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Cerdeira CD, Brigagão MRPL. Targeting Macrophage Polarization in Infectious Diseases: M1/M2 Functional Profiles, Immune Signaling and Microbial Virulence Factors. Immunol Invest 2024:1-62. [PMID: 38913937 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2024.2367682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An event of increasing interest during host-pathogen interactions is the polarization of patrolling/naive monocytes (MOs) into macrophage subsets (MФs). Therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating this event are under investigation. METHODS This review focuses on the mechanisms of induction/development and profile of MФs polarized toward classically proinflammatory (M1) or alternatively anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes in response to bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION It highlights nuclear, cytoplasmic, and cell surface receptors (pattern recognition receptors/PPRs), microenvironmental mediators, and immune signaling. MФs polarize into phenotypes: M1 MФs, activated by IFN-γ, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs, e.g. lipopolysaccharide) and membrane-bound PPRs ligands (TLRs/CLRs ligands); or M2 MФs, induced by interleukins (ILs-4, -10 and -13), antigen-antibody complexes, and helminth PAMPs. Polarization toward M1 and M2 profiles evolve in a pathogen-specific manner, with or without canonicity, and can vary widely. Ultimately, this can result in varying degrees of host protection or more severe disease outcome. On the one hand, the host is driving effective MФs polarization (M1 or M2); but on the other hand, microorganisms may skew the polarization through virulence factors to increase pathogenicity. Cellular/genomic reprogramming also ensures plasticity of M1/M2 phenotypes. Because modulation of polarization can occur at multiple points, new insights and emerging perspectives may have clinical implications during the inflammation-to-resolution transition; translated into practical applications as for therapeutic/vaccine design target to boost microbicidal response (M1, e.g. triggering oxidative burst) with specifics PAMPs/IFN-γ or promote tissue repair (M2, increasing arginase activity) via immunotherapy.
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Golino M, Harding D, Del Buono MG, Fanti S, Mohiddin S, Toldo S, Smyth J, Sanna T, Marelli-Berg F, Abbate A. Innate and adaptive immunity in acute myocarditis. Int J Cardiol 2024; 404:131901. [PMID: 38403204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2024.131901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Acute myocarditis is an acute inflammatory cardiomyopathy associated with cardiac damage triggered by a virus or a pathological immune activation. It may present with a wide range of clinical presentations, ranging from mild symptoms to severe forms like fulminant myocarditis, characterized by hemodynamic compromise and cardiogenic shock. The immune system plays a central role in the pathogenesis of myocarditis. In fact, while its function is primarily protective, aberrant responses can be detrimental. In this context, both innate and adaptive immunity play pivotal roles; notably, the innate system offers a non-specific and immediate defense, while the adaptive provides specialized protection with immunological memory. However, dysregulation in these systems can misidentify cardiac tissue, triggering autoimmune reactions and possibly leading to significant cardiac tissue damage. This review highlights the importance of innate and adaptive immune responses in the progression and treatment of acute myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Golino
- Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America; Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Daniel Harding
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Giuseppe Del Buono
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Fanti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saidi Mohiddin
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom; Barts Heart Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Toldo
- Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - James Smyth
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carillion, Roanoke, VA, United States of America; Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, United States of America; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Tommaso Sanna
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Antonio Abbate
- Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America.
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Vicenzetto C, Giordani AS, Menghi C, Baritussio A, Peloso Cattini MG, Pontara E, Bison E, Rizzo S, De Gaspari M, Basso C, Thiene G, Iliceto S, Marcolongo R, Caforio ALP. The Role of the Immune System in Pathobiology and Therapy of Myocarditis: A Review. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1156. [PMID: 38927363 PMCID: PMC11200507 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of the immune system in myocarditis onset and progression involves a range of complex cellular and molecular pathways. Both innate and adaptive immunity contribute to myocarditis pathogenesis, regardless of its infectious or non-infectious nature and across different histological and clinical subtypes. The heterogeneity of myocarditis etiologies and molecular effectors is one of the determinants of its clinical variability, manifesting as a spectrum of disease phenotype and progression. This spectrum ranges from a fulminant presentation with spontaneous recovery to a slowly progressing, refractory heart failure with ventricular dysfunction, to arrhythmic storm and sudden cardiac death. In this review, we first examine the updated definition and classification of myocarditis at clinical, biomolecular and histopathological levels. We then discuss recent insights on the role of specific immune cell populations in myocarditis pathogenesis, with particular emphasis on established or potential therapeutic applications. Besides the well-known immunosuppressive agents, whose efficacy has been already demonstrated in human clinical trials, we discuss the immunomodulatory effects of other drugs commonly used in clinical practice for myocarditis management. The immunological complexity of myocarditis, while presenting a challenge to simplistic understanding, also represents an opportunity for the development of different therapeutic approaches with promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vicenzetto
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Andrea Silvio Giordani
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Caterina Menghi
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Anna Baritussio
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Maria Grazia Peloso Cattini
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Elena Pontara
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Elisa Bison
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Stefania Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Pathology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy (G.T.)
| | - Monica De Gaspari
- Cardiovascular Pathology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy (G.T.)
| | - Cristina Basso
- Cardiovascular Pathology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy (G.T.)
| | - Gaetano Thiene
- Cardiovascular Pathology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy (G.T.)
| | - Sabino Iliceto
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Renzo Marcolongo
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Alida Linda Patrizia Caforio
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
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4
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Zhang Y, Zhu L, Li X, Ge C, Pei W, Zhang M, Zhong M, Zhu X, Lv K. M2 macrophage exosome-derived lncRNA AK083884 protects mice from CVB3-induced viral myocarditis through regulating PKM2/HIF-1α axis mediated metabolic reprogramming of macrophages. Redox Biol 2024; 69:103016. [PMID: 38160539 PMCID: PMC10792748 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.103016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral myocarditis (VM) is a clinically common inflammatory disease. Accumulating literature has indicated that M2 macrophages protect mice from Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced VM. However, mechanisms that underlie M2 macrophages alleviating myocardial inflammation remain largely undefined. We found that M2 macrophage-derived exosomes (M2-Exo) can effectively attenuate VM. The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) AK083884 in M2-Exo was found to be involved in the regulation of macrophage polarization by exosome lncRNA sequencing combined with in vitro functional assays. M2-Exo-derived AK083884 promotes macrophage M2 polarization and protects mice from CVB3-induced VM. Furthermore, we identified pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) as a protein target binding to AK083884 and found that PKM2 knockdown could promote macrophages to polarize to M2 phenotype. Intriguingly, functional assay revealed that downregulation of AK083884 promotes metabolic reprogramming in macrophages. In addition, co-immunoprecipitation was performed to reveal AK083884 could interact with PKM2 and inhibition of AK083884 can facilitate the binding of PKM2 and HIF-1α. Collectively, our findings uncovered an important role of M2-Exo-derived AK083884 in the regulation of macrophage polarization through metabolic reprogramming, identified a new participant in the development of VM and provided a potential clinically important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu, PR China; Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, PR China; Non-coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, PR China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, PR China
| | - Liangyu Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu, PR China; Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, PR China; Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, PR China
| | - Xueqin Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu, PR China; Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, PR China; Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, PR China; Non-coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, PR China; Anhui Province Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine, Wuhu, PR China
| | - Chang Ge
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Weiya Pei
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu, PR China; Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, PR China; Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, PR China; Non-coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, PR China
| | - Mengying Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu, PR China; Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, PR China; Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, PR China; Non-coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, PR China
| | - Min Zhong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu, PR China; Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, PR China; Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, PR China; Non-coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu, PR China; Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, PR China; Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, PR China; Non-coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, PR China; Anhui Province Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine, Wuhu, PR China.
| | - Kun Lv
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu, PR China; Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, PR China; Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, PR China; Non-coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, PR China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, PR China; Anhui Province Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine, Wuhu, PR China.
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5
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Wang L, Sun T, Liu X, Wang Y, Qiao X, Chen N, Liu F, Zhou X, Wang H, Shen H. Myocarditis: A multi-omics approach. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 554:117752. [PMID: 38184138 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Myocarditis, an inflammatory condition of weakened heart muscles often triggered by a variety of causes, that can result in heart failure and sudden death. Novel ways to enhance our understanding of myocarditis pathogenesis is available through newer modalities (omics). In this review, we examine the roles of various biomolecules and associated functional pathways across genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in the pathogenesis of myocarditis. Our analysis further explores the reproducibility and variability intrinsic to omics studies, underscoring the necessity and significance of employing a multi-omics approach to gain profound insights into myocarditis pathogenesis. This integrated strategy not only enhances our understanding of the disease, but also confirms the critical importance of a holistic multi-omics approach in disease analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolan Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaorong Qiao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nuo Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fangqian Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhou
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongxing Shen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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6
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Pei W, Zhang Y, Zhu X, Zhao C, Li X, Lü H, Lv K. Multitargeted Immunomodulatory Therapy for Viral Myocarditis by Engineered Extracellular Vesicles. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2782-2799. [PMID: 38232382 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Immune regulation therapies are considered promising for treating classically activated macrophage (M1)-driven viral myocarditis (VM). Alternatively, activated macrophage (M2)-derived extracellular vesicles (M2 EVs) have great immunomodulatory potential owing to their ability to reprogram macrophages, but their therapeutic efficacy is hampered by insufficient targeting capacity in vivo. Therefore, we developed cardiac-targeting peptide (CTP) and platelet membrane (PM)-engineered M2 EVs enriched with viral macrophage inflammatory protein-II (vMIP-II), termed CTP/PM-M2 EVsvMIP-II-Lamp2b, to improve the delivery of EVs "cargo" to the heart tissues. In a mouse model of VM, the intravenously injected CTP/PM-M2 EVsvMIP-II-Lamp2b could be carried into the myocardium via CTP, PM, and vMIP-II. In the inflammatory microenvironment, macrophages differentiated from circulating monocytes and macrophages residing in the heart showed enhanced endocytosis rates for CTP/PM-M2 EVsvMIP-II-Lamp2b. Subsequently, CTP/PM-M2 EVsvMIP-II-Lamp2b successfully released functional M2 EVsvMIP-II-Lamp2b into the cytosol, which facilitated the reprogramming of inflammatory M1 macrophages to reparative M2 macrophages. vMIP-II not only helps to increase the targeting ability of M2 EVs but also collaborates with M2 EVs to regulate M1 macrophages in the inflammatory microenvironment and downregulate the levels of multiple chemokine receptors. Finally, the cardiac immune microenvironment was protectively regulated to achieve cardiac repair. Taken together, our findings suggest that CTP-and-PM-engineered M2 EVsvMIP-II-Lamp2b represent an effective means for treating VM and show promise for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiya Pei
- Central Laboratory, The first affiliated hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China
- Anhui Province Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Zhu
- Central Laboratory, The first affiliated hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China
- Anhui Province Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Suzhou Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Suzhou 215163, P.R. China
| | - Xueqin Li
- Central Laboratory, The first affiliated hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China
- Anhui Province Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China
| | - Hezuo Lü
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233030, P.R. China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233030, P.R. China
| | - Kun Lv
- Central Laboratory, The first affiliated hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China
- Anhui Province Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China
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7
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Liu K, Han B. Role of immune cells in the pathogenesis of myocarditis. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:253-275. [PMID: 37949833 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory heart disease that mostly affects young people. Myocarditis involves a complex immune network; however, its detailed pathogenesis is currently unclear. The diversity and plasticity of immune cells, either in the peripheral blood or in the heart, have been partially revealed in a number of previous studies involving patients and several kinds of animal models with myocarditis. It is the complexity of immune cells, rather than one cell type that is the culprit. Thus, recognizing the individual intricacies within immune cells in the context of myocarditis pathogenesis and finding the key intersection of the immune network may help in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. With the vast amount of cell data gained on myocarditis and the recent application of single-cell sequencing, we summarize the multiple functions of currently recognized key immune cells in the pathogenesis of myocarditis to provide an immune background for subsequent investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Liu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Cheeloo Colledge of Medicine, No. 324 Jingwu Road, 250021, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Cheeloo Colledge of Medicine, No. 324 Jingwu Road, 250021, Jinan, China
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, 250021, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children' s Health and Disease office, No. 324 Jingwu Road, 250021, Jinan, China
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Jiang C, Jin X, Li C, Wen L, Wang Y, Li X, Zhang Z, Tan R. Roles of IL-33 in the Pathogenesis of Cardiac Disorders. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:2167-2174. [PMID: 37828753 PMCID: PMC10800126 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231198075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a member of the IL-1 cytokine family and is believed to play important roles in different diseases by binding to its specific receptor suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2). In the heart, IL-33 is expressed in different cells including cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelium, and epithelium. Although many studies have been devoted to investigating the effects of IL-33 on heart diseases, its roles in myocardial injuries remain obscure, and thus further studies are mandatory to unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms. We highlighted the current knowledge of the molecular and cellular characteristics of IL-33 and then summarized its major roles in different myocardial injuries, mainly focusing on infection, heart transplantation, coronary atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and diabetic cardiomyopathy. This narrative review will summarize current understanding and insights regarding the implications of IL-33 in cardiac diseases and its diagnostic and therapeutic potential for cardiac disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Jiang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Guangzhou Institute of Disease-Oriented Nutritional Research, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510220, China
| | - Xuemei Jin
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Guangzhou Institute of Disease-Oriented Nutritional Research, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510220, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Chunlei Li
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Guangzhou Institute of Disease-Oriented Nutritional Research, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510220, China
| | - Luona Wen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Guangzhou Institute of Disease-Oriented Nutritional Research, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510220, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Guangzhou Institute of Disease-Oriented Nutritional Research, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510220, China
| | - Xiaojian Li
- Department of Burns, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510220 China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Burns, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510220 China
| | - Rongshao Tan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Guangzhou Institute of Disease-Oriented Nutritional Research, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510220, China
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9
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Wasman Smail S, Ziyad Abdulqadir S, Omar Khudhur Z, Elia Ishaq S, Faqiyazdin Ahmed A, Ghayour MB, Abdolmaleki A. IL-33 promotes sciatic nerve regeneration in mice by modulating macrophage polarization. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110711. [PMID: 37531832 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the innate regenerative capacity of peripheral nerves, regeneration after a severe injury is insufficient, and sensorimotor recovery is incomplete. As a result, finding alternative methods for improving regeneration and sensorimotor recovery is essential. In this regard, we investigated the effect of IL-33 treatment as a chemokine with neuroprotective properties. IL-33 can facilitate tissue healing by potentiating the type 2 immune response and polarizing macrophages toward the pro-healing M2 phenotype. However, its effects on nerve regeneration remain unclear. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of IL-33 on sciatic nerve injury in male C57BL/6 mice. After crushing the left sciatic nerve, the animals were given 10, 25, or 50 µg/kg IL-33 intraperitoneally for seven days. The sensorimotor recovery was then assessed eight weeks after surgery. In addition, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and real-time PCR were used to assess macrophage polarization, cytokine secretion, and neurotrophic factor expression in the injured nerves. IL-33 at 50 and 25 µg/kg doses could significantly accelerate nerve regeneration and improve sensorimotor recovery when compared to 10 µg/kg IL-33 and control groups. Furthermore, at 50 and 25 µg/kg doses, IL-33 polarized macrophages toward an M2 phenotype and reduced proinflammatory cytokines at the injury site. It also increased the mRNA expression of NGF, VEGF, and BDNF. These findings suggest that a seven-day IL-33 treatment had neuroprotective effects in a mouse sciatic nerve crush model, most likely by inducing macrophage polarization toward M2 and regulating inflammatory microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukur Wasman Smail
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Science, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Shang Ziyad Abdulqadir
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Zhikal Omar Khudhur
- Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Tishk International University - Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
| | - Sonia Elia Ishaq
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | | | - Mohammad B Ghayour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arash Abdolmaleki
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Advanced Technologies, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Namin, Iran.
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Niu C, Xu W, Xiong S. Appendectomy Mitigates Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Viral Myocarditis. Viruses 2023; 15:1974. [PMID: 37896753 PMCID: PMC10611117 DOI: 10.3390/v15101974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Appendix has a distinct abundance of lymphatic cells and serves as a reservoir of microbiota which helps to replenish the large intestine with healthy flora. And it is the primary site of IgA induction, which shapes the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Recent population-based cohort studies report that appendectomy is associated with an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction and ischemic heart disease. Here, whether appendectomy has an effect on the occurrence and development of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced viral myocarditis is studied. 103 TCID50 CVB3 was inoculated i.p. into appendectomized and sham-operated mice. RNA levels of viral load and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hearts and the intestine were detected by RT-PCR. Compared to sham-operated mice, appendectomized mice exhibited attenuated cardiac inflammation and improved cardiac function, which is associated with a systemic reduced viral load. Appendectomized mice also displayed a reduction in cardiac neutrophil and macrophage infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Mechanistically, we found that CVB3 induced an early and potent IL-10 production in the cecal patch at 2 days post infection. Appendectomy significantly decreased intestinal IL-10 and IL-10+ CD4+ Treg frequency which led to a marked increase in intestinal (primary entry site for CVB3) anti-viral IFN-γ+ CD4+ T and IFN-γ+ CD8+ T response and viral restriction, eventually resulting in improved myocarditis. Our results suggest that appendix modulates cardiac infection and inflammation through regulating intestinal IL-10+ Treg response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;
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11
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Britt RD, Ruwanpathirana A, Ford ML, Lewis BW. Macrophages Orchestrate Airway Inflammation, Remodeling, and Resolution in Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10451. [PMID: 37445635 PMCID: PMC10341920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogenous chronic inflammatory lung disease with endotypes that manifest different immune system profiles, severity, and responses to current therapies. Regardless of endotype, asthma features increased immune cell infiltration, inflammatory cytokine release, and airway remodeling. Lung macrophages are also heterogenous in that there are separate subsets and, depending on the environment, different effector functions. Lung macrophages are important in recruitment of immune cells such as eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes that enhance allergic inflammation and initiate T helper cell responses. Persistent lung remodeling including mucus hypersecretion, increased airway smooth muscle mass, and airway fibrosis contributes to progressive lung function decline that is insensitive to current asthma treatments. Macrophages secrete inflammatory mediators that induce airway inflammation and remodeling. Additionally, lung macrophages are instrumental in protecting against pathogens and play a critical role in resolution of inflammation and return to homeostasis. This review summarizes current literature detailing the roles and existing knowledge gaps for macrophages as key inflammatory orchestrators in asthma pathogenesis. We also raise the idea that modulating inflammatory responses in lung macrophages is important for alleviating asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney D. Britt
- Center for Perinatal Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (R.D.B.J.); (A.R.); (M.L.F.)
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anushka Ruwanpathirana
- Center for Perinatal Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (R.D.B.J.); (A.R.); (M.L.F.)
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Maria L. Ford
- Center for Perinatal Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (R.D.B.J.); (A.R.); (M.L.F.)
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Brandon W. Lewis
- Center for Perinatal Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (R.D.B.J.); (A.R.); (M.L.F.)
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12
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Thanikachalam PV, Ramamurthy S, Mallapu P, Varma SR, Narayanan J, Abourehab MA, Kesharwani P. Modulation of IL-33/ST2 signaling as a potential new therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 71-72:94-104. [PMID: 37422366 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
IL-33 belongs to the IL-1 family of cytokines, which function as inducers of Th2 cytokine production by binding with ST2L and IL-1RAcP. This, in turn, activates various signaling pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), the inhibitor of Kappa-B kinase (IKK) pathway, and the phospholipase D-sphingosine kinase pathway. IL-33 has demonstrated protective effects against various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) by inducing Th2 cytokines and promoting alternative activating M2 polarization. However, the soluble decoy form of ST2 (sST2) mitigates the biological effects of IL-33, exacerbating CVDs. Furthermore, IL-33 also plays a significant role in the development of asthma, arthritis, atopic dermatitis, and anaphylaxis through the activation of Th2 cells and mast cells. In this review, we aim to demonstrate the protective role of IL-33 against CVDs from 2005 to the present and explore the potential of serum soluble ST2 (sST2) as a diagnostic biomarker for CVDs. Therefore, IL-33 holds promise as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punniyakoti Veeraveedu Thanikachalam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Saveetha College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India.
| | - Srinivasan Ramamurthy
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Poojitha Mallapu
- Department of Pharmacology, GRT Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Tiruttani, India
| | - Sudhir Rama Varma
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jayaraj Narayanan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman university, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed As Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India; University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India.
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Esmael A, Petro TM. IL-33 promotes increased replication of Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus in RAW264.7 macrophage cells with an IRF3-dependent response. Virus Res 2023; 323:199007. [PMID: 36414191 PMCID: PMC10194383 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.199007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33), which promotes M2 macrophage development, may influence the control of viruses, such as Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV) that infect macrophages. Because Interferon Regulatory Factor-3 (IRF3) is also critical to control of TMEV infection in macrophages, information on the relationship between IL-33 and IRF3 is important. Thus, RAW264.7 Lucia murine macrophage lineage cells with an endogenous IRF3-ISRE promoter driving secreted luciferase and IRF3KO RAW Lucia, a subline deficient in IRF3, were challenged with TMEV. After the challenge, considerable TMEV RNA detected at 18 and 24 h in RAW cells was significantly elevated in IRF3KO RAW cells. TMEV induction of ISRE-IRF3 promoter activity, IFN-β and IL-33 gene expression, and IL-6 and IL-10 protein production, which was strong in RAW cells, was less in IRF3KO RAW cells. In contrast, expression of CD206 and ARG1, classical M2 macrophage markers, was significantly elevated in IRF3KO RAW cells. Moreover, RAW and IRF3KO RAW cells produced extracellular IL-33 prior to and after infection with TMEV and antibody blockade of the IL-33 receptor, ST2, reduced CD206 and ARG1 expression, but increased IL-6 gene expression. Pre-treating both RAW and IRF3KO RAW cells with IL-33 prior to challenge significantly increased TMEV infection, but also increased IL-33, IL-10, IL-6 mRNA expression, and NO production without increasing IFN-β. Notably, IL-33 induction of IL-33, IRF3-ISRE promoter activity, and IL-10 by TMEV or poly I:C/IFN-γ was significantly dependent upon IRF3. The results show that the expression of IL-33 and the repression of M2 macrophage phenotypic markers are dependent on IRF3 and that IL-33 decreases the ability of macrophages to control infection with macrophage-tropic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Esmael
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Thomas M Petro
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; Dept. of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
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Liu J, Liu L, Su Y, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Sun X, Guo Y, Shan J. IL-33 Participates in the Development of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2022; 28:1610474. [PMID: 36110250 PMCID: PMC9469785 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2022.1610474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: The progression from chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) to Barrett esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is an inflammatory-driven neoplastic change. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) has identified as a crucial factor in several inflammatory disorders and malignancies.Methods: The high-density tissue microarray of the human EAC was analyzed with IL-33 immunohistochemistry staining (IHC). By anastomosing the jejunum with the esophagus, the rat model of EAC with mixed gastroduodenal reflux was established. The expression of IL-33 was determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blot (WB), IHC and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Esophageal adenocarcinoma cells (OE19 and OE33) and human esophageal epithelial cells (HEECs) were used.Results: In the cytoplasm of human EAC tissue, IL-33 expression was substantially greater than in adjacent normal tissue. In rat model, the expression of IL-33 in the EAC group was considerably greater than in the control group, and this expression increased with the upgrade of pathological stage. In in vitro experiment, the mRNA and protein levels of IL-33 were considerably greater in OE19 and OE33 than in HEECs. The stimulation of IL-33 enhanced the proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of OE19 and OE33, but soluble ST2 (sST2) inhibited these effects. IL-33 stimulated the release of IL-6 by OE19 and OE33 cells.Conclusion: This study demonstrated the overexpression of IL-33 in the transition from GERD to EAC and that IL-33 promoted carcinogenesis in EAC cells through ST2. IL-33 might be a possible preventive target for EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- School of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Su
- School of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Wang
- North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Yuchun Zhu
- North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiaobin Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanbiao Guo
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Shan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Shan,
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15
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Lin J, Liu J, Ma R, Hao J, Liang Y, Zhao J, Zhang A, Meng H, Lu J. Interleukin-33: Metabolic checkpoints, metabolic processes, and epigenetic regulation in immune cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:900826. [PMID: 35979357 PMCID: PMC9376228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.900826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a pleiotropic cytokine linked to various immune cells in the innate and adaptive immune systems. Recent studies of the effects of IL-33 on immune cells are beginning to reveal its regulatory mechanisms at the levels of cellular metabolism and epigenetic modifications. In response to IL-33 stimulation, these programs are intertwined with transcriptional programs, ultimately determining the fate of immune cells. Understanding these specific molecular events will help to explain the complex role of IL-33 in immune cells, thereby guiding the development of new strategies for immune intervention. Here, we highlight recent findings that reveal how IL-33, acting as an intracellular nuclear factor or an extracellular cytokine, alters metabolic checkpoints and cellular metabolism, which coordinately contribute to cell growth and function. We also discuss recent studies supporting the role of IL-33 in epigenetic alterations and speculate about the mechanisms underlying this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiyun Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ailing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingli Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jingli Lu,
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16
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Yan P, Song X, Tran J, Zhou R, Cao X, Zhao G, Yuan H. Dapagliflozin Alleviates Coxsackievirus B3-induced Acute Viral Myocarditis by Regulating the Macrophage Polarization Through Stat3-related Pathways. Inflammation 2022; 45:2078-2090. [PMID: 35676606 PMCID: PMC9499897 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Viral myocarditis (VMC), which is most prevalently caused by Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection, is a serious clinical condition characterized by cardiac inflammation. Dapagliflozin, a kind of sodium glucose co-transporters 2(SGLT-2) inhibitor, exhibited protective effects on plenty of inflammatory diseases, while its effect on viral myocarditis has not been studied. Recently, we found the protective effect of dapagliflozin on VMC. After CVB3 infection, dapagliflozin and STATTIC (a kind of stat3 inhibitor) were given to Balb/c male mice for 8 days, and then the severity of myocarditis was assessed. Our results indicated that dapagliflozin significantly alleviated the severity of viral myocarditis, elevated the survival rate, and ameliorated cardiac function. Besides, dapagliflozin can decrease the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Furthermore, dapagliflozin can inhibit macrophages differentiate to classically activated macrophages (M1) in cardiac tissue and activate the Stat3 signal pathway which is reported to promote polarization of the alternatively activated macrophage (M2). And STATTIC can reverse these changes caused by dapagliflozin. In conclusion, we found that dapagliflozin treatment increased anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization and reduced cardiac injury following VMC via activating Stat3 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoning Song
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Joanne Tran
- University of Portland, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Runfa Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinran Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haitao Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China.
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Ramji DP, Ismail A, Chen J, Alradi F, Al Alawi S. Survey of In Vitro Model Systems for Investigation of Key Cellular Processes Associated with Atherosclerosis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2419:39-56. [PMID: 35237957 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1924-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis progression is associated with a complex array of cellular processes in the arterial wall, including endothelial cell activation/dysfunction, chemokine-driven recruitment of immune cells, differentiation of monocytes to macrophages and their subsequent transformation into lipid laden foam cells, activation of inflammasome and pro-inflammatory signaling, and migration of smooth muscle cells from the media to the intima. The use of in vitro model systems has considerably advanced our understanding of these atherosclerosis-associated processes and they are also often used in drug discovery and other screening platforms. This chapter will describe key in vitro model systems employed frequently in atherosclerosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak P Ramji
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Alaa Ismail
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jing Chen
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Fahad Alradi
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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18
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Comparison and Analysis on the Existing Single-Herbal Strategies against Viral Myocarditis. Genet Res (Camb) 2021; 2021:9952620. [PMID: 34456633 PMCID: PMC8371739 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9952620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Herbal medicine is one of crucial symbols of Chinese national medicine. Investigation on molecular responses of different herbal strategies against viral myocarditis is immeasurably conducive to targeting drug development in the current international absence of miracle treatment. Methods Literature retrieval platforms were applied in the collection of existing empirical evidences for viral myocarditis-related single-herbal strategies. SwissTargetPrediction, Metascape, and Discovery Studio coordinating with multidatabases investigated underlying target genes, interactive proteins, and docking molecules in turn. Results Six single-herbal medicines consisting of Huangqi (Hedysarum Multijugum Maxim), Yuganzi (Phyllanthi Fructus), Kushen (Sophorae Flavescentis Radix), Jianghuang (Curcumaelongae Rhizoma), Chaihu (Radix Bupleuri), and Jixueteng (Spatholobus Suberectus Dunn) meet the requirement. There were 11 overlapped and 73 unique natural components detected in these herbs. SLC6A2, SLC6A4, NOS2, PPARA, PPARG, ACHE, CYP2C19, CYP51A1, and CHRM2 were equally targeted by six herbs and identified as viral myocarditis-associated symbols. MCODE algorithm exposed the hub role of SRC and EGFR in strategies without Jianghuang. Subsequently, we learned intermolecular interactions of herbal components and their targeting heart-tissue-specific CHRM2, FABP3, TNNC1, TNNI3, TNNT2, and SCN5A and cardiac-myocytes-specific IL6, MMP1, and PLAT coupled with viral myocarditis. Ten interactive characteristics such as π-alkyl and van der Waals were modeled in which ARG111, LYS253, ILE114, and VAL11 on cardiac troponin (TNNC1-TNNI3-TNNT2) and ARG208, ASN106, and ALA258 on MMP1 fulfilled potential communicating anchor with ellagic acid, 5α, 9α-dihydroxymatrine, and leachianone g via hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction, respectively. Conclusions The comprehensive outcomes uncover differences and linkages between six herbs against viral myocarditis through component and target analysis, fostering development of drugs.
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Shi H, Yu Y, Wang Y, Liu X, Yu Y, Li M, Zou Y, Chen R, Ge J. Inhibition of Calpain Alleviates Apoptosis in Coxsackievirus B3-induced Acute Virus Myocarditis Through Suppressing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Int Heart J 2021; 62:900-909. [PMID: 34234076 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.20-803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Virus myocarditis (VMC) is a common cardiovascular disease and a major cause of sudden death in young adults. However, there is still a lack of effective treatments. Our previous studies found that calpain activation was involved in VMC pathogenesis. This study aims to explore the underlying mechanisms further. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) and transgenic mice overexpressing calpastatin (Tg-CAST), the endogenous calpain inhibitor, were used to establish VMC model. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson staining revealed inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis. An ELISA array detected myocardial injury. Cardiac function was measured using echocardiography. CVB3 replication was assessed by capsid protein VP1. Apoptosis was measured by TUNEL staining, flow cytometry, and western blot. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related proteins were detected by western blot. Our data showed that CVB3 infection resulted in cardiac injury, as evidenced by increased inflammatory responses and fibrosis, which induced myocardial apoptosis. Inhibiting calpain, both by PD150606 and calpastatin overexpression, could attenuate these effects. Furthermore, ER stress was activated during CVB3 infection. However, calpain inhibition could downregulate some ER stress-associated protein levels such as GRP78, pancreatic ER kinase-like ER kinase (PERK), and inositol-requiring enzyme-1α (IRE-1α), and ER stress-related apoptotic factors, during CVB3 infection. In conclusion, calpain inhibition attenuated CVB3-induced myocarditis by suppressing ER stress, thereby inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of General Practice, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University
| | - Minghui Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University
| | - Ruizhen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University
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Zarubova J, Zhang X, Hoffman T, Hasani-Sadrabadi MM, Li S. Biomaterial-based immunoengineering to fight COVID-19 and infectious diseases. MATTER 2021; 4:1528-1554. [PMID: 33723531 PMCID: PMC7942141 DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2021.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Infection by SARS-CoV-2 virus often induces the dysregulation of immune responses, tissue damage, and blood clotting. Engineered biomaterials from the nano- to the macroscale can provide targeted drug delivery, controlled drug release, local immunomodulation, enhanced immunity, and other desirable functions to coordinate appropriate immune responses and to repair tissues. Based on the understanding of COVID-19 disease progression and immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, we discuss possible immunotherapeutic strategies and highlight biomaterial approaches from the perspectives of preventive immunization, therapeutic immunomodulation, and tissue healing and regeneration. Successful development of biomaterial platforms for immunization and immunomodulation will not only benefit COVID-19 patients, but also have broad applications for a variety of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Zarubova
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xuexiang Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tyler Hoffman
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Hasani-Sadrabadi
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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21
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Wang Z, Wu L, Pan B, Chen Y, Zhang T, Tang N. Interleukin 33 mediates hepatocyte autophagy and innate immune response in the early phase of acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury. Toxicology 2021; 456:152788. [PMID: 33887374 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite interleukin 33 (IL-33) functions as an "alarmin" released from hepatic dead cells in response to tissue damages, the interrelationship between IL-33-mediated hepatocyte autophagy and innate immune response in the acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury (AILI) process remains obscure. This study aimed to explore the regulation of IL-33 on hepatocyte autophagy and macrophage polarization after APAP challenge in vivo and vitro. We found IL-33 released from hepatic necrosis was elevated in the AILI mouse model. Blockage of IL-33 exacerbated liver injury by consuming liver-resident macrophages cells (Kupffer cells, KCs) and promoting hepatic inflammatory factors secretion, such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in the early phase of liver injury. Interestingly, IL-33 deficiency further activated hepatocyte autophagy and disrupted M2 macrophage polarization post-APAP challenge in vivo and vitro, which can be reversed by recombinant IL-33 treatment. Mechanistically, administration of IL-33 can directly enhance M2 polarization via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and activate protective hepatocyte autophagy via AMPKα/mTOR signaling pathway in the AILI process. In conclusion, our data firstly demonstrates that IL-33 exerts protective effects on hepatocytes through the activation of autophagy and functions as an innate immunity regulator mediating macrophage polarization in the early phase of AILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengbin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Cancer Center of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Linqing Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Banglun Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Cancer Center of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yizhong Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Nanhong Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Cancer Center of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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22
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Khawaja A, Bromage DI. The innate immune response in myocarditis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 134:105973. [PMID: 33831592 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.105973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute myocarditis is an inflammatory condition of the heart characterised by cellular injury and the influx of leucocytes, including neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes. While this response is vital for tissue repair, excessive scar deposition and maladaptive ventricular remodelling can result in a legacy of heart failure. It is increasingly recognised as a clinical phenomenon due, in part, to increased availability of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients presenting with chest pain in the absence of significant coronary artery disease. Emerging epidemiological evidence has associated myocarditis with poor outcomes in the context of left ventricular impairment, and even when the left ventricle is preserved outcomes are less benign than once thought. Despite this, our understanding of the contribution of the inflammatory response to the pathophysiology of acute myocarditis lags behind that of acute myocardial infarction, which is the vanguard cardiovascular condition for inflammation research. We recently reviewed monocyte and macrophage phenotype and function in acute myocardial infarction, concluding that their plasticity and heterogeneity might account for conflicting evidence from attempts to target specific leucocyte subpopulations. Here, we revise our understanding of myocardial inflammation, which is predominantly derived from myocardial infarction research, review experimental evidence for the immune response in acute myocarditis, focusing on innate immunity, and discuss potential future directions for immunotherapy research in acute myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Khawaja
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Daniel I Bromage
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK.
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23
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Zhang MW, Shen YJ, Shi J, Yu JG. MiR-223-3p in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Biomarker and Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 7:610561. [PMID: 33553260 PMCID: PMC7854547 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.610561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, involving vasculopathy, cardiac dysfunction, or circulatory disturbance, have become the major cause of death globally and brought heavy social burdens. The complexity and diversity of the pathogenic factors add difficulties to diagnosis and treatment, as well as lead to poor prognosis of these diseases. MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNAs to modulate gene expression through directly binding to the 3′-untranslated regions of mRNAs of target genes and thereby to downregulate the protein levels post-transcriptionally. The multiple regulatory effects of microRNAs have been investigated extensively in cardiovascular diseases. MiR-223-3p, expressed in multiple cells such as macrophages, platelets, hepatocytes, and cardiomyocytes to modulate their cellular activities through targeting a variety of genes, is involved in the pathological progression of many cardiovascular diseases. It participates in regulation of several crucial signaling pathways such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B, insulin-like growth factor 1, nuclear factor kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome, and ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1/hypoxia inducible factor 1 α pathways to affect cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, hypertrophy, and polarization, as well as electrophysiology, resulting in dysfunction of cardiovascular system. Here, in this review, we will discuss the role of miR-223-3p in cardiovascular diseases, involving its verified targets, influenced signaling pathways, and regulation of cell function. In addition, the potential of miR-223-3p as therapeutic target and biomarker for diagnosis and prediction of cardiovascular diseases will be further discussed, providing clues for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Wan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Jie Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Guang Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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24
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Mai S, Liu L, Jiang J, Ren P, Diao D, Wang H, Cai K. Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma-associated IL-33 rewires macrophage polarization towards M2 via activating ornithine decarboxylase. Cell Prolif 2020; 54:e12960. [PMID: 33305406 PMCID: PMC7848962 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The tumour microenvironment primarily constitutes macrophages in the form of an immunosuppressive M2 phenotype, which promotes tumour growth. Thus, the development of methodologies to rewire M2‐like tumour‐associated macrophages (TAMs) into the M1 phenotype, which inhibits tumour growth, might be a critical advancement in cancer immunotherapy research. Methods The expressions of IL‐33 and indicators related to macrophage polarization in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)–derived macrophages were determined. Inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) with small interfering RNA was used to analyse the phenotype of macrophage polarization and polyamine secretory signals. CCK‐8, wound‐healing and Transwell assays were used to detect the proliferation and migration of ECA109 cells in vitro. The tumour xenograft assay in nude mice was used to examine the role of IL‐33 in ESCC development in vivo. Results This study showed the substantially elevated IL‐33 expression in ESCC tissues compared with the normal tissues. Additionally, enhanced infiltration of M2‐like macrophages into the ESCC tumour tissue was also observed. We observed a strong correlation between the IL‐33 levels and the infiltration of M2‐like macrophages in ESCC tumours locally. Mechanistically, IL‐33 induces M2‐like macrophage polarization by activating ODC, a key enzyme that catalyses the synthesis of polyamines. Inhibition of ODC suppressed M2‐like macrophage polarization. Finally, in vivo, we confirmed that IL‐33 promotes tumour progression. Conclusions This study revealed an oncogenic role of IL‐33 by actively inducing M2‐like macrophage differentiation; thus, contributing to the formation of an immunosuppressive ESCC tumour microenvironment. Thus, IL‐33 could act as a novel target for cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Mai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Le Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Ren
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingwei Diao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haofei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaican Cai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Mohd Jaya FN, Liu Z, Chan GCF. Early Treatment of Interleukin-33 can Attenuate Lupus Development in Young NZB/W F1 Mice. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112448. [PMID: 33182616 PMCID: PMC7696801 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a member of the IL-1 cytokine family, has been recently associated with the development of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). IL-33 is an alarmin and a pleiotropic cytokine that affects various types of immune cells via binding to its receptor, ST2. In this study, we determine the impact of intraperitoneal IL-33 treatments in young lupus, NZB/W F1 mice. Mice were treated from the age of 6 to 11 weeks. We then assessed the proteinuria level, renal damage, survival rate, and anti-dsDNA antibodies. The induction of regulatory B (Breg) cells, changes in the level of autoantibodies, and gene expression were also examined. In comparison to the control group, young NZB/W F1 mice administered with IL-33 had a better survival rate as well as reduced proteinuria level and lupus nephritis. IL-33 treatments significantly increased the level of IgM anti-dsDNA antibodies, IL-10 expressing Breg cells, and alternatively-induced M2 macrophage gene signatures. These results imply that IL-33 exhibits a regulatory role during lupus onset via the expansion of protective IgM anti-dsDNA as well as regulatory cells such as Breg cells and M2 macrophages.
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26
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Xue YL, Zhang SX, Zheng CF, Li YF, Zhang LH, Su QY, Hao YF, Wang S, Li XW. Long non-coding RNA MEG3 inhibits M2 macrophage polarization by activating TRAF6 via microRNA-223 down-regulation in viral myocarditis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12341-12354. [PMID: 33047847 PMCID: PMC7686963 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral myocarditis (VMC) commonly triggers heart failure, for which no specific treatments are available. This study aims to explore the specific role of long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) maternally expressed 3 (MEG3) in VMC. A VMC mouse model was induced by Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). Then, MEG3 and TNF receptor‐associated factor 6 (TRAF6) were silenced and microRNA‐223 (miR‐223) was over‐expressed in the VMC mice, followed by determination of ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS). Dual‐luciferase reporter assay was introduced to test the interaction among MEG3, TRAF6 and miR‐223. Macrophages were isolated from cardiac tissues and bone marrow, and polarization of M1 or M2 macrophages was induced. Then, the expressions of components of NLRP3 inflammatory body (NLRP3, ASC, Caspase‐1), M1 markers (CD86, iNOS and TNF‐α) and M2 markers (CD206, Arginase‐1 and Fizz‐1) were measured following MEG3 silencing. In the VMC mouse model, MEG3 and TRAF6 levels were obviously increased, while miR‐223 expression was significantly reduced. Down‐regulation of MEG3 resulted in the inhibition of TRAF6 by promoting miR‐223. TRAF6 was negatively correlated with miR‐223, but positively correlated with MEG3 expression. Down‐regulations of MEG3 or TRAF6 or up‐regulation of miR‐223 was observed to increase mouse weight, survival rate, LVEF and LVFS, while inhibiting myocarditis and inflammation via the NF‐κB pathway inactivation in VMC mice. Down‐regulation of MEG3 decreased M1 macrophage polarization and elevated M2 macrophage polarization by up‐regulating miR‐223. Collectively, down‐regulation of MEG3 leads to the inhibition of inflammation and induces M2 macrophage polarization via miR‐223/TRAF6/NF‐κB axis, thus alleviating VMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Xue
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanxi Dayi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Sheng-Xiao Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chao-Feng Zheng
- Department of Genetics Laboratory, Linfen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Linfen, China
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Hui Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanxi Dayi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qin-Yi Su
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yu-Fei Hao
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xue-Wen Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanxi Dayi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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27
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Gong X, Xia L, Su Z. Friend or foe of innate lymphoid cells in inflammation-associated cardiovascular disease. Immunology 2020; 162:368-376. [PMID: 32967038 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a distinctive population of leucocytes, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) participate in immune-mediated diseases and play crucial roles in tissue remodelling after injury. ILC lineages can be divided into helper ILCs and cytotoxic ILCs. Most helper ILCs are integrated into the fabric of tissues and produce different types of cytokines involving in the pathogenesis of many kinds of cardiovascular disease and form intricate response circuits with adaptive immune cells. However, the specific phenotype and function of helper ILC subsets in cardiovascular diseases are still poorly understood. In this review, we firstly highlight the distribution of helper ILCs in cardiovascular system and further discuss the potential contribution of helper ILCs in inflammation-associated cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Gong
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lin Xia
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Laboratory Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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28
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Finlay CM, Cunningham KT, Doyle B, Mills KHG. IL-33–Stimulated Murine Mast Cells Polarize Alternatively Activated Macrophages, Which Suppress T Cells That Mediate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1909-1919. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Zhang Y, Li X, Wang C, Zhang M, Yang H, Lv K. lncRNA AK085865 Promotes Macrophage M2 Polarization in CVB3-Induced VM by Regulating ILF2-ILF3 Complex-Mediated miRNA-192 Biogenesis. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 21:441-451. [PMID: 32668391 PMCID: PMC7358220 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that macrophage polarization plays a crucial role in coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced viral myocarditis (VM). Our previous study demonstrated that long noncoding ribonucleic acid (lncRNA) AK085865 ablation confers susceptibility to VM by regulating macrophage polarization. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms by which AK085865 regulates macrophage polarization remain to be explored. In this study, we found that AK085865 specifically interacts with interleukin enhancer-binding factor 2 (ILF2) and facilitates M2 macrophage polarization by functioning as a negative regulator in the ILF2-ILF3 complex-mediated microRNA (miRNA or miR) processing pathway. miR-192 was downregulated, whereas the levels of pri-miR-192 were significantly increased in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from AK085865-/- mice compared with the BMDMs from wild-type (WT) mice. Conversely, knockdown of ILF2 resulted in elevated levels of mature miR-192 and decreased expression of pri-miR-192 in BMDMs from AK085865-/- mice. Moreover, miR-192 overexpression promoted macrophage M2 polarization in vitro, and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) was identified as a direct target. miR-192 overexpression effectively rescued mice from lethal myocarditis caused by CVB3 infection and switched myocardial-infiltrating macrophages to a predominant M2 phenotype. Collectively, our findings uncover a critical mechanism of AK085865 in the regulation of macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo and provide a potential, clinically significant therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Wuhu 241001, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Xueqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Wuhu 241001, China; Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Mengying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Wuhu 241001, China; Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Wuhu 241001, China; Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Kun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Wuhu 241001, China; Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu 241001, China.
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Abstract
Myocarditis (MCD) is a type of inflammatory disease in which inflammatory cells infiltrate the myocardium, leading to cardiac dysfunction, myocardial necrosis, and fibrosis. Although it has been reported that MCD is mediated by T cells, the immune system is complex and includes many types of immune cells that interact with one another. Through investigations of the inflammatory responses in MCD including myocardial necrosis, fibrosis, and arrhythmia, we have gained further insight into the pathogenesis of MCD. This article aims to discuss the diversity and the roles of immune cells involved in the pathogenesis of MCD. Moreover, immunotherapy for the treatment of MCD remains controversial, and further investigation is required to identify accurate immunotherapies for special cell types.
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IL-33 Exacerbates Endometriotic Lesions via Polarizing Peritoneal Macrophages to M2 Subtype. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:869-876. [PMID: 32046466 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-019-00090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In endometriosis, M2 macrophages (MΦ) are dominant and promote the development of endometriosis lesions. However, the factor(s) which induces M2 MΦ are unknown. In the present study, we focused on interleukin (IL)-33, known as an alarmin and investigated its expression and its role in endometriosis, especially from the point of the relevance with MΦ. The expression of IL-33 in endometriosis lesions was examined by immunohistochemistry. The cystic fluid of ovarian cysts/tumors was obtained and used to measure IL-33 concentration. Endometriotic stromal cells (ESC) and MΦ derived from patients were used for in vitro experiments. IL-33 was detected in the epithelium and stromal cells of endometriotic lesions. The mean IL-33 concentration in the cystic fluid of endometriomas was significantly higher than that in non-endometriomas (2.2 ng/ml vs. 0.02 ng/ml, P < 0.01). IL-1β induced IL-33 mRNA expression in ESC via p38 MAPK activation. With IL-33 stimulation, peritoneal MΦ polarized to M2 MΦ and produced IL-1β mRNA with a 2.2-fold increase, which was negated with soluble ST2, a decoy receptor of IL-33. IL-33, derived from endometriotic lesions, stimulated MΦ to produce IL-1β, which results in increasing IL-33 production in ESC. This cycle may continue to exacerbate the endometriotic lesions.
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32
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Xia K, Zhang Y, Sun D. miR‑217 and miR‑543 downregulation mitigates inflammatory response and myocardial injury in children with viral myocarditis by regulating the SIRT1/AMPK/NF‑κB signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2019; 45:634-646. [PMID: 31894309 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression levels and roles of microRNA (miR)‑217 and miR‑543 in viral myocarditis, and to examine their underlying mechanisms. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) was used to establish in vivo and in vitro models of viral myocarditis. The levels of miR‑217 and miR‑543 were detected using reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR. The association between miR‑217 and miR‑543 and sirtuin‑1 (SIRT1) was predicted and confirmed by TargetScan and dual‑luciferase reporter assay. Cell viability was detected using Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay, and cell apoptosis was measured by analyzing the expression levels of Bcl‑2 and Bax, and by flow cytometry. In addition, the synthesis of various pro‑inflammatory factors was determined by ELISA. In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in cardiomyocytes following transfection and CVB infection. miR‑217 and miR‑543 were found to be highly expressed in the peripheral blood of pediatric patients with viral myocarditis, in the peripheral blood and myocardial tissues of viral myocarditis mice and in CVB3‑infected cardiomyocytes. SIRT1 was found to be a target of both miR‑217 and miR‑543, and SIRT1 expression level was downregulated in viral myocarditis. Further analysis indicated that the reduced cell viability, increased cell apoptosis, enhanced synthesis of inflammatory factors, increased MDA content and decreased SOD activity associated with myocarditis were significantly reversed after inhibition of miR‑217 or miR‑543. Importantly, the present results showed that all the effects of miR‑217 and miR‑543 inhibition on cardiomyocytes were significantly suppressed following SIRT1 knockdown. Collectively, the present data indicated that miR‑217 and miR‑543 were significantly upregulated in viral myocarditis, and downregulation of miR‑217 and miR‑543 attenuated CVB3 infection‑induced cardiomyocyte injury by targeting SIRT1. miR‑217 and miR‑543 may be potential therapeutic targets for developing novel viral myocarditis treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430019, P.R China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430019, P.R China
| | - Dongming Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430019, P.R China
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33
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Chen R, Cao Y, Tian Y, Gu Y, Lu H, Zhang S, Xu H, Su Z. PGE2 ameliorated viral myocarditis development and promoted IL-10-producing regulatory B cell expansion via MAPKs/AKT-AP1 axis or AhR signaling. Cell Immunol 2019; 347:104025. [PMID: 31837749 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.104025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
B10 cells, a specific subset of regulatory B cells, are capable of regulating immune response and restricting inflammation and autoimmune disease progression by producing IL-10. B10 cells frequently change significantly during inflammation and autoimmunity. However, how B10 cell populations change in viral myocarditis (VMC) remains unclear. Therefore, this work was conducted to clarify the changes in B10 cells and their potential mechanisms. Our results showed that the B10 cell frequency significantly changed in the VMC model. Changes in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in VMC model hearts were consistent with B10 expansion. PGE2 induced B10 cell expansion via the MAPKs/AKT-AP1 axis or AhR signaling. Additionally, PGE2-pretreated B10 cells inhibited naïve CD4+ T cell differentiation into Th17 cells. In vivo, PGE2 treatment or adoptive B10 cell transfer significantly restricted VMC development. Our results provide sufficient evidence that PGE2-induced B10 cell expansion may become a promising therapeutic approach for VMC and acute inflammatory injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yuwen Cao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yufeng Gu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hongxiang Lu
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shiqing Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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Xiao Y, Liu T, Liu X, Zheng L, Yu D, Zhang Y, Qian X, Liu X. Total Astragalus saponins attenuates CVB3-induced viral myocarditis through inhibiting expression of tumor necrosis factor α and Fas ligand. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2019; 9:337-345. [PMID: 31555538 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2019.07.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background To investigate the therapeutic effect of total Astragalus saponins (AST) against viral myocarditis in animal and cell models. Methods Primary myocardiocytes (PMCs) were stimulated by the coxsackie B (CVB) 3 virus to prepare the cell model of viral myocarditis. Cell viability, apoptosis and the mRNA expression of C-Myc, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and Fas were detected to evaluate the protective effects of AST on CVB3-induced PMC damage. Results AST could significantly increase survival and decrease the ratio of heart weight: body weight (P<0.05). The level of myocardial fibrosis in the AST group was significantly lower than that in the CVB3 group. Compared with the CVB3 group, the ejection fraction was increased significantly in the AST group. Levels of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase-MB in the peripheral blood of the AST group were significantly lower than those in the control group. In vitro, AST could significantly decrease CVB3-induced PMC apoptosis. Expression of C-Myc, TNF-α, Fas in the AST group was significantly lower than that in the CVB3 group. Conclusions It is demonstrated that AST was protective against CVB3-induced viral myocarditis, which may be associated with a decrease in CVB3-induced apoptosis and down-regulation of expression of C-Myc, TNF-α and Fas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Tianlong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot 010017, China
| | - Lanbin Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Inner Mongolia Mental Health Center, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Dongsheng Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Inner Mongolia Mental Health Center, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Yuanyan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Xinyu Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
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Meng Y, Sun T, Wu C, Dong C, Xiong S. Calpain regulates CVB3 induced viral myocarditis by promoting autophagic flux upon infection. Microbes Infect 2019; 22:46-54. [PMID: 31319178 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Calpains are calcium-activated neutral cysteine proteases. The dysregulation of calpain activity has been found to be related to cardiovascular diseases, for which calpain inhibition is used as a treatment. Viral myocarditis (VMC) is primarily caused by Coxsackievirus group B3 virus infection (CVB3). CVB3 virus infection induces autophagy and hijacks this process to facilitate its replication. In this study, we found that calpain was significantly activated in hearts affected by VMC. However, pharmacologically inhibiting calpain aggravated VMC symptoms in mice due to myocardial inflammation and cardiac dysfunction. The inhibition of calpain activity in vitro led to the accumulation of LC3-II and increased levels of p62/SQSTM1 protein expression, suggesting that autophagic flux was impaired by calpain inhibition. These effects of calpain inhibition were also observed in capn4-specific myocardial knockout mice in vivo. Furthermore, our results provided evidence that calpain inhibition in VMC, unlike other cardiovascular diseases, exacerbated the disease symptom by impairing CVB3-induced autophagic flux, which may subsequently reduce virus autolysosome degradation. Our findings indicated that calpain inhibition may not be a good treatment for VMC disease in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Tianle Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chuanjian Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chunsheng Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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IL33 attenuates ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction through inducing alternatively activated macrophages ethical standards statement. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 854:307-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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37
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Qian C, Yun Z, Yao Y, Cao M, Liu Q, Hu S, Zhang S, Luo D. Heterogeneous macrophages: Supersensors of exogenous inducing factors. Scand J Immunol 2019; 90:e12768. [PMID: 31002413 PMCID: PMC6852148 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As heterogeneous immune cells, macrophages mount effective responses to various internal and external changes during disease progression. Macrophage polarization, rather than macrophage heterogenization, is often used to describe the functional differences between macrophages. While macrophage polarization partially contributes to heterogeneity, it does not completely explain the concept of macrophage heterogeneity. At the same time, there are abundant and sophisticated endogenous and exogenous substances that can affect macrophage heterogeneity. While the research on endogenous factors has been systematically reviewed, the findings on exogenous factors have not been well summarized. Hence, we reviewed the characteristics and inducing factors of heterogeneous macrophages to reveal their functional plasticity as well as their targeting manoeuvreability. In the process of constructing and analysing a network organized by disease-related cells and molecules, paying more attention to heterogeneous macrophages as mediators of this network may help to explore a novel entry point for early prevention of and intervention in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Qian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zehui Yun
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yudi Yao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Minghua Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Song Hu
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shuhua Zhang
- Jiangxi Cardiovascular Research Institute, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Daya Luo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.,Affiliated Infectious Disease Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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38
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Huang K, Liu Y, Tang H, Qiu M, Li C, Duan C, Wang C, Yang J, Zhou X. Glabridin Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity Through Gut Microbiota Modulation and Colonic Macrophage Polarization in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:107. [PMID: 30833897 PMCID: PMC6387923 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX) provokes a dose-related cardiotoxicity. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify the underlying mechanisms and develop strategies to overcome them. Here we demonstrated that glabridin (GLA), an isoflavone from licorice root, prevents DOX-induced cardiotoxicity through gut microbiota modulation and colonic macrophage polarization in mice. GLA reduced DOX-induced leakage of myocardial enzymes including aminotransferase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase-MB. GLA downregulated pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, cleaved-caspase 9 and cleaved-caspase 3) and upregulated anti-apoptotic proteins (HAX-1 and Bcl-2) in the cardiac tissues. In addition, GLA modulated DOX-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota and thereby decreased the ratio of M1/M2 colonic macrophage, accompanied by the downregulated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and upregulated butyrate in the feces and peripheral blood. The leakage of myocardial enzymes induced by the DOX was decreased by antibiotics treatment, but not altered by co-treatment with the GLA and antibiotics. The ratio of M1/M2 colonic macrophage and leakage of myocardial enzymes reduced by the GLA were greatly increased by the Desulfovibrio vulgaris or LPS but decreased by the butyrate. Depletion of the macrophage attenuated DOX-induced cardiotoxicity but failed to further affect the effects of GLA. Importantly, GLA decreased production of M1 cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) but increased production of M2 cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) in the colonic macrophage with the downregulation of NF-κB and the upregulation of STAT6. In summary, GLA prevents DOX-induced cardiotoxicity through gut microbiota modulation and colonic macrophage polarization, and may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for the DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqing Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanzhuo Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Information Analysis & Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, College of Biomedical Engineering, South Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Honglin Tang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao Qiu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Shenzhen Stomatological Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chenhong Li
- Laboratory of Membrane Ion Channels and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Biomedical Engineering, South Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenfan Duan
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenlong Wang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Miao LH, Lin Y, Pan WJ, Huang X, Ge XP, Zhou QL, Liu B, Ren MC, Zhang WX, Liang HL, Yu H, Ji K. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the gene expression profiling in bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) in response to acute nitrite toxicity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:244-255. [PMID: 29747012 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nitrite exposure induces growth inhibition, metabolic disturbance, oxidative stress, organic damage, and infection-mediated mortality of aquatic organism. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism in responses to acute nitrite toxicity in bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis, A. nobilis) by RNA-seq analysis. METHODS Bighead carps were exposed to water with high nitrite content (48.63 mg/L) for 72 h, and fish livers and gills were separated for RNA-seq analysis. De novo assembly was performed, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between control and nitrite-exposed fishes were identified. Furthermore, enrichment analysis was performed for DEGs to annotate the molecular functions. RESULTS A total of 406,135 transcripts and 352,730 unigenes were tagged after de novo assembly. Accordingly, 4108 and 928 DEGs were respectively identified in gill and liver in responses to nitrite exposure. Most of these DEGs were up-regulated DEGs. Enrichment analysis showed these DEGs were mainly associated with immune responses and nitrogen metabolism. CONCLUSIONS We suggested that the nitrite toxicity-induced DEGs were probably related to dysregulation of nitrogen metabolism and immune responses in A. nobilis, particularly in gill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Hong Miao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Wen-Jing Pan
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Xian-Ping Ge
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Qun-Lan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Ming-Chun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Wu-Xiao Zhang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Hua-Liang Liang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Han Yu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Ke Ji
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
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Zhang Y, Sun L, Sun H, Yu Z, Liu X, Luo X, Li C, Sun D, Li T. MicroRNA-381 protects myocardial cell function in children and mice with viral myocarditis via targeting cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:5510-5516. [PMID: 29805552 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and microRNA (miRNA/miR)-381 in the blood of children with viral myocarditis (VM), and investigate the association between COX-2 and miR-381 in the occurrence and development of the disease using a mouse model. A total of 26 children with VM (15 boys and 11 girls) were included in the present study. Peripheral blood was collected from all children. The mouse model of VM was constructed by coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection. Peripheral blood and myocardial tissues were collected from all mice for analysis. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression of COX-2 mRNA and miR-381 in serum and myocardial tissues. ELISA was used to measure the content of COX-2 protein in serum from humans and mice, and western blotting was employed to determine the expression of COX-2 protein in myocardial tissues from mice. Contents of creatine kinase (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were evaluated using an automatic biochemical analyzer. A dual luciferase assay was conducted to identify interactions between COX-2 mRNA and miR-381. Children with VM had increased COX-2 levels and decreased miR-381 expression in peripheral blood, compared with those who had recovered from VM. CVB3 infection resulted in damage in the myocardium of mice, and elevated CK-MB and LDH contents. VM model mice exhibited increased COX-2 levels and decreased miR-381 expression in peripheral blood and myocardial tissues compared with normal mice. miR-381 binds to the 3'-untranslated seed regions of both human and mouse COX-2 mRNA to regulate their expression. The present study demonstrated that children with VM have decreased miR-381 expression and elevated COX-2 expression in peripheral blood. miR-381 may inhibit myocardial cell damage caused by CVB3 infection and protect myocardial cell function by targeting COX-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Cardiology Department, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430015, P.R. China
| | - Lingli Sun
- Cardiology Department, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430015, P.R. China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongqin Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Xia Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Cuifang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Dongming Sun
- Cardiology Department, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430015, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
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Gou W, Zhang Z, Yang C, Li Y. MiR-223/Pknox1 axis protects mice from CVB3-induced viral myocarditis by modulating macrophage polarization. Exp Cell Res 2018. [PMID: 29524390 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage polarization plays a crucial role in regulating myocardial inflammation and injuries of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced viral myocarditis (VM). It has been reported that miR-223 is a potent regulator of inflammatory responses that involved in macrophage polarization. However, the functional roles of miR-223 in CVB3-induced VM still remain unknown. Here, we found that miR-223 expression was significantly down-regulated in heart tissues and heart-infiltrating macrophages of CVB3-infected mice. Up-regulation of miR-223 in vivo protected the mice against CVB3-induced myocardial injuries characterized by the increased body weight and survival, enhanced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS), relieved inflammation, depressed creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels, reduced production of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)- 6 as well as increased IL-10. We subsequently found that miR-233 up-regulation significantly suppressed the expression of M1 markers (iNOS, TNF-α and CD 86), and promoted the expression of M2 markers (Arginase-1, Fizz-1 and CD 206) in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we confirmed that miR-223 directly targeted Pknox1 to inhibit its expression, and the expression of Pknox1 was inversely correlated with miR-223 expression in heart tissues and heart-infiltrating macrophages of CVB3-infected mice. Gain-of-function analyses indicated that Pknox1 overexpression partially reversed the polarization phenotypes regulated by miR-223 overexpression. Taken together, the data suggest that miR-223 protects against CVB3-induced inflammation and myocardial damage, which may partly attribute to the regulation of macrophage polarization via targeting Pknox1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihui Gou
- PICU, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- PICU, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Chunfeng Yang
- PICU, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yumei Li
- PICU, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
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42
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Wang K, Shan S, Yang Z, Gu X, Wang Y, Wang C, Ren T. IL-33 blockade suppresses tumor growth of human lung cancer through direct and indirect pathways in a preclinical model. Oncotarget 2017; 8:68571-68582. [PMID: 28978138 PMCID: PMC5620278 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type in lung cancer, a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Our previous study unraveled a pro-cancer function of IL-33 in fueling outgrowth and metastasis of human NSCLC cells. Herein, we determined that interfere with IL-33 activity was an effective strategy for limiting NSCLC tumor growth using a preclinical model with human NSCLC xenografts. IL-33 blockade efficiently inhibited tumor growth of NSCLC xenografts in immune-deficient mice. Mechanistically, IL-33 blockade suppressed outgrowth capacity of human NSCLC cells. Meanwhile, IL-33 blockade abrogated polarization of M2 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and reduced accumulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in tumor microenvironments, shaping functional immune surveillance. In NSCLC patients, IL-33 expressions were positively correlated with Ki-67 proliferation index and expressions of M2 TAM- and Teg-related genes. These findings identify IL-33 as a dual-functional factor in NSCLC pathogenesis and suggest IL-33 blockade as a promising therapeutic for NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailing Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Shan Shan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zongjun Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Women & Children Hospital, Qingdao 266034, China
| | - Xia Gu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Chunhong Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Tao Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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