well as wild type mice ex and in vivo. Thus, this report could lay the foundation for the development of implantable devices for pain-free termination of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Street 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Beiert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph C Vogt
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Street 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan W Schrickel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Street 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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29
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Report on the Ion Channel Symposium : Organized by the German Cardiac Society Working Group on Cellular Electrophysiology (AG 18). Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol 2018; 29:4-13. [PMID: 29313139 DOI: 10.1007/s00399-017-0549-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To support scientific exchange and activity in the field of cardiac cellular electrophysiology, the German Cardiac Society Working Group on Cellular Electrophysiology (AG 18) established a two-day symposium to be held every 2 years. The second Ion Channel Symposium entitled "Göttingen Channels 2017-Of Benches and Beds" took place in Göttingen from September 22nd to 23rd under the auspices of the German Cardiac Society. A group of national and international experts presented scientific advances in cardiac electrophysiology and rhythmology. The symposium's primary focus was the significance of cellular electrophysiology findings for the optimization of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies against cardiac arrhythmias. To this end, speakers, chairpersons and attendees discussed the contribution of specific molecular alterations to the initiation and perpetuation of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Furthermore, the meeting highlighted how discoveries in electrophysiological research may lead to novel therapeutic targets. The interdisciplinary assessment of mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of cardiac arrhythmias represented a key feature of the meeting. A unique combination of topics and speakers representing both basic science and clinical electrophysiology ensured the scientific success of the "Göttingen Channels 2017" symposium. The next Ion Channel Symposium is planned to be hosted by the incoming co-chair of the German Cardiac Society Working Group on Cellular Electrophysiology in fall 2019.
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Aziz Q, Li Y, Anderson N, Ojake L, Tsisanova E, Tinker A. Molecular and functional characterization of the endothelial ATP-sensitive potassium channel. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17587-17597. [PMID: 28893911 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.810325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are widely expressed in the cardiovascular system, where they regulate a range of biological activities by linking cellular metabolism with membrane excitability. KATP channels in vascular smooth muscle have a well-defined role in regulating vascular tone. KATP channels are also thought to be expressed in vascular endothelial cells, but their presence and function in this context are less clear. As a result, we aimed to investigate the molecular composition and physiological role of endothelial KATP channels. We first generated mice with an endothelial specific deletion of the channel subunit Kir6.1 (eKO) using cre-loxP technology. Data from qRT-PCR, patch clamp, ex vivo coronary perfusion Langendorff heart experiments, and endothelial cell Ca2+ imaging comparing eKO and wild-type mice show that Kir6.1-containing KATP channels are indeed present in vascular endothelium. An increase in intracellular [Ca2+], which is central to changes in endothelial function such as mediator release, at least partly contributes to the endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation induced by the KATP channel opener pinacidil. The absence of Kir6.1 did not elevate basal coronary perfusion pressure in eKO mice. However, vasorelaxation was impaired during hypoxia in the coronary circulation, and this resulted in greater cardiac injury during ischemia-reperfusion. The response to adenosine receptor stimulation was impaired in eKO mice in single cells in patch clamp recordings and in the intact coronary circulation. Our data support the existence of an endothelial KATP channel that contains Kir6.1, is involved in vascular reactivity in the coronary circulation, and has a protective role in ischemia reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qadeer Aziz
- From the Heart Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Yiwen Li
- From the Heart Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Anderson
- From the Heart Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Leona Ojake
- From the Heart Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Tsisanova
- From the Heart Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Tinker
- From the Heart Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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Pandit SV, Workman AJ. Atrial Electrophysiological Remodeling and Fibrillation in Heart Failure. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CARDIOLOGY 2016; 10:41-46. [PMID: 27812293 PMCID: PMC5089851 DOI: 10.4137/cmc.s39713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) causes complex, chronic changes in atrial structure and function, which can cause substantial electrophysiological remodeling and predispose the individual to atrial fibrillation (AF). Pharmacological treatments for preventing AF in patients with HF are limited. Improved understanding of the atrial electrical and ionic/molecular mechanisms that promote AF in these patients could lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets. Animal models of HF have identified numerous changes in atrial ion currents, intracellular calcium handling, action potential waveform and conduction, as well as expression and signaling of associated proteins. These studies have shown that the pattern of electrophysiological remodeling likely depends on the duration of HF, the underlying cardiac pathology, and the species studied. In atrial myocytes and tissues obtained from patients with HF or left ventricular systolic dysfunction, the data on changes in ion currents and action potentials are largely equivocal, probably owing mainly to difficulties in controlling for the confounding influences of multiple variables, such as patient’s age, sex, disease history, and drug treatments, as well as the technical challenges in obtaining such data. In this review, we provide a summary and comparison of the main animal and human electrophysiological studies to date, with the aim of highlighting the consistencies in some of the remodeling patterns, as well as identifying areas of contention and gaps in the knowledge, which warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep V Pandit
- Department of Internal Medicine - Cardiology, Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Antony J Workman
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Li N, Csepe TA, Hansen BJ, Sul LV, Kalyanasundaram A, Zakharkin SO, Zhao J, Guha A, Van Wagoner DR, Kilic A, Mohler PJ, Janssen PML, Biesiadecki BJ, Hummel JD, Weiss R, Fedorov VV. Adenosine-Induced Atrial Fibrillation: Localized Reentrant Drivers in Lateral Right Atria due to Heterogeneous Expression of Adenosine A1 Receptors and GIRK4 Subunits in the Human Heart. Circulation 2016; 134:486-98. [PMID: 27462069 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.021165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenosine provokes atrial fibrillation (AF) with a higher activation frequency in right atria (RA) versus left atria (LA) in patients, but the underlying molecular and functional substrates are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that adenosine-induced AF is driven by localized reentry in RA areas with highest expression of adenosine A1 receptor and its downstream GIRK (G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels) channels (IK,Ado). METHODS We applied biatrial optical mapping and immunoblot mapping of various atrial regions to reveal the mechanism of adenosine-induced AF in explanted failing and nonfailing human hearts (n=37). RESULTS Optical mapping of coronary-perfused atria (n=24) revealed that adenosine perfusion (10-100 µmol/L) produced more significant shortening of action potential durations in RA (from 290±45 to 239±41 ms, 17.3±10.4%; P<0.01) than LA (from 307±24 to 286±23 ms, 6.7±6.6%; P<0.01). In 10 hearts, adenosine induced AF (317±116 s) that, when sustained (≥2 minutes), was primarily maintained by 1 to 2 localized reentrant drivers in lateral RA. Tertiapin (10-100 nmol/L), a selective GIRK channel blocker, counteracted adenosine-induced action potential duration shortening and prevented AF induction. Immunoblotting showed that the superior/middle lateral RA had significantly higher adenosine A1 receptor (2.7±1.7-fold; P<0.01) and GIRK4 (1.7±0.8-fold; P<0.05) protein expression than lateral/posterior LA. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed a 3-fold RA-to-LA adenosine A1 receptor protein expression gradient in the human heart, leading to significantly greater RA versus LA repolarization sensitivity in response to adenosine. Sustained adenosine-induced AF is maintained by reentrant drivers localized in lateral RA regions with the highest adenosine A1 receptor/GIRK4 expression. Selective atrial GIRK channel blockade may effectively treat AF during conditions with increased endogenous adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- From Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, S.O.Z., A.G., P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., V.V.F.); Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., J.D.H., R.W., V.V.F.); Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand (J.Z.); Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (A.G., A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., J.D.H., R.W.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (D.R.V.W.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A. Kilic, J.D.H., R.W.)
| | - Thomas A Csepe
- From Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, S.O.Z., A.G., P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., V.V.F.); Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., J.D.H., R.W., V.V.F.); Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand (J.Z.); Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (A.G., A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., J.D.H., R.W.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (D.R.V.W.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A. Kilic, J.D.H., R.W.)
| | - Brian J Hansen
- From Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, S.O.Z., A.G., P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., V.V.F.); Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., J.D.H., R.W., V.V.F.); Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand (J.Z.); Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (A.G., A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., J.D.H., R.W.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (D.R.V.W.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A. Kilic, J.D.H., R.W.)
| | - Lidiya V Sul
- From Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, S.O.Z., A.G., P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., V.V.F.); Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., J.D.H., R.W., V.V.F.); Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand (J.Z.); Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (A.G., A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., J.D.H., R.W.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (D.R.V.W.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A. Kilic, J.D.H., R.W.)
| | - Anuradha Kalyanasundaram
- From Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, S.O.Z., A.G., P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., V.V.F.); Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., J.D.H., R.W., V.V.F.); Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand (J.Z.); Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (A.G., A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., J.D.H., R.W.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (D.R.V.W.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A. Kilic, J.D.H., R.W.)
| | - Stanislav O Zakharkin
- From Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, S.O.Z., A.G., P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., V.V.F.); Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., J.D.H., R.W., V.V.F.); Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand (J.Z.); Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (A.G., A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., J.D.H., R.W.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (D.R.V.W.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A. Kilic, J.D.H., R.W.)
| | - Jichao Zhao
- From Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, S.O.Z., A.G., P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., V.V.F.); Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., J.D.H., R.W., V.V.F.); Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand (J.Z.); Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (A.G., A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., J.D.H., R.W.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (D.R.V.W.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A. Kilic, J.D.H., R.W.)
| | - Avirup Guha
- From Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, S.O.Z., A.G., P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., V.V.F.); Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., J.D.H., R.W., V.V.F.); Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand (J.Z.); Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (A.G., A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., J.D.H., R.W.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (D.R.V.W.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A. Kilic, J.D.H., R.W.)
| | - David R Van Wagoner
- From Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, S.O.Z., A.G., P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., V.V.F.); Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., J.D.H., R.W., V.V.F.); Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand (J.Z.); Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (A.G., A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., J.D.H., R.W.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (D.R.V.W.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A. Kilic, J.D.H., R.W.)
| | - Ahmet Kilic
- From Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, S.O.Z., A.G., P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., V.V.F.); Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., J.D.H., R.W., V.V.F.); Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand (J.Z.); Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (A.G., A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., J.D.H., R.W.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (D.R.V.W.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A. Kilic, J.D.H., R.W.)
| | - Peter J Mohler
- From Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, S.O.Z., A.G., P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., V.V.F.); Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., J.D.H., R.W., V.V.F.); Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand (J.Z.); Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (A.G., A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., J.D.H., R.W.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (D.R.V.W.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A. Kilic, J.D.H., R.W.)
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- From Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, S.O.Z., A.G., P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., V.V.F.); Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., J.D.H., R.W., V.V.F.); Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand (J.Z.); Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (A.G., A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., J.D.H., R.W.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (D.R.V.W.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A. Kilic, J.D.H., R.W.)
| | - Brandon J Biesiadecki
- From Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, S.O.Z., A.G., P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., V.V.F.); Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., J.D.H., R.W., V.V.F.); Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand (J.Z.); Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (A.G., A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., J.D.H., R.W.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (D.R.V.W.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A. Kilic, J.D.H., R.W.)
| | - John D Hummel
- From Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, S.O.Z., A.G., P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., V.V.F.); Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., J.D.H., R.W., V.V.F.); Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand (J.Z.); Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (A.G., A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., J.D.H., R.W.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (D.R.V.W.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A. Kilic, J.D.H., R.W.)
| | - Raul Weiss
- From Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, S.O.Z., A.G., P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., V.V.F.); Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., J.D.H., R.W., V.V.F.); Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand (J.Z.); Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (A.G., A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., J.D.H., R.W.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (D.R.V.W.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A. Kilic, J.D.H., R.W.)
| | - Vadim V Fedorov
- From Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, S.O.Z., A.G., P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., V.V.F.); Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (N.L., T.A.C., B.J.H., L.V.S., A. Kalyanasundaram, A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., B.J.B., J.D.H., R.W., V.V.F.); Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand (J.Z.); Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (A.G., A. Kilic, P.J.M., P.M.L.J., J.D.H., R.W.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (D.R.V.W.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus (A. Kilic, J.D.H., R.W.).
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Human Organotypic Cultured Cardiac Slices: New Platform For High Throughput Preclinical Human Trials. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28798. [PMID: 27356882 PMCID: PMC4928074 DOI: 10.1038/srep28798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation of novel therapies from bench to bedside is hampered by profound disparities between animal and human genetics and physiology. The ability to test for efficacy and cardiotoxicity in a clinically relevant human model system would enable more rapid therapy development. We have developed a preclinical platform for validation of new therapies in human heart tissue using organotypic slices isolated from donor and end-stage failing hearts. A major advantage of the slices when compared with human iPS-derived cardiomyocytes is that native tissue architecture and extracellular matrix are preserved, thereby allowing investigation of multi-cellular physiology in normal or diseased myocardium. To validate this model, we used optical mapping of transmembrane potential and calcium transients. We found that normal human electrophysiology is preserved in slice preparations when compared with intact hearts, including slices obtained from the region of the sinus node. Physiology is maintained in slices during culture, enabling testing the acute and chronic effects of pharmacological, gene, cell, optogenetic, device, and other therapies. This methodology offers a powerful high-throughput platform for assessing the physiological response of the human heart to disease and novel putative therapies.
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Abstract
Mechanical forces will have been omnipresent since the origin of life, and living organisms have evolved mechanisms to sense, interpret, and respond to mechanical stimuli. The cardiovascular system in general, and the heart in particular, is exposed to constantly changing mechanical signals, including stretch, compression, bending, and shear. The heart adjusts its performance to the mechanical environment, modifying electrical, mechanical, metabolic, and structural properties over a range of time scales. Many of the underlying regulatory processes are encoded intracardially and are, thus, maintained even in heart transplant recipients. Although mechanosensitivity of heart rhythm has been described in the medical literature for over a century, its molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. Thanks to modern biophysical and molecular technologies, the roles of mechanical forces in cardiac biology are being explored in more detail, and detailed mechanisms of mechanotransduction have started to emerge. Mechano-gated ion channels are cardiac mechanoreceptors. They give rise to mechano-electric feedback, thought to contribute to normal function, disease development, and, potentially, therapeutic interventions. In this review, we focus on acute mechanical effects on cardiac electrophysiology, explore molecular candidates underlying observed responses, and discuss their pharmaceutical regulation. From this, we identify open research questions and highlight emerging technologies that may help in addressing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Peyronnet
- From the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.P., P.K.); Departments of Developmental Biology and Internal Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (J.M.N.); Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Centre Freiburg/Bad Krozingen, Freiburg, Germany (R.P., P.K.)
| | - Jeanne M Nerbonne
- From the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.P., P.K.); Departments of Developmental Biology and Internal Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (J.M.N.); Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Centre Freiburg/Bad Krozingen, Freiburg, Germany (R.P., P.K.)
| | - Peter Kohl
- From the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.P., P.K.); Departments of Developmental Biology and Internal Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (J.M.N.); Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Centre Freiburg/Bad Krozingen, Freiburg, Germany (R.P., P.K.).
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Csepe TA, Hansen BJ, Fedorov VV. Atrial fibrillation driver mechanisms: Insight from the isolated human heart. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2016; 27:1-11. [PMID: 27492815 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although there have been great technological advances in the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF), current therapies remain limited due to a narrow understanding of AF mechanisms in the human heart. This review will highlight our recent studies on explanted human hearts where we developed and employed a novel functional-structural mapping approach by integrating high-resolution simultaneous endo-epicardial and panoramic optical mapping with 3D gadolinium-enhanced MRI to define the spatiotemporal characteristics of AF drivers and their structural substrates. The results allow us to postulate that the primary mechanism of AF maintenance in human hearts is a limited number of localized intramural microanatomic reentrant AF drivers anchored to heart-specific 3D fibrotically insulated myobundle tracks, which may remain hidden to clinical single-surface electrode mapping. We suggest that ex vivo human heart studies, by using an integrated 3D functional and structural mapping approach, will help to reveal defining features of AF drivers as well as validate and improve clinical approaches to detect and target these AF drivers in patients with cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Csepe
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 300 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210-1218
| | - Brian J Hansen
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 300 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210-1218
| | - Vadim V Fedorov
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 300 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210-1218.
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Haissaguerre M, Shah AJ, Cochet H, Hocini M, Dubois R, Efimov I, Vigmond E, Bernus O, Trayanova N. Intermittent drivers anchoring to structural heterogeneities as a major pathophysiological mechanism of human persistent atrial fibrillation. J Physiol 2016; 594:2387-98. [PMID: 26890861 PMCID: PMC4850206 DOI: 10.1113/jp270617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for perpetuation of human persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) are controversial and probably vary between individuals. A wide spectrum of mechanisms have been described in experimental studies, ranging from a single localized stable (focal/reentrant) source, to multiple sources, up to diffuse bi-atrial wavelets. We characterized AF drivers in patients with persistent AF (lasting less than 1 year) using novel high resolution mapping, imaging and modelling approaches with the objective of evaluating their relationship to atrial structural heterogeneities. Using panoramic non-invasive mapping in humans, focal or reentrant sources driving AF waves were identified, originating from multiple distinct regions and exhibiting short lifespans and periodic recurrences in the same locations. The reentrant driver regions harboured long, fractionated electrograms covering most of the fibrillatory cycle lengths with varying beat-to-beat sequences suggestive of unstable trajectories attached to slow conducting heterogeneous tissue. MRI atrial imaging demonstrated that such drivers preferentially clustered at the borders of fibrotic atrial regions. In patient-specific computer simulations, sustained AF was shown to be driven by meandering transitory reentries attached to fibrosis borders expressing specific metrics in density and extent. Finally, random microstructural alterations devoid of cellular electrical changes were modelled, showing that a percolation mechanism could also explain atrial reentries and complex fractionated electrograms. These data from clinical, imaging and computational studies strongly suggest that intermittent and spatially unstable drivers anchoring to structural heterogeneities are a major pathophysiological mechanism in human persistent atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashok J Shah
- LIRYC Institute, University and CHU of Bordeaux, France
| | - Hubert Cochet
- LIRYC Institute, University and CHU of Bordeaux, France
| | - Meleze Hocini
- LIRYC Institute, University and CHU of Bordeaux, France
| | - Remi Dubois
- LIRYC Institute, University and CHU of Bordeaux, France
| | - Igor Efimov
- LIRYC Institute, University and CHU of Bordeaux, France
- Washington University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | | | | | - Natalia Trayanova
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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Nichols CG. Adenosine Triphosphate-Sensitive Potassium Currents in Heart Disease and Cardioprotection. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2016; 8:323-35. [PMID: 27261824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccep.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The subunit makeup of the family of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) channels is more complex and labile than thought. The growing association of Kir6.1 and SUR2 variants with specific cardiovascular electrical and contractile derangements and the clear association with Cantu syndrome establish the importance of appropriate activity in normal function of the heart and vasculature. Further studies of such patients will reveal new mutations in KATP subunits and perhaps in proteins that regulate KATP synthesis, trafficking, or location, all of which may ultimately benefit therapeutically from the unique pharmacology of KATP channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Nichols
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Abstract
KATP channels are integral to the functions of many cells and tissues. The use of electrophysiological methods has allowed for a detailed characterization of KATP channels in terms of their biophysical properties, nucleotide sensitivities, and modification by pharmacological compounds. However, even though they were first described almost 25 years ago (Noma 1983, Trube and Hescheler 1984), the physiological and pathophysiological roles of these channels, and their regulation by complex biological systems, are only now emerging for many tissues. Even in tissues where their roles have been best defined, there are still many unanswered questions. This review aims to summarize the properties, molecular composition, and pharmacology of KATP channels in various cardiovascular components (atria, specialized conduction system, ventricles, smooth muscle, endothelium, and mitochondria). We will summarize the lessons learned from available genetic mouse models and address the known roles of KATP channels in cardiovascular pathologies and how genetic variation in KATP channel genes contribute to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique N Foster
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology & Neuroscience, and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - William A Coetzee
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology & Neuroscience, and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Csepe TA, Zhao J, Hansen BJ, Li N, Sul LV, Lim P, Wang Y, Simonetti OP, Kilic A, Mohler PJ, Janssen PML, Fedorov VV. Human sinoatrial node structure: 3D microanatomy of sinoatrial conduction pathways. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 120:164-78. [PMID: 26743207 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite a century of extensive study on the human sinoatrial node (SAN), the structure-to-function features of specialized SAN conduction pathways (SACP) are still unknown and debated. We report a new method for direct analysis of the SAN microstructure in optically-mapped human hearts with and without clinical history of SAN dysfunction. METHODS Two explanted donor human hearts were coronary-perfused and optically-mapped. Structural analyses of histological sections parallel to epicardium (∼13-21 μm intervals) were integrated with optical maps to create 3D computational reconstructions of the SAN complex. High-resolution fiber fields were obtained using 3D Eigen-analysis of the structure tensor, and used to analyze SACP microstructure with a fiber-tracking approach. RESULTS Optical mapping revealed normal SAN activation of the atria through a lateral SACP proximal to the crista terminalis in Heart #1 but persistent SAN exit block in diseased Heart #2. 3D structural analysis displayed a functionally-observed SAN border composed of fibrosis, fat, and/or discontinuous fibers between SAN and atria, which was only crossed by several branching myofiber tracts in SACP regions. Computational 3D fiber-tracking revealed that myofiber tracts of SACPs created continuous connections between SAN #1 and atria, but in SAN #2, SACP region myofiber tracts were discontinuous due to fibrosis and fat. CONCLUSIONS We developed a new integrative functional, structural and computational approach that allowed for the resolution of the specialized 3D microstructure of human SACPs for the first time. Application of this integrated approach will shed new light on the role of the specialized SAN microanatomy in maintaining sinus rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Csepe
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jichao Zhao
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brian J Hansen
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lidiya V Sul
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Praise Lim
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Orlando P Simonetti
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ahmet Kilic
- Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter J Mohler
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vadim V Fedorov
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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KRALJEVIC JASENKA, HØYDAL MORTENANDRE, LJUBKOVIC MARKO, MOREIRA JOSEBIANCONASCIMENTO, JØRGENSEN KARI, NESS HENNINGOFSTAD, BÆKKERUD FREDRIKHJULSTAD, DUJIC ZELJKO, WISLØFF ULRIK, MARINOVIC JASNA. Role of KATP Channels in Beneficial Effects of Exercise in Ischemic Heart Failure. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:2504-12. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Xie C, Hu J, Motloch LJ, Karam BS, Akar FG. The Classically Cardioprotective Agent Diazoxide Elicits Arrhythmias in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66:1144-1156. [PMID: 26337994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.06.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with an enhanced propensity for ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTs) under conditions of metabolic demand. Activation of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels by low-dose diazoxide (DZX) improves hypoglycemia-related complications, metabolic function, and triglyceride and free fatty acid levels and reverses weight gain in T2DM. OBJECTIVES In this study, we hypothesized that DZX prevents ischemia-mediated arrhythmias in T2DM via its putative cardioprotective and antidiabetic property. METHODS Zucker obese diabetic fatty (ZO) rats (n = 43) with T2DM were studied. Controls consisted of Zucker lean (ZL; n = 13) and normal Sprague-Dawley (SprD; n = 30) rats. High-resolution optical action potential mapping was performed before and during challenge with no-flow ischemia for 12 min. RESULTS Electrophysiological properties were relatively stable in T2DM hearts at baseline. In contrast, ischemia uncovered major differences between groups, because action potential duration (APD) in T2DM failed to undergo progressive adaptation to ischemic challenge. DZX promoted the incidence of arrhythmias, because all DZX-treated T2DM hearts exhibited ischemia-induced VTs that persisted on reperfusion. In contrast, untreated T2DM and controls did not exhibit VT during ischemia. Unlike DZX, pinacidil promoted ischemia-mediated arrhythmias in both control and T2DM hearts. Rapid and spatially heterogeneous shortening of APD preceded the onset of arrhythmias in T2DM. DZX-mediated proarrhythmia in T2DM was not related to changes in the messenger ribonucleic acid expression of Kir6.1, Kir6.2, SUR1A, SUR1B, SUR2A, SUR2B, or ROMK (renal outer medullary potassium channel). CONCLUSIONS Ischemia uncovers a paradoxical resistance of T2DM hearts to APD adaptation. DZX reverses this property, resulting in rapid and heterogeneous APD shortening. This promotes reentrant VT during ischemia. DZX should be avoided in diabetic patients at risk of ischemic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqin Xie
- Cardiac Bioelectricity Research Laboratory, Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jun Hu
- Cardiac Bioelectricity Research Laboratory, Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Lukas J Motloch
- Cardiac Bioelectricity Research Laboratory, Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Basil S Karam
- Cardiac Bioelectricity Research Laboratory, Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Fadi G Akar
- Cardiac Bioelectricity Research Laboratory, Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Chandrasekera PC, Pippin JJ. The human subject: an integrative animal model for 21(st) century heart failure research. Am J Transl Res 2015; 7:1636-47. [PMID: 26550463 PMCID: PMC4626425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure remains a leading cause of death and it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality affecting tens of millions of people worldwide. Despite decades of extensive research conducted at enormous expense, only a handful of interventions have significantly impacted survival in heart failure. Even the most widely prescribed treatments act primarily to slow disease progression, do not provide sustained survival advantage, and have adverse side effects. Since mortality remains about 50% within five years of diagnosis, the need to increase our understanding of heart failure disease mechanisms and development of preventive and reparative therapies remains critical. Currently, the vast majority of basic science heart failure research is conducted using animal models ranging from fruit flies to primates; however, insights gleaned from decades of animal-based research efforts have not been proportional to research success in terms of deciphering human heart failure and developing effective therapeutics for human patients. Here we discuss the reasons for this translational discrepancy which can be equally attributed to the use of erroneous animal models and the lack of widespread use of human-based research methodologies and address why and how we must position our own species at center stage as the quintessential animal model for 21(st) century heart failure research. If the ultimate goal of the scientific community is to tackle the epidemic status of heart failure, the best way to achieve that goal is through prioritizing human-based, human-relevant research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John J Pippin
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine Washington, D. C., USA
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Nelson BW, Van Wagoner DR. How Does Diazoxide Elicit Arrhythmias in Rats With Type 2 Diabetes? J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66:1157-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hansen BJ, Zhao J, Csepe TA, Moore BT, Li N, Jayne LA, Kalyanasundaram A, Lim P, Bratasz A, Powell KA, Simonetti OP, Higgins RSD, Kilic A, Mohler PJ, Janssen PML, Weiss R, Hummel JD, Fedorov VV. Atrial fibrillation driven by micro-anatomic intramural re-entry revealed by simultaneous sub-epicardial and sub-endocardial optical mapping in explanted human hearts. Eur Heart J 2015; 36:2390-401. [PMID: 26059724 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The complex architecture of the human atria may create physical substrates for sustained re-entry to drive atrial fibrillation (AF). The existence of sustained, anatomically defined AF drivers in humans has been challenged partly due to the lack of simultaneous endocardial-epicardial (Endo-Epi) mapping coupled with high-resolution 3D structural imaging. METHODS AND RESULTS Coronary-perfused human right atria from explanted diseased hearts (n = 8, 43-72 years old) were optically mapped simultaneously by three high-resolution CMOS cameras (two aligned Endo-Epi views (330 µm2 resolution) and one panoramic view). 3D gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (GE-MRI, 80 µm3 resolution) revealed the atrial wall structure varied in thickness (1.0 ± 0.7-6.8 ± 2.4 mm), transmural fiber angle differences, and interstitial fibrosis causing transmural activation delay from 23 ± 11 to 43 ± 22 ms at increased pacing rates. Sustained AF (>90 min) was induced by burst pacing during pinacidil (30-100 µM) perfusion. Dual-sided sub-Endo-sub-Epi optical mapping revealed that AF was driven by spatially and temporally stable intramural re-entry with 107 ± 50 ms cycle length and transmural activation delay of 67 ± 31 ms. Intramural re-entrant drivers were captured primarily by sub-Endo mapping, while sub-Epi mapping visualized re-entry or 'breakthrough' patterns. Re-entrant drivers were anchored on 3D micro-anatomic tracks (15.4 ± 2.2 × 6.0 ± 2.3 mm2, 2.9 ± 0.9 mm depth) formed by atrial musculature characterized by increased transmural fiber angle differences and interstitial fibrosis. Targeted radiofrequency ablation of the tracks verified these re-entries as drivers of AF. CONCLUSIONS Integrated 3D structural-functional mapping of diseased human right atria ex vivo revealed that the complex atrial microstructure caused significant differences between Endo vs. Epi activation during pacing and sustained AF driven by intramural re-entry anchored to fibrosis-insulated atrial bundles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Hansen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 300 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1218, USA
| | - Jichao Zhao
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thomas A Csepe
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 300 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1218, USA
| | - Brandon T Moore
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 300 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1218, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 300 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1218, USA
| | - Laura A Jayne
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 300 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1218, USA
| | - Anuradha Kalyanasundaram
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 300 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1218, USA
| | - Praise Lim
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna Bratasz
- Small Animal Imaging Core, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kimerly A Powell
- Small Animal Imaging Core, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Orlando P Simonetti
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Robert S D Higgins
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ahmet Kilic
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter J Mohler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 300 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1218, USA Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 300 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1218, USA Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Raul Weiss
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John D Hummel
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vadim V Fedorov
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 300 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1218, USA Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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Clements RT, Terentyev D, Sellke FW. Ca 2+-Activated K + Channels as Therapeutic Targets for Myocardial and Vascular Protection. Circ J 2015; 79:455-62. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-15-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard T. Clements
- Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Dmitry Terentyev
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Frank W. Sellke
- Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University
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Tinker A, Aziz Q, Thomas A. The role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in cellular function and protection in the cardiovascular system. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:12-23. [PMID: 24102106 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K(ATP)) are widely distributed and present in a number of tissues including muscle, pancreatic beta cells and the brain. Their activity is regulated by adenine nucleotides, characteristically being activated by falling ATP and rising ADP levels. Thus, they link cellular metabolism with membrane excitability. Recent studies using genetically modified mice and genomic studies in patients have implicated K(ATP) channels in a number of physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we focus on their role in cellular function and protection particularly in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tinker
- William Harvey Heart Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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47
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Jones RC, Greek R. A review of the Institute of Medicine's analysis of using chimpanzees in biomedical research. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2014; 20:481-504. [PMID: 23616243 PMCID: PMC4033812 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-013-9442-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We argue that the recommendations made by the Institute of Medicine's 2011 report, Chimpanzees in Biomedical and Behavioral Research: Assessing the Necessity, are methodologically and ethically confused. We argue that a proper understanding of evolution and complexity theory in terms of the science and ethics of using chimpanzees in biomedical research would have had led the committee to recommend not merely limiting but eliminating the use of chimpanzees in biomedical research. Specifically, we argue that a proper understanding of the difference between the gross level of examination of species and examinations on finer levels can shed light on important methodological and ethical inconsistencies leading to ignorance of potentially unethical practices and policies regarding the use of animals in scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Jones
- Department of Philosophy, California State University, Chico, Chico, CA 95929-0730 USA
| | - Ray Greek
- Americans For Medical Advancement, 2251 Refugio Rd, Goleta, CA 93117 USA
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Milani-Nejad N, Janssen PML. Small and large animal models in cardiac contraction research: advantages and disadvantages. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 141:235-49. [PMID: 24140081 PMCID: PMC3947198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian heart is responsible for not only pumping blood throughout the body but also adjusting this pumping activity quickly depending upon sudden changes in the metabolic demands of the body. For the most part, the human heart is capable of performing its duties without complications; however, throughout many decades of use, at some point this system encounters problems. Research into the heart's activities during healthy states and during adverse impacts that occur in disease states is necessary in order to strategize novel treatment options to ultimately prolong and improve patients' lives. Animal models are an important aspect of cardiac research where a variety of cardiac processes and therapeutic targets can be studied. However, there are differences between the heart of a human being and an animal and depending on the specific animal, these differences can become more pronounced and in certain cases limiting. There is no ideal animal model available for cardiac research, the use of each animal model is accompanied with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. In this review, we will discuss these advantages and disadvantages of commonly used laboratory animals including mouse, rat, rabbit, canine, swine, and sheep. Since the goal of cardiac research is to enhance our understanding of human health and disease and help improve clinical outcomes, we will also discuss the role of human cardiac tissue in cardiac research. This review will focus on the cardiac ventricular contractile and relaxation kinetics of humans and animal models in order to illustrate these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Milani-Nejad
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and D. Davis Heart Lung Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and D. Davis Heart Lung Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, OH, USA.
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Zhou L, Solhjoo S, Millare B, Plank G, Abraham MR, Cortassa S, Trayanova N, O'Rourke B. Effects of regional mitochondrial depolarization on electrical propagation: implications for arrhythmogenesis. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014; 7:143-51. [PMID: 24382411 DOI: 10.1161/circep.113.000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sudden cardiac death often involves arrhythmias triggered by metabolic stress. Loss of mitochondrial function is thought to contribute to the arrhythmogenic substrate, but how mitochondria contribute to uncoordinated electrical activity is poorly understood. It has been proposed that the formation of metabolic current sinks, caused by the nonuniform collapse of mitochondrial inner membrane potential (ΔΨm), contributes to re-entrant arrhythmias because ΔΨm depolarization is tightly coupled to the activation of sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive K(+) channels, hastening action potential repolarization and shortening the refractory period. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we use computational and experimental methods to investigate how ΔΨm instability can induce re-entrant arrhythmias. We develop the first tissue-level model of cardiac electrical propagation incorporating cellular electrophysiology, excitation-contraction coupling, mitochondrial energetics, and reactive oxygen species balance. Simulations show that re-entry and fibrillation can be initiated by regional ΔΨm loss because of the disparity of refractory periods inside and outside the metabolic sink. Computational results are compared with the effects of a metabolic sink generated experimentally by local perfusion of a mitochondrial uncoupler in a monolayer of cardiac myocytes. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that regional mitochondrial depolarization triggered by oxidative stress activates sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive K(+) currents to form a metabolic sink. Consequent shortening of the action potential inside, but not outside, the sink increases the propensity for re-entry. ΔΨm recovery during pacing can lead to novel mechanisms of ectopic activation. The findings highlight the importance of mitochondria as potential therapeutic targets for sudden death associated with cardiovascular disease.
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Abstract
The sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive K(+) (sarcKATP) channel in the heart is a hetero-octamer comprising the pore-forming subunit Kir6.2 and the regulatory subunit sulfonylurea receptor SUR2A. By functional analysis of genetically engineered mice lacking sarcKATP channels, the pathophysiological roles of the K(+) channel in the heart have been extensively evaluated. Although mitochondrial KATP (mitoKATP) channel is proposed to be an important effector for the protection of ischemic myocardium and the inhibition of ischemia/reperfusion-induced ventricular arrhythmias, the molecular identity of mitoKATP channel has not been established. Although selective sarcKATP-channel blockers can prevent ischemia/reperfusion-induced ventricular arrhythmias by inhibiting the action potential shortening in the acute phase, the drugs may aggravate the ischemic damages due to intracellular Ca(2+) overload. The sarcKATP channel is also mandatory for optimal adaptation to hemodynamic stress such as sympathetic activation. Dysfunction of mutated sarcKATP channels in atrial cells may lead to electrical instability and atrial fibrillation. Recently, it has been proposed that the gain-of-function mutation of cardiac Kir6.1 channel can be a pathogenic substrate for J wave syndromes, a cause of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation as early repolarization syndrome or Brugada syndrome, whereas loss of function of the channel mutations can underlie sudden infant death syndrome. However, precise role of Kir6.1 channels in cardiac cells remains to be defined and further study may be needed to clarify the role of Kir6.1 channel in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruaki Nakaya
- 1Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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