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Rorabaugh BR, Guindon J, Morgan DJ. Role of Cannabinoid Signaling in Cardiovascular Function and Ischemic Injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 387:265-276. [PMID: 37739804 PMCID: PMC10658922 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease represents a leading cause of death, morbidity, and societal economic burden. The prevalence of cannabis use has significantly increased due to legalization and an increased societal acceptance of cannabis. Therefore, it is critically important that we gain a greater understanding of the effects and risks of cannabinoid use on cardiovascular diseases as well as the potential for cannabinoid-directed drugs to be used as therapeutics for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of cannabinoid receptors in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and myocardial ischemia and explores their use as therapeutic targets in the treatment of ischemic heart disease. Endocannabinoids are elevated in patients with atherosclerosis, and activation of cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1Rs) generally leads to an enhancement of plaque formation and atherosclerosis. In contrast, selective activation of cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB2Rs) appears to exert protective effects against atherosclerosis. Endocannabinoid signaling is also activated by myocardial ischemia. CB2R signaling appears to protect the heart from ischemic injury, whereas the role of CB1R in ischemic injury is less clear. This narrative review serves to summarize current research on the role of cannabinoid signaling in cardiovascular function with the goal of identifying critical knowledge gaps and future studies to address those gaps in a way that facilitates the development of new treatments and better cardiovascular health. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction, are a leading cause of death. Cannabinoid drugs have well known acute effects on cardiovascular function, including tachycardia and orthostatic hypotension. The recent legalization of marijuana and cannabinoids for both medical and recreational use has dramatically increased their prevalence of use. This narrative review on the role of cannabinoid signaling in cardiovascular disease contributes to a better understanding of this topic by integrating current knowledge and identifying critical gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyd R Rorabaugh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (D.J.M.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (B.R.R.), Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia; and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas (J.G.)
| | - Josée Guindon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (D.J.M.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (B.R.R.), Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia; and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas (J.G.)
| | - Daniel J Morgan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (D.J.M.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (B.R.R.), Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia; and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas (J.G.)
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2
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Shao BZ, Liu MZ, Zhu DN, Yan H, Ke P, Wei W, Han T, Liu C. Depletion of β-arrestin-1 in macrophages enhances atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111085. [PMID: 37866313 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy in atherosclerotic plaque macrophage contributes to the alleviation of atherosclerosis through the promotion of lipid metabolism. β-arrestins are multifunctional proteins participating various kinds of cellular signaling pathways. Here we aimed to determine the role of β-arrestin-1, an important member of β-arrestin family, in atherosclerosis, and whether autophagy was involved in this process. ApoE-/-β-arrestin-1fl/flLysM-Cre mice were created through bone marrow transplantation for the atherosclerosis model with conditional myeloid knocking out β-arrestin-1. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were used for the in vitro studies. Oil red O staining was used to detect the lesional area. F4/80, Masson trichrome and picro-Sirius red staining were applied for the determination of plaque stability. Real-time PCR was used for the detection of levels of lipid metabolism-related receptors. Electron microscopy and tandem fluorescent mRFP-GFP-LC3 plasmid was applied to test autophagy level. We found that β-arrestin-1 was highly increased in expression in plaque macrophage on the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Conditional myeloid knocking out β-arrestin-1 largely promotes plaque formation and vulnerability. In murine macrophage with lipid loading, knocking down β-arrestin-1 enhanced foam cell formation and levels of plasma and cellular cholesterol, while overexpressing β-arrestin-1 led to the opposite effects. The alleviative effects induced by macrophage β-arrestin-1 in atherosclerosis were involved in autophagy, based on the reduction of autophagy level with the knocking down of macrophage β-arrestin-1 and administration of autophagy inhibitors which largely attenuated the decreasing effect on foam cell formation. Our results demonstrated for the first time that macrophage β-arrestin-1 protected against atherosclerosis through the induction of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Zong Shao
- Department of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Meng-Zhen Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Dan-Ni Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Ping Ke
- Department of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433 China.
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3
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Simard M, Tremblay A, Morin S, Rioux G, Flamand N, Pouliot R. N-eicosapentaenoyl-ethanolamine decreases the proliferation of psoriatic keratinocytes in a reconstructed psoriatic skin model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12113. [PMID: 37495686 PMCID: PMC10371979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease that is characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation, abnormal epidermal differentiation and dysregulated lipid metabolism. Some lipid mediators of the N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and monoacylglycerols (MAGs) can bind to cannabinoid (CB) receptors and are referred to as part of the endocannabinoidome. Their implication in psoriasis remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to characterize the endocannabinoid system and evaluate the effects of n-3-derived NAEs, namely N-eicosapentaenoyl-ethanolamine (EPEA), in psoriatic keratinocytes using a psoriatic skin model produced by tissue engineering, following the self-assembly method. Psoriatic skin substitutes had lower FAAH2 expression and higher MAGL, ABHD6 and ABHD12 expression compared with healthy skin substitutes. Treatments with alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) increased the levels of EPEA and 1/2-docosapentaenoyl-glycerol, showing that levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate related NAE and MAG levels. Treatments of the psoriatic substitutes with 10 μM of EPEA for 7 days resulted in decreased epidermal thickness and number of Ki67 positive keratinocytes, both indicating decreased proliferation of psoriatic keratinocytes. EPEA effects on keratinocyte proliferation were inhibited by the CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant. Exogenous EPEA also diminished some inflammatory features of psoriasis. In summary, n-3-derived NAEs can reduce the psoriatic phenotype of a reconstructed psoriatic skin model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Simard
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1J 1A4, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Andréa Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1J 1A4, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Morin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1J 1A4, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Geneviève Rioux
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1J 1A4, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
- Canada Excellence Research Chair On the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Roxane Pouliot
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1J 1A4, Canada.
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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Khan RN, Maner-Smith K, A. Owens J, Barbian ME, Jones RM, R. Naudin C. At the heart of microbial conversations: endocannabinoids and the microbiome in cardiometabolic risk. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-21. [PMID: 33896380 PMCID: PMC8078674 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1911572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic syndrome encompasses intertwined risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, elevated triglycerides, abdominal obesity, and other maladaptive metabolic and inflammatory aberrations. As the molecular mechanisms linking cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders are investigated, endocannabinoids have emerged as molecules of interest. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) of biologically active lipids has been implicated in several conditions, including chronic liver disease, osteoporosis, and more recently in cardiovascular diseases. The gut microbiome is a major regulator of inflammatory and metabolic signaling in the host, and if disrupted, has the potential to drive metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Extensive studies have unraveled the impact of the gut microbiome on host physiology, with recent reports showing that gut microbes exquisitely control the ECS, with significant influences on host metabolic and cardiac health. In this review, we outline how modulation of the gut microbiome affects host metabolism and cardiovascular health via the ECS, and how these findings could be exploited as novel therapeutic targets for various metabolic and cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsha Nabihah Khan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kristal Maner-Smith
- Emory Integrated Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joshua A. Owens
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maria Estefania Barbian
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rheinallt M. Jones
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Crystal R. Naudin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,CONTACT Crystal R. Naudin Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA30322, United States of America
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5
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Lutgens E, Atzler D, Döring Y, Duchene J, Steffens S, Weber C. Immunotherapy for cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 2020; 40:3937-3946. [PMID: 31121017 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcomes of the Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study (CANTOS) trial have unequivocally proven that inflammation is a key driver of atherosclerosis and that targeting inflammation, in this case by using an anti-interleukin-1β antibody, improves cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. This is especially true for CVD patients with a pro-inflammatory constitution. Although CANTOS has epitomized the importance of targeting inflammation in atherosclerosis, treatment with canakinumab did not improve CVD mortality, and caused an increase in infections. Therefore, the identification of novel drug targets and development of novel therapeutics that block atherosclerosis-specific inflammatory pathways and exhibit limited immune-suppressive side effects, as pursued in our collaborative research centre, are required to optimize immunotherapy for CVD. In this review, we will highlight the potential of novel immunotherapeutic targets that are currently considered to become a future treatment for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Lutgens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), CRC 1123 Atherosclerosis - Mechanisms and Networks of novel therapeutic Targets, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstraße 9, Munich 80336, Germany.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Dorothee Atzler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), CRC 1123 Atherosclerosis - Mechanisms and Networks of novel therapeutic Targets, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstraße 9, Munich 80336, Germany.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Walther-Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Goethestraße 33, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Yvonne Döring
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), CRC 1123 Atherosclerosis - Mechanisms and Networks of novel therapeutic Targets, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstraße 9, Munich 80336, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Johan Duchene
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), CRC 1123 Atherosclerosis - Mechanisms and Networks of novel therapeutic Targets, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstraße 9, Munich 80336, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Steffens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), CRC 1123 Atherosclerosis - Mechanisms and Networks of novel therapeutic Targets, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstraße 9, Munich 80336, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), CRC 1123 Atherosclerosis - Mechanisms and Networks of novel therapeutic Targets, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstraße 9, Munich 80336, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Universiteitsingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
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6
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The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol inhibits endothelial function and repair. Int J Cardiol 2020; 323:243-250. [PMID: 32810540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction promotes atherogenesis, vascular inflammation, and thrombus formation. Reendothelialization after angioplasty is required in order to prevent stent failure. Previous studies have highlighted the role of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in murine experimental atherogenesis and in human coronary artery disease. However, the impact of 2-AG on endothelial repair and leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion is still unknown. METHODS Endothelial repair was studied in two treatment groups of wildtype mice following electrical injury of the common carotid artery. One group received the monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL)-inhibitor JZL184, which impairs 2-AG degradation and thus causes elevated 2-AG levels, the other group received DMSO (vehicle). The effect of 2-AG on human coronary artery endothelial cell (HCAEC) viability, leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion, surface expression of adhesion molecules, and expression of endothelial NO synthase (NOS3) was studied in vitro. RESULTS Elevated 2-AG levels significantly impaired reendothelialization in wildtype mice following electrical injury of the common carotid artery. In vitro, 2-AG significantly reduced viability of HCAEC. Additionally, 2-AG promoted adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to HCAEC following pre-treatment of the HCAEC with 2-AG. Adhesion molecules (E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) remained unchanged in arterial endothelial cells, whereas 2-AG suppressed the expression of NOS3 in HCAEC. CONCLUSION AND TRANSLATIONAL ASPECT Elevated 2-AG levels hamper endothelial repair and HCAEC proliferation, while simultaneously facilitating leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. Given that 2-AG is elevated in patients with coronary artery disease and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, 2-AG might decrease reendothelialization after angioplasty and thus impact the clinical outcomes.
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7
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Schürmann C, Dienst FL, Pálfi K, Vasconez AE, Oo JA, Wang S, Buchmann GK, Offermanns S, van de Sluis B, Leisegang MS, Günther S, Humbert PO, Lee E, Zhu J, Weigert A, Mathoor P, Wittig I, Kruse C, Brandes RP. The polarity protein Scrib limits atherosclerosis development in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1963-1974. [PMID: 30949676 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The protein Scrib (Scribble 1) is known to control apico-basal polarity in epithelial cells. The role of polarity proteins in the vascular system remains poorly characterized; however, we previously reported that Scrib maintains the endothelial phenotype and directed migration. On this basis, we hypothesized that Scrib has anti-atherosclerotic functions. METHODS AND RESULTS Tamoxifen-induced Scrib-knockout mice were crossed with ApoE-/- knockout mice and spontaneous atherosclerosis under high-fat diet (HFD), as well as accelerated atherosclerosis in response to partial carotid artery ligation and HFD, was induced. Deletion of Scrib resulted in increased atherosclerosis development in both models. Mechanistically, flow- as well as acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation and AKT phosphorylation was reduced by deletion of Scrib, whereas vascular permeability and leucocyte extravasation were increased after Scrib knockout. Scrib immune pull down in primary carotid endothelial cells and mass spectrometry identified Arhgef7 (Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 7, βPix) as interaction partner. Scrib or Arhgef7 down-regulation by siRNA reduced the endothelial barrier function in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Gene expression analysis from murine samples and from human biobank material of carotid endarterectomies indicated that loss of Scrib resulted in endothelial dedifferentiation with a decreased expression of endothelial signature genes. CONCLUSIONS By maintaining a quiescent endothelial phenotype, the polarity protein Scrib elicits anti-atherosclerotic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schürmann
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Franziska L Dienst
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katalin Pálfi
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andrea E Vasconez
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - James A Oo
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - ShengPeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Giulia K Buchmann
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Genetics Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias S Leisegang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Günther
- ECCPS Bioinformatics and Sequencing Facility, Goethe-University, Ludwigstrasse 43, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eunjee Lee
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY, USA.,Sema4 Genomics, a Mount Sinai Venture, 333 Ludlow Street, South tower 3rd floor, Stamford, CT, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY, USA.,Sema4 Genomics, a Mount Sinai Venture, 333 Ludlow Street, South tower 3rd floor, Stamford, CT, USA
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I-Pathobiochemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Praveen Mathoor
- Institute of Biochemistry I-Pathobiochemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ilka Wittig
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany.,Functional Proteomics, SFB815 Core Unit, Medical School, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christoph Kruse
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany
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8
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Piscitelli F, Silvestri C. Role of the Endocannabinoidome in Human and Mouse Atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:3147-3164. [PMID: 31448709 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190826162735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Endocannabinoid (eCB) system and its role in many physiological and pathological conditions is well described and accepted, and includes cardiovascular disorders. However, the eCB system has been expanded to an "-ome"; the endocannabinoidome (eCBome) that includes endocannabinoid-related mediators, their protein targets and metabolic enzymes, many of which significantly impact upon cardiometabolic health. These recent discoveries are here summarized with a special focus on their potential involvement in atherosclerosis. We described the role of classical components of the eCB system (eCBs, CB1 and CB2 receptors) and eCB-related lipids, their regulatory enzymes and molecular targets in atherosclerosis. Furthermore, since increasing evidence points to significant cross-talk between the eCBome and the gut microbiome and the gut microbiome and atherosclerosis, we explore the possibility that a gut microbiome - eCBome axis has potential implications in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Council of Research, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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9
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Abohalaka R, Bozkurt TE, Nemutlu E, Onder SC, Sahin-Erdemli I. The effects of fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor treatments on lipopolysaccharide-induced airway inflammation in mice. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2020; 62:101920. [PMID: 32416152 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2020.101920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system significantly contributes to the airway inflammation. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) are two main enzymes responsible for the metabolism of the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachydonoyl glycerol (2-AG), respectively. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of local and systemic FAAH and MAGL inhibitor treatments in experimental airway inflammation and tracheal hyperreactivity in mice. Airway inflammation was induced by intranasal (i.n.) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) application (60 μl; 0,1 mg/ml in PBS) to mice and the control group received PBS. Systemic (intraperitoneal (i.p.)) or local (i.n.) FAAH inhibitor URB597 and MAGL inhibitor JZL184 treatments were administered 1h before LPS/PBS application. Fourty 8 h after LPS/PBS application, tracheas were removed to assess airway reactivity, and the lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids were isolated for histopathological evaluation, cytokine and endocannabinoid measurements. LPS application lead to an increase in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) contractions in isolated tracheal rings while carbachol contractions remained unchanged. The increased 5-HT contractions were prevented by both systemic and local URB597 and JZL184 treatments. Systemic treatment with URB597 and JZL184, and local treatment with JZL184 reduced peribronchial and paranchymal inflammation in the LPS group while i.n. application of URB597 worsened the inflammation in the lungs. Systemic URB597 treatment increased lung AEA level whereas it had no effect on 2-AG level. However, JZL184 treatment increased 2-AG level by either systemic or local application, and also elevated AEA level. Inflammation-induced increase in neutrophil numbers was only prevented by systemic URB597 treatment. However, both URB597 and JZL184 treatments abolished the increased TNF-α level either they are administered systemically or locally. These results indicate that FAAH and MAGL inhibition may have a protective effect in airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity, and therefore their therapeutic potential for airway diseases should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshed Abohalaka
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Turgut Emrah Bozkurt
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Emirhan Nemutlu
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevgen Celik Onder
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Inci Sahin-Erdemli
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Ankara, Turkey
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Gado F, Arena C, Fauci CL, Reynoso-Moreno I, Bertini S, Digiacomo M, Meini S, Poli G, Macchia M, Tuccinardi T, Gertsch J, Chicca A, Manera C. Modification on the 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-pyridine-3-carboxamide core to obtain multi-target modulators of endocannabinoid system. Bioorg Chem 2020; 94:103353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol is elevated in the coronary circulation during acute coronary syndrome. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227142. [PMID: 31887202 PMCID: PMC6936850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The endocannabinoid system modulates coronary circulatory function and atherogenesis. The two major endocannabinoids (eCB), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA), are increased in venous blood from patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, given their short half-life and their autocrine/paracrine mechanism of action, eCB levels in venous blood samples might not reflect arterial or coronary eCB concentrations. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify the local concentration profile of eCB and to detect whether and how this concentration profile changes in CAD and NSTEMI versus patients without CAD. Methods and results 83 patients undergoing coronary angiography were included in this study. Patients were divided into three groups based on their definite diagnosis of a) no CAD, b) stable CAD, or c) non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Blood was drawn from the arterial sheath and the aorta in all patients and additionally distal to the culprit coronary lesion in CAD- and NSTEMI patients. 2-AG levels varied significantly between patient groups and between the sites of blood extraction. The lowest levels were detected in patients without CAD; the highest 2-AG concentrations were detected in NSTEMI patients and in the coronary arteries. Peripheral 2-AG levels were significantly higher in NSTEMI patients (107.4 ± 28.4 pmol/ml) than in CAD- (17.4 ± 5.4 pmol/ml; p < 0.001), or no-CAD patients (23.9 ± 7.1 pmol/ml; p < 0.001). Moreover, coronary 2-AG levels were significantly higher in NSTEMI patients than in CAD patients (369.3 ± 57.2 pmol/ml vs. 240.1 ± 25.3 pmol/ml; p = 0.024). Conclusions 2-AG showed significant variability in arterial blood samples drawn from distinct locations. Possibly, lesional macrophages synthesise 2-AG locally, which thereby contributes to endothelial dysfunction and local inflammation.
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Impellizzeri D, Siracusa R, Cordaro M, Crupi R, Peritore AF, Gugliandolo E, D'Amico R, Petrosino S, Evangelista M, Di Paola R, Cuzzocrea S. N-Palmitoylethanolamine-oxazoline (PEA-OXA): A new therapeutic strategy to reduce neuroinflammation, oxidative stress associated to vascular dementia in an experimental model of repeated bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 125:77-91. [PMID: 30660740 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Recent studies revealed that pharmacological modulation of NAE-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA) can be achieved with PEA oxazoline (PEA-OXA). Hence, the aim of the present work was to thoroughly evaluate the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of PEA-OXA in an experimental model of vascular dementia (VaD) induced by bilateral carotid arteries occlusion. At 24 h after VaD induction, animals were orally administered with 10 mg/kg of PEA-OXA daily for 15 days. RESULTS Brain tissues were handled for histological, immunohistochemical, western blot, and immunofluorescence analysis. PEA-OXA treatment evidently reduced the histological alterations and neuronal death induced by VaD and additionally improved behavioral deficits. Further, PEA-OXA decreased GFAP and Iba-1, markers of astrocytes, and microglia activation, as well as increased MAP-2, a marker of neuron development. Moreover, PEA-OXA reduced oxidative stress, modulated Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response, and inhibited the apoptotic process. INNOVATION Some drugs may demonstrate their healing potential by regulating neuroinflammation, rather than by their habitually attributed actions only. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a prototype ALIAmide, well-known for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. The inhibition of PEA degradation by targeting NAAA, its catabolic enzyme, is a different approach for treating neuroinflammation. This research offers new insight into the mechanism of PEA-OXA-induced neuroprotection. CONCLUSION Thus, the modulation of intracellular NAAA by PEA-OXA could offer a novel means of controlling neuroinflammatory conditions associated with VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ramona D'Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrosino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy; Epitech Group SpA, Via Einaudi 13, 35030, Saccolongo, Padova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Evangelista
- Institute of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine,Saint Louis, USA.
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Grill M, Hasenoehrl C, Storr M, Schicho R. Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids: An Option for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Cancer of the Colon? Med Cannabis Cannabinoids 2018; 1:28-35. [PMID: 34676319 DOI: 10.1159/000489036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, we have witnessed a surge of new reports dealing with the role of cannabinoids, synthetic as well as herbal, in the mechanisms of inflammation and carcinogenesis. However, despite the wealth of in vitro data and anecdotal reports, evidence that cannabinoids could act as beneficial drugs in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or in neoplastic development of the human gastrointestinal tract is lacking. Some insight into the effects of medical Cannabis (usually meaning dried flowers) and cannabinoids in IBD has been gained through questionnaires and small pilot studies. As to colorectal cancer, only preclinical data are available. Currently, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its synthetic forms, dronabinol and nabilone, are used as an add-on treatment to alleviate chronic pain and spasticity in multiple sclerosis patients as well as chemotherapy-induced nausea. The use of medical Cannabis is authorized only in a limited number of countries. None of the mentioned substances are currently indicated for IBD. This review is an update of our knowledge on the role of cannabinoids in intestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis and a discussion on their potential therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Grill
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Pharmacology Section, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Carina Hasenoehrl
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Pharmacology Section, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Storr
- Department of Medicine 2, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Zentrum für Endoskopie, Starnberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Pharmacology Section, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
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Jehle J, Schöne B, Bagheri S, Avraamidou E, Danisch M, Frank I, Pfeifer P, Bindila L, Lutz B, Lütjohann D, Zimmer A, Nickenig G. Elevated levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol promote atherogenesis in ApoE-/- mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197751. [PMID: 29813086 PMCID: PMC5973571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid (eCB) 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is a known modulator of inflammation and ligand to both, pro-inflammatory cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and anti-inflammatory CB2. While the role of both receptors in atherogenesis has been studied extensively, the significance of 2-AG for atherogenesis is less well characterized. METHODS The impact of 2-AG on atherogenesis was studied in two treatment groups of ApoE-/- mice. One group received the monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL)-inhibitor JZL184 [5 mg/kg i.p.], which impairs 2-AG degradation and thus causes elevated 2-AG levels, the other group received vehicle for four weeks. Simultaneously, both groups were fed a high-cholesterol diet. The atherosclerotic plaque burden was assessed in frozen sections through the aortic sinus following oil red O staining and infiltrating macrophages were detected by immunofluorescence targeting CD68. In vitro, the effect of 2-AG on B6MCL macrophage migration was assessed by Boyden chamber experiments. Transcription of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors in macrophages was assessed by qPCR. RESULTS As expected, application of the MAGL-inhibitor JZL184 resulted in a significant increase in 2-AG levels in vascular tissue (98.2 ± 16.1 nmol/g vs. 27.3 ± 4.5 nmol/g; n = 14-16; p < 0.001). ApoE-/- mice with elevated 2-AG levels displayed a significantly increased plaque burden compared to vehicle treated controls (0.44 ± 0.03 vs. 0.31 ± 0.04; n = 14; p = 0.0117). This was accompanied by a significant increase in infiltrating macrophages within the atherosclerotic vessel wall (0.33 ± 0.02 vs. 0.27 ± 0.01; n = 13-14; p = 0.0076). While there was no alteration to the white blood counts of JZL184-treated animals, 2-AG enhanced macrophage migration in vitro by 1.8 ± 0.2 -fold (n = 4-6; p = 0.0393) compared to vehicle, which was completely abolished by co-administration of either CB1- or CB2-receptor-antagonists. qPCR analyses of 2-AG-stimulated macrophages showed an enhanced transcription of the chemokine CCL5 (1.59 ± 0.23 -fold; n = 5-6; p = 0.0589) and its corresponding receptors CCR1 (2.04 ± 0.46 -fold; n = 10-11; p = 0.0472) and CCR5 (2.45 ± 0.62 -fold; n = 5-6; p = 0.0554). CONCLUSION Taken together, elevated 2-AG levels appear to promote atherogenesis in vivo. Our data suggest that 2-AG promotes macrophage migration, possibly by the CCL5-CCR5/CCR1 axis, and thereby contributes to vascular inflammation. Thus, decreasing vascular 2-AG levels might represent a promising therapeutic strategy in patients suffering from atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Jehle
- Department of Internal Medicine II Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Benedikt Schöne
- Department of Internal Medicine II Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sayeh Bagheri
- Department of Internal Medicine II Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elina Avraamidou
- Department of Internal Medicine II Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Melina Danisch
- Department of Internal Medicine II Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Imke Frank
- Department of Internal Medicine II Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Pfeifer
- Department of Internal Medicine II Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Bindila
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Insitute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Department of Molecular Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Nickenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Chicca A, Arena C, Bertini S, Gado F, Ciaglia E, Abate M, Digiacomo M, Lapillo M, Poli G, Bifulco M, Macchia M, Tuccinardi T, Gertsch J, Manera C. Polypharmacological profile of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-pyridine-3-carboxamides in the endocannabinoid system. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 154:155-171. [PMID: 29793210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) represents one of the major neuromodulatory systems involved in different physiological and pathological processes. Multi-target compounds exert their activities by acting via multiple mechanisms of action and represent a promising pharmacological modulation of the ECS. In this work we report 4-substituted and 4,5-disubstituted 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-pyridine-3-carboxamide derivatives with a broad spectrum of affinity and functional activity towards both cannabinoid receptors and additional effects on the main components of the ECS. In particular compound B3 showed high affinity for CB1R (Ki = 23.1 nM, partial agonist) and CB2R (Ki = 6.9 nM, inverse agonist) and also significant inhibitory activity (IC50 = 70 nM) on FAAH with moderate inhibition of ABHD12 (IC50 = 2.5 μΜ). Compounds B4, B5 and B6 that act as full agonists at CB1R and as partial agonists (B5 and B6) or antagonist (B4) at CB2R, exhibited an additional multi-target property by inhibiting anandamide uptake with sub-micromolar IC50 values (0.28-0.62 μΜ). The best derivatives showed cytotoxic activity on U937 lymphoblastoid cells. Finally, molecular docking analysis carried out on the three-dimensional structures of CB1R and CB2R and of FAAH allowed to rationalize the structure-activity relationships of this series of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Chicca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Arena
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Bertini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Gado
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Ciaglia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mario Abate
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maria Digiacomo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Giulio Poli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53019, Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Macchia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy; Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
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2-Pentadecyl-2-Oxazoline Reduces Neuroinflammatory Environment in the MPTP Model of Parkinson Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:9251-9266. [PMID: 29656363 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current pharmacological management of Parkinson disease (PD) does not provide for disease modification, but addresses only symptomatic features. Here, we explore a new approach to neuroprotection based on the use of 2-pentadecyl-2-oxazoline (PEA-OXA), the oxazoline derivative of the fatty acid amide signaling molecule palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), in an experimental model of PD. Daily oral treatment with PEA-OXA (10 mg/kg) significantly reduced behavioral impairments and neuronal cell degeneration of the dopaminergic tract induced by four intraperitoneal injections of the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on 8-week-old male C57 mice. Moreover, PEA-OXA treatment prevented dopamine depletion, increased tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter activities, and decreased α-synuclein aggregation in neurons. PEA-OXA treatment also diminished nuclear factor-κB traslocation, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and through upregulation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 pathway, induced activation of Mn-superoxide dismutase and heme oxygenase-1. Further, PEA-OXA modulated microglia and astrocyte activation and preserved microtubule-associated protein-2 alterations. In conclusion, pharmacological activation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 pathways with PEA-OXA may be effective in the future therapy of PD.
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17
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The Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Inhibitor URB937 Ameliorates Radiation-Induced Lung Injury in a Mouse Model. Inflammation 2018; 40:1254-1263. [PMID: 28478515 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0568-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is a potentially life-threatening complication of radiotherapy. In the current study, we examined the potential protective effects of URB937, an inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase using a mouse model of RILI. Briefly, male C57BL/6 mice received 16Gy irradiation to the thoracic region and then intraperitoneal injection of either URB937 (1 mg/kg) or vehicle every 2 days for 30 days. The extent of the lung injury was evaluated histologically at the end of the drug treatment as well as 3 months after the cessation of the treatment. The data showed URB937 attenuated radiation-induced lung injury and increased endocannabinoid concentration in lung tissue. Treatment with URB937 decreased leukocyte migration and inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma at day 30. Histopathological examination revealed URB937 could restore lung structure and restrain inflammatory cell and fibroblast accumulation caused by irradiation in lung tissue. URB937 also decreased radiation-induced pro-inflammatory (e.g., interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α) and pro-fibrotic cytokines (e.g., transforming growth factor-β1) level in lung tissue, as well as lipid peroxidation in the lungs. Mouse survival examined in a separate group of experimental subjects indicated that URB937 could prolong animal survival. Experiments using a mouse bearing Lewis lung carcinoma cells showed that URB937 does not affect irradiation-induced inhibition of tumor growth. These results suggest that inhibiting fatty acid amide hydrolase could ameliorate RILI without compromising the efficacy of irradiation on tumor control.
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Chistiakov DA, Grechko AV, Myasoedova VA, Melnichenko AA, Orekhov AN. The role of monocytosis and neutrophilia in atherosclerosis. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:1366-1382. [PMID: 29364567 PMCID: PMC5824421 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytosis and neutrophilia are frequent events in atherosclerosis. These phenomena arise from the increased proliferation of hematopoietic stem and multipotential progenitor cells (HSPCs) and HSPC mobilization from the bone marrow to other immune organs and circulation. High cholesterol and inflammatory signals promote HSPC proliferation and preferential differentiation to the myeloid precursors (i.e., myelopoiesis) that than give rise to pro-inflammatory immune cells. These cells accumulate in the plaques thereby enhancing vascular inflammation and contributing to further lesion progression. Studies in animal models of atherosclerosis showed that manipulation with HSPC proliferation and differentiation through the activation of LXR-dependent mechanisms and restoration of cholesterol efflux may have a significant therapeutic potential.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/immunology
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Bone Marrow/immunology
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Cholesterol/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Hypercholesterolemia/genetics
- Hypercholesterolemia/immunology
- Hypercholesterolemia/pathology
- Liver X Receptors/genetics
- Liver X Receptors/immunology
- Mice
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/pathology
- Multipotent Stem Cells/immunology
- Multipotent Stem Cells/pathology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/deficiency
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/immunology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/genetics
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/immunology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A. Chistiakov
- Department of NeurochemistryDivision of Basic and Applied NeurobiologySerbsky Federal Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and NarcologyMoscowRussia
| | - Andrey V. Grechko
- Federal Scientific Clinical Center for Resuscitation and RehabilitationMoscowRussia
| | - Veronika A. Myasoedova
- Skolkovo Innovative CenterInstitute for Atherosclerosis ResearchMoscowRussia
- Laboratory of AngiopathologyInstitute of General Pathology and PathophysiologyRussian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - Alexandra A. Melnichenko
- Skolkovo Innovative CenterInstitute for Atherosclerosis ResearchMoscowRussia
- Laboratory of AngiopathologyInstitute of General Pathology and PathophysiologyRussian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Skolkovo Innovative CenterInstitute for Atherosclerosis ResearchMoscowRussia
- Laboratory of AngiopathologyInstitute of General Pathology and PathophysiologyRussian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
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Fulmer ML, Thewke DP. The Endocannabinoid System and Heart Disease: The Role of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2018; 18:34-51. [PMID: 29412125 PMCID: PMC6020134 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x18666180206161457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research has provided evidence for the role of the endocannabinoid system in human health and disease. This versatile system, consisting of two receptors (CB1 and CB2), their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids), and metabolic enzymes has been implicated in a wide variety of disease states, ranging from neurological disorders to cancer. CB2 has gained much interest for its beneficial immunomodulatory role that can be obtained without eliciting psychotropic effects through CB1. Recent studies have shed light on a protective role of CB2 in cardiovascular disease, an ailment which currently takes more lives each year in Western countries than any other disease or injury. By use of CB2 knockout mice and CB2-selective ligands, knowledge of how CB2 signaling affects atherosclerosis and ischemia has been acquired, providing a major stepping stone between basic science and translational clinical research. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the endocannabinoid system in human pathologies and provide a review of the results from preclinical studies examining its function in cardiovascular disease, with a particular emphasis on possible CB2-targeted therapeutic interventions to alleviate atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makenzie L. Fulmer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Douglas P. Thewke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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Pacher P, Steffens S, Haskó G, Schindler TH, Kunos G. Cardiovascular effects of marijuana and synthetic cannabinoids: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Nat Rev Cardiol 2017; 15:151-166. [DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Impellizzeri D, Cordaro M, Bruschetta G, Siracusa R, Crupi R, Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S. N-Palmitoylethanolamine-Oxazoline as a New Therapeutic Strategy to Control Neuroinflammation: Neuroprotective Effects in Experimental Models of Spinal Cord and Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2609-2623. [PMID: 28095731 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA) represents a potential alternative strategy in the treatment of neuroinflammation. Recent studies showed that pharmacological modulation of NAAA could be achieved with the oxazoline of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA; PEA-OXA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of PEA-OXA in the secondary neuroinflammatory events induced by spinal and brain trauma in mice. Animals were subjected to spinal cord and brain injury models and PEA-OXA (10 mg/kg) was administered both intraperitoneally and orally 1 h and 6 h after trauma. PEA-OXA treatment markedly reduced the histological alterations induced by spinal cord injury (SCI) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) and ameliorated the motor function and behavioral deficits, as well. In addition, the expression of neurotrophic factors, such as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neurotrophin-3 were increased by PEA-OXA treatment. Moreover, PEA-OXA also significantly decreased glial fibrillary acidic protein hyperexpression, the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, phosphorylation of Ser536 on the NF-κB subunit p65, and degradation of IκB-α, as well as diminished the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β. The modulation of intracellular NAAA by PEA-OXA treatment could thus represent a novel therapy to control neuroinflammatory conditions associated with SCI and TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Impellizzeri
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bruschetta
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Messina, Italy .,2 Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Manchester , United Kingdom
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22
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Sharkey KA, Wiley JW. The Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Brain-Gut Axis. Gastroenterology 2016; 151:252-66. [PMID: 27133395 PMCID: PMC4961581 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The actions of cannabis are mediated by receptors that are part of an endogenous cannabinoid system. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) consists of the naturally occurring ligands N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), their biosynthetic and degradative enzymes, and the cannabinoid (CB) receptors CB1 and CB2. The ECS is a widely distributed transmitter system that controls gut functions peripherally and centrally. It is an important physiologic regulator of gastrointestinal motility. Polymorphisms in the gene encoding CB1 (CNR1) have been associated with some forms of irritable bowel syndrome. The ECS is involved in the control of nausea and vomiting and visceral sensation. The homeostatic role of the ECS also extends to the control of intestinal inflammation. We review the mechanisms by which the ECS links stress and visceral pain. CB1 in sensory ganglia controls visceral sensation, and transcription of CNR1 is modified through epigenetic processes under conditions of chronic stress. These processes might link stress with abdominal pain. The ECS is also involved centrally in the manifestation of stress, and endocannabinoid signaling reduces the activity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathways via actions in specific brain regions, notably the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus. Agents that modulate the ECS are in early stages of development for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Increasing our understanding of the ECS will greatly advance our knowledge of interactions between the brain and gut and could lead to new treatments for gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A. Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada,Corresponding author: Dr. Keith Sharkey, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada, , Tel: 403-220-4601
| | - John W. Wiley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Anti-atherosclerotic effects of serelaxin in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2016; 251:430-437. [PMID: 27341752 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Serelaxin (SLX) is a recombinant form of human relaxin-2, a naturally occurring peptide that regulates maternal cardiovascular adaptations to pregnancy. It is unclear whether SLX has a therapeutic effect on atherosclerosis. Therefore, we investigated direct vascular effects of SLX in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. METHODS 6-8 week-old female apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were fed a high-fat, cholesterol-rich diet for 6 weeks and additionally received a continuous treatment with vehicle or SLX (0.05 or 0.1 μg/h), during the last 4 weeks, via subcutaneously implanted osmotic mini-pumps. Vascular oxidative stress, vasorelaxation and atherosclerotic plaque development were assessed. RESULTS Vascular oxidative stress was reduced in SLX-treated mice (vehicle: 322.67 RLU/s, SLX 0.05 μg/h: 119.76 RLU/s (p < 0.001 vs. vehicle), SLX 0.1 μg/h: 109.33 RLU/s (p < 0.001 vs. vehicle; p = 0.967 vs. 0.05 μg/h SLX)). Further SLX improved endothelium-dependent vasodilatation without influencing endothelium-independent vasorelaxation. Atherosclerotic plaque development was significantly reduced by SLX (vehicle: 0.38 ± 0.02 mm(2), 0.05 μg/h SLX: 0.32 ± 0.02 mm(2) (p = 0.047 vs. vehicle), 0.1 μg/h SLX: 0.29 ± 0.02 mm(2) (p = 0.002 vs. vehicle; p = 0.490 vs. 0.05 μg/h SLX)). Neither vascular macrophage, T-cell or neutrophil infiltration, nor collagen/vascular smooth muscle cell content differed between the groups. We observed a significant down-regulation of the angiotensin II type 1a receptor and a decrease in IL-6 and an increase in IL-10 plasma concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrates novel pleiotropic effects of SLX on vascular oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerotic plaque burden. Therefore, SLX could serve as a new drug for the treatment of atherosclerosis-related diseases.
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Impellizzeri D, Cordaro M, Bruschetta G, Crupi R, Pascali J, Alfonsi D, Marcolongo G, Cuzzocrea S. 2-pentadecyl-2-oxazoline: Identification in coffee, synthesis and activity in a rat model of carrageenan-induced hindpaw inflammation. Pharmacol Res 2016; 108:23-30. [PMID: 27083308 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) comprise a family of bioactive lipid molecules present in animal and plant tissues, with N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) having received much attention owing to its anti-inflammatory, analgesic and neuroprotective activities. 2-Pentadecyl-2-oxazoline (PEA-OXA), the oxazoline of PEA, reportedly modulates activity of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA), which catabolizes PEA. Because PEA is produced on demand and exerts pleiotropic effects on non-neuronal cells implicated in neuroinflammation, modulating the specific amidases for NAEs (NAAA in particular) could be a way to preserve PEA role in maintaining cellular homeostasis through its rapid on-demand synthesis and equally rapid degradation. This study provides the first description of PEA-OXA in both green and roasted coffee beans and Moka infusions, and its synthesis. In an established model of carrageenan (CAR)-induced rat paw inflammation, PEA-OXA was orally active in limiting histological damage and thermal hyperalgesia 6h after CAR intraplantar injection in the right hindpaw and the accumulation of infiltrating inflammatory cells. PEA-OXA appeared to be more potent compared to ultramicronized PEA given orally at the same dose (10mg/kg). PEA-OXA markedly reduced also the increase in hindpaw myeloperoxidase activity, an index of polymorphonuclear cell accumulation in inflammatory tissues. NAAA modulators like PEA-OXA may serve to maximize availability of NAEs (e.g. PEA) while providing for recycling of the NAE components for further resynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bruschetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Jennifer Pascali
- dto Labs Analytical Excellence Center, Agilent Technologies, Via Fratta 25, 31023, Resana (TV), Italy
| | | | | | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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25
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Jehle J, Hoyer FF, Schöne B, Pfeifer P, Schild K, Jenniches I, Bindila L, Lutz B, Lütjohann D, Zimmer A, Nickenig G. Myeloid-Specific Deletion of Diacylglycerol Lipase α Inhibits Atherogenesis in ApoE-Deficient Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146267. [PMID: 26731274 PMCID: PMC4712127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is a known modulator of inflammation. Despite its high concentration in vascular tissue, the role of 2-AG in atherogenesis has not yet been examined. Methods ApoE-deficient mice were sublethally irradiated and reconstituted with bone marrow from mice with a myeloid-specific knockout of the 2-AG synthesising enzyme diacylglycerol lipase α (Dagla) or control bone marrow with an intact 2-AG biosynthesis. After a cholesterol-rich diet for 8 weeks, plaque size and plaque morphology were examined in chimeric mice. Circulating inflammatory cells were assessed by flow cytometry. Aortic tissue and plasma levels of endocannabinoids were measured using liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring. Results Mice with Dagla-deficient bone marrow and circulating myeloid cells showed a significantly reduced plaque burden compared to controls. The reduction in plaque size was accompanied by a significantly diminished accumulation of both neutrophil granulocytes and macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions of Dagla-deficient mice. Moreover, CB2 expression and the amount of oxidised LDL within atherosclerotic lesions was significantly reduced. FACS analyses revealed that levels of circulating inflammatory cells were unaltered in Dagla-deficient mice. Conclusions Myeloid synthesis of the endocannabinoid 2-AG appears to promote vascular inflammation and atherogenesis. Thus, myeloid-specific disruption of 2-AG synthesis may represent a potential novel therapeutic strategy against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Jehle
- Klinik II für Innere Medizin, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Friedrich Felix Hoyer
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Systems Biology, Boston, United States of America
| | - Benedikt Schöne
- Klinik II für Innere Medizin, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Pfeifer
- Klinik II für Innere Medizin, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Imke Jenniches
- Institut für Molekulare Psychiatrie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Bindila
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institut für Molekulare Psychiatrie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Nickenig
- Klinik II für Innere Medizin, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is responsible for most cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is caused by several factors including hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and chronic inflammation. Oxidants and electrophiles have roles in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and the concentrations of these reactive molecules are an important factor in disease initiation and progression. Overactive NADPH oxidase (Nox) produces excess superoxide resulting in oxidized macromolecules, which is an important factor in atherogenesis. Although superoxide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) have obvious toxic properties, they also have fundamental roles in signaling pathways that enable cells to adapt to stress. In addition to inflammation and ROS, the endocannabinoid system (eCB) is also important in atherogenesis. Linkages have been postulated between the eCB system, Nox, oxidative stress, and atherosclerosis. For instance, CB2 receptor-evoked signaling has been shown to upregulate anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative pathways, whereas CB1 signaling appears to induce opposite effects. The second messenger lipid molecule diacylglycerol is implicated in the regulation of Nox activity and diacylglycerol lipase β (DAGLβ) is a key biosynthetic enzyme in the biosynthesis eCB ligand 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG). Furthermore, Nrf2 is a vital transcription factor that protects against the cytotoxic effects of both oxidant and electrophile stress. This review will highlight the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in intracellular signaling and the impact of deregulated ROS-mediated signaling in atherogenesis. In addition, there is also emerging knowledge that the eCB system has an important role in atherogenesis. We will attempt to integrate oxidative stress and the eCB system into a conceptual framework that provides insights into this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew K. Ross
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-662-325-5482; Fax: +1-662-325-1031
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Skaper SD, Facci L, Barbierato M, Zusso M, Bruschetta G, Impellizzeri D, Cuzzocrea S, Giusti P. N-Palmitoylethanolamine and Neuroinflammation: a Novel Therapeutic Strategy of Resolution. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 52:1034-42. [PMID: 26055231 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9253-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is fundamentally a protective cellular response aimed at removing injurious stimuli and initiating the healing process. However, when prolonged, it can override the bounds of physiological control and becomes destructive. Inflammation is a key element in the pathobiology of chronic pain, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, spinal cord injury, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Glia, key players in such nervous system disorders, are not only capable of expressing a pro-inflammatory phenotype but respond also to inflammatory signals released from cells of immune origin such as mast cells. Chronic inflammatory processes may be counteracted by a program of resolution that includes the production of lipid mediators endowed with the capacity to switch off inflammation. These naturally occurring lipid signaling molecules include the N-acylethanolamines, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (an endocannabinoid), and its congener N-palmitoylethanolamine (palmitoylethanolamide or PEA). PEA may play a role in maintaining cellular homeostasis when faced with external stressors provoking, for example, inflammation. PEA is efficacious in mast cell-mediated models of neurogenic inflammation and neuropathic pain and is neuroprotective in models of stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, and Parkinson disease. PEA in micronized/ultramicronized form shows superior oral efficacy in inflammatory pain models when compared to naïve PEA. Intriguingly, while PEA has no antioxidant effects per se, its co-ultramicronization with the flavonoid luteolin is more efficacious than either molecule alone. Inhibiting or modulating the enzymatic breakdown of PEA represents a complementary therapeutic approach to treat neuroinflammation. This review is intended to discuss the role of mast cells and glia in neuroinflammation and strategies to modulate their activation based on leveraging natural mechanisms with the capacity for self-defense against inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Largo "Egidio Meneghetti" 2, 35131, Padua, Italy,
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Döring Y, Drechsler M, Soehnlein O, Weber C. Neutrophils in atherosclerosis: from mice to man. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 35:288-95. [PMID: 25147339 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Infiltration of leukocyte subsets is a driving force of atherosclerotic lesion growth, and during the past decade, neutrophils have received growing attention in chronic inflammatory processes, such as atherosclerosis. Equipped with various ready to be released mediators, evolved to fight invading pathogens, neutrophils may also hold key functions in affecting sterile inflammation, such as in atherosclerosis. Many of their secretion products might instruct or activate other immune cells (particularly monocytes) to, for example, enter atherosclerotic lesions or release proinflammatory mediators. Despite the emerging evidence for the mechanistic contribution of neutrophils to early atherosclerosis in mice, their role in human atherogenesis, atheroprogression, and atherosclerotic plaque destabilization is still poorly understood. This brief review will summarize latest findings on the role of neutrophils in atherosclerosis and will pay special attention to studies describing a translation approach by combining measurements in mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Döring
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (Y.D., M.D., O.S., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.D., O.S.); and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (O.S., C.W.)
| | - Maik Drechsler
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (Y.D., M.D., O.S., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.D., O.S.); and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (O.S., C.W.)
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (Y.D., M.D., O.S., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.D., O.S.); and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (O.S., C.W.)
| | - Christian Weber
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (Y.D., M.D., O.S., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.D., O.S.); and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (O.S., C.W.).
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