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Santana-Bejarano MB, Grosso-Martínez PR, Puebla-Mora AG, Martínez-Silva MG, Nava-Villalba M, Márquez-Aguirre AL, Ortuño-Sahagún D, Godínez-Rubí M. Pleiotrophin and the Expression of Its Receptors during Development of the Human Cerebellar Cortex. Cells 2023; 12:1733. [PMID: 37443767 PMCID: PMC10341181 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic and fetal development, the cerebellum undergoes several histological changes that require a specific microenvironment. Pleiotrophin (PTN) has been related to cerebral and cerebellar cortex ontogenesis in different species. PTN signaling includes PTPRZ1, ALK, and NRP-1 receptors, which are implicated in cell differentiation, migration, and proliferation. However, its involvement in human cerebellar development has not been described so far. Therefore, we investigated whether PTN and its receptors were expressed in the human cerebellar cortex during fetal and early neonatal development. The expression profile of PTN and its receptors was analyzed using an immunohistochemical method. PTN, PTPRZ1, and NRP-1 were expressed from week 17 to the postnatal stage, with variable expression among granule cell precursors, glial cells, and Purkinje cells. ALK was only expressed during week 31. These results suggest that, in the fetal and neonatal human cerebellum, PTN is involved in cell communication through granule cell precursors, Bergmann glia, and Purkinje cells via PTPRZ1, NRP-1, and ALK signaling. This communication could be involved in cell proliferation and cellular migration. Overall, the present study represents the first characterization of PTN, PTPRZ1, ALK, and NRP-1 expression in human tissues, suggesting their involvement in cerebellar cortex development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Belem Santana-Bejarano
- Laboratorio de Patología Diagnóstica e Inmunohistoquímica, Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Patología, Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (M.B.S.-B.); (P.R.G.-M.); (A.G.P.-M.)
- Doctorado en Ciencias en Biología Molecular en Medicina, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Paula Romina Grosso-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Patología Diagnóstica e Inmunohistoquímica, Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Patología, Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (M.B.S.-B.); (P.R.G.-M.); (A.G.P.-M.)
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Mexico;
| | - Ana Graciela Puebla-Mora
- Laboratorio de Patología Diagnóstica e Inmunohistoquímica, Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Patología, Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (M.B.S.-B.); (P.R.G.-M.); (A.G.P.-M.)
| | - María Guadalupe Martínez-Silva
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Mexico;
| | - Mario Nava-Villalba
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Patología, Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico;
| | - Ana Laura Márquez-Aguirre
- Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ), Guadalajara 44270, Mexico;
| | - Daniel Ortuño-Sahagún
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Marisol Godínez-Rubí
- Laboratorio de Patología Diagnóstica e Inmunohistoquímica, Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Patología, Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (M.B.S.-B.); (P.R.G.-M.); (A.G.P.-M.)
- Departamento de Morfología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
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2
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Lowenstein ED, Cui K, Hernandez-Miranda LR. Regulation of early cerebellar development. FEBS J 2023; 290:2786-2804. [PMID: 35262281 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The study of cerebellar development has been at the forefront of neuroscience since the pioneering work of Wilhelm His Sr., Santiago Ramón y Cajal and many others since the 19th century. They laid the foundation to identify the circuitry of the cerebellum, already revealing its stereotypic three-layered cortex and discerning several of its neuronal components. Their work was fundamental in the acceptance of the neuron doctrine, which acknowledges the key role of individual neurons in forming the basic units of the nervous system. Increasing evidence shows that the cerebellum performs a variety of homeostatic and higher order neuronal functions beyond the mere control of motor behaviour. Over the last three decades, many studies have revealed the molecular machinery that regulates distinct aspects of cerebellar development, from the establishment of a cerebellar anlage in the posterior brain to the identification of cerebellar neuron diversity at the single cell level. In this review, we focus on summarizing our current knowledge on early cerebellar development with a particular emphasis on the molecular determinants that secure neuron specification and contribute to the diversity of cerebellar neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke Cui
- Institut für Zell- and Neurobiologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis Rodrigo Hernandez-Miranda
- Institut für Zell- and Neurobiologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
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3
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Ocasio JK. Dissociation of Cerebellar Granule Neuron Progenitors for Culture, FACS, Transcriptomics, and Molecular Biology. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2583:3-7. [PMID: 36418720 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2752-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Brain growth reflects the proliferation dynamics of neural progenitors, and understanding brain growth requires molecular, genetic, and functional studies of these specific cells. Cerebellar granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs) proliferate in the early postnatal period in both mice and humans, to generate the largest population of neurons in the central nervous system. CGNPs present a large, spatially segregated source of neural progenitors with a consistent, well-characterized temporal pattern of proliferation and differentiation that facilitates analysis. Dissociating of CGNPs with the methods below will generate a suspension of primary neural progenitors harvested from the postnatal brain that may be used for diverse experimental analyses including cell culture, protein extraction, flow cytometry, metabolomic analysis, and transcriptomic analysis with single-cell resolution (scRNA-seq).
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4
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Iskusnykh IY, Chizhikov VV. Cerebellar development after preterm birth. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1068288. [PMID: 36523506 PMCID: PMC9744950 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1068288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth and its complications and the associated adverse factors, including brain hemorrhage, inflammation, and the side effects of medical treatments, are the leading causes of neurodevelopmental disability. Growing evidence suggests that preterm birth affects the cerebellum, which is the brain region involved in motor coordination, cognition, learning, memory, and social communication. The cerebellum is particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of preterm birth because key cerebellar developmental processes, including the proliferation of neural progenitors, and differentiation and migration of neurons, occur in the third trimester of a human pregnancy. This review discusses the negative impacts of preterm birth and its associated factors on cerebellar development, focusing on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate cerebellar pathology. A better understanding of the cerebellar developmental mechanisms affected by preterm birth is necessary for developing novel treatment and neuroprotective strategies to ameliorate the cognitive, behavioral, and motor deficits experienced by preterm subjects.
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Xia Y, Cui K, Alonso A, Lowenstein ED, Hernandez-Miranda LR. Transcription factors regulating the specification of brainstem respiratory neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1072475. [PMID: 36523603 PMCID: PMC9745097 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1072475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Breathing (or respiration) is an unconscious and complex motor behavior which neuronal drive emerges from the brainstem. In simplistic terms, respiratory motor activity comprises two phases, inspiration (uptake of oxygen, O2) and expiration (release of carbon dioxide, CO2). Breathing is not rigid, but instead highly adaptable to external and internal physiological demands of the organism. The neurons that generate, monitor, and adjust breathing patterns locate to two major brainstem structures, the pons and medulla oblongata. Extensive research over the last three decades has begun to identify the developmental origins of most brainstem neurons that control different aspects of breathing. This research has also elucidated the transcriptional control that secures the specification of brainstem respiratory neurons. In this review, we aim to summarize our current knowledge on the transcriptional regulation that operates during the specification of respiratory neurons, and we will highlight the cell lineages that contribute to the central respiratory circuit. Lastly, we will discuss on genetic disturbances altering transcription factor regulation and their impact in hypoventilation disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Xia
- The Brainstem Group, Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ke Cui
- The Brainstem Group, Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia Alonso
- Functional Genoarchitecture and Neurobiology Groups, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elijah D. Lowenstein
- Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis R. Hernandez-Miranda
- The Brainstem Group, Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Wang Y, Smallwood PM, Williams J, Nathans J. A mouse model for kinesin family member 11 (Kif11)-associated familial exudative vitreoretinopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:1121-1131. [PMID: 31993640 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, Kif11, a kinesin motor protein, promotes bipolar spindle formation and chromosome movement, and during interphase, Kif11 mediates diverse trafficking processes in the cytoplasm. In humans, inactivating mutations in KIF11 are associated with (1) retinal hypovascularization with or without microcephaly and (2) multi-organ syndromes characterized by variable combinations of lymphedema, chorioretinal dysplasia, microcephaly and/or mental retardation. To explore the pathogenic basis of KIF11-associated retinal vascular disease, we generated a Kif11 conditional knockout (CKO) mouse and investigated the consequences of early postnatal inactivation of Kif11 in vascular endothelial cells (ECs). The principal finding is that postnatal EC-specific loss of Kif11 leads to severely stunted growth of the retinal vasculature, mildly stunted growth of the cerebellar vasculature and little or no effect on the vasculature elsewhere in the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, in mice, Kif11 function in early postnatal CNS ECs is most significant in the two CNS regions-the retina and cerebellum-that exhibit the most rapid rate of postnatal growth, which may sensitize ECs to impaired mitotic spindle function. Several lines of evidence indicate that these phenotypes are not caused by reduced beta-catenin signaling in ECs, despite the close resemblance of the Kif11 CKO phenotype to that caused by EC-specific reductions in beta-catenin signaling. Based on prior work, defective beta-catenin signaling had been the only known mechanism responsible for monogenic human disorders of retinal hypovascularization. The present study implies that retinal hypovascularization can arise from a second and mechanistically distinct cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Philip M Smallwood
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - John Williams
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jeremy Nathans
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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7
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Ku CC, Wuputra K, Kato K, Pan JB, Li CP, Tsai MH, Noguchi M, Nakamura Y, Liu CJ, Chan TF, Hou MF, Wakana S, Wu YC, Lin CS, Wu DC, Yokoyama KK. Deletion of Jdp2 enhances Slc7a11 expression in Atoh-1 positive cerebellum granule cell progenitors in vivo. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:369. [PMID: 34187574 PMCID: PMC8243712 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cerebellum is the sensitive region of the brain to developmental abnormalities related to the effects of oxidative stresses. Abnormal cerebellar lobe formation, found in Jun dimerization protein 2 (Jdp2)-knockout (KO) mice, is related to increased antioxidant formation and a reduction in apoptotic cell death in granule cell progenitors (GCPs). Here, we aim that Jdp2 plays a critical role of cerebellar development which is affected by the ROS regulation and redox control. Objective Jdp2-promoter-Cre transgenic mouse displayed a positive signal in the cerebellum, especially within granule cells. Jdp2-KO mice exhibited impaired development of the cerebellum compared with wild-type (WT) mice. The antioxidation controlled gene, such as cystine-glutamate transporter Slc7a11, might be critical to regulate the redox homeostasis and the development of the cerebellum. Methods We generated the Jdp2-promoter-Cre mice and Jdp2-KO mice to examine the levels of Slc7a11, ROS levels and the expressions of antioxidation related genes were examined in the mouse cerebellum using the immunohistochemistry. Results The cerebellum of Jdp2-KO mice displayed expression of the cystine-glutamate transporter Slc7a11, within the internal granule layer at postnatal day 6; in contrast, the WT cerebellum mainly displayed Sla7a11 expression in the external granule layer. Moreover, development of the cerebellar lobes in Jdp2-KO mice was altered compared with WT mice. Expression of Slc7a11, Nrf2, and p21Cip1 was higher in the cerebellum of Jdp2-KO mice than in WT mice. Conclusion Jdp2 is a critical regulator of Slc7a11 transporter during the antioxidation response, which might control the growth, apoptosis, and differentiation of GCPs in the cerebellar lobes. These observations are consistent with our previous study in vitro. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02424-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chen Ku
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807, Koahsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807, Koahsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kohsuke Kato
- Department of Infection Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, The University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Jia-Bin Pan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807, Koahsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Pei Li
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807, Koahsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ho Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
| | - Michiya Noguchi
- Cell Engineering Division, Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- Cell Engineering Division, Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Chung-Jung Liu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807, Koahsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Division of gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung University Hospital, 807, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Te-Fu Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Shigeharu Wakana
- Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan.,Department of Animal Experimentation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Hygo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807, Koahsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Division of gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung University Hospital, 807, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kazunari K Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. .,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807, Koahsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
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Notch Signaling between Cerebellar Granule Cell Progenitors. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0468-20.2021. [PMID: 33762301 PMCID: PMC8121261 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0468-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar granule cells (GCs) are cells which comprise over 50% of the neurons in the entire nervous system. GCs enable the cerebellum to properly regulate motor coordination, learning, and consolidation, in addition to cognition, emotion and language. During GC development, maternal GC progenitors (GCPs) divide to produce not only postmitotic GCs but also sister GCPs. However, the molecular machinery for regulating the proportional production of distinct sister cell types from seemingly uniform GCPs is not yet fully understood. Here we report that Notch signaling creates a distinction between GCPs and leads to their proportional differentiation in mice. Among Notch-related molecules, Notch1, Notch2, Jag1, and Hes1 are prominently expressed in GCPs. In vivo monitoring of Hes1-promoter activities showed the presence of two types of GCPs, Notch-signaling ON and OFF, in the external granule layer (EGL). Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and in silico analyses indicate that ON-GCPs have more proliferative and immature properties, while OFF-GCPs have opposite characteristics. Overexpression as well as knock-down (KD) experiments using in vivo electroporation showed that NOTCH2 and HES1 are involved cell-autonomously to suppress GCP differentiation by inhibiting NEUROD1 expression. In contrast, JAG1-expressing cells non-autonomously upregulated Notch signaling activities via NOTCH2-HES1 in surrounding GCPs, eventually suppressing their differentiation. These findings suggest that Notch signaling results in the proportional generation of two types of cells, immature and differentiating GCPs, which contributes to the well-organized differentiation of GCs.
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Schinzel F, Seyfer H, Ebbers L, Nothwang HG. The Lbx1 lineage differentially contributes to inhibitory cell types of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, a cerebellum-like structure, and the cerebellum. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:3032-3045. [PMID: 33786818 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) is a mammalian-specific nucleus of the auditory system. Anatomically, it is classified as a cerebellum-like structure. These structures are proposed to share genetic programs with the cerebellum. Previous analyses demonstrated that inhibitory serial sister cell types (SCTs) of the DCN and cerebellum are derived from the pancreatic transcription factor 1a (Ptf1a) lineage. Postmitotic neurons of the Ptf1a lineage often express the transcription factor Ladybird homeobox protein homolog 1 (Lbx1) which is involved in neuronal cell fate determination. Lbx1 is therefore an attractive candidate for a further component of the genetic program shared between the DCN and cerebellum. Here, we used cell-type specific marker analysis in combination with an Lbx1 reporter mouse line to analyze in both tissues which cell types of the Ptf1a lineage express Lbx1. In the DCN, stellate cells and Purkinje-like cartwheel cells were part of the Lbx1 lineage and Golgi cells were not, as determined by cell counts. In contrast, in the cerebellum, stellate cells and Golgi cells were part of the Lbx1 lineage and Purkinje cells were not. Hence, two out of three phenotypically similar cell types differed with respect to their Lbx1 expression. Our study demonstrates that Lbx1 is differentially recruited to the developmental genetic program of inhibitory neurons both within a given tissue and between the DCN and cerebellum. The differential expression of Lbx1 within the DCN and the cerebellum might contribute to the genetic individuation of the inhibitory SCTs to adapt to circuit specific tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Schinzel
- Division of Neurogenetics and Cluster of Excellence Hearing4All, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Hannah Seyfer
- Division of Neurogenetics and Cluster of Excellence Hearing4All, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lena Ebbers
- Division of Neurogenetics and Cluster of Excellence Hearing4All, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Hans Gerd Nothwang
- Division of Neurogenetics and Cluster of Excellence Hearing4All, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Park CW, Lee SM, Yoon KJ. Epitranscriptomic regulation of transcriptome plasticity in development and diseases of the brain. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 33148378 PMCID: PMC7704224 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.11.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper development of the nervous system is critical for its function, and deficits in neural development have been impli-cated in many brain disorders. A precise and predictable developmental schedule requires highly coordinated gene expression programs that orchestrate the dynamics of the developing brain. Especially, recent discoveries have been showing that various mRNA chemical modifications can affect RNA metabolism including decay, transport, splicing, and translation in cell type- and tissue-specific manner, leading to the emergence of the field of epitranscriptomics. Moreover, accumulating evidences showed that certain types of RNA modifications are predominantly found in the developing brain and their dysregulation disrupts not only the developmental processes, but also neuronal activities, suggesting that epitranscriptomic mechanisms play critical post-transcriptional regulatory roles in development of the brain and etiology of brain disorders. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of molecular regulation on transcriptome plasticity by RNA modifications in neurodevelopment and how alterations in these RNA regulatory programs lead to human brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sung-Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Ki-Jun Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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11
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Abstract
Astrocytes, initially described as merely support cells, are now known as a heterogeneous population of cells actively involved in a variety of biological functions such as: neuronal migration and differentiation; regulation of cerebral blood flow; metabolic control of extracellular potassium concentration; and modulation of synapse formation and elimination; among others. Cerebellar glial cells have been shown to play a significant role in proliferation, differentiation, migration, and synaptogenesis. However, less evidence is available about the role of neuron-astrocyte interactions during cerebellar development and their impact on diseases of the cerebellum. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms underlying cellular interactions, specifically neuron-astrocyte interactions, during cerebellar development, function, and disease. We will discuss how cerebellar glia, astrocytes, and Bergmann glia play a fundamental role in several steps of cerebellar development, such as granule cell migration, axonal growth, neuronal differentiation, and synapse formation, and in diseases associated with the cerebellum. We will focus on how astrocytes and thyroid hormones impact cerebellar development. Furthermore, we will provide evidence of how growth factors secreted by glial cells, such as epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factors, control cerebellar organogenesis. Finally, we will argue that glia are a key mediator of cerebellar development and that identification of molecules and pathways involved in neuron-glia interactions may contribute to a better understanding of cerebellar development and associated disorders.
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Fraser J, Essebier A, Brown AS, Davila RA, Harkins D, Zalucki O, Shapiro LP, Penzes P, Wainwright BJ, Scott MP, Gronostajski RM, Bodén M, Piper M, Harvey TJ. Common Regulatory Targets of NFIA, NFIX and NFIB during Postnatal Cerebellar Development. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 19:89-101. [PMID: 31838646 PMCID: PMC7815246 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation plays a central role in controlling neural stem and progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation during neurogenesis. For instance, transcription factors from the nuclear factor I (NFI) family have been shown to co-ordinate neural stem and progenitor cell differentiation within multiple regions of the embryonic nervous system, including the neocortex, hippocampus, spinal cord and cerebellum. Knockout of individual Nfi genes culminates in similar phenotypes, suggestive of common target genes for these transcription factors. However, whether or not the NFI family regulates common suites of genes remains poorly defined. Here, we use granule neuron precursors (GNPs) of the postnatal murine cerebellum as a model system to analyse regulatory targets of three members of the NFI family: NFIA, NFIB and NFIX. By integrating transcriptomic profiling (RNA-seq) of Nfia- and Nfix-deficient GNPs with epigenomic profiling (ChIP-seq against NFIA, NFIB and NFIX, and DNase I hypersensitivity assays), we reveal that these transcription factors share a large set of potential transcriptional targets, suggestive of complementary roles for these NFI family members in promoting neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Fraser
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Alexandra Essebier
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander S Brown
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Raul Ayala Davila
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Danyon Harkins
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Oressia Zalucki
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Lauren P Shapiro
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brandon J Wainwright
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew P Scott
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Richard M Gronostajski
- Department of Biochemistry, Program in Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mikael Bodén
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Michael Piper
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
| | - Tracey J Harvey
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
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13
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Ocasio JK, Bates RDP, Rapp CD, Gershon TR. GSK-3 modulates SHH-driven proliferation in postnatal cerebellar neurogenesis and medulloblastoma. Development 2019; 146:dev.177550. [PMID: 31540917 DOI: 10.1242/dev.177550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar development requires regulated proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs). Inadequate CGNP proliferation causes cerebellar hypoplasia whereas excessive CGNP proliferation can cause medulloblastoma, the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Although sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling is known to activate CGNP proliferation, the mechanisms downregulating proliferation are less defined. We investigated CGNP regulation by GSK-3, which downregulates proliferation in the forebrain, gut and breast by suppressing mitogenic WNT signaling in mouse. In striking contrast to these systems, we found that co-deleting Gsk3a and Gsk3b blocked CGNP proliferation, causing severe cerebellar hypoplasia. The GSK-3 inhibitor CHIR-98014 similarly downregulated SHH-driven proliferation. Transcriptomic analysis showed activated WNT signaling and upregulated Cdkn1a in Gsk3a/b -deleted CGNPs. Ctnnb co-deletion increased CGNP proliferation and rescued cerebellar hypoproliferation in Gsk3a/b mutants, demonstrating physiological control of CGNPs by GSK-3, mediated through WNT. SHH-driven medulloblastomas similarly required GSK-3, as co-deleting Gsk3a/b blocked tumor growth in medulloblastoma-prone SmoM2 mice. These data show that a GSK-3/WNT axis modulates the developmental proliferation of CGNPs and the pathological growth of SHH-driven medulloblastoma. The requirement for GSK-3 in SHH-driven proliferation suggests that GSK-3 may be targeted for SHH-driven medulloblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Ocasio
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA .,Department of Neurology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rolf Dale P Bates
- Department of Neurology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Carolyn D Rapp
- Department of Neurology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Timothy R Gershon
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA .,Department of Neurology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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14
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Fraser J, Essebier A, Brown AS, Davila RA, Sengar AS, Tu Y, Ensbey KS, Day BW, Scott MP, Gronostajski RM, Wainwright BJ, Boden M, Harvey TJ, Piper M. Granule neuron precursor cell proliferation is regulated by NFIX and intersectin 1 during postnatal cerebellar development. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 224:811-827. [PMID: 30511336 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1801-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar granule neurons are the most numerous neuronal subtype in the central nervous system. Within the developing cerebellum, these neurons are derived from a population of progenitor cells found within the external granule layer of the cerebellar anlage, namely the cerebellar granule neuron precursors (GNPs). The timely proliferation and differentiation of these precursor cells, which, in rodents occurs predominantly in the postnatal period, is tightly controlled to ensure the normal morphogenesis of the cerebellum. Despite this, our understanding of the factors mediating how GNP differentiation is controlled remains limited. Here, we reveal that the transcription factor nuclear factor I X (NFIX) plays an important role in this process. Mice lacking Nfix exhibit reduced numbers of GNPs during early postnatal development, but elevated numbers of these cells at postnatal day 15. Moreover, Nfix-/- GNPs exhibit increased proliferation when cultured in vitro, suggestive of a role for NFIX in promoting GNP differentiation. At a mechanistic level, profiling analyses using both ChIP-seq and RNA-seq identified the actin-associated factor intersectin 1 as a downstream target of NFIX during cerebellar development. In support of this, mice lacking intersectin 1 also displayed delayed GNP differentiation. Collectively, these findings highlight a key role for NFIX and intersectin 1 in the regulation of cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Fraser
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Alexandra Essebier
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander S Brown
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Raul Ayala Davila
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Ameet S Sengar
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A8, Canada
| | - YuShan Tu
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A8, Canada
| | - Kathleen S Ensbey
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Translational Brain Cancer Research Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer MRI, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Bryan W Day
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Translational Brain Cancer Research Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer MRI, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Matthew P Scott
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Richard M Gronostajski
- Department of Biochemistry, Program in Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Brandon J Wainwright
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Mikael Boden
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Tracey J Harvey
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
| | - Michael Piper
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia. .,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
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15
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Wang CX, Cui GS, Liu X, Xu K, Wang M, Zhang XX, Jiang LY, Li A, Yang Y, Lai WY, Sun BF, Jiang GB, Wang HL, Tong WM, Li W, Wang XJ, Yang YG, Zhou Q. METTL3-mediated m6A modification is required for cerebellar development. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2004880. [PMID: 29879109 PMCID: PMC6021109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation is the most abundant modification on mRNAs and plays important roles in various biological processes. The formation of m6A is catalyzed by a methyltransferase complex including methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) as a key factor. However, the in vivo functions of METTL3 and m6A modification in mammalian development remain unclear. Here, we show that specific inactivation of Mettl3 in mouse nervous system causes severe developmental defects in the brain. Mettl3 conditional knockout (cKO) mice manifest cerebellar hypoplasia caused by drastically enhanced apoptosis of newborn cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) in the external granular layer (EGL). METTL3 depletion–induced loss of m6A modification causes extended RNA half-lives and aberrant splicing events, consequently leading to dysregulation of transcriptome-wide gene expression and premature CGC death. Our findings reveal a critical role of METTL3-mediated m6A in regulating the development of mammalian cerebellum. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is an abundant modification in mRNA molecules and regulates mRNA metabolism and various biological processes, such as cell fate control, early embryonic development, sex determination, and diseases like diabetes and obesity. Adenosine methylation is regulated by a large methyltransferase complex and by demethylases, as well as by other binding proteins. METTL3 is one of the core subunits of the methyltransferase complex catalyzing m6A formation. However, the role of METTL3-mediated m6A in mammalian brain development remains unclear mainly because of the lack of specific spatiotemporal knockout animal models, as conventional METTL3 knockout in mice leads to early embryonic death. In this study, we specifically inactivated METTL3 in the developing mouse brain. We detected a drastic depletion of m6A accompanied by severe developmental defects in the cerebellum of these mice. Further analysis established that METTL3-mediated m6A participates in cerebellar development by controlling mRNA stability of genes related to cerebellar development and apoptosis and by regulating alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs of synapse-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guan-Shen Cui
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Network Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Network Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Yuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ang Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Yi Lai
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Fa Sun
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Min Tong
- Department of Pathology, Center for Experimental Animal Research, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Jie Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Network Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XJW); (YGY); (QZ)
| | - Yun-Gui Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XJW); (YGY); (QZ)
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XJW); (YGY); (QZ)
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16
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Powles-Glover N, Maconochie M. Prenatal and postnatal development of the mammalian ear. Birth Defects Res 2017; 110:228-245. [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Powles-Glover
- AstraZeneca, Innovative Medicines and Early Development; Drug Safety and Metabolism; Hertfordshire SG8 6HB United Kingdom
| | - Mark Maconochie
- Queen Mary University of London; London E1 4NS United Kingdom
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17
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Chen VS, Morrison JP, Southwell MF, Foley JF, Bolon B, Elmore SA. Histology Atlas of the Developing Prenatal and Postnatal Mouse Central Nervous System, with Emphasis on Prenatal Days E7.5 to E18.5. Toxicol Pathol 2017; 45:705-744. [PMID: 28891434 DOI: 10.1177/0192623317728134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of the central nervous system (CNS) in the developing mouse presents unique challenges, given the complexity of ontogenesis, marked structural reorganization over very short distances in 3 dimensions each hour, and numerous developmental events susceptible to genetic and environmental influences. Developmental defects affecting the brain and spinal cord arise frequently both in utero and perinatally as spontaneous events, following teratogen exposure, and as sequelae to induced mutations and thus are a common factor in embryonic and perinatal lethality in many mouse models. Knowledge of normal organ and cellular architecture and differentiation throughout the mouse's life span is crucial to identify and characterize neurodevelopmental lesions. By providing a well-illustrated overview summarizing major events of normal in utero and perinatal mouse CNS development with examples of common developmental abnormalities, this annotated, color atlas can be used to identify normal structure and histology when phenotyping genetically engineered mice and will enhance efforts to describe and interpret brain and spinal cord malformations as causes of mouse embryonic and perinatal lethal phenotypes. The schematics and images in this atlas illustrate major developmental events during gestation from embryonic day (E)7.5 to E18.5 and after birth from postnatal day (P)1 to P21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian S Chen
- 1 Charles River Laboratories Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Authors contributed equally
| | - James P Morrison
- 2 Charles River Laboratories Inc., Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, USA.,Authors contributed equally
| | - Myra F Southwell
- 3 Cellular Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julie F Foley
- 4 Bio-Molecular Screening Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Susan A Elmore
- 3 Cellular Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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18
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Leto K, Arancillo M, Becker EBE, Buffo A, Chiang C, Ding B, Dobyns WB, Dusart I, Haldipur P, Hatten ME, Hoshino M, Joyner AL, Kano M, Kilpatrick DL, Koibuchi N, Marino S, Martinez S, Millen KJ, Millner TO, Miyata T, Parmigiani E, Schilling K, Sekerková G, Sillitoe RV, Sotelo C, Uesaka N, Wefers A, Wingate RJT, Hawkes R. Consensus Paper: Cerebellar Development. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 15:789-828. [PMID: 26439486 PMCID: PMC4846577 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of the mammalian cerebellum is orchestrated by both cell-autonomous programs and inductive environmental influences. Here, we describe the main processes of cerebellar ontogenesis, highlighting the neurogenic strategies used by developing progenitors, the genetic programs involved in cell fate specification, the progressive changes of structural organization, and some of the better-known abnormalities associated with developmental disorders of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketty Leto
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy.
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| | - Marife Arancillo
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Esther B E Becker
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Chin Chiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Baojin Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2324, USA
| | - William B Dobyns
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetics Division, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, France, 75005, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, UMR8246, INSERM U1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, France, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Parthiv Haldipur
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary E Hatten
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daniel L Kilpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2324, USA
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Silvia Marino
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Department Human Anatomy, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas O Millner
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Takaki Miyata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Elena Parmigiani
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Karl Schilling
- Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Anatomisches Institut, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriella Sekerková
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Constantino Sotelo
- Institut de la Vision, UPMC Université de Paris 06, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Naofumi Uesaka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Annika Wefers
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Richard J T Wingate
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4NI, AB, Canada
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19
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Cell-type-specific expression of NFIX in the developing and adult cerebellum. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:2251-2270. [PMID: 27878595 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors from the nuclear factor one (NFI) family have been shown to play a central role in regulating neural progenitor cell differentiation within the embryonic and post-natal brain. NFIA and NFIB, for instance, promote the differentiation and functional maturation of granule neurons within the cerebellum. Mice lacking Nfix exhibit delays in the development of neuronal and glial lineages within the cerebellum, but the cell-type-specific expression of this transcription factor remains undefined. Here, we examined the expression of NFIX, together with various cell-type-specific markers, within the developing and adult cerebellum using both chromogenic immunohistochemistry and co-immunofluorescence labelling and confocal microscopy. In embryos, NFIX was expressed by progenitor cells within the rhombic lip and ventricular zone. After birth, progenitor cells within the external granule layer, as well as migrating and mature granule neurons, expressed NFIX. Within the adult cerebellum, NFIX displayed a broad expression profile, and was evident within granule cells, Bergmann glia, and interneurons, but not within Purkinje neurons. Furthermore, transcriptomic profiling of cerebellar granule neuron progenitor cells showed that multiple splice variants of Nfix are expressed within this germinal zone of the post-natal brain. Collectively, these data suggest that NFIX plays a role in regulating progenitor cell biology within the embryonic and post-natal cerebellum, as well as an ongoing role within multiple neuronal and glial populations within the adult cerebellum.
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20
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Anzilotti S, Tornincasa M, Gerlini R, Conte A, Brancaccio P, Cuomo O, Bianco G, Fusco A, Annunziato L, Pignataro G, Pierantoni GM. Genetic ablation of homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 selectively induces apoptosis of cerebellar Purkinje cells during adulthood and generates an ataxic-like phenotype. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e2004. [PMID: 26633710 PMCID: PMC4720876 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) is a multitalented coregulator of an increasing number of transcription factors and cofactors involved in cell death and proliferation in several organs and systems. As Hipk2−/− mice show behavioral abnormalities consistent with cerebellar dysfunction, we investigated whether Hipk2 is involved in these neurological symptoms. To this aim, we characterized the postnatal developmental expression profile of Hipk2 in the brain cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum of mice by real-time PCR, western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Notably, we found that whereas in the brain cortex, hippocampus, and striatum, HIPK2 expression progressively decreased with age, that is, from postnatal day 1 to adulthood, it increased in the cerebellum. Interestingly, mice lacking Hipk2 displayed atrophic lobules and a visibly smaller cerebellum than did wild-type mice. More important, the cerebellum of Hipk2−/− mice showed a strong reduction in cerebellar Purkinje neurons during adulthood. Such reduction is due to the activation of an apoptotic process associated with a compromised proteasomal function followed by an unpredicted accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. In particular, Purkinje cell dysfunction was characterized by a strong accumulation of ubiquitinated β-catenin. Moreover, our behavioral tests showed that Hipk2−/− mice displayed muscle and balance impairment, indicative of Hipk2 involvement in cerebellar function. Taken together, these results indicate that Hipk2 exerts a relevant role in the survival of cerebellar Purkinje cells and that Hipk2 genetic ablation generates cerebellar dysfunction compatible with an ataxic-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Tornincasa
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology of National Research Council and Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - R Gerlini
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology of National Research Council and Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - A Conte
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology of National Research Council and Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - P Brancaccio
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - O Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - G Bianco
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology of National Research Council and Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - A Fusco
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology of National Research Council and Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - L Annunziato
- SDN IRCCS, Naples, Italy.,Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - G Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - G M Pierantoni
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology of National Research Council and Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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21
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Seto Y, Nakatani T, Masuyama N, Taya S, Kumai M, Minaki Y, Hamaguchi A, Inoue YU, Inoue T, Miyashita S, Fujiyama T, Yamada M, Chapman H, Campbell K, Magnuson MA, Wright CV, Kawaguchi Y, Ikenaka K, Takebayashi H, Ishiwata S, Ono Y, Hoshino M. Temporal identity transition from Purkinje cell progenitors to GABAergic interneuron progenitors in the cerebellum. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3337. [PMID: 24535035 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the cerebellum, all GABAergic neurons are generated from the Ptf1a-expressing ventricular zone (Ptf1a domain). However, the machinery to produce different types of GABAergic neurons remains elusive. Here we show temporal regulation of distinct GABAergic neuron progenitors in the cerebellum. Within the Ptf1a domain at early stages, we find two subpopulations; dorsally and ventrally located progenitors that express Olig2 and Gsx1, respectively. Lineage tracing reveals the former are exclusively Purkinje cell progenitors (PCPs) and the latter Pax2-positive interneuron progenitors (PIPs). As development proceeds, PCPs gradually become PIPs starting from ventral to dorsal. In gain- and loss-of-function mutants for Gsx1 and Olig1/2, we observe abnormal transitioning from PCPs to PIPs at inappropriate developmental stages. Our findings suggest that the temporal identity transition of cerebellar GABAergic neuron progenitors from PCPs to PIPs is negatively regulated by Olig2 and positively by Gsx1, and contributes to understanding temporal control of neuronal progenitor identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Seto
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan [2] Department of Physics, Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nakatani
- KAN Research Institute Inc., 3F, Kobe MI R&D Center, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Norihisa Masuyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Taya
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Minoru Kumai
- KAN Research Institute Inc., 3F, Kobe MI R&D Center, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yasuko Minaki
- 1] KAN Research Institute Inc., 3F, Kobe MI R&D Center, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan [2]
| | - Akiko Hamaguchi
- KAN Research Institute Inc., 3F, Kobe MI R&D Center, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yukiko U Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miyashita
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan [2] Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujiyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Heather Chapman
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3026, USA
| | - Kenneth Campbell
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3026, USA
| | - Mark A Magnuson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2213 Garland Avenue, 9465 MRB IV, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0494, USA
| | - Christopher V Wright
- Vanderbilt University Program in Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2213 Garland Avenue, 9465 MRB IV, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0494, USA
| | - Yoshiya Kawaguchi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikenaka
- 1] Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan [2] Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- 1] Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan [2] Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan [3] Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Shin'ichi Ishiwata
- 1] Department of Physics, Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan [2] Waseda Bioscience Research Institute in Singapore, Waseda University, 11 Biopolis Way, #05-01/02, Helios, Singapore 138667, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yuichi Ono
- KAN Research Institute Inc., 3F, Kobe MI R&D Center, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
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22
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Abstract
Mitochondria are mobile organelles that dynamically remodel their membranes and actively migrate along cytoskeletal tracks. There is overwhelming evidence that regulators of mitochondrial dynamics are critical for the survival and function of neural tissues. In multiple animal models, ablation of genes regulating mitochondrial shape result in stunted neural development and neurodegeneration. Organotypic cultures serve as ideal in vitro tissue models to further dissect the mechanisms of mitochondrial function in neuronal survival. Slice cultures preserve the three-dimensional cytoarchitecture of neural networks and can survive for prolonged periods in culture. In addition, these cultures allow long-term assessment of genetic or pharmacologic perturbations on neuronal function. Organotypic preparations from murine and rat models have been developed for many regions of the brain. In this chapter, we describe our methods for preparing basal ganglia and cerebellar slice cultures suitable for studying mitochondrial function in Parkinson's disease and cerebellar ataxia, respectively. With such slices, we describe a robust method for live imaging of mitochondrial dynamics. To quantitatively analyze mitochondrial motility, we show how to generate kymographs using the open source image analysis program ImageJ. These techniques provide a powerful platform for assessing mitochondrial activity in neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh H Pham
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - David C Chan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA.
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23
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The effect of cyclic phosphatidic acid on the proliferation and differentiation of mouse cerebellar granule precursor cells during cerebellar development. Brain Res 2015; 1614:28-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Cunningham D, DeBarber AE, Bir N, Binkley L, Merkens LS, Steiner RD, Herman GE. Analysis of hedgehog signaling in cerebellar granule cell precursors in a conditional Nsdhl allele demonstrates an essential role for cholesterol in postnatal CNS development. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:2808-25. [PMID: 25652406 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NSDHL is a 3β-hydroxysterol dehydrogenase that is involved in the removal of two C-4 methyl groups in one of the later steps of cholesterol biosynthesis. Mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme are responsible for the X-linked, male lethal mouse mutations bare patches and striated, as well as most cases of human CHILD syndrome. Rare, hypomorphic NSDHL mutations are also associated with X-linked intellectual disability in males with CK syndrome. Since hemizygous male mice with Nsdhl mutations die by midgestation, we generated a conditional targeted Nsdhl mutation (Nsdhl(tm1.1Hrm)) to investigate the essential role of cholesterol in the early postnatal CNS. Ablation of Nsdhl in radial glia using GFAP-cre resulted in live-born, normal appearing affected male pups. However, the pups develop overt ataxia by postnatal day 8-10 and die shortly thereafter. Histological abnormalities include progressive loss of cortical and hippocampal neurons, as well as deficits in the proliferation and migration of cerebellar granule precursors and subsequent massive apoptosis of the cerebellar cortex. We replicated the granule cell precursor proliferation defect in vitro and demonstrate that it results from defective signaling by SHH. Furthermore, this defect is almost completely rescued by supplementation of the culture media with exogenous cholesterol, while methylsterol accumulation above the enzymatic block appears to be associated with increased cell death. These data support the absolute requirement for cholesterol synthesis in situ once the blood-brain-barrier forms and cholesterol transport to the fetus is abolished. They further emphasize the complex ramifications of cholesterogenic enzyme deficiency on cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cunningham
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Natalie Bir
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Laura Binkley
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Robert D Steiner
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Institute on Development and Disability, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA and Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Marshfield and Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gail E Herman
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,
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25
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Tsai MY, Lu YF, Liu YH, Lien HW, Huang CJ, Wu JL, Hwang SPL. Modulation of p53 and met expression by Krüppel-like factor 8 regulates zebrafish cerebellar development. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 75:908-26. [PMID: 25528982 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 8 (Klf8) is a zinc-finger transcription factor implicated in cell proliferation, and cancer cell survival and invasion; however, little is known about its role in normal embryonic development. Here, we show that Klf8 is required for normal cerebellar development in zebrafish embryos. Morpholino knockdown of klf8 resulted in abnormal cerebellar primordium morphology and the induction of p53 in the brain region at 24 hours post-fertilization (hpf). Both p53-dependent reduction of cell proliferation and augmentation of apoptosis were observed in the cerebellar anlage of 24 hpf-klf8 morphants. In klf8 morphants, expression of ptf1a in the ventricular zone was decreased from 48 to 72 hpf; on the other hand, expression of atohla in the upper rhombic lip was unaffected. Consistent with this finding, Purkinje cell development was perturbed and granule cell number was reduced in 72 hpf-klf8 morphants; co-injection of p53 MO(sp) or klf8 mRNA substantially rescued development of cerebellar Purkinje cells in klf8 morphants. Hepatocyte growth factor/Met signaling is known to regulate cerebellar development in zebrafish and mouse. We observed decreased met expression in the tectum and rhombomere 1 of 24 hpf-klf8 morphants, which was largely rescued by co-injection with klf8 mRNA. Moreover, co-injection of met mRNA substantially rescued formation of Purkinje cells in klf8 morphants at 72 hpf. Together, these results demonstrate that Klf8 modulates expression of p53 and met to maintain ptf1a-expressing neuronal progenitors, which are required for the appropriate development of cerebellar Purkinje and granule cells in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yuan Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan, 114, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Fen Lu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, 115, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hsiu Liu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, 115, Republic of China.,Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 10617, Republic of China
| | - Huang-Wei Lien
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, 115, Republic of China
| | - Chang-Jen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan, 114, Republic of China.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, 115, Republic of China
| | - Jen-Leih Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, 115, Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Ping L Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan, 114, Republic of China.,Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, 115, Republic of China
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26
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Leibovitz Z, Shkolnik C, Haratz KK, Malinger G, Shapiro I, Lerman-Sagie T. Assessment of fetal midbrain and hindbrain in mid-sagittal cranial plane by three-dimensional multiplanar sonography. Part 2: application of nomograms to fetuses with posterior fossa malformations. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2014; 44:581-587. [PMID: 24478245 DOI: 10.1002/uog.13312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To apply fetal midbrain (MB) and hindbrain (HB) nomograms, developed using three-dimensional multiplanar sonographic reconstruction (3D-MPR) in the mid-sagittal cranial plane, to fetuses with known posterior fossa malformations. METHODS In this retrospective study we examined sonographic volumes obtained by sagittal acquisition in 43 fetuses diagnosed with posterior fossa abnormalities and evaluated in the mid-sagittal cranial plane, using 3D-MPR, the following: MB parameters tectal length (TL) and anteroposterior midbrain diameter (APMD), and HB parameters anteroposterior pons diameter (APPD), superoinferior vermian diameter (SIVD) and anteroposterior vermian diameter (APVD). Fetuses were grouped, according to malformation, into eight categories: cobblestone malformation complex (CMC, n = 3), Chiari-II malformation (C-II, n = 7), pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH, n = 2), rhombencephalosynapsis (RES, n = 4), Dandy-Walker malformation (n = 8), vermian dysgenesis (VD, n = 7), persistent Blake's pouch cyst (n = 6) and megacisterna magna (n = 6). In each case and for each subgroup, the MB-HB biometric parameters and their z-scores were evaluated with reference to our new nomograms. RESULTS The new MB-HB nomograms were able to identify the brainstem and vermian anomalies and differentiate fetuses with MB-HB malformations from those with isolated enlarged posterior fossa cerebrospinal fluid spaces. Use of the nomograms enabled detection of an elongated tectum in fetuses with CMC, C-II and RES, and a flattened pontine belly in cases of CMC, PCH and VD. In the fetuses with VD, the nomograms enabled division into three distinctive groups: (1) those with small SIVD and APVD, (2) those with normal SIVD but small APVD, and (3) those with small SIVD but normal APVD. CONCLUSIONS Application of our new reference data, that for the first time include the MB, enables accurate diagnosis of brain malformations affecting the MB and HB and makes possible novel characterization of previously described features of posterior fossa anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Leibovitz
- Unit of Fetal Neurology and Prenatal Diagnosis, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel, affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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27
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Update on neuroimaging phenotypes of mid-hindbrain malformations. Neuroradiology 2014; 57:113-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00234-014-1431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Hsieh CP, Chang WT, Lee YC, Huang AM. Deficits in cerebellar granule cell development and social interactions in CD47 knockout mice. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 75:463-84. [PMID: 25288019 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CD47 is involved in neurite differentiation in cultured neurons, but the function of CD47 in brain development is largely unknown. We determined that CD47 mRNA was robustly expressed in the developing cerebellum, especially in granule cells. CD47 protein was mainly expressed in the inner layer of the external granule layer (EGL), molecular layer, and internal granule layer (IGL), where granule cells individually become postmitotic and migrate, leading to neurite fasciculation. At postnatal day 8 (P8), CD47 knockout mice exhibited an increased number of proliferating granule cells in the EGL, whereas the CD47 agonist peptide 4N1K increased the number of postmitotic cells in primary granule cells. Knocking out the CD47 gene and anti-CD47 antibody impaired the radial migration of granule cells from the EGL to the IGL individually in mice and slice cultures. In primary granule cells, knocking out CD47 reduced the number of axonal collaterals and dendritic branches; by contrast, overexpressing CD47 or 4N1K treatment increased the axonal length and numbers of axonal collaterals and dendritic branches. Furthermore, the length of the fissure between Lobules VI and VII was decreased in CD47 knockout mice at P21 and at 14 wk after birth. Lastly, CD47 knockout mice exhibited increased social interaction at P21 and depressive-like behaviors at 10 wk after birth. Our study revealed that the cell adhesion molecule CD47 participates in multiple phases of granule cell development, including proliferation, migration, and neurite differentiation implying that aberrations of CD47 are risk factors that cause abnormalities in cerebellar development and atypical behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Pin Hsieh
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701
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29
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Wu C, Yang M, Li J, Wang C, Cao T, Tao K, Wang B. Talpid3-binding centrosomal protein Cep120 is required for centriole duplication and proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron progenitors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107943. [PMID: 25251415 PMCID: PMC4176001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Granule neuron progenitors (GNPs) are the most abundant neuronal type in the cerebellum. GNP proliferation and thus cerebellar development require Sonic hedgehog (Shh) secreted from Purkinje cells. Shh signaling occurs in primary cilia originating from the mother centriole. Centrioles replicate only once during a typical cell cycle and are responsible for mitotic spindle assembly and organization. Recent studies have linked cilia function to cerebellar morphogenesis, but the role of centriole duplication in cerebellar development is not known. Here we show that centrosomal protein Cep120 is asymmetrically localized to the daughter centriole through its interaction with Talpid3 (Ta3), another centrosomal protein. Cep120 null mutant mice die in early gestation with abnormal heart looping. Inactivation of Cep120 in the central nervous system leads to both hydrocephalus, due to the loss of cilia on ependymal cells, and severe cerebellar hypoplasia, due to the failed proliferation of GNPs. The mutant GNPs lack Hedgehog pathway activity. Cell biological studies show that the loss of Cep120 results in failed centriole duplication and consequently ciliogenesis, which together underlie Cep120 mutant cerebellar hypoplasia. Thus, our study for the first time links a centrosomal protein necessary for centriole duplication to cerebellar morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqing Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Developmental Immunology, College of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chengbing Wang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Baolin Wang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Development, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
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30
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Yu Y, Fu Y, Watson C. The inferior olive of the C57BL/6J mouse: a chemoarchitectonic study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:289-300. [PMID: 24443186 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have used the histochemical and immunohistochemical staining methods and maps of gene expression to analyze the structure of the inferior olive of the C57BL mouse. As in other mammals, the inferior olive of the C57BL mouse contains three major nuclei, the medial nucleus, the principal nucleus, and the dorsal nucleus. The medial nucleus can be divided into a rostral medial nucleus and a more complex caudal part, which is formed by subnuclei C, B, A, the cap of Kooy, and the beta subnucleus. The principal nucleus includes the major principal nucleus and the arcuate subnucleus. Most of the inferior olive neurons are small to medium size, the smallest of which are found in the arcuate subnucleus. Calbindin and the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 gene are expressed in nearly all inferior olive neurons, but acetylcholinesterase, glutamate decarboxylase 1 gene, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript protein prepropeptide gene, galanin gene, and calretinin are selectively expressed within different subnuclei. These findings are consistent with a pattern of extensive functional differentiation among the neuron groups of the inferior olive.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Yu
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
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31
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Kong LY, Li GP, Yang P, Wu W, Shi JH, Li XL, Wang WZ. Identification of gene expression profile in the rat brain resulting from acute alcohol intoxication. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:8303-17. [PMID: 25218841 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify gene expression profile in the rat brain resulting from acute alcohol intoxication (AAI). Eighteen SD rats were divided into the alcohol-treated group (n = 9) and saline control group (n = 9). Periorbital blood samples were taken to determine their blood alcohol content by gas chromatography. Tissue sections were analyzed by H and E staining and biochemical assays. Real-time reverse transcription PCR was used to validate microarray data. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS18.0 software (Version 18.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). H and E staining demonstrated that alcohol-treated rats showed no obvious pathological changes in nerve cells compared with those in the control group. Biochemical tests revealed that alcohol-treated rats had lower superoxide dismutase activity than those in the control group (167.3 ± 10.3 U/mg vs. 189.2 ± 5.9 U/mg, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the malondialdehyde levels in alcohol-treated rats were higher than those in the control group (3.48 ± 0.24 mmol/mg vs. 2.51 ± 0.23 mmol/mg, P < 0.05). Microarray data presented 366 up-regulated genes and 300 down-regulated genes in the AAI rat brain. Gene ontology analysis identified 31 genes up-regulated and 39 down-regulated among all differentially expressed genes. Twenty-four pathways showed significant differences, including 12 pathways involved with up-regulated genes and 12 pathways involved with down-regulated genes. Selected genes showed significantly different expression in both alcohol-treated and control groups (P < 0.05). Gene expression analysis enabled clustering of alcohol intoxication-related genes by function. These genes expression may be potential targets for treatment or drug screening for acute alcohol intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yu Kong
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No. 88 Health Road, Weihui, 453100, People's Republic of China
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Abnormal cerebellar development and Purkinje cell defects in Lgl1-Pax2 conditional knockout mice. Dev Biol 2014; 395:167-81. [PMID: 25050931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lgl1 was initially identified as a tumour suppressor in flies and is characterised as a key regulator of epithelial polarity and asymmetric cell division. A previous study indicated that More-Cre-mediated Lgl1 knockout mice exhibited significant brain dysplasia and died within 24h after birth. To overcome early neonatal lethality, we generated Lgl1 conditional knockout mice mediated by Pax2-Cre, which is expressed in almost all cells in the cerebellum, and we examined the functions of Lgl1 in the cerebellum. Impaired motor coordination was detected in the mutant mice. Consistent with this abnormal behaviour, homozygous mice possessed a smaller cerebellum with fewer lobes, reduced granule precursor cell (GPC) proliferation, decreased Purkinje cell (PC) quantity and dendritic dysplasia. Loss of Lgl1 in the cerebellum led to hyperproliferation and impaired differentiation of neural progenitors in ventricular zone. Based on the TUNEL assay, we observed increased apoptosis in the cerebellum of mutant mice. We proposed that impaired differentiation and increased apoptosis may contribute to decreased PC quantity. To clarify the effect of Lgl1 on cerebellar granule cells, we used Math1-Cre to specifically delete Lgl1 in granule cells. Interestingly, the Lgl1-Math1 conditional knockout mice exhibited normal proliferation of GPCs and cerebellar development. Thus, we speculated that the reduction in the proliferation of GPCs in Lgl1-Pax2 conditional knockout mice may be secondary to the decreased number of PCs, which secrete the mitogenic factor Sonic hedgehog to regulate GPC proliferation. Taken together, these findings suggest that Lgl1 plays a key role in cerebellar development and folia formation by regulating the development of PCs.
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Effect of coadministration of neurovite and Lamivudine on the histomorphology of the cerebellum of wistar rats. ISRN NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 2014:258040. [PMID: 24967314 PMCID: PMC4045568 DOI: 10.1155/2014/258040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Lamivudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor antiretroviral agent used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. This study was to investigate the effects of coadministration of neurovite and lamivudine on the histomorphology of the cerebellum of Wistar rats. Materials and Methods. Twenty Wistar rats were divided equally into four groups. Group A animals were the control treated with distilled water. Groups B, C, and D animals were treated, respectively, with therapeutic dose of lamivudine (4.28 mg/kg), a combination of lamivudine (4.28 mg/kg) and neurovite (7.05 mg/kg), and neurovite (7.05 mg/kg) alone, daily. The rats were sacrificed using chloroform inhalation, processed, and stained using H&E method. Results. There was severe cellular degeneration with dystrophic changes, vacuolization in the molecular and granular layers, and aggregation of swollen Purkinje cells in group B animals compared with group C animals which showed only slight cellular dystrophy and inflammation. The mean cellular population was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the treatment groups compared with the control. Conclusion. There was amelioration of damage of the cerebellum in the animals treated with neurovite and lamivudine combination compared to animals treated with only lamivudine. Therefore, there is need to give neurovite to patients on lamivudine therapy.
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Pohlkamp T, Steller L, May P, Günther T, Schüle R, Frotscher M, Herz J, Bock HH. Generation and characterization of an Nse-CreERT2 transgenic line suitable for inducible gene manipulation in cerebellar granule cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100384. [PMID: 24950299 PMCID: PMC4065071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We created an Nse-CreERT2 mouse line expressing the tamoxifen-inducible CreERT2 recombinase under the control of the neuron-specific enolase (Nse) promoter. By using Cre reporter lines we could show that this Nse-CreERT2 line has recombination activity in the granule cells of all cerebellar lobules as well as in postmitotic granule cell precursors in the external granular layer of the developing cerebellum. A few hippocampal dentate gyrus granule cells showed Cre-mediated recombination as well. Cre activity could be induced in both the developing and adult mouse brain. The established mouse line constitutes a valuable tool to study the function of genes expressed by cerebellar granule cells in the developing and adult brain. In combination with reporter lines it is a useful model to analyze the development and maintenance of the cerebellar architecture including granule cell distribution, migration, and the extension of granule cell fibers in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Pohlkamp
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TP); (JH); (HHB)
| | - Laura Steller
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Petra May
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Günther
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Schüle
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Frotscher
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Herz
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TP); (JH); (HHB)
| | - Hans H. Bock
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail: (TP); (JH); (HHB)
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Jaarsma D, van den Berg R, Wulf PS, van Erp S, Keijzer N, Schlager MA, de Graaff E, De Zeeuw CI, Pasterkamp RJ, Akhmanova A, Hoogenraad CC. A role for Bicaudal-D2 in radial cerebellar granule cell migration. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3411. [PMID: 24614806 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bicaudal-D (BICD) belongs to an evolutionary conserved family of dynein adaptor proteins. It was first described in Drosophila as an essential factor in fly oogenesis and embryogenesis. Missense mutations in a human BICD homologue, BICD2, have been linked to a dominant mild early onset form of spinal muscular atrophy. Here we further examine the in vivo function of BICD2 in Bicd2 knockout mice. BICD2-deficient mice develop disrupted laminar organization of cerebral cortex and the cerebellum, pointing to impaired radial neuronal migration. Using astrocyte and granule cell specific inactivation of BICD2, we show that the cerebellar migration defect is entirely dependent upon BICD2 expression in Bergmann glia cells. Proteomics analysis reveals that Bicd2 mutant mice have an altered composition of extracellular matrix proteins produced by glia cells. These findings demonstrate an essential non-cell-autonomous role of BICD2 in neuronal cell migration, which might be connected to cargo trafficking pathways in glia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick Jaarsma
- 1] Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands [2]
| | - Robert van den Berg
- 1] Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands [2] Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands [3]
| | - Phebe S Wulf
- 1] Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands [2] Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands [3]
| | - Susan van Erp
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Dutch Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda Keijzer
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max A Schlager
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther de Graaff
- 1] Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands [2] Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- 1] Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands [2] Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Dutch Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- 1] Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands [2] Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- 1] Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands [2] Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Jamon M. The development of vestibular system and related functions in mammals: impact of gravity. Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 8:11. [PMID: 24570658 PMCID: PMC3916785 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This chapter reviews the knowledge about the adaptation to Earth gravity during the development of mammals. The impact of early exposure to altered gravity is evaluated at the level of the functions related to the vestibular system, including postural control, homeostatic regulation, and spatial memory. The hypothesis of critical periods in the adaptation to gravity is discussed. Demonstrating a critical period requires removing the gravity stimulus during delimited time windows, what is impossible to do on Earth surface. The surgical destruction of the vestibular apparatus, and the use of mice strains with defective graviceptors have provided useful information on the consequences of missing gravity perception, and the possible compensatory mechanisms, but transitory suppression of the stimulus can only be operated during spatial flight. The rare studies on rat pups housed on board of space shuttle significantly contributed to this problem, but the use of hypergravity environment, produced by means of chronic centrifugation, is the only available tool when repeated experiments must be carried out on Earth. Even though hypergravity is sometimes considered as a mirror situation to microgravity, the two situations cannot be confused because a gravitational force is still present. The theoretical considerations that validate the paradigm of hypergravity to evaluate critical periods are discussed. The question of adaption of graviceptor is questioned from an evolutionary point of view. It is possible that graviception is hardwired, because life on Earth has evolved under the constant pressure of gravity. The rapid acquisition of motor programming by precocial mammals in minutes after birth is consistent with this hypothesis, but the slow development of motor skills in altricial species and the plasticity of vestibular perception in adults suggest that gravity experience is required for the tuning of graviceptors. The possible reasons for this dichotomy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Jamon
- Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 1106, Aix-Marseille University Marseille, France
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Martinez S, Andreu A, Mecklenburg N, Echevarria D. Cellular and molecular basis of cerebellar development. Front Neuroanat 2013; 7:18. [PMID: 23805080 PMCID: PMC3693072 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2013.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of cerebellar development were investigated through structural descriptions and studying spontaneous mutations in animal models and humans. Advances in experimental embryology, genetic engineering, and neuroimaging techniques render today the possibility to approach the analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying histogenesis and morphogenesis of the cerebellum by experimental designs. Several genes and molecules were identified to be involved in the cerebellar plate regionalization, specification, and differentiation of cerebellar neurons, as well as the establishment of cellular migratory routes and the subsequent neuronal connectivity. Indeed, pattern formation of the cerebellum requires the adequate orchestration of both key morphogenetic signals, arising from distinct brain regions, and local expression of specific transcription factors. Thus, the present review wants to revisit and discuss these morphogenetic and molecular mechanisms taking place during cerebellar development in order to understand causal processes regulating cerebellar cytoarchitecture, its highly topographically ordered circuitry and its role in brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Martinez
- Experimental Embryology Lab, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernandez Alicante, Spain
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Kosmac K, Bantug GR, Pugel EP, Cekinovic D, Jonjic S, Britt WJ. Glucocorticoid treatment of MCMV infected newborn mice attenuates CNS inflammation and limits deficits in cerebellar development. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003200. [PMID: 23505367 PMCID: PMC3591306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of the developing fetus with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major cause of central nervous system disease in infants and children; however, mechanism(s) of disease associated with this intrauterine infection remain poorly understood. Utilizing a mouse model of HCMV infection of the developing CNS, we have shown that peripheral inoculation of newborn mice with murine CMV (MCMV) results in CNS infection and developmental abnormalities that recapitulate key features of the human infection. In this model, animals exhibit decreased granule neuron precursor cell (GNPC) proliferation and altered morphogenesis of the cerebellar cortex. Deficits in cerebellar cortical development are symmetric and global even though infection of the CNS results in a non-necrotizing encephalitis characterized by widely scattered foci of virus-infected cells with mononuclear cell infiltrates. These findings suggested that inflammation induced by MCMV infection could underlie deficits in CNS development. We investigated the contribution of host inflammatory responses to abnormal cerebellar development by modulating inflammatory responses in infected mice with glucocorticoids. Treatment of infected animals with glucocorticoids decreased activation of CNS mononuclear cells and expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-β and IFNγ) in the CNS while minimally impacting CNS virus replication. Glucocorticoid treatment also limited morphogenic abnormalities and normalized the expression of developmentally regulated genes within the cerebellum. Importantly, GNPC proliferation deficits were normalized in MCMV infected mice following glucocorticoid treatment. Our findings argue that host inflammatory responses to MCMV infection contribute to deficits in CNS development in MCMV infected mice and suggest that similar mechanisms of disease could be responsible for the abnormal CNS development in human infants infected in-utero with HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Kosmac
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America.
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Mangaru Z, Salem E, Sherman M, Van Dine SE, Bhambri A, Brumberg JC, Richfield EK, Gabel LA, Ramos RL. Neuronal migration defect of the developing cerebellar vermis in substrains of C57BL/6 mice: cytoarchitecture and prevalence of molecular layer heterotopia. Dev Neurosci 2013; 35:28-39. [PMID: 23428637 DOI: 10.1159/000346368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal development of the cerebellum is often associated with disorders of movement, postural control, and motor learning. Rodent models are widely used to study normal and abnormal cerebellar development and have revealed the roles of many important genetic and environmental factors. In the present report we describe the prevalence and cytoarchitecture of molecular-layer heterotopia, a malformation of neuronal migration, in the cerebellar vermis of C57BL/6 mice and closely-related strains. In particular, we found a diverse number of cell-types affected by these malformations including Purkinje cells, granule cells, inhibitory interneurons (GABAergic and glycinergic), and glia. Heterotopia were not observed in a sample of wild-derived mice, outbred mice, or inbred mice not closely related to C57BL/6 mice. These data are relevant to the use of C57BL/6 mice as models in the study of brain and behavior relationships and provide greater understanding of human cerebellar dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zareema Mangaru
- Department of Neuroscience and Histology, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, N.Y., USA
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Van Dine SE, Salem E, Patel DB, George E, Ramos RL. Axonal anatomy of molecular layer heterotopia of the cerebellar vermis. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 47:90-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Ohira T, Ando R, Saito T, Yahata M, Oshima Y, Tamura K. Busulfan-induced pathological changes of the cerebellar development in infant rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:789-97. [PMID: 23276622 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Busulfan, an antineoplastic bifunctional-alkylating agent, is known to induce developmental anomalies and fetal neurotoxicity. We previously reported that busulfan induced p53-dependent neural progenitor cell apoptosis in fetal rat brain (Ohira et al., 2012). The present study was carried out to clarify the characteristics and sequence of busulfan-induced pathological changes in infant rat brain. Six-day-old male infant rats were treated with 10, 20, 30 or 50 mg/kg of busulfan, and their brains were examined at 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14 days after treatment (DAT). As a result, histopathological changes were selectively detected in the external granular layer (EGL), deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) and cerebellar white matter (CWM) in the cerebellum with dose-dependent severity but not in the cerebrum. In the normal infant rat cerebellum, granular cells in the EGL were proliferating and moving to the internal granular layer during the normal developmental process. In the EGL of the busulfan group, apoptotic granular cells increased at 2 DAT simultaneously with increased numbers of p53- and p21-positive cells while mitotic granular cells decreased, suggesting an occurrence of p53-related apoptosis and depression of proliferative activity in granular cells. In the DCN, apoptotic glial cells increased at 2 DAT and glial cells showing abnormal mitosis increased at 4 DAT. In the CWN, edematous change accompanying a few apoptotic cells was found in the CWN, especially in the parafolliculus (PFL), from 2 to 7 DAT. The present study demonstrated for the first time the characteristics and sequence of busulfan-induced pathological changes in infant rat cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toko Ohira
- Gotemba Laboratories, Biology and Zoology Research Center Inc., 1284, Kamado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan.
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Lee HY, Angelastro JM, Kenney AM, Mason CA, Greene LA. Reciprocal actions of ATF5 and Shh in proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron progenitor cells. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:789-804. [PMID: 22095825 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Precise regulation of neuroprogenitor cell proliferation and differentiation is required for successful brain development, but the factors that contribute to this are only incompletely understood. The transcription factor ATF5 promotes proliferation of cerebral cortical neuroprogenitor cells and its down regulation permits their differentiation. Here, we examine the expression and regulation of ATF5 in cerebellar granule neuron progenitor cells (CGNPs) as well as the role of ATF5 in the transition of CGNPs to postmitotic cerebellar granule neurons (GCNs). We find that ATF5 is expressed by proliferating CGNPs in both the embryonic and postnatal cerebellar external granule layer (EGL) and in the rhombic lip, the embryonic structure from which the EGL arises. In contrast, ATF5 is undetectable in postmitotic GCNs. In highly enriched dissociated cultures of CGNPs and CGNs, ATF5 is expressed only in CGNPs. Constitutive ATF5 expression in CGNPs does not affect their proliferation or exit from the cell cycle. In contrast, in presence of sonic hedgehog (Shh), a mitogen for CGNPs, constitutively expressed ATF5 promotes CGNP proliferation and delays their cell cycle exit and differentiation. Conversely, ATF5 loss-of-function conferred by a dominant-negative form of ATF5 significantly diminishes Shh-stimulated CGNP proliferation and promotes differentiation. In parallel with its stimulation of CGNP proliferation, Shh enhances ATF5 expression by what appeared to be a posttranscriptional mechanism involving protein stabilization. These findings indicate a reciprocal interaction between ATF5 and Shh in which Shh stimulates ATF5 expression and in which ATF5 contributes to Shh-stimulated CGNP expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Young Lee
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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A distinct Smoothened mutation causes severe cerebellar developmental defects and medulloblastoma in a novel transgenic mouse model. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:4104-15. [PMID: 22869526 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00862-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulated developmental processes in the cerebellum cause medulloblastoma, the most common pediatric brain malignancy. About 25 to 30% of cases are caused by mutations increasing the activity of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway, a critical mitogen in cerebellar development. The proto-oncogene Smoothened (Smo) is a key transducer of the Shh pathway. Activating mutations in Smo that lead to constitutive activity of the Shh pathway have been identified in human medulloblastoma. To understand the developmental and oncogenic effects of two closely positioned point mutations in Smo, we characterized NeuroD2-SmoA2 mice and compared them to NeuroD2-SmoA1 mice. While both SmoA1 and SmoA2 transgenes cause medulloblastoma with similar frequencies and timing, SmoA2 mice have severe aberrations in cerebellar development, whereas SmoA1 mice are largely normal during development. Intriguingly, neurologic function, as measured by specific tests, is normal in the SmoA2 mice despite extensive cerebellar dysplasia. We demonstrate how two nearly contiguous point mutations in the same domain of the encoded Smo protein can produce striking phenotypic differences in cerebellar development and organization in mice.
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Piper M, Harris L, Barry G, Heng YHE, Plachez C, Gronostajski RM, Richards LJ. Nuclear factor one X regulates the development of multiple cellular populations in the postnatal cerebellum. J Comp Neurol 2012; 519:3532-48. [PMID: 21800304 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of the cerebellum involves the coordinated proliferation, differentiation, maturation, and integration of cells from multiple neuronal and glial lineages. In rodent models, much of this occurs in the early postnatal period. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate this phase of cerebellar development remains incomplete. Here, we address the role of the transcription factor nuclear factor one X (NFIX), in postnatal development of the cerebellum. NFIX is expressed by progenitor cells within the external granular layer and by cerebellar granule neurons within the internal granule layer. Using NFIX⁻/⁻ mice, we demonstrate that the development of cerebellar granule neurons and Purkinje cells within the postnatal cerebellum is delayed in the absence of this transcription factor. Furthermore, the differentiation of mature glia within the cerebellum, such as Bergmann glia, is also significantly delayed in the absence of NFIX. Collectively, the expression pattern of NFIX, coupled with the delays in the differentiation of multiple cell populations of the developing cerebellum in NFIX⁻/⁻ mice, suggest a central role for NFIX in the regulation of cerebellar development, highlighting the importance of this gene for the maturation of this key structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Piper
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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de Oliveira AKP, Hamerschmidt R, Mocelin M, Rezende RK. Cochlear implantation in patient with Dandy-walker syndrome. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 16:406-9. [PMID: 25991966 PMCID: PMC4435434 DOI: 10.7162/s1809-97772012000300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dandy Walker Syndrome is a congenital abnormality in the central nervous system, characterized by a deficiency in the development of middle cerebelar structures, cystic dilatation of the posterior pit communicating with the fourth ventricle and upward shift of the transverse sinuses, tentorium and dyes. Among the clinical signs are occipital protuberances, a progressive increase of the skull, bowing before the fontanels, papilledema, ataxia, gait disturbances, nystagmus, and intellectual impairment. OBJECTIVES To describe a case of female patient, 13 years old with a diagnosis of this syndrome and bilateral hearing loss underwent cochlear implant surgery under local anesthesia and sedation. CASE REPORT CGS, 13 years old female was referred to the Otolaryngological Department of Otolaryngology Institute of Parana with a diagnosis of "Dandy-Walker syndrome" for Otolaryngological evaluation for bilateral hearing loss with no response to the use of hearing aids. Final Comments: The field of cochlear implants is growing rapidly. We believe that the presence of Dandy-Walker syndrome cannot be considered a contraindication to the performance of cochlear implant surgery, and there were no surgical complications due to neurological disorders with very favorable results for the patient who exhibits excellent discrimination. It has less need for lip reading with improvement in speech quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rogerio Hamerschmidt
- Professor of Otolaryngology, Federal University of Parana. Otolaryngologist Doctor at, Hospital of Parana of Otolaryngology.
| | - Marcos Mocelin
- Head of the Department of Otolaryngology, Clinics Hospital, Federal University of Parana. Head of the Department of Otolaryngology, Clinics Hospital, Federal University of Parana.
| | - Rodrigo K. Rezende
- Resident of Otolaryngology at the Clinics Hospital, Federal University of Parana.
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GABAergic neuron specification in the spinal cord, the cerebellum, and the cochlear nucleus. Neural Plast 2012; 2012:921732. [PMID: 22830054 PMCID: PMC3395262 DOI: 10.1155/2012/921732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In the nervous system, there are a wide variety of neuronal cell types that have morphologically, physiologically, and histochemically different characteristics. These various types of neurons can be classified into two groups: excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The elaborate balance of the activities of the two types is very important to elicit higher brain function, because its imbalance may cause neurological disorders, such as epilepsy and hyperalgesia. In the central nervous system, inhibitory neurons are mainly represented by GABAergic ones with some exceptions such as glycinergic. Although the machinery to specify GABAergic neurons was first studied in the telencephalon, identification of key molecules, such as pancreatic transcription factor 1a (Ptf1a), as well as recently developed genetic lineage-tracing methods led to the better understanding of GABAergic specification in other brain regions, such as the spinal cord, the cerebellum, and the cochlear nucleus.
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Kageyama Y, Zhang Z, Roda R, Fukaya M, Wakabayashi J, Wakabayashi N, Kensler TW, Reddy PH, Iijima M, Sesaki H. Mitochondrial division ensures the survival of postmitotic neurons by suppressing oxidative damage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 197:535-51. [PMID: 22564413 PMCID: PMC3352955 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201110034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria divide and fuse continuously, and the balance between these two processes regulates mitochondrial shape. Alterations in mitochondrial dynamics are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Here we investigate the physiological and cellular functions of mitochondrial division in postmitotic neurons using in vivo and in vitro gene knockout for the mitochondrial division protein Drp1. When mouse Drp1 was deleted in postmitotic Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, mitochondrial tubules elongated due to excess fusion, became large spheres due to oxidative damage, accumulated ubiquitin and mitophagy markers, and lost respiratory function, leading to neurodegeneration. Ubiquitination of mitochondria was independent of the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin in Purkinje cells lacking Drp1. Treatment with antioxidants rescued mitochondrial swelling and cell death in Drp1KO Purkinje cells. Moreover, hydrogen peroxide converted elongated tubules into large spheres in Drp1KO fibroblasts. Our findings suggest that mitochondrial division serves as a quality control mechanism to suppress oxidative damage and thus promote neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kageyama
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Dastjerdi FV, Consalez GG, Hawkes R. Pattern formation during development of the embryonic cerebellum. Front Neuroanat 2012; 6:10. [PMID: 22493569 PMCID: PMC3318227 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2012.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The patterning of the embryonic cerebellum is vital to establish the elaborate zone and stripe architecture of the adult. This review considers early stages in cerebellar Purkinje cell patterning, from the organization of the ventricular zone to the development of Purkinje cell clusters—the precursors of the adult stripes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F V Dastjerdi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Genes and Development Research Group, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada
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Abstract
In the nervous system, there are hundreds to thousands of neuronal cell types that have morphologically, physiologically, and histochemically different characteristics and this diversity may enable us to elicit higher brain function. A better understanding of the molecular machinery by which neuron subtype specification occurs is thus one of the most important issues in brain science. The dorsal hindbrain, including the cerebellum, is a good model system to study this issue because a variety of types of neurons are produced from this region. Recently developed genetic lineage-tracing methods in addition to gene-transfer technologies have clarified a fate map of neurons produced from the dorsal hindbrain and accelerated our understanding of the molecular machinery of neuronal subtype specification in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.
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