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Escudero M, Vaysse L, Eke G, Peyrou M, Villarroya F, Bonnel S, Jeanson Y, Boyer L, Vieu C, Chaput B, Yao X, Deschaseaux F, Parny M, Raymond‐Letron I, Dani C, Carrière A, Malaquin L, Casteilla L. Scalable Generation of Pre-Vascularized and Functional Human Beige Adipose Organoids. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301499. [PMID: 37731092 PMCID: PMC10625054 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are becoming a global sociobiomedical burden. Beige adipocytes are emerging as key inducible actors and putative relevant therapeutic targets for improving metabolic health. However, in vitro models of human beige adipose tissue are currently lacking and hinder research into this cell type and biotherapy development. Unlike traditional bottom-up engineering approaches that aim to generate building blocks, here a scalable system is proposed to generate pre-vascularized and functional human beige adipose tissue organoids using the human stromal vascular fraction of white adipose tissue as a source of adipose and endothelial progenitors. This engineered method uses a defined biomechanical and chemical environment using tumor growth factor β (TGFβ) pathway inhibition and specific gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) embedding parameters to promote the self-organization of spheroids in GelMA hydrogel, facilitating beige adipogenesis and vascularization. The resulting vascularized organoids display key features of native beige adipose tissue including inducible Uncoupling Protein-1 (UCP1) expression, increased uncoupled mitochondrial respiration, and batokines secretion. The controlled assembly of spheroids allows to translate organoid morphogenesis to a macroscopic scale, generating vascularized centimeter-scale beige adipose micro-tissues. This approach represents a significant advancement in developing in vitro human beige adipose tissue models and facilitates broad applications ranging from basic research to biotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Escudero
- RESTORE Research CenterUniversité de Toulouse, INSERM 1301, CNRS 5070, EFS, ENVTToulouse31100France
- LAAS‐CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, INSAToulouse31400France
| | - Laurence Vaysse
- RESTORE Research CenterUniversité de Toulouse, INSERM 1301, CNRS 5070, EFS, ENVTToulouse31100France
| | - Gozde Eke
- LAAS‐CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, INSAToulouse31400France
| | - Marion Peyrou
- CIBER “Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición”, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiomedicineUniversity of BarcelonaMadrid28029Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- CIBER “Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición”, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiomedicineUniversity of BarcelonaMadrid28029Spain
| | - Sophie Bonnel
- RESTORE Research CenterUniversité de Toulouse, INSERM 1301, CNRS 5070, EFS, ENVTToulouse31100France
| | - Yannick Jeanson
- RESTORE Research CenterUniversité de Toulouse, INSERM 1301, CNRS 5070, EFS, ENVTToulouse31100France
| | - Louisa Boyer
- LAAS‐CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, INSAToulouse31400France
| | - Christophe Vieu
- LAAS‐CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, INSAToulouse31400France
| | - Benoit Chaput
- Service de Chirurgie plastique, reconstructrice et esthétiqueCentre Hospitalier Universitaire RangueilToulouse31400France
| | - Xi Yao
- Faculté de MédecineUniversité Côte d'AzurINSERM, CNRS, iBVNice06103France
| | - Frédéric Deschaseaux
- RESTORE Research CenterUniversité de Toulouse, INSERM 1301, CNRS 5070, EFS, ENVTToulouse31100France
| | - Mélissa Parny
- RESTORE Research CenterUniversité de Toulouse, INSERM 1301, CNRS 5070, EFS, ENVTToulouse31100France
- LabHPEC, Histology and Pathology DepartmentUniversité de Toulouse, ENVTToulouse31076France
| | - Isabelle Raymond‐Letron
- RESTORE Research CenterUniversité de Toulouse, INSERM 1301, CNRS 5070, EFS, ENVTToulouse31100France
- LabHPEC, Histology and Pathology DepartmentUniversité de Toulouse, ENVTToulouse31076France
| | - Christian Dani
- Faculté de MédecineUniversité Côte d'AzurINSERM, CNRS, iBVNice06103France
| | - Audrey Carrière
- RESTORE Research CenterUniversité de Toulouse, INSERM 1301, CNRS 5070, EFS, ENVTToulouse31100France
| | | | - Louis Casteilla
- RESTORE Research CenterUniversité de Toulouse, INSERM 1301, CNRS 5070, EFS, ENVTToulouse31100France
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2
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Crofton EJ, O'Buckley TK, Bohnsack JP, Morrow AL, Herman MA. Divergent Population-Specific Effects of Chronic Ethanol Exposure on Excitability and Inhibitory Transmission in Male and Female Rat Central Amygdala. J Neurosci 2023; 43:7056-7068. [PMID: 37657933 PMCID: PMC10586533 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0717-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is implicated in alcohol use disorder (AUD) and AUD-associated plasticity. The CeA is a primarily GABAergic nucleus that is subdivided into lateral and medial compartments with genetically diverse subpopulations. GABAA receptors are heteromeric pentamers with subunits conferring distinct physiological characteristics. GABAA receptor signaling in the CeA has been implicated in ethanol-associated plasticity; however, population-specific changes in inhibitory signaling and subunit expression remain unclear. Here, we combined electrophysiology with single-cell gene expression analysis of population markers and GABAA receptor subunits to examine population-specific changes in inhibitory control in male and female rats following chronic ethanol exposure. We found that chronic ethanol exposure and withdrawal produced global changes in GABAA receptor subunit expression at the transcript and protein levels, increased excitability in female CeA neurons, and increased inhibitory synaptic transmission in male CeA neurons. When we examined CeA neurons at the single-cell level we found heterogenous populations, as previously reported. We observed ethanol-induced increases in excitability only in somatostatin neurons in the CeA of females, decreases in excitability only in the protein kinase C delta (PKCd) population in males, and ethanol-induced increases in inhibitory transmission in male PKCd and calbindin 2-expressing CeA neurons. There were no population-specific differences in GABAA receptor (Gabr) subunits in males but reduced GabrA5 expression in female somatostatin neurons. Collectively, these findings suggest that defined CeA populations display differential ethanol sensitivity in males and females, which may play a role in sex differences in vulnerability to AUD or expression of AUD pathology.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The CeA is involved in the effects of ethanol in the brain; however, the population-specific changes in CeA activity remain unclear. We used recordings of CeA neuronal activity and single-cell gene expression to examine population-specific changes in inhibitory control in male and female rats following chronic ethanol exposure and found sex- and population-specific effects of chronic ethanol exposure and withdrawal. Specifically, female CeA neurons displayed increased excitability in the somatostatin CeA population, whereas male CeA neurons displayed increased inhibitory control in both PKCd and calbindin populations and decreased excitability in the PKCd population. These findings identify CeA populations that display differential sensitivity to ethanol exposure, which may contribute to sex differences in vulnerability to alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Crofton
- Departments of Psychiatry
- Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Emmanuel College, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Todd K O'Buckley
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - John P Bohnsack
- Departments of Psychiatry
- Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - A Leslie Morrow
- Departments of Psychiatry
- Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Melissa A Herman
- Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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3
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Ma J, Häne S, Eglauf J, Pfannkuche J, Soubrier A, Li Z, Peroglio M, Hoppe S, Benneker L, Lang G, Wangler S, Alini M, Creemers LB, Grad S, Häckel S. Celecoxib alleviates nociceptor sensitization mediated by interleukin-1beta-primed annulus fibrosus cells. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2023; 32:2048-2058. [PMID: 37071156 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-023-07672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to analyze the effect of pro-inflammatory cytokine-stimulated human annulus fibrosus cells (hAFCs) on the sensitization of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. We further hypothesized that celecoxib (cxb) could inhibit hAFCs-induced DRG sensitization. METHODS hAFCs from spinal trauma patients were stimulated with TNF-α or IL-1β. Cxb was added on day 2. On day 4, the expression of pro-inflammatory and neurotrophic genes was evaluated using RT-qPCR. Levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2), IL-8, and IL-6 were measured in the conditioned medium (CM) using ELISA. hAFCs CM was then applied to stimulate the DRG cell line (ND7/23) for 6 days. Then, calcium imaging (Fluo4) was performed to evaluate DRG cell sensitization. Both spontaneous and bradykinin-stimulated (0.5 μM) calcium responses were analyzed. The effects on primary bovine DRG cell culture were performed in parallel to the DRG cell line model. RESULTS IL-1ß stimulation significantly enhanced the release of PGE-2 in hAFCs CM, while this increase was completely suppressed by 10 µM cxb. hAFCs revealed elevated IL-6 and IL-8 release following TNF-α and IL-1β treatment, though cxb did not alter this. The effect of hAFCs CM on DRG cell sensitization was influenced by adding cxb to hAFCs; both the DRG cell line and primary bovine DRG nociceptors showed a lower sensitivity to bradykinin stimulation. CONCLUSION Cxb can inhibit PGE-2 production in hAFCs in an IL-1β-induced pro-inflammatory in vitro environment. The cxb applied to the hAFCs also reduces the sensitization of DRG nociceptors that are stimulated by the hAFCs CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxuan Ma
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Surya Häne
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janick Eglauf
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Judith Pfannkuche
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Soubrier
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Zhen Li
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos, Switzerland
| | | | - Sven Hoppe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lorin Benneker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Spine Surgery, Sonnenhof Spital, Buchserstrasse 30, 3006, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gernot Lang
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wangler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Laura B Creemers
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Room G05.228, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sibylle Grad
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Häckel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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4
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Shin H, Morty RE, Sucre JM, Negretti NM, Markmann M, Hossain H, Krauss-Etschmann S, Dehmel S, Hilgendorff A. Reference genes for the developing mouse lung under consideration of biological, technical and experimental confounders. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17679. [PMID: 36271035 PMCID: PMC9587035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
For gene expression analysis, the raw data obtained from RT-qPCR are preferably normalized to reference genes, which should be constantly expressed regardless of experimental conditions. Selection of reference genes is particularly challenging for the developing lung because of the complex transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of genes during organ maturation and injury repair. To date, there are only limited experimental data addressing reliable reference genes for this biological circumstance. In this study, we evaluated reference genes for the lung in neonatal C57BL/6 mice under consideration of biological, technical and experimental conditions. For that, we thoroughly selected candidates from commonly used reference genes side-by-side with novel ones by analyzing publicly available microarray datasets. We performed RT-qPCR of the selected candidate genes and analyzed their expression variability using GeNorm and Normfinder. Cell-specific expression of the candidate genes was analyzed using our own single-cell RNA-sequencing data from the developing mouse lung. Depending on the investigated conditions, i.e., developmental stages, sex, RNA quality, experimental condition (hyperoxia) and cell types, distinct candidate genes demonstrated stable expression confirming their eligibility as reliable reference genes. Our results provide valuable information for the selection of proper reference genes in studies investigating the neonatal mouse lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Shin
- grid.4567.00000 0004 0483 2525Institute for Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - R. E. Morty
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Department of Translational Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany ,Translational Lung Research Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J. M. Sucre
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - N. M. Negretti
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - M. Markmann
- grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - H. Hossain
- grid.440273.6Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, Klinikum St. Marien Amberg and Kliniken Nordoberpfalz AG, Weiden, Germany
| | - S. Krauss-Etschmann
- grid.4567.00000 0004 0483 2525Institute for Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany ,grid.452624.3Present Address: Priority Area Chronic Lung Diseases, Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Disease, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Borstel, Germany ,grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986Present Address: Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Kiel, Germany
| | - S. Dehmel
- grid.4567.00000 0004 0483 2525Institute for Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany ,grid.4567.00000 0004 0483 2525Present Address: Strategy, Programs, Resources (SPR), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - A. Hilgendorff
- grid.4567.00000 0004 0483 2525Institute for Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XCenter for Comprehensive Developmental Care (CDeCLMU), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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5
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Lineage tracing reveals B cell antibody class switching is stochastic, cell-autonomous, and tuneable. Immunity 2022; 55:1843-1855.e6. [PMID: 36108634 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To optimize immunity to pathogens, B lymphocytes generate plasma cells with functionally diverse antibody isotypes. By lineage tracing single cells within differentiating B cell clones, we identified the heritability of discrete fate controlling mechanisms to inform a general mathematical model of B cell fate regulation. Founder cells highly influenced clonal plasma-cell fate, whereas class switch recombination (CSR) was variegated within clones. In turn, these CSR patterns resulted from independent all-or-none expression of both activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and IgH germline transcription (GLT), with the latter being randomly re-expressed after each cell division. A stochastic model premised on these molecular transition rules accurately predicted antibody switching outcomes under varied conditions in vitro and during an immune response in vivo. Thus, the generation of functionally diverse antibody types follows rules of autonomous cellular programming that can be adapted and modeled for the rational control of antibody classes for potential therapeutic benefit.
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Kuang W, Sanow S, Kelm JM, Müller Linow M, Andeer P, Kohlheyer D, Northen T, Vogel JP, Watt M, Arsova B. N-dependent dynamics of root growth and nitrate and ammonium uptake are altered by the bacterium Herbaspirillum seropedicae in the cereal model Brachypodium distachyon. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5306-5321. [PMID: 35512445 PMCID: PMC9440436 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) fixation in cereals by root-associated bacteria is a promising solution for reducing use of chemical N fertilizers in agriculture. However, plant and bacterial responses are unpredictable across environments. We hypothesized that cereal responses to N-fixing bacteria are dynamic, depending on N supply and time. To quantify the dynamics, a gnotobiotic, fabricated ecosystem (EcoFAB) was adapted to analyse N mass balance, to image shoot and root growth, and to measure gene expression of Brachypodium distachyon inoculated with the N-fixing bacterium Herbaspirillum seropedicae. Phenotyping throughput of EcoFAB-N was 25-30 plants h-1 with open software and imaging systems. Herbaspirillum seropedicae inoculation of B. distachyon shifted root and shoot growth, nitrate versus ammonium uptake, and gene expression with time; directions and magnitude depended on N availability. Primary roots were longer and root hairs shorter regardless of N, with stronger changes at low N. At higher N, H. seropedicae provided 11% of the total plant N that came from sources other than the seed or the nutrient solution. The time-resolved phenotypic and molecular data point to distinct modes of action: at 5 mM NH4NO3 the benefit appears through N fixation, while at 0.5 mM NH4NO3 the mechanism appears to be plant physiological, with H. seropedicae promoting uptake of N from the root medium.Future work could fine-tune plant and root-associated microorganisms to growth and nutrient dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Kuang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, 415000 Changde, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 410125 Changsha, China
| | - Stefan Sanow
- IBG-2 Plant Sciences, Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jana M Kelm
- IBG-2 Plant Sciences, Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Mark Müller Linow
- IBG-2 Plant Sciences, Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Peter Andeer
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Dietrich Kohlheyer
- IBG-1 Biotechnology, Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Trent Northen
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- The Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John P Vogel
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- The Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Watt
- IBG-2 Plant Sciences, Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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7
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Buchanan KL, Rupprecht LE, Kaelberer MM, Sahasrabudhe A, Klein ME, Villalobos JA, Liu WW, Yang A, Gelman J, Park S, Anikeeva P, Bohórquez DV. The preference for sugar over sweetener depends on a gut sensor cell. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:191-200. [PMID: 35027761 PMCID: PMC8825280 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00982-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Guided by gut sensory cues, humans and animals prefer nutritive sugars over non-caloric sweeteners, but how the gut steers such preferences remains unknown. In the intestine, neuropod cells synapse with vagal neurons to convey sugar stimuli to the brain within seconds. Here, we found that cholecystokinin (CCK)-labeled duodenal neuropod cells differentiate and transduce luminal stimuli from sweeteners and sugars to the vagus nerve using sweet taste receptors and sodium glucose transporters. The two stimulus types elicited distinct neural pathways: while sweetener stimulated purinergic neurotransmission, sugar stimulated glutamatergic neurotransmission. To probe the contribution of these cells to behavior, we developed optogenetics for the gut lumen by engineering a flexible fiberoptic. We showed that preference for sugar over sweetener in mice depends on neuropod cell glutamatergic signaling. By swiftly discerning the precise identity of nutrient stimuli, gut neuropod cells serve as the entry point to guide nutritive choices. Buchanan, Rupprecht, Kaelberer and colleagues show that the preference for sugar over sweetener in mice depends on gut neuropod cells. Akin to other sensor cells, neuropod cells swiftly communicate the precise identity of stimuli to drive food choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Buchanan
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Laura E Rupprecht
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M Maya Kaelberer
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Atharva Sahasrabudhe
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marguerita E Klein
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jorge A Villalobos
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Winston W Liu
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Annabelle Yang
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Trinity College of Arts & Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Justin Gelman
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Trinity College of Arts & Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Seongjun Park
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Polina Anikeeva
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Departments of Materials Science & Engineering and Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diego V Bohórquez
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,MSRB-I, room 221A, 203 Research Drive, Durham, NC, USA.
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8
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Schmid C, Abi-Gerges N, Leitner MG, Zellner D, Rast G. Ion Channel Expression and Electrophysiology of Singular Human (Primary and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived) Cardiomyocytes. Cells 2021; 10:3370. [PMID: 34943878 PMCID: PMC8699770 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Subtype-specific human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are promising tools, e.g., to assess the potential of drugs to cause chronotropic effects (nodal hiPSC-CMs), atrial fibrillation (atrial hiPSC-CMs), or ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular hiPSC-CMs). We used single-cell patch-clamp reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction to clarify the composition of the iCell cardiomyocyte population (Fujifilm Cellular Dynamics, Madison, WI, USA) and to compare it with atrial and ventricular Pluricytes (Ncardia, Charleroi, Belgium) and primary human atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes. The comparison of beating and non-beating iCell cardiomyocytes did not support the presence of true nodal, atrial, and ventricular cells in this hiPSC-CM population. The comparison of atrial and ventricular Pluricytes with primary human cardiomyocytes showed trends, indicating the potential to derive more subtype-specific hiPSC-CM models using appropriate differentiation protocols. Nevertheless, the single-cell phenotypes of the majority of the hiPSC-CMs showed a combination of attributes which may be interpreted as a mixture of traits of adult cardiomyocyte subtypes: (i) nodal: spontaneous action potentials and high HCN4 expression and (ii) non-nodal: prominent INa-driven fast inward current and high expression of SCN5A. This may hamper the interpretation of the drug effects on parameters depending on a combination of ionic currents, such as beat rate. However, the proven expression of specific ion channels supports the evaluation of the drug effects on ionic currents in a more realistic cardiomyocyte environment than in recombinant non-cardiomyocyte systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schmid
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach, Germany; (M.G.L.); (G.R.)
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | - Michael Georg Leitner
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach, Germany; (M.G.L.); (G.R.)
| | - Dietmar Zellner
- Non-Clinical Statistics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Georg Rast
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach, Germany; (M.G.L.); (G.R.)
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9
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Profiling of transcriptional biomarkers in FFPE liver samples: PLS-DA applications for detection of illicit administration of sex steroids and clenbuterol in veal calves. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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10
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Zucha D, Kubista M, Valihrach L. Tutorial: Guidelines for Single-Cell RT-qPCR. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102607. [PMID: 34685587 PMCID: PMC8534298 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) has delivered significant insights in understanding the gene expression landscape. Thanks to its precision, sensitivity, flexibility, and cost effectiveness, RT-qPCR has also found utility in advanced single-cell analysis. Single-cell RT-qPCR now represents a well-established method, suitable for an efficient screening prior to single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) experiments, or, oppositely, for validation of hypotheses formulated from high-throughput approaches. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive summary of the scRT-qPCR method by discussing the limitations of single-cell collection methods, describing the importance of reverse transcription, providing recommendations for the preamplification and primer design, and summarizing essential data processing steps. With the detailed protocol attached in the appendix, this tutorial provides a set of guidelines that allow any researcher to perform scRT-qPCR measurements of the highest standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zucha
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; (D.Z.); (M.K.)
- Department of Informatics and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mikael Kubista
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; (D.Z.); (M.K.)
- TATAA Biocenter AB, 411 03 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lukas Valihrach
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; (D.Z.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Gould E, Kim JH. SCN2A contributes to oligodendroglia excitability and development in the mammalian brain. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109653. [PMID: 34496232 PMCID: PMC8486143 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Spiking immature oligodendrocytes (OLs), referred to as spiking OLs, express voltage-activated Na+ channels (Nav) and K+ (Kv) channels, endowing a subpopulation of OLs with the ability to generate Nav-driven spikes. In this study, we investigate the molecular profile of spiking OLs, using single-cell transcriptomics paired with whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. SCN2A, which encodes the channel Nav1.2, is specifically expressed in spiking OLs in the brainstem and cerebellum, both in mice and in Olive baboons. Spiking OLs express lineage markers of OL progenitor cells (OPCs) and pre-myelinating OLs, indicating they belong to a transitional stage during differentiation. Deletion of SCN2A reduces the Nav current-expressing OL population and eliminates spiking OLs, indicating that SCN2A is essential for spiking in OLs. Deletion of SCN2A does not impact global OL proliferation but disrupts maturation of a subpopulation of OLs, suggesting that Nav1.2 is involved in heterogeneity in OL lineage cells and their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Gould
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jun Hee Kim
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence:
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12
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Zucha D, Androvic P, Kubista M, Valihrach L. Performance Comparison of Reverse Transcriptases for Single-Cell Studies. Clin Chem 2020; 66:217-228. [PMID: 31699702 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2019.307835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances allowing quantification of RNA from single cells are revolutionizing biology and medicine. Currently, almost all single-cell transcriptomic protocols rely on reverse transcription (RT). However, RT is recognized as a known source of variability, particularly with low amounts of RNA. Recently, several new reverse transcriptases (RTases) with the potential to decrease the loss of information have been developed, but knowledge of their performance is limited. METHODS We compared the performance of 11 RTases in quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) on single-cell and 100-cell bulk templates, using 2 priming strategies: a conventional mixture of random hexamers with oligo(dT)s and a reduced concentration of oligo(dT)s mimicking common single-cell RNA-sequencing protocols. Depending on their performance, 2 RTases were further tested in a high-throughput single-cell experiment. RESULTS All tested RTases demonstrated high precision (R2 > 0.9445). The most pronounced differences were found in their ability to capture rare transcripts (0%-90% reaction positivity rate) and in their absolute reaction yield (7.3%-137.9%). RTase performance and reproducibility were compared with Z scores. The 2 best-performing enzymes were Maxima H- and SuperScript IV. The validity of the obtained results was confirmed in a follow-up single-cell model experiment. The better-performing enzyme (Maxima H-) increased the sensitivity of the single-cell experiment and improved resolution in the clustering analysis over the commonly used RTase (SuperScript II). CONCLUSIONS Our comprehensive comparison of 11 RTases in low RNA input conditions identified 2 best-performing enzymes. Our results provide a point of reference for the improvement of current single-cell quantification protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zucha
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Androvic
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Mikael Kubista
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, Vestec, Czech Republic.,TATAA Biocenter AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lukas Valihrach
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, Vestec, Czech Republic
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13
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Total mRNA Quantification in Single Cells: Sarcoma Cell Heterogeneity. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030759. [PMID: 32204559 PMCID: PMC7140709 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell analysis enables detailed molecular characterization of cells in relation to cell type, genotype, cell state, temporal variations, and microenvironment. These studies often include the analysis of individual genes and networks of genes. The total amount of RNA also varies between cells due to important factors, such as cell type, cell size, and cell cycle state. However, there is a lack of simple and sensitive methods to quantify the total amount of RNA, especially mRNA. Here, we developed a method to quantify total mRNA levels in single cells based on global reverse transcription followed by quantitative PCR. Standard curve analyses of diluted RNA and sorted cells showed a wide dynamic range, high reproducibility, and excellent sensitivity. Single-cell analysis of three sarcoma cell lines and human fibroblasts revealed cell type variations, a lognormal distribution of total mRNA levels, and up to an eight-fold difference in total mRNA levels among the cells. The approach can easily be combined with targeted or global gene expression profiling, providing new means to study cell heterogeneity at an individual gene level and at a global level. This method can be used to investigate the biological importance of variations in the total amount of mRNA in healthy as well as pathological conditions.
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14
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Landberg G, Fitzpatrick P, Isakson P, Jonasson E, Karlsson J, Larsson E, Svanström A, Rafnsdottir S, Persson E, Gustafsson A, Andersson D, Rosendahl J, Petronis S, Ranji P, Gregersson P, Magnusson Y, Håkansson J, Ståhlberg A. Patient-derived scaffolds uncover breast cancer promoting properties of the microenvironment. Biomaterials 2019; 235:119705. [PMID: 31978840 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells interact with the microenvironment that specifically supports and promotes tumor development. Key components in the tumor environment have been linked to various aggressive cancer features and can further influence the presence of subpopulations of cancer cells with specific functions, including cancer stem cells and migratory cells. To model and further understand the influence of specific microenvironments we have developed an experimental platform using cell-free patient-derived scaffolds (PDSs) from primary breast cancers infiltrated with standardized breast cancer cell lines. This PDS culture system induced a series of orchestrated changes in differentiation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stemness and proliferation of the cancer cell population, where an increased cancer stem cell pool was confirmed using functional assays. Furthermore, global gene expression profiling showed that PDS cultures were similar to xenograft cultures. Mass spectrometry analyses of cell-free PDSs identified subgroups based on their protein composition that were linked to clinical properties, including tumor grade. Finally, we observed that an induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related genes in cancer cells growing on the PDSs were significantly associated with clinical disease recurrences in breast cancer patients. Patient-derived scaffolds thus mimics in vivo-like growth conditions and uncovers unique information about the malignancy-inducing properties of tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Landberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, SE-41390, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Paul Fitzpatrick
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, SE-41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pauline Isakson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, SE-41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Jonasson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, SE-41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joakim Karlsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Larsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Svanström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, SE-41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Svanheidur Rafnsdottir
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, SE-41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Persson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, SE-41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Gustafsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, SE-41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Andersson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, SE-41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Rosendahl
- RISE, Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioscience and Materials - Medical Device Technology, SE-50115, Borås, Sweden
| | - Sarunas Petronis
- RISE, Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioscience and Materials - Medical Device Technology, SE-50115, Borås, Sweden
| | - Parmida Ranji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, SE-41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Gregersson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, SE-41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ylva Magnusson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, SE-41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joakim Håkansson
- RISE, Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioscience and Materials - Medical Device Technology, SE-50115, Borås, Sweden
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, SE-41390, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41390, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-41390, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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15
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Diagnostic Leukapheresis Enables Reliable Transcriptomic Profiling of Single Circulating Tumor Cells to Characterize Inter-Cellular Heterogeneity in Terms of Endocrine Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070903. [PMID: 31261643 PMCID: PMC6679140 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) hold great promise with regard to prognosis, treatment optimization, and monitoring of breast cancer patients. Single CTC transcriptome profiling might help reveal valuable information concerning intra-patient heterogeneity relevant to therapeutic interventions. In this study, we combined Diagnostic Leukapheresis (DLA), which is a microfluidic enrichment using the ParsortixTM system, micromanipulation with CellCelectorTM and subsequent single cell multi-marker transcriptome profiling. First, a PCR panel consisting of 30 different endocrine resistance and phenotypic marker genes was validated for single cell profiling by using different breast cancer cell lines. Second, this panel was applied to characterize uncultured and cultured CTCs, which were enriched from a cryopreserved DLA product obtained from a patient suffering from metastatic breast cancer resistant to endocrine therapy. Gene expression profiles of both CTC populations uncovered inter CTC heterogeneity for transcripts, which are associated with response or resistance to endocrine therapy (e.g., ESR1, HER2, FGFR1). Hierarchical clustering revealed CTC subpopulations with different expressions of transcripts regarding the CTCs’ differential phenotypes (EpCAM, CD44, CD24, MYC, MUC1) and of transcripts involved in endocrine signaling pathways (FOXO, PTEN). Moreover, ER-positive CTCs exhibited significant higher expression of Cyclin D1, which might be relevant for CDK4/6 inhibitor therapies. Overall, gene expression profiles of uncultured and cultured CTCs resulted in a partly combined grouping. Our findings demonstrate that multi-marker RNA profiling of enriched single uncultured CTCs and cultured CTCs form cryopreserved DLA samples may provide important insights into intra-patient heterogeneity relevant for targeted therapies and therapy resistance.
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16
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Jacobsson H, Harrison H, Hughes É, Persson E, Rhost S, Fitzpatrick P, Gustafsson A, Andersson D, Gregersson P, Magnusson Y, Ståhlberg A, Landberg G. Hypoxia-induced secretion stimulates breast cancer stem cell regulatory signalling pathways. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:1693-1705. [PMID: 31066211 PMCID: PMC6670019 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that tumour cells are dependent on communication with the tumour microenvironment. Previously, it has been shown that hypoxia (HX) induces pronounced, diverse and direct effects on cancer stem cell (CSC) qualities in different breast cancer subtypes. Here, we describe the mechanism by which HX-induced secretion influences the spreading of CSCs. Conditioned media (CM) from estrogen receptor (ER)-α-positive hypoxic breast cancer cell cultures increased the fraction of CSCs compared to normal growth conditions, as determined using sets of CSC assays and model systems. In contrast, media from ERα-negative hypoxic cell cultures instead decreased this key subpopulation of cancer cells. Further, there was a striking overrepresentation of JAK-STAT-associated cytokines in both the ERα-positive and ERα-negative linked hypoxic responses as determined by a protein screen of the CM. JAK-STAT inhibitors and knockdown experiments further supported the hypothesis that this pathway is critical for the CSC-activating and CSC-inactivating effects induced by hypoxic secretion. We also observed that the interleukin-6-JAK2-STAT3 axis was specifically central for the ERα-negative hypoxic behaviour. Our results underline the importance of considering breast cancer subtypes in treatments targeting JAK-STAT or HX-associated processes and indicate that HX is not only a confined tumour biological event, but also influences key tumour properties in widespread normoxic microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Jacobsson
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hannah Harrison
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Unit, Centre for Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, UK.,Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Éamon Hughes
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Persson
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara Rhost
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Fitzpatrick
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Gustafsson
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Andersson
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Gregersson
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ylva Magnusson
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Landberg
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.,Breakthrough Breast Cancer Unit, Centre for Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, UK
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17
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Ramsauer AS, Kubacki J, Favrot C, Ackermann M, Fraefel C, Tobler K. RNA-seq analysis in equine papillomavirus type 2-positive carcinomas identifies affected pathways and potential cancer markers as well as viral gene expression and splicing events. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:985-998. [PMID: 31084699 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) was discovered only recently, but it is found consistently in the context of genital squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Since neither cell cultures nor animal models exist, the characterization of this potential disease agent relies on the analysis of patient materials. To analyse the host and viral transcriptome in EcPV2-affected horses, genital tissue samples were collected from horses with EcPV2-positive lesions as well as from healthy EcPV2-negative horses. It was determined by RNA-seq analysis that there were 1957 differentially expressed (DE) host genes between the SCC and control samples. These genes were most abundantly related to DNA replication, cell cycle, extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction and focal adhesion. By comparison to other cancer studies, MMP1 and IL8 appeared to be potential marker genes for the development of SCCs. Analysis of the viral reads revealed the transcriptional activity of EcPV2 in all SCC samples. While few reads mapped to the structural viral genes, the majority of reads mapped to the non-structural early (E) genes, in particular to E6, E7 and E2/E4. Within these reads a distinct pattern of splicing events, which are essential for the expression of different genes in PV infections, was observed. Additionally, in one sample the integration of EcPV2 DNA into the host genome was detected by DNA-seq and confirmed by PCR. In conclusion, while host MMP1 and IL8 expression and the presence of EcPV2 may be useful markers in genital SCCs, further research on EcPV2-related pathomechanisms may focus on cell cycle-related genes, the viral genes E6, E7 and E2/E4, and integration events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophie Ramsauer
- 2 Dermatology Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,1 Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jakub Kubacki
- 1 Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claude Favrot
- 2 Dermatology Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Ackermann
- 1 Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornel Fraefel
- 1 Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Tobler
- 1 Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Keith BA, Ching JC, Loewen ME. Von Willebrand Factor Type A domain of hCLCA1 is sufficient for U-937 macrophage activation. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 18:100630. [PMID: 30984882 PMCID: PMC6444176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human hCLCA1 gene is a member of the CLCA gene family that has a well-documented role in inflammatory airway diseases. Previously, we demonstrated that secreted hCLCA1 plays a role in regulating the innate immune response by activating airway macrophages. However, the mechanism of this regulation remains unclear. In this present study, recombinant proteins containing different hCLCA1 domains are expressed to determine the specific hCLCA1 domain(s) responsible for macrophage activation. Specifically, hCLCA1 constructs containing the hydrolase domain (HYD), the von Willebrand Factor Type A (VWA) domain, and the fibronectin type III (FN3) domain were heterologously expressed and affinity purified through fast protein liquid chromatography. Circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that the purified hCLCA1 constructs exhibited secondary structure consistent with folded proteins. The VWA domain clearly demonstrated an ability to activate macrophages, inducing an increase in both IL-1β mRNA and protein expression. This activation was associated with the activation of MAPKs and NF-κB pathways, identifying potential mechanistic pathways by which hCLCA1's VWA domain exerts its signaling effect. Altogether, this work identifies a domain with signaling function within hCLCA1, providing a specific target to one of the most highly induced gene products of airway inflammatory disease. hCLCA1 is an immune modulator upregulated in inflammatory airway diseases. hCLCA1's VWA domain upregulated IL-1β mRNA and protein in U-937 macrophages. Macrophage activation by the VWA domain correlated with MAPK and NF-κB activation. The VWA domain thus represents an attractive target for pharmacological treatment.
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19
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Happold C, Stojcheva N, Silginer M, Weiss T, Roth P, Reifenberger G, Weller M. Transcriptional control of O 6 -methylguanine DNA methyltransferase expression and temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma. J Neurochem 2019; 144:780-790. [PMID: 29480969 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
O6 -methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation is a predictive biomarker for benefit from alkylating chemotherapy, specifically temozolomide (TMZ), in glioblastoma, the most common malignant intrinsic brain tumor. Glioma-initiating cells (GIC) with stem-like properties have been associated with resistance to therapy and progression. We assessed the levels of MGMT mRNA and MGMT protein by real-time PCR and immunoblot and evaluated the impact of MGMT on TMZ sensitivity in clonogenicity assays in GIC sphere cultures (S) or differentiated adherent monolayer cultures (M). Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling was assessed by reporter assay and immunoblot. Compared to M cells, S cells expressed higher levels of MGMT. Differentiation of GIC induced by S-to-M transition resulted in a gradual loss of MGMT expression and increased TMZ sensitivity. This transcriptional regulation of MGMT was restricted to cell lines without MGMT promoter methylation and was not coupled to any specific neurobasal (NB) stem cell medium supplement or loss of cell adhesion. Expression levels of p50/p65 subunits of NF-κB, a transcriptional regulator of MGMT, were increased in S cells. Inhibition of NF-κB by the small molecule inhibitor, BAY 11-7082, or siRNA-mediated gene silencing, reduced MGMT levels. In summary, alkylator resistance of S cells is mainly promoted by over-expression of MGMT which results from increased activity of the NF-κB pathway in this cell culture model of glioma stem-like cells. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 688.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Happold
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Stojcheva
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Silginer
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Roth
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Dolatabadi S, Jonasson E, Lindén M, Fereydouni B, Bäcksten K, Nilsson M, Martner A, Forootan A, Fagman H, Landberg G, Åman P, Ståhlberg A. JAK-STAT signalling controls cancer stem cell properties including chemotherapy resistance in myxoid liposarcoma. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:435-449. [PMID: 30650179 PMCID: PMC6590236 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myxoid liposarcoma (MLS) shows extensive intratumoural heterogeneity with distinct subpopulations of tumour cells. Despite improved survival of MLS patients, existing therapies have shortcomings as they fail to target all tumour cells. The nature of chemotherapy‐resistant cells in MLS remains unknown. Here, we show that MLS cell lines contained subpopulations of cells that can form spheres, efflux Hoechst dye and resist doxorubicin, all properties attributed to cancer stem cells (CSCs). By single‐cell gene expression, western blot, phospho‐kinase array, immunoprecipitation, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and microarray analysis we showed that a subset of MLS cells expressed JAK–STAT genes with active signalling. JAK1/2 inhibition via ruxolitinib decreased, while stimulation with LIF increased, phosphorylation of STAT3 and the number of cells with CSC properties indicating that JAK–STAT signalling controlled the number of cells with CSC features. We also show that phosphorylated STAT3 interacted with the SWI/SNF complex. We conclude that MLS contains JAK–STAT‐regulated subpopulations of cells with CSC features. Combined doxorubicin and ruxolitinib treatment targeted both proliferating cells as well as cells with CSC features, providing new means to circumvent chemotherapy resistance in treatment of MLS patients. What's new? Despite improved survival of patients, existing therapies for Myxoid liposarcoma (MLS) present shortcomings as they fail to target all tumour cells. The nature of chemotherapy‐resistant cells in MLS remains unknown, however. Here, the authors show that myxoid liposarcomas are heterogeneous and contain subpopulations of cells with stem cell properties, including chemotherapy resistance. Moreover, JAK‐STAT signalling is active in MLS and regulates the size of the cancer stem cells‐like subpopulation via the SWI/SNF complex. The results shed light on the mechanisms of therapy resistance in MLS and point to JAK‐STAT inhibitors as a new avenue for targeted MLS therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Dolatabadi
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and GeneticsInstitute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Emma Jonasson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and GeneticsInstitute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Malin Lindén
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and GeneticsInstitute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Bentolhoda Fereydouni
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and GeneticsInstitute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Karin Bäcksten
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and GeneticsInstitute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Malin Nilsson
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer CenterUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Anna Martner
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer CenterUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Amin Forootan
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and GeneticsInstitute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- MultiD Analysis ABGothenburgSweden
| | - Henrik Fagman
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and GeneticsInstitute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology and GeneticsSahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden
| | - Göran Landberg
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and GeneticsInstitute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Pierre Åman
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and GeneticsInstitute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and GeneticsInstitute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology and GeneticsSahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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21
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Diken E, Linke M, Baumgart J, Eshkind L, Strand D, Strand S, Zechner U. Superovulation Influences Methylation Reprogramming and Delays Onset of DNA Replication in Both Pronuclei of Mouse Zygotes. Cytogenet Genome Res 2018; 156:95-105. [DOI: 10.1159/000493779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although an essential component of assisted reproductive technologies, ovarian stimulation, or superovulation, may interfere with the epigenetic reprogramming machinery during early embryogenesis and gametogenesis. To investigate the possible impact of superovulation particularly on the methylation reprogramming process directly after fertilization, we performed immunofluorescence staining of pronuclear (PN) stage embryos with antibodies against 5mC and 5hmC. PN stage embryos obtained by superovulation displayed an increased incidence of abnormal methylation and hydroxymethylation patterns in both maternal and paternal pronuclear DNA. Subsequent single-cell RT-qPCR analyses of the Tet1, Tet2, and Tet3 genes revealed no significant expression differences between PN stage embryos from spontaneously and superovulated matings that could be causative for the abnormal methylation and hydroxymethylation patterns. To analyze the possible contribution of TET-independent replication-associated demethylation mechanisms, we then determined the 5mC and 5hmC levels of PN stage mouse embryos using immunofluorescence analyses after inhibition of DNA replication with aphidicolin. Inhibition of DNA replication had no effect on abnormal methylation and hydroxymethylation patterns that still persisted in the superovulated group. Interestingly, the onset of DNA replication, which was also analyzed in these experiments, was remarkably delayed in the superovulated group. Our findings imply an impact of superovulation on both replication-dependent and -independent or yet unknown demethylation mechanisms in PN stage mouse embryos. In addition, they reveal for the first time a negative effect of superovulation on the initiation of DNA replication in PN stage mouse embryos.
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22
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Preamplification with dUTP and Cod UNG Enables Elimination of Contaminating Amplicons. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103185. [PMID: 30332749 PMCID: PMC6214100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyzing rare DNA and RNA molecules in limited sample sizes, such as liquid biopsies and single cells, often requires preamplification, which makes downstream analyses particularly sensitive to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) generated contamination. Herein, we assessed the feasibility of performing Cod uracil-DNA N-glycosylase (Cod UNG) treatment in combination with targeted preamplification, using deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) to eliminate carry-over DNA. Cod UNG can be completely and irreversibly heat inactivated, a prerequisite in preamplification methods, where any loss of amplicons is detrimental to subsequent quantification. Using 96 target assays and quantitative real-time PCR, we show that replacement of deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) with dUTP in the preamplification reaction mix results in comparable dynamic range, reproducibility, and sensitivity. Moreover, Cod UNG essentially removes all uracil-containing template of most assays, regardless of initial concentration, without affecting downstream analyses. Finally, we demonstrate that the use of Cod UNG and dUTP in targeted preamplification can easily be included in the workflow for single-cell gene expression profiling. In summary, Cod UNG treatment in combination with targeted preamplification using dUTP provides a simple and efficient solution to eliminate carry-over contamination and the generation of false positives and inaccurate quantification.
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23
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Tapia M, Baudot P, Formisano-Tréziny C, Dufour MA, Temporal S, Lasserre M, Marquèze-Pouey B, Gabert J, Kobayashi K, Goaillard JM. Neurotransmitter identity and electrophysiological phenotype are genetically coupled in midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13637. [PMID: 30206240 PMCID: PMC6134142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31765-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Most neuronal types have a well-identified electrical phenotype. It is now admitted that a same phenotype can be produced using multiple biophysical solutions defined by ion channel expression levels. This argues that systems-level approaches are necessary to understand electrical phenotype genesis and stability. Midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons, although quite heterogeneous, exhibit a characteristic electrical phenotype. However, the quantitative genetic principles underlying this conserved phenotype remain unknown. Here we investigated the quantitative relationships between ion channels’ gene expression levels in midbrain DA neurons using single-cell microfluidic qPCR. Using multivariate mutual information analysis to decipher high-dimensional statistical dependences, we unravel co-varying gene modules that link neurotransmitter identity and electrical phenotype. We also identify new segregating gene modules underlying the diversity of this neuronal population. We propose that the newly identified genetic coupling between neurotransmitter identity and ion channels may play a homeostatic role in maintaining the electrophysiological phenotype of midbrain DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Tapia
- Unité de Neurobiologie des Canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, INSERM UMR 1072, Aix Marseille Université, 13015, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Baudot
- Unité de Neurobiologie des Canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, INSERM UMR 1072, Aix Marseille Université, 13015, Marseille, France
| | - Christine Formisano-Tréziny
- Unité de Neurobiologie des Canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, INSERM UMR 1072, Aix Marseille Université, 13015, Marseille, France
| | - Martial A Dufour
- Unité de Neurobiologie des Canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, INSERM UMR 1072, Aix Marseille Université, 13015, Marseille, France
| | - Simone Temporal
- Unité de Neurobiologie des Canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, INSERM UMR 1072, Aix Marseille Université, 13015, Marseille, France
| | - Manon Lasserre
- Unité de Neurobiologie des Canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, INSERM UMR 1072, Aix Marseille Université, 13015, Marseille, France
| | - Béatrice Marquèze-Pouey
- Unité de Neurobiologie des Canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, INSERM UMR 1072, Aix Marseille Université, 13015, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Gabert
- Unité de Neurobiologie des Canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, INSERM UMR 1072, Aix Marseille Université, 13015, Marseille, France.,Département de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Nord, Marseille, France
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Jean-Marc Goaillard
- Unité de Neurobiologie des Canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, INSERM UMR 1072, Aix Marseille Université, 13015, Marseille, France.
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24
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Araújo JADM, Hilscher MM, Marques-Coelho D, Golbert DCF, Cornelio DA, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR, Leão RN, Costa MR. Direct Reprogramming of Adult Human Somatic Stem Cells Into Functional Neurons Using Sox2, Ascl1, and Neurog2. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:155. [PMID: 29937717 PMCID: PMC6003093 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) or directly into cells from a different lineage, including neurons, has revolutionized research in regenerative medicine in recent years. Mesenchymal stem cells are good candidates for lineage reprogramming and autologous transplantation, since they can be easily isolated from accessible sources in adult humans, such as bone marrow and dental tissues. Here, we demonstrate that expression of the transcription factors (TFs) SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (Sox2), Mammalian achaete-scute homolog 1 (Ascl1), or Neurogenin 2 (Neurog2) is sufficient for reprogramming human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSC) into induced neurons (iNs). Furthermore, the combination of Sox2/Ascl1 or Sox2/Neurog2 is sufficient to reprogram up to 50% of transfected hUCMSCs into iNs showing electrical properties of mature neurons and establishing synaptic contacts with co-culture primary neurons. Finally, we show evidence supporting the notion that different combinations of TFs (Sox2/Ascl1 and Sox2/Neurog2) may induce multiple and overlapping neuronal phenotypes in lineage-reprogrammed iNs, suggesting that neuronal fate is determined by a combination of signals involving the TFs used for reprogramming but also the internal state of the converted cell. Altogether, the data presented here contribute to the advancement of techniques aiming at obtaining specific neuronal phenotypes from lineage-converted human somatic cells to treat neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus M Hilscher
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Diego Marques-Coelho
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment, IMD, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Daiane C F Golbert
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Deborah A Cornelio
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Centro de Biociências, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Silvia R Batistuzzo de Medeiros
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Centro de Biociências, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Richardson N Leão
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Marcos R Costa
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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25
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Wilhelmsson U, Andersson D, de Pablo Y, Pekny R, Ståhlberg A, Mulder J, Mitsios N, Hortobágyi T, Pekny M, Pekna M. Injury Leads to the Appearance of Cells with Characteristics of Both Microglia and Astrocytes in Mouse and Human Brain. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3360-3377. [PMID: 28398520 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia and astrocytes have been considered until now as cells with very distinct identities. Here, we assessed the heterogeneity within microglia/monocyte cell population in mouse hippocampus and determined their response to injury, by using single-cell gene expression profiling of cells isolated from uninjured and deafferented hippocampus. We found that in individual cells, microglial markers Cx3cr1, Aif1, Itgam, and Cd68 were co-expressed. Interestingly, injury led to the co-expression of the astrocyte marker Gfap in a subpopulation of Cx3cr1-expressing cells from both the injured and contralesional hippocampus. Cells co-expressing astrocyte and microglia markers were also detected in the in vitro LPS activation/injury model and in sections from human brain affected by stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Lewy body dementia. Our findings indicate that injury and chronic neurodegeneration lead to the appearance of cells that share molecular characteristics of both microglia and astrocytes, 2 cell types with distinct embryologic origin and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Andersson
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yolanda de Pablo
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roy Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Mulder
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas Mitsios
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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26
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Bockmeyer CL, Wittig J, Säuberlich K, Selhausen P, Eßer M, Zeuschner P, Modde F, Amann K, Daniel C. Recommendations for mRNA analysis of micro-dissected glomerular tufts from paraffin-embedded human kidney biopsy samples. BMC Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 29534701 PMCID: PMC5850911 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-018-0103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glomeruli are excellent pre-determined natural structures for laser micro-dissection. Compartment-specific glomerular gene expression analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded renal biopsies could improve research applications. The major challenge for such studies is to obtain good-quality RNA from small amounts of starting material, as applicable for the analysis of glomerular compartments. In this work, we provide data and recommendations for an optimized workflow of glomerular mRNA analysis. Results With a proper resolution of the camera and screen provided by the next generation of micro-dissection systems, we are able to separate parietal epithelial cells from glomerular tufts. Selected compartment-specific transcripts (WT1 and GLEPP1 for glomerular tuft as well as PAX2 for parietal epithelial cells) seem to be reliable discriminators for these micro-dissected glomerular substructures. Using the phenol–chloroform extraction and hemalaun-stained sections (2 µm), high amounts of Bowman’s capsule transections (> 300) reveal sufficient RNA concentrations (> 300 ng mRNA) for further analysis. For comparison, in unstained sections from a number of 60 glomerular transections upwards, a minimum amount of 157 ng mRNA with a reasonable mRNA purity [A260/A280 ratio of 1.5 (1.4/1.7) median (25th/75th percentiles)] was reversely transcribed into cDNA. Comparing the effect of input RNA (20, 60, 150 and 300 micro-dissected glomerular transections), transcript expression of POLR2A significantly correlated when 60 and 150 laser micro-dissected glomerular transections were used for analysis. There was a lower inter-assay coefficient of variability for ADAMTS13, when at least 60 glomerular transections were used. According to the algorithms of geNormPlus and NormFinder, PGK1 and PPIA are more stable glomerular reference transcripts compared to GUSB, GAPDH, POLR2A, RPLPO, TBP, B2M, ACTB, 18SrRNA and HMBS. Conclusions Our approach implements compartment-specific glomerular mRNA expression analysis into research applications, even regarding glomerular substructures like parietal epithelial cells. We recommend using of at least 60 micro-dissected unstained glomerular or 300 hemalaun-stained Bowman’s capsule transections to obtain sufficient input mRNA for reproducible results. Hereby, the range of RNA concentrations in 60 micro-dissected glomeruli is low and appropriate normalization of Cq values using our suggested reference transcripts (PGK1 and PPIA) allows compensation with respect to different amounts of RNA purity and quantity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12867-018-0103-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens L Bockmeyer
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Krankenhausstraße 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. .,Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Juliane Wittig
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karen Säuberlich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Selhausen
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Krankenhausstraße 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marc Eßer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philip Zeuschner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Friedrich Modde
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Krankenhausstraße 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Krankenhausstraße 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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27
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Serroukh Y, Gu-Trantien C, Hooshiar Kashani B, Defrance M, Vu Manh TP, Azouz A, Detavernier A, Hoyois A, Das J, Bizet M, Pollet E, Tabbuso T, Calonne E, van Gisbergen K, Dalod M, Fuks F, Goriely S, Marchant A. The transcription factors Runx3 and ThPOK cross-regulate acquisition of cytotoxic function by human Th1 lymphocytes. eLife 2018; 7:30496. [PMID: 29488879 PMCID: PMC5844691 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD4 (CD4CTX) T cells are emerging as an important component of antiviral and antitumor immunity, but the molecular basis of their development remains poorly understood. In the context of human cytomegalovirus infection, a significant proportion of CD4 T cells displays cytotoxic functions. We observed that the transcriptional program of these cells was enriched in CD8 T cell lineage genes despite the absence of ThPOK downregulation. We further show that establishment of CD4CTX-specific transcriptional and epigenetic programs occurred in a stepwise fashion along the Th1-differentiation pathway. In vitro, prolonged activation of naive CD4 T cells in presence of Th1 polarizing cytokines led to the acquisition of perforin-dependent cytotoxic activity. This process was dependent on the Th1 transcription factor Runx3 and was limited by the sustained expression of ThPOK. This work elucidates the molecular program of human CD4CTX T cells and identifies potential targets for immunotherapy against viral infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Serroukh
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Chunyan Gu-Trantien
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | | | - Matthieu Defrance
- Laboratoire d'Epigénétique du Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Thien-Phong Vu Manh
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy 13288, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Marseille, France
| | - Abdulkader Azouz
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Detavernier
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Alice Hoyois
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Jishnu Das
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Martin Bizet
- Laboratoire d'Epigénétique du Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Emeline Pollet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy 13288, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Marseille, France
| | - Tressy Tabbuso
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Emilie Calonne
- Laboratoire d'Epigénétique du Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Klaas van Gisbergen
- Department of Haematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marc Dalod
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy 13288, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Marseille, France
| | - François Fuks
- Laboratoire d'Epigénétique du Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Stanislas Goriely
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
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28
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Negative control of the HGF/c-MET pathway by TGF-β: a new look at the regulation of stemness in glioblastoma. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:3210. [PMID: 29238047 PMCID: PMC5870582 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple target inhibition has gained considerable interest in combating drug resistance in glioblastoma, however, understanding the molecular mechanisms of crosstalk between signaling pathways and predicting responses of cancer cells to targeted interventions has remained challenging. Despite the significant role attributed to transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-MET signaling in glioblastoma pathogenesis, their functional interactions have not been well characterized. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches to stimulate or antagonize the TGF-β pathway in human glioma-initiating cells (GIC), we observed that TGF-β exerts an inhibitory effect on c-MET phosphorylation. Inhibition of either mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) signaling pathway attenuated this effect. A comparison of c-MET-driven and c-MET independent GIC models revealed that TGF-β inhibits stemness in GIC at least in part via its negative regulation of c-MET activity, suggesting that stem cell (SC) maintenance may be controlled by the balance between these two oncogenic pathways. Importantly, immunohistochemical analyses of human glioblastoma and ex vivo single-cell gene expression profiling of TGF-β and HGF confirm the negative interaction between both pathways. These novel insights into the crosstalk of two major pathogenic pathways in glioblastoma may explain some of the disappointing results when targeting either pathway alone in human glioblastoma patients and inform on potential future designs on targeted pharmacological or genetic intervention.
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29
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Takahashi N, Shuvaev AN, Konno A, Matsuzaki Y, Watanave M, Hirai H. Regulatory connection between the expression level of classical protein kinase C and pruning of climbing fibers from cerebellar Purkinje cells. J Neurochem 2017; 143:660-670. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Takahashi
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Anton N. Shuvaev
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma Japan
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry; Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky; Krasnoyarsk Russia
| | - Ayumu Konno
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Yasunori Matsuzaki
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Masashi Watanave
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma Japan
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30
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Ståhlberg A, Kubista M. Technical aspects and recommendations for single-cell qPCR. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 59:28-35. [PMID: 28756182 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Single cells are basic physiological and biological units that can function individually as well as in groups in tissues and organs. It is central to identify, characterize and profile single cells at molecular level to be able to distinguish different kinds, to understand their functions and determine how they interact with each other. During the last decade several technologies for single-cell profiling have been developed and used in various applications, revealing many novel findings. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is one of the most developed methods for single-cell profiling that can be used to interrogate several analytes, including DNA, RNA and protein. Single-cell qPCR has the potential to become routine methodology but the technique is still challenging, as it involves several experimental steps and few molecules are handled. Here, we discuss technical aspects and provide recommendation for single-cell qPCR analysis. The workflow includes experimental design, sample preparation, single-cell collection, direct lysis, reverse transcription, preamplification, qPCR and data analysis. Detailed reporting and sharing of experimental details and data will promote further development and make validation studies possible. Efforts aiming to standardize single-cell qPCR open up means to move single-cell analysis from specialized research settings to standard research laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Ståhlberg
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 425, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Kubista
- TATAA Biocenter, Odinsgatan 28, 41103 Gothenburg, Sweden; Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Prague, Czech Republic
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31
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Jin Z, Fan W, Jensen MA, Dorschner JM, Bonadurer GF, Vsetecka DM, Amin S, Makol A, Ernste F, Osborn T, Moder K, Chowdhary V, Niewold TB. Single-cell gene expression patterns in lupus monocytes independently indicate disease activity, interferon and therapy. Lupus Sci Med 2017; 4:e000202. [PMID: 29238602 PMCID: PMC5724340 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2016-000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Important findings can be masked in gene expression studies of mixed cell populations. We examined single-cell gene expression in SLE patient monocytes in the context of clinical and immunological features. Methods Monocytes were purified from patients with SLE and controls, and individually isolated for single-cell gene expression measurement. A panel of monocyte-related transcripts were measured in individual classical (CL) and non-classical (NCL) monocytes. Results Analyses of both CL and NCL monocytes demonstrated that many genes had a lower expression rate in SLE monocytes than in controls. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the CL and NCL data sets demonstrated independent clusters of cells from the patients with SLE that were related to disease activity, type I interferon (IFN) and medication use. Thus, each of these factors exerted a different impact on monocyte gene expression that could be identified separately, and a number of genes correlated uniquely with disease activity. We found within-cell correlations between genes directly induced by type I IFN-induced and other non–IFN-induced genes, suggesting the downstream biological effects of type I IFN in individual human SLE monocytes which differed between CLs and NCLs. Conclusions In summary, single-cell gene expression in monocytes was associated with a wide range of clinical and biological features in SLE, providing much greater detail and insight into the cellular biology underlying the disease than previous mixed-cell population studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbo Jin
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mark A Jensen
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | | | - Shreyasee Amin
- Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ashima Makol
- Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Floranne Ernste
- Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thomas Osborn
- Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kevin Moder
- Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Lapin M, Tjensvoll K, Oltedal S, Javle M, Smaaland R, Gilje B, Nordgård O. Single-cell mRNA profiling reveals transcriptional heterogeneity among pancreatic circulating tumour cells. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:390. [PMID: 28569190 PMCID: PMC5452374 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Single-cell mRNA profiling of circulating tumour cells may contribute to a better understanding of the biology of these cells and their role in the metastatic process. In addition, such analyses may reveal new knowledge about the mechanisms underlying chemotherapy resistance and tumour progression in patients with cancer. Methods Single circulating tumour cells were isolated from patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer with immuno-magnetic depletion and immuno-fluorescence microscopy. mRNA expression was analysed with single-cell multiplex RT-qPCR. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis were performed to identify expression patterns. Results Circulating tumour cells were detected in 33 of 56 (59%) examined blood samples. Single-cell mRNA profiling of intact isolated circulating tumour cells revealed both epithelial-like and mesenchymal-like subpopulations, which were distinct from leucocytes. The profiled circulating tumour cells also expressed elevated levels of stem cell markers, and the extracellular matrix protein, SPARC. The expression of SPARC might correspond to an epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic circulating tumour cells. Conclusion The analysis of single pancreatic circulating tumour cells identified distinct subpopulations and revealed elevated expression of transcripts relevant to the dissemination of circulating tumour cells to distant organ sites. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3385-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Lapin
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway. .,Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway. .,Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Kjersti Tjensvoll
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway.,Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Satu Oltedal
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway.,Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Milind Javle
- Department of Gastrointestinal (GI) Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rune Smaaland
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway.,Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Gilje
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway.,Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Oddmund Nordgård
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway.,Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway
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33
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Thompson AW, Turkarslan S, Arens CE, López García de Lomana A, Raman AV, Stahl DA, Baliga NS. Robustness of a model microbial community emerges from population structure among single cells of a clonal population. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:3059-3069. [PMID: 28419704 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbial populations can withstand, overcome and persist in the face of environmental fluctuation. Previously, we demonstrated how conditional gene regulation in a fluctuating environment drives dilution of condition-specific transcripts, causing a population of Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough (DvH) to collapse after repeatedly transitioning from sulfate respiration to syntrophic conditions with the methanogen Methanococcus maripaludis. Failure of the DvH to successfully transition contributed to the collapse of this model community. We investigated the mechanistic basis for loss of robustness by examining whether conditional gene regulation altered heterogeneity in gene expression across individual DvH cells. We discovered that robustness of a microbial population across environmental transitions was attributable to the retention of cells in two states that exhibited different condition-specific gene expression patterns. In our experiments, a population with disrupted conditional regulation successfully alternated between cell states. Meanwhile, a population with intact conditional regulation successfully switched between cell states initially, but collapsed after repeated transitions, possibly due to the high energy requirements of regulation. These results demonstrate that the survival of this entire model microbial community is dependent on the regulatory system's influence on the distribution of distinct cell states among individual cells within a clonal population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - David A Stahl
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Memon T, Chase K, Leavitt LS, Olivera BM, Teichert RW. TRPA1 expression levels and excitability brake by K V channels influence cold sensitivity of TRPA1-expressing neurons. Neuroscience 2017; 353:76-86. [PMID: 28408328 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The molecular sensor of innocuous (painless) cold sensation is well-established to be transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 8 (TRPM8). However, the role of transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1 (TRPA1) in noxious (painful) cold sensation has been controversial. We find that TRPA1 channels contribute to the noxious cold sensitivity of mouse somatosensory neurons, independent of TRPM8 channels, and that TRPA1-expressing neurons are largely non-overlapping with TRPM8-expressing neurons in mouse dorsal-root ganglia (DRG). However, relatively few TRPA1-expressing neurons (e.g., responsive to allyl isothiocyanate or AITC, a selective TRPA1 agonist) respond overtly to cold temperature in vitro, unlike TRPM8-expressing neurons, which almost all respond to cold. Using somatosensory neurons from TRPM8-/- mice and subtype-selective blockers of TRPM8 and TRPA1 channels, we demonstrate that responses to cold temperatures from TRPA1-expressing neurons are mediated by TRPA1 channels. We also identify two factors that affect the cold-sensitivity of TRPA1-expressing neurons: (1) cold-sensitive AITC-sensitive neurons express relatively more TRPA1 transcripts than cold-insensitive AITC-sensitive neurons and (2) voltage-gated potassium (KV) channels attenuate the cold-sensitivity of some TRPA1-expressing neurons. The combination of these two factors, combined with the relatively weak agonist-like activity of cold temperature on TRPA1 channels, partially explains why few TRPA1-expressing neurons respond to cold. Blocking KV channels also reveals another subclass of noxious cold-sensitive DRG neurons that do not express TRPM8 or TRPA1 channels. Altogether, the results of this study provide novel insights into the cold-sensitivity of different subclasses of somatosensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosifa Memon
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Kevin Chase
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Lee S Leavitt
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Baldomero M Olivera
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Russell W Teichert
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
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35
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Busch S, Andersson D, Bom E, Walsh C, Ståhlberg A, Landberg G. Cellular organization and molecular differentiation model of breast cancer-associated fibroblasts. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:73. [PMID: 28372546 PMCID: PMC5376683 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0642-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) during tumour progression is obscured by the inherently complex, heterotypic nature of fibroblast cells and behaviours in various subtypes of malignancies. Therefore, we sought to identify distinct fibroblast subpopulations at the single-cell level. Methods Using single-cell quantitative PCR as a powerful tool to study heterogeneity and rare cell events, in a high-throughput manner a panel of gene targets are run simultaneously on transcripts isolated from single cells obtained by fluorescence-activated cell sort. Assessment of cells with stem-like characteristics was attained by anchorage-independent, anoikis-resistant culture. Results Single-cell analysis of fibroblasts and their tumour-activated counterparts demonstrated molecularly distinct cell types defined by differential expression of characteristic mesenchymal and fibroblast activation markers. Identified subpopulations presented overlapping gene expression patterns indicating transitional molecular states during fibroblast differentiation. Using single-cell resolution data we generated a molecular differentiation model which enabled the classification of patient-derived fibroblasts, validating our modelling approach. Remarkably, a subset of fibroblasts displayed expression of pluripotency markers, which was enriched for in non-adherent conditions. Yet the ability to form single-cell derived spheres was generally reduced in CAFs and upon fibroblast activation through TGFβ1 ligand and cancer cell-secreted factors. Hence, our data imply the existence of putative stem/progenitor cells as a physiological feature of undifferentiated fibroblasts. Conclusions Within this comprehensive study we have identified distinct and intersecting molecular profiles defining fibroblast activation states and propose that underlying cellular heterogeneity, fibroblasts are hierarchically organized. Understanding the molecular make-up of cellular organization and differentiation routes will facilitate the discovery of more specific markers for stromal subtypes and targets for anti-stromal therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-017-0642-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Busch
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Daniel Andersson
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva Bom
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claire Walsh
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Landberg
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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36
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Kroneis T, Jonasson E, Andersson D, Dolatabadi S, Ståhlberg A. Global preamplification simplifies targeted mRNA quantification. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45219. [PMID: 28332609 PMCID: PMC5362892 DOI: 10.1038/srep45219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The need to perform gene expression profiling using next generation sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) on small sample sizes and single cells is rapidly expanding. However, to analyse few molecules, preamplification is required. Here, we studied global and target-specific preamplification using 96 optimised qPCR assays. To evaluate the preamplification strategies, we monitored the reactions in real-time using SYBR Green I detection chemistry followed by melting curve analysis. Next, we compared yield and reproducibility of global preamplification to that of target-specific preamplification by qPCR using the same amount of total RNA. Global preamplification generated 9.3-fold lower yield and 1.6-fold lower reproducibility than target-specific preamplification. However, the performance of global preamplification is sufficient for most downstream applications and offers several advantages over target-specific preamplification. To demonstrate the potential of global preamplification we analysed the expression of 15 genes in 60 single cells. In conclusion, we show that global preamplification simplifies targeted gene expression profiling of small sample sizes by a flexible workflow. We outline the pros and cons for global preamplification compared to target-specific preamplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kroneis
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1F, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Emma Jonasson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1F, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Andersson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1F, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Soheila Dolatabadi
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1F, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1F, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
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37
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Turkarslan S, Raman AV, Thompson AW, Arens CE, Gillespie MA, von Netzer F, Hillesland KL, Stolyar S, López García de Lomana A, Reiss DJ, Gorman-Lewis D, Zane GM, Ranish JA, Wall JD, Stahl DA, Baliga NS. Mechanism for microbial population collapse in a fluctuating resource environment. Mol Syst Biol 2017; 13:919. [PMID: 28320772 PMCID: PMC5371734 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20167058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Managing trade-offs through gene regulation is believed to confer resilience to a microbial community in a fluctuating resource environment. To investigate this hypothesis, we imposed a fluctuating environment that required the sulfate-reducer Desulfovibrio vulgaris to undergo repeated ecologically relevant shifts between retaining metabolic independence (active capacity for sulfate respiration) and becoming metabolically specialized to a mutualistic association with the hydrogen-consuming Methanococcus maripaludis Strikingly, the microbial community became progressively less proficient at restoring the environmentally relevant physiological state after each perturbation and most cultures collapsed within 3-7 shifts. Counterintuitively, the collapse phenomenon was prevented by a single regulatory mutation. We have characterized the mechanism for collapse by conducting RNA-seq analysis, proteomics, microcalorimetry, and single-cell transcriptome analysis. We demonstrate that the collapse was caused by conditional gene regulation, which drove precipitous decline in intracellular abundance of essential transcripts and proteins, imposing greater energetic burden of regulation to restore function in a fluctuating environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Drew Gorman-Lewis
- Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Grant M Zane
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Judy D Wall
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - David A Stahl
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Spatial patterns of antimicrobial resistance genes in a cross-sectional sample of pig farms with indoor non-organic production of finishers. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:1418-1430. [PMID: 28215194 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pig populations is a public health concern. There is a lack of information of spatial distributions of AMR genes in pig populations at large scales. The objective of the study was to describe the spatial pattern of AMR genes in faecal samples from pig farms and to test if the AMR genes were spatially randomly distributed with respect to the geographic distribution of the pig farm population at risk. Faecal samples from 687 Danish pig farms were collected in February and March 2015. DNA was extracted and the levels of seven AMR genes (ermB, ermF, sulI, sulII, tet(M), tet(O) and tet(W)) were quantified on a high-throughput real-time PCR array. Spatial differences for the levels of the AMR genes measured as relative quantities were evaluated by spatial cluster analysis and creating of risk maps using kriging analysis and kernel density estimation. Significant spatial clusters were identified for ermB, ermF, sulII and tet(W). The broad spatial trends in AMR resistance evident in the risk maps were in agreement with the results of the cluster analysis. However, they also showed that there were only small scale spatial differences in the gene levels. We conclude that the geographical location of a pig farm is not a major determinant of the presence or high levels of AMR genes assessed in this study.
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Dolatabadi S, Candia J, Akrap N, Vannas C, Tesan Tomic T, Losert W, Landberg G, Åman P, Ståhlberg A. Cell Cycle and Cell Size Dependent Gene Expression Reveals Distinct Subpopulations at Single-Cell Level. Front Genet 2017; 8:1. [PMID: 28179914 PMCID: PMC5263129 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation includes a series of events that is tightly regulated by several checkpoints and layers of control mechanisms. Most studies have been performed on large cell populations, but detailed understanding of cell dynamics and heterogeneity requires single-cell analysis. Here, we used quantitative real-time PCR, profiling the expression of 93 genes in single-cells from three different cell lines. Individual unsynchronized cells from three different cell lines were collected in different cell cycle phases (G0/G1 - S - G2/M) with variable cell sizes. We found that the total transcript level per cell and the expression of most individual genes correlated with progression through the cell cycle, but not with cell size. By applying the random forests algorithm, a supervised machine learning approach, we show how a multi-gene signature that classifies individual cells into their correct cell cycle phase and cell size can be generated. To identify the most predictive genes we used a variable selection strategy. Detailed analysis of cell cycle predictive genes allowed us to define subpopulations with distinct gene expression profiles and to calculate a cell cycle index that illustrates the transition of cells between cell cycle phases. In conclusion, we provide useful experimental approaches and bioinformatics to identify informative and predictive genes at the single-cell level, which opens up new means to describe and understand cell proliferation and subpopulation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Dolatabadi
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Julián Candia
- Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity and Inflammation, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, USA; Department of Physics, University of MarylandCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - Nina Akrap
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Vannas
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tajana Tesan Tomic
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Losert
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
| | - Göran Landberg
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pierre Åman
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
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40
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Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia. Nature 2017; 541:481-487. [PMID: 28099414 DOI: 10.1038/nature21029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4409] [Impact Index Per Article: 629.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes are strongly induced by central nervous system (CNS) injury and disease, but their role is poorly understood. Here we show that a subtype of reactive astrocytes, which we termed A1, is induced by classically activated neuroinflammatory microglia. We show that activated microglia induce A1 astrocytes by secreting Il-1α, TNF and C1q, and that these cytokines together are necessary and sufficient to induce A1 astrocytes. A1 astrocytes lose the ability to promote neuronal survival, outgrowth, synaptogenesis and phagocytosis, and induce the death of neurons and oligodendrocytes. Death of axotomized CNS neurons in vivo is prevented when the formation of A1 astrocytes is blocked. Finally, we show that A1 astrocytes are abundant in various human neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's, Huntington's and Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. Taken together these findings help to explain why CNS neurons die after axotomy, strongly suggest that A1 astrocytes contribute to the death of neurons and oligodendrocytes in neurodegenerative disorders, and provide opportunities for the development of new treatments for these diseases.
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41
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Grzybek M, Golonko A, Walczak M, Lisowski P. Epigenetics of cell fate reprogramming and its implications for neurological disorders modelling. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 99:84-120. [PMID: 27890672 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The reprogramming of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) proceeds in a stepwise manner with reprogramming factors binding and epigenetic composition changes during transition to maintain the epigenetic landscape, important for pluripotency. There arises a question as to whether the aberrant epigenetic state after reprogramming leads to epigenetic defects in induced stem cells causing unpredictable long term effects in differentiated cells. In this review, we present a comprehensive view of epigenetic alterations accompanying reprogramming, cell maintenance and differentiation as factors that influence applications of hiPSCs in stem cell based technologies. We conclude that sample heterogeneity masks DNA methylation signatures in subpopulations of cells and thus believe that beside a genetic evaluation, extensive epigenomic screening should become a standard procedure to ensure hiPSCs state before they are used for genome editing and differentiation into neurons of interest. In particular, we suggest that exploitation of the single-cell composition of the epigenome will provide important insights into heterogeneity within hiPSCs subpopulations to fast forward development of reliable hiPSC-based analytical platforms in neurological disorders modelling and before completed hiPSC technology will be implemented in clinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Grzybek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Golonko
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Marta Walczak
- Department of Animal Behavior, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Pawel Lisowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland; iPS Cell-Based Disease Modelling Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany.
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42
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Dzamba D, Valihrach L, Kubista M, Anderova M. The correlation between expression profiles measured in single cells and in traditional bulk samples. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37022. [PMID: 27848982 PMCID: PMC5111061 DOI: 10.1038/srep37022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is already an established tool for mRNA detection and quantification. Since recently, this technique has been successfully employed for gene expression analyses, and also in individual cells (single cell RT-qPCR). Although the advantages of single cell measurements have been proven several times, a study correlating the expression measured on single cells, and in bulk samples consisting of a large number of cells, has been missing. Here, we collected a large data set to explore the relation between gene expression measured in single cells and in bulk samples, reflected by qPCR Cq values. We measured the expression of 95 genes in 12 bulk samples, each containing thousands of astrocytes, and also in 693 individual astrocytes. Combining the data, we described the relation between Cq values measured in bulk samples with either the percentage of the single cells that express the given genes, or the average expression of the genes across the single cells. We show that data obtained with single cell RT-qPCR are fully consistent with measurements in bulk samples. Our results further provide a base for quality control in single cell expression profiling, and bring new insights into the biological process of cellular expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dzamba
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- 2 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Valihrach
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Mikael Kubista
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- 2 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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43
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Gorges TM, Kuske A, Röck K, Mauermann O, Müller V, Peine S, Verpoort K, Novosadova V, Kubista M, Riethdorf S, Pantel K. Accession of Tumor Heterogeneity by Multiplex Transcriptome Profiling of Single Circulating Tumor Cells. Clin Chem 2016; 62:1504-1515. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.260299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Transcriptome analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) holds great promise to unravel the biology of cancer cell dissemination and identify expressed genes and signaling pathways relevant to therapeutic interventions.
METHODS
CTCs were enriched based on their EpCAM expression (CellSearch®) or by size and deformability (ParsortixTM), identified by EpCAM and/or pan-keratin–specific antibodies, and isolated for single cell multiplex RNA profiling.
RESULTS
Distinct breast and prostate CTC expression signatures could be discriminated from RNA profiles of leukocytes. Some CTCs positive for epithelial transcripts (EpCAM and KRT19) also coexpressed leukocyte/mesenchymal associated markers (PTPRC and VIM). Additional subsets of CTCs within individual patients were characterized by divergent expression of genes involved in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (e.g., CDH2, MMPs, VIM, or ZEB1 and 2), DNA repair (RAD51), resistance to cancer therapy (e.g., AR, AR-V7, ERBB2, EGFR), cancer stemness (e.g., CD24 and CD44), activated signaling pathways involved in tumor progression (e.g., PIK3CA and MTOR) or cross talks between tumors and immune cells (e.g., CCL4, CXCL2, CXCL9, IL15, IL1B, or IL8).
CONCLUSIONS
Multimarker RNA profiling of single CTCs reveals distinct CTC subsets and provides important insights into gene regulatory networks relevant for cancer progression and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M Gorges
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andra Kuske
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Röck
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Mauermann
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Volkmar Müller
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karl Verpoort
- Practice for Haematology and Oncology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vendula Novosadova
- Department of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mikael Kubista
- Department of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- TATAA Biocenter, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sabine Riethdorf
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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44
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Bockmeyer CL, Säuberlich K, Wittig J, Eßer M, Roeder SS, Vester U, Hoyer PF, Agustian PA, Zeuschner P, Amann K, Daniel C, Becker JU. Comparison of different normalization strategies for the analysis of glomerular microRNAs in IgA nephropathy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31992. [PMID: 27553688 PMCID: PMC4995590 DOI: 10.1038/srep31992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) have been used for normalization in glomerular microRNA (miRNA) quantification without confirmation of validity. Our aim was to identify glomerular reference miRNAs in IgA nephropathy. We compared miRNAs in human paraffin-embedded renal biopsies from patients with cellular-crescentic IgA-GN (n = 5; crescentic IgA-GN) and non-crescentic IgA-GN (n = 5; IgA-GN) to mild interstitial nephritis without glomerular abnormalities (controls, n = 5). Laser-microdissected glomeruli were used for expression profiling of 762 miRNAs by low-density TaqMan arrays (cards A and B). The comparison of different normalization methods (GeNormPlus, NormFinder, global mean and snoRNAs) in crescentic IgA-GN, IgA-GN and controls yielded similar results. However, levels of significance and the range of relative expression differed. In median, two normalization methods demonstrated similar results. GeNormPlus and NormFinder gave different top ranked reference miRNAs. Stability ranking for snoRNAs varied between cards A and B. In conclusion, we suggest the geometric mean of the most stable reference miRNAs found in GeNormPlus (miR-26b-5p), NormFinder (miR-28-5p) and snoRNAs (RNU44) as reference. It should be considered that significant differences could be missed using one particular normalization method. As a starting point for glomerular miRNA studies in IgA nephropathy we provide a library of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens L Bockmeyer
- Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karen Säuberlich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Juliane Wittig
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Eßer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian S Roeder
- Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Udo Vester
- Children's Hospital, Pediatrics II, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter F Hoyer
- Children's Hospital, Pediatrics II, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Putri A Agustian
- Department of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Philip Zeuschner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan U Becker
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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45
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Åman P, Dolatabadi S, Svec D, Jonasson E, Safavi S, Andersson D, Grundevik P, Thomsen C, Ståhlberg A. Regulatory mechanisms, expression levels and proliferation effects of the FUS-DDIT3 fusion oncogene in liposarcoma. J Pathol 2016; 238:689-99. [PMID: 26865464 DOI: 10.1002/path.4700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fusion oncogenes are among the most common types of oncogene in human cancers. The gene rearrangements result in new combinations of regulatory elements and functional protein domains. Here we studied a subgroup of sarcomas and leukaemias characterized by the FET (FUS, EWSR1, TAF15) family of fusion oncogenes, including FUS-DDIT3 in myxoid liposarcoma (MLS). We investigated the regulatory mechanisms, expression levels and effects of FUS-DDIT3 in detail. FUS-DDIT3 showed a lower expression than normal FUS at both the mRNA and protein levels, and single-cell analysis revealed a lack of correlation between FUS-DDIT3 and FUS expression. FUS-DDIT3 transcription was regulated by the FUS promotor, while its mRNA stability depended on the DDIT3 sequence. FUS-DDIT3 protein stability was regulated by protein interactions through the FUS part, rather than the leucine zipper containing DDIT3 part. In addition, in vitro as well as in vivo FUS-DDIT3 protein expression data displayed highly variable expression levels between individual MLS cells. Combined mRNA and protein analyses at the single-cell level showed that FUS-DDIT3 protein expression was inversely correlated to the expression of cell proliferation-associated genes. We concluded that FUS-DDIT3 is uniquely regulated at the transcriptional as well as the post-translational level and that its expression level is important for MLS tumour development. The FET fusion oncogenes are potentially powerful drug targets and detailed knowledge about their regulation and functions may help in the development of novel treatments.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Half-Life
- Humans
- Liposarcoma, Myxoid/genetics
- Liposarcoma, Myxoid/metabolism
- Liposarcoma, Myxoid/pathology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Protein Stability
- RNA Stability
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Åman
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Centre, Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Soheila Dolatabadi
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Centre, Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Svec
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Centre, Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Emma Jonasson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Centre, Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Setareh Safavi
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Centre, Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Andersson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Centre, Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Grundevik
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Centre, Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christer Thomsen
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Centre, Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Centre, Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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46
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Clasen J, Mellerup A, Olsen JE, Angen Ø, Folkesson A, Halasa T, Toft N, Birkegård AC. Determining the optimal number of individual samples to pool for quantification of average herd levels of antimicrobial resistance genes in Danish pig herds using high-throughput qPCR. Vet Microbiol 2016; 189:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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47
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Qi Z, Chen L, Zhang W. Comparison of Transcriptional Heterogeneity of Eight Genes between Batch Desulfovibrio vulgaris Biofilm and Planktonic Culture at a Single-Cell Level. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:597. [PMID: 27199927 PMCID: PMC4847118 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) biofilm formed on metal surfaces can change the physicochemical properties of metals and cause metal corrosion. To enhance understanding of differential gene expression in Desulfovibrio vulgaris under planktonic and biofilm growth modes, a single-cell based RT-qPCR approach was applied to determine gene expression levels of 8 selected target genes in four sets of the 31 individual cells isolated from each growth condition (i.e., biofilm formed on a mild steel (SS) and planktonic cultures, exponential and stationary phases). The results showed obvious gene-expression heterogeneity for the target genes among D. vulgaris single cells of both biofilm and planktonic cultures. In addition, an increased gene-expression heterogeneity in the D. vulgaris biofilm when compared with the planktonic culture was also observed for seven out of eight selected genes at exponential phase, and six out of eight selected genes at stationary phase, respectively, which may be contributing to the increased complexity in terms of structures and morphology in the biofilm. Moreover, the results showed up-regulation of DVU0281 gene encoding exopolysaccharide biosynthesis protein, and down-regulation of genes involved in energy metabolism (i.e., DVU0434 and DVU0588), stress responses (i.e., DVU2410) and response regulator (i.e., DVU3062) in the D. vulgaris biofilm cells. Finally, the gene (DVU2571) involved in iron transportation was found down-regulated, and two genes (DVU1340 and DVU1397) involved in ferric uptake repressor and iron storage were up-regulated in D. vulgaris biofilm, suggesting their possible roles in maintaining normal metabolism of the D. vulgaris biofilm under environments of high concentration of iron. This study showed that the single-cell based analysis could be a useful approach in deciphering metabolism of microbial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Qi
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin UniversityTianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin UniversityTianjin, China; SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and EngineeringTianjin, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin UniversityTianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin UniversityTianjin, China; SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and EngineeringTianjin, China
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin UniversityTianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin UniversityTianjin, China; SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and EngineeringTianjin, China
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48
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Fujioka Y, Stahlberg A, Ochi M, Olmarker K. Expression of inflammation/pain-related genes in the dorsal root ganglion following disc puncture in rats. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2016; 24:106-12. [PMID: 27122524 DOI: 10.1177/230949901602400124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the expression of inflammation- and pain-related genes at days 1 and 3 in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of rats with or without disc puncture, using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) with the TaqMan low-density array (TLDA). METHODS 53 female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The left facet joint between L4 and L5 was removed, and the DRG and intervertebral disc between the vertebrae were exposed. The L4-5 intervertebral disc was punctured using a 0.4-mm diameter injection needle (disc puncture group) or left unpunctured (sham group). After one or 3 days, the 53 DRGs were harvested, frozen, and assessed for expression of inflammation-related genes. Total RNA was isolated from the DRGs. Expression of 119 genes related to inflammation and pain in the DRG after disc puncture were analysed using RT-qPCR with the TLDA. RESULTS Of the 95 inflammation-related genes, 78 genes were reliably detected. Two genes were significantly up-regulated: cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CYSLTR1) at day 3 and interleukin 2 receptor gamma (IL2RG) at day 1, and one gene was significantly down-regulated: phospholipase C beta 3 (PLCB3) at day 1. Of the 24 pain-related genes, 18 genes were reliably detected. Two genes were significantly up-regulated: nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1) at days 1 and 3 and 5-HT2A receptor (HTR2A) at day 1. CONCLUSION Disc puncture may elicit changes in the expression of a variety of genes. Gene expression profiling is a useful tool for detecting new potential pharmaceutical targets for spinal pain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fujioka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan & Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Stahlberg
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Centre, Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden & TATAA Biocenter, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M Ochi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - K Olmarker
- Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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49
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Handel AE, Chintawar S, Lalic T, Whiteley E, Vowles J, Giustacchini A, Argoud K, Sopp P, Nakanishi M, Bowden R, Cowley S, Newey S, Akerman C, Ponting CP, Cader MZ. Assessing similarity to primary tissue and cortical layer identity in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurons through single-cell transcriptomics. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:989-1000. [PMID: 26740550 PMCID: PMC4754051 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cortical neurons potentially present a powerful new model to understand corticogenesis and neurological disease. Previous work has established that differentiation protocols can produce cortical neurons, but little has been done to characterize these at cellular resolution. In particular, it is unclear to what extent in vitro two-dimensional, relatively disordered culture conditions recapitulate the development of in vivo cortical layer identity. Single-cell multiplex reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to interrogate the expression of genes previously implicated in cortical layer or phenotypic identity in individual cells. Totally, 93.6% of single cells derived from iPSCs expressed genes indicative of neuronal identity. High proportions of single neurons derived from iPSCs expressed glutamatergic receptors and synaptic genes. And, 68.4% of iPSC-derived neurons expressing at least one layer marker could be assigned to a laminar identity using canonical cortical layer marker genes. We compared single-cell RNA-seq of our iPSC-derived neurons to available single-cell RNA-seq data from human fetal and adult brain and found that iPSC-derived cortical neurons closely resembled primary fetal brain cells. Unexpectedly, a subpopulation of iPSC-derived neurons co-expressed canonical fetal deep and upper cortical layer markers. However, this appeared to be concordant with data from primary cells. Our results therefore provide reassurance that iPSC-derived cortical neurons are highly similar to primary cortical neurons at the level of single cells but suggest that current layer markers, although effective, may not be able to disambiguate cortical layer identity in all cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E Handel
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QX, UK, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Satyan Chintawar
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Tatjana Lalic
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Emma Whiteley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Jane Vowles
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Alice Giustacchini
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Karene Argoud
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 7BN and
| | - Paul Sopp
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Mahito Nakanishi
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Rory Bowden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 7BN and
| | - Sally Cowley
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Sarah Newey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Colin Akerman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Chris P Ponting
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QX, UK
| | - M Zameel Cader
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DS, UK,
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50
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Sun H, Olsen T, Zhu J, Tao J, Ponnaiya B, Amundson SA, Brenner DJ, Lin Q. A microfluidic approach to parallelized transcriptional profiling of single cells. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2015; 19:1429-1440. [PMID: 27194954 PMCID: PMC4868186 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-015-1657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability to correlate single-cell genetic information with cellular phenotypes is of great importance to biology and medicine, as it holds the potential to gain insight into disease pathways that is unavailable from ensemble measurements. We present a microfluidic approach to parallelized, rapid, quantitative analysis of messenger RNA from single cells via RT-qPCR. The approach leverages an array of single-cell RT-qPCR analysis units formed by a set of parallel microchannels concurrently controlled by elastomeric pneumatic valves, thereby enabling parallelized handling and processing of single cells in a drastically simplified operation procedure using a relatively small number of microvalves. All steps for single-cell RT-qPCR, including cell isolation and immobilization, cell lysis, mRNA purification, reverse transcription and qPCR, are integrated on a single chip, eliminating the need for off-chip manual cell and reagent transfer and qPCR amplification as commonly used in existing approaches. Additionally, the approach incorporates optically transparent microfluidic components to allow monitoring of single-cell trapping without the need for molecular labeling that can potentially alter the targeted gene expression and utilizes a polycarbonate film as a barrier against evaporation to minimize the loss of reagents at elevated temperatures during the analysis. We demonstrate the utility of the approach by the transcriptional profiling for the induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1a and the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in single cells from the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Furthermore, the methyl methanesulfonate is employed to allow measurement of the expression of the genes in individual cells responding to a genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Timothy Olsen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jianguo Tao
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Brian Ponnaiya
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sally A. Amundson
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J. Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qiao Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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