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De Luca D, Del Guacchio E, Cennamo P, Paino L, Caputo P. Genotyping-by-sequencing provides new genetic and taxonomic insights in the critical group of Centaurea tenorei. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1130889. [PMID: 37260938 PMCID: PMC10228698 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1130889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Centaurea L. is one of the most widespread, differentiated, and critical genera of Asteraceae in the Euro-Mediterranean area, with more than 100 currently recognized species inhabiting the region. The controversial C. tenorei group, narrowly endemic to the Peninsula of Sorrento (Campania region, southern Italy), includes three weakly differentiated microspecies: C. tenorei Guss. ex Lacaita, C. montaltensis (Fiori) Peruzzi and C. lacaitae Peruzzi. However, their taxonomic distinctiveness and relationships with close or sympatric species are still unclear. In particular, the existence in several localities of individuals with intermediate morphology suggests inadequate taxonomic assessment within the group or hybridization and introgression with other species. In this study we aimed at defining population structure in this complex. With this objective, we sampled the three currently accepted species from their loci classici (i.e., the localities in which the taxa were originally described) and from other localities throughout the range, including populations of difficult identification occurring where the ranges of different taxa overlap. We employed a panel of SNPs obtained via genotyping-by-sequencing for investigations on genetic structure, admixture and ploidy inference, the latter also compared with chromosome counts. Our results showed that Centaurea tenorei s.l. is consistently tetraploid, contradicting the current taxonomy that was also based on ploidy level. Population structure analyses indicated the presence of four to seven clusters, most of which with clear evidence of admixture. Furthermore, contrarily to what previously supposed, we demonstrated a remarkable contribution of C. deusta, more that of C. cineraria in the genetic make-up of C. tenorei. However, we found a population of C. cineraria outside its ecological range, probably driven by climate change, which could be responsible in the future of further hybridization phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele De Luca
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Del Guacchio
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Botanical Garden of Naples, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Cennamo
- Department of Humanities, University Suor Orsola Benincasa, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Paino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Caputo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Botanical Garden of Naples, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Mráz P, Španiel S, Skokanová K, Šingliarová B. Temporal stability of spatial cytotype structure in mixed-ploidy populations of Centaurea stoebe. AOB PLANTS 2022; 14:plac052. [PMID: 36439406 PMCID: PMC9683110 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Spatial segregation of cytotypes reduces the negative effect of frequency-dependent mating on the fitness of minority cytotype(s) and thus allows its establishment and coexistence with the majority cytotype in mixed-ploidy populations. Despite its evolutionary importance, the stability of spatial segregation is largely unknown. Furthermore, closely related sympatric cytotypes that differ in their life histories might exhibit contrasting spatial dynamics over time. We studied the temporal stability of spatial structure at a secondary contact zone of co-occurring monocarpic diploids and polycarpic tetraploids of Centaurea stoebe, whose tetraploid cytotype has undergone a rapid range expansion in Europe and became invasive in North America. Eleven years after the initial screening, we re-assessed the microspatial distribution of diploids and tetraploids and their affinities to varying vegetation-cover density in three mixed-ploidy populations in Central Europe. We found that overall, spatial patterns and frequencies of both cytotypes in all sites were very similar over time, with one exception. At one site, in one previously purely 2x patch, diploids completely disappeared due to intensive succession by shrubby vegetation. The remaining spatial patterns, however, showed the same cytotype clumping and higher frequency of 2x despite subtle changes in vegetation-cover densities. In contrast to the expected expansion of polycarpic tetraploids having higher colonization ability when compared to diploids, the tetraploids remained confined to their former microsites and showed no spatial expansion. Spatial patterns of coexisting diploids and tetraploids, which exhibit contrasting life histories, did not change over more than a decade. Such temporal stability is likely caused by relatively stable habitat conditions and very limited seed dispersal. Our results thus imply that in the absence of a disturbance regime connected with frequent human- or animal-mediated seed dispersal, spatial patterns may be very stable over time, thus contributing to the long-term coexistence of cytotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Mráz
- Herbarium Collections & Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Katarína Skokanová
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbora Šingliarová
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Garmendia A, Ferriol M, Benavent D, Ferrer-Gallego PP, Merle H. Intra- and Inter-Specific Crosses among Centaurea aspera L. (Asteraceae) Polyploid Relatives-Influences on Distribution and Polyploid Establishment. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1142. [PMID: 32899362 PMCID: PMC7569768 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
How polyploids become established is a long-debated question, especially for autopolyploids that seem to have no evolutionary advantage over their progenitors. The Centaurea aspera polyploid complex includes diploid C. aspera and two related tetraploids C. seridis and C. gentilii. Our purpose was to study the mating system among these three taxa and to analyze its influence on polyploid establishment. The distribution and ploidy level of the Moroccan populations, and forced intra- and inter-specific crosses were assessed. Allotetraploid C. seridis produced more cypselae per capitulum in the intra-specific crosses. It is a bigger plant and autogamous, and previous studies indicated that selfing forces the asymmetric formation of sterile hybrids. All these characteristics help C. seridis to avoid the minority-cytotype-exclusion effect and become established. Inter-specific hybridization was possible between C. aspera and C. gentilii, and with the symmetric formation of hybrids. However, 49% of the hybrid cypselae were empty, which probably reveals postzygotic barriers. Autotetraploid C. gentilii produced the same number of cypselae per capitulum as those of the diploid parental, has an indistinguishable field phenotype, is allogamous, and symmetrically produces hybrids. Therefore, C. gentilii does not seem to have the same competitive advantages as those of C. seridis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Garmendia
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, ES-46022 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (M.F.)
| | - María Ferriol
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, ES-46022 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (M.F.)
| | - David Benavent
- Departamento de Ecosistemas Agroforestales, Universitat Politècnica de València, ES-46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - P. Pablo Ferrer-Gallego
- Servicio de Vida Silvestre, Centro para la Investigación y la Experimentación Forestal - VAERSA, Generalitat Valenciana, Avda. Comarques del País Valencià 114, Quart de Poblet, ES-46930 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Hugo Merle
- Departamento de Ecosistemas Agroforestales, Universitat Politècnica de València, ES-46022 Valencia, Spain;
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López-Alvarado J, Mameli G, Farris E, Susanna A, Filigheddu R, Garcia-Jacas N. Islands as a crossroad of evolutionary lineages: A case study of Centaurea sect. Centaurea (Compositae) from Sardinia (Mediterranean Basin). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228776. [PMID: 32032368 PMCID: PMC7006937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean Basin is a biodiversity hotspot, where islands play a key role because of their high biological diversity, degree of endemicity and human pressure. One of these islands, Sardinia, is a good evolutionary laboratory, especially for the study of complex genera, such as Centaurea. In particular, endemic species of Centaurea sect. Centaurea from Sardinia provides an interesting case study of plant evolution on continental islands. We attempted to clarify the processes leading to the diversification of Centaurea species on Sardinia using bi-parentally inherited nuclear markers and maternally inherited plastid markers. Our plastid results revealed the presence of five lineages of sect. Centaurea on the island. Three of them were defined as three species: C. ferulacea, C. filiformis and C. horrida. The other two lineages highlighted the complex evolutionary history of the two polyploids C. corensis and C. magistrorum. Multiple colonization events from the mainland involving the C. deusta and C. paniculata lineages among others, have led to the diversity of sect. Centaurea on Sardinia. One colonization event likely followed a southern path via the land connection between the mainland, the Calabrian Plate and Sardinia. A second pathway likely followed a northern connection, probably through the Tuscan Archipelago. Implications of these findings on conservation efforts for Centaurea endemics on Sardinia are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier López-Alvarado
- Systematics and Evolution of Vascular Plants (UAB)–Associated Unit to CSIC, Unitat de Botànica, Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Giulia Mameli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Emmanuele Farris
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alfonso Susanna
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-ICUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rossella Filigheddu
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Huynh S, Broennimann O, Guisan A, Felber F, Parisod C. Eco‐genetic additivity of diploids in allopolyploid wild wheats. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:663-673. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stella Huynh
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Institute of Biology University of Neuchâtel Neuchatel Switzerland
| | - Olivier Broennimann
- Department of Ecology & Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Antoine Guisan
- Department of Ecology & Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - François Felber
- Institute of Biology University of Neuchâtel Neuchatel Switzerland
- Department of Ecology & Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Musée et Jardins botaniques cantonaux de Lausanne et Pont‐de‐Nant Lausanne Switzerland
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Gfeller V, Huber M, Förster C, Huang W, Köllner TG, Erb M. Root volatiles in plant-plant interactions I: High root sesquiterpene release is associated with increased germination and growth of plant neighbours. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1950-1963. [PMID: 30737807 PMCID: PMC6850102 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plant leaves can influence the physiology of neighbouring plants. In contrast to leaf VOCs, little is known about the role of root VOCs in plant-plant interactions. Here, we characterize constitutive root VOC emissions of the spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) and explore the impact of these VOCs on the germination and growth of different sympatric plant species. We show that C. stoebe roots emit high amounts of sesquiterpenes, with estimated release rates of (E)-β-caryophyllene above 3 μg g-1 dw hr-1 . Sesquiterpene emissions show little variation between different C. stoebe populations but vary substantially between different Centaurea species. Through root transcriptome sequencing, we identify six root-expressed sesquiterpene synthases (TPSs). Two root-specific TPSs, CsTPS4 and CsTPS5, are sufficient to produce the full blend of emitted root sesquiterpenes. VOC-exposure experiments demonstrate that C. stoebe root VOCs have neutral to positive effects on the germination and growth of different sympatric neighbours. Thus, constitutive root sesquiterpenes produced by two C. stoebe TPSs are associated with facilitation of sympatric neighbouring plants. The release of root VOCs may thus influence plant community structure in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Gfeller
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of Bern3013BernSwitzerland
| | - Meret Huber
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745JenaGermany
| | - Christiane Förster
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745JenaGermany
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of Bern3013BernSwitzerland
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Plant and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430074HubeiChina
| | - Tobias G. Köllner
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745JenaGermany
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of Bern3013BernSwitzerland
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Bigl K, Paule J, Dobeš C. The morphometrics of autopolyploidy: insignificant differentiation among sexual-apomictic cytotypes. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz028. [PMID: 31198530 PMCID: PMC6548344 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidization of the plant genome affects the phenotype of individuals including their morphology, i.e. size and form. In autopolyploids, we expect mainly nucleotypic effects, from a number of monoploid genomes (i.e. chromosome sets) or genome size, seen from an increase in size or dimension of the polyploids compared with the diploids (or lower ploids). To identify nucleotypic effects, confounding effects of hybridity (observed in allopolyploids), postpolyploidization processes or environmental effects need to be considered. We morphometrically analysed five ploidy cytotypes of the sexual-apomictic species Potentilla puberula cultivated ex situ under the same experimental conditions. Sexuals are mainly tetraploid, while higher ploidy (penta- to octoploidy) is typically associated with the expression of apomixis. The cytotypes likely arose via autopolyploidization although historic involvement of another species in the origin of apomicts cannot be fully ruled out, suggested by a slight molecular differentiation among reproductive modes. We (i) revisited molecular differentiation using amplified fragment length polymorphisms and performed a morphometric analysis to test (ii) if cytotypes are morphologically differentiated from each other and (iii) if the size of individuals is related to their ploidy. Weak molecular differentiation of sexual versus apomictic individuals was confirmed. Cytotypes and reproductive modes were also morphologically poorly differentiated from each other, i.e. apomicts largely resampled the variation of the sexuals and did not exhibit a unique morphology. Overall size of individuals increased moderately but significantly with ploidy (ca. 14 % in the comparison of octo- with tetraploids). The results support an autopolyploid origin of the P. puberula apomicts and suggest a nucleotypic effect on overall plant size. We discuss taxonomic consequences of the results in the context of data on reproductive relationships among cytotypes and their ecological preferences and evolutionary origin, and conclude that cytotypes are best treated as intraspecific variants within a single species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Bigl
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmacobotany, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juraj Paule
- Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute & Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Christoph Dobeš
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmacobotany, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse, Vienna, Austria
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Sudová R, Kohout P, Kolaříková Z, Rydlová J, Voříšková J, Suda J, Španiel S, Müller-Schärer H, Mráz P. Sympatric diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Centaurea stoebe s.l. do not differ in arbuscular mycorrhizal communities and mycorrhizal growth response. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1995-2007. [PMID: 30552673 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Genome duplication is associated with multiple changes at different levels, including interactions with pollinators and herbivores. Yet little is known whether polyploidy may also shape belowground interactions. METHODS To elucidate potential ploidy-specific interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), we compared mycorrhizal colonization and assembly of AMF communities in roots of diploid and tetraploid Centaurea stoebe s.l. (Asteraceae) co-occurring in a Central European population. In a follow-up greenhouse experiment, we tested inter-cytotype differences in mycorrhizal growth response by combining ploidy, substrate, and inoculation with native AMF in a full-factorial design. KEY RESULTS All sampled plants were highly colonized by AMF, with the Glomeraceae predominating. AMF-community composition revealed by 454-pyrosequencing reflected the spatial distribution of the hosts, but not their ploidy level or soil characteristics. In the greenhouse experiment, the tetraploids produced more shoot biomass than the diploids did when grown in a more fertile substrate, while no inter-cytotype differences were found in a less fertile substrate. AMF inoculation significantly reduced plant growth and improved P uptake, but its effects did not differ between the cytotypes. CONCLUSIONS The results do not support our hypotheses that the cytotype structure in a mixed-ploidy population of C. stoebe is mirrored in AMF-community composition and that ploidy-specific fungal communities contribute to cytotype co-existence. Causes and implications of the observed negative growth response to AMF are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Sudová
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kohout
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, CZ-128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kolaříková
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Rydlová
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Voříšková
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
- Ecology Department, Climate and Ecosystem Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jan Suda
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Španiel
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Heinz Müller-Schärer
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Mráz
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague, Czech Republic
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Baduel P, Bray S, Vallejo-Marin M, Kolář F, Yant L. The “Polyploid Hop”: Shifting Challenges and Opportunities Over the Evolutionary Lifespan of Genome Duplications. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Rosche C, Hensen I, Lachmuth S. Local pre-adaptation to disturbance and inbreeding-environment interactions affect colonisation abilities of diploid and tetraploid Centaurea stoebe. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:75-84. [PMID: 28921779 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Primary colonisation in invasive ranges most commonly occurs in disturbed habitats, where anthropogenic disturbance may cause physical damage to plants. The tolerance to such damage may differ between cytotypes and among populations as a result of differing population histories (adaptive differentiation between ruderal verus natural habitats). Moreover, founder populations often experience inbreeding depression, the effects of which may increase through physical damage due to inbreeding-environment interactions. We aimed to understand how such colonisation processes differ between diploid and tetraploid Centaurea stoebe populations, with a view to understanding why only tetraploids are invasive. We conducted a clipping experiment (frequency: zero, once or twice in the growing season) on inbred versus outbred offspring originating from 37 C. stoebe populations of varying cytotype, range and habitat type (natural versus ruderal). Aboveground biomass was harvested at the end of the vegetation period, while re-sprouting success was recorded in the following spring. Clipping reduced re-sprouting success and biomass, which was significantly more pronounced in natural than in ruderal populations. Inbreeding depression was not detected under benign conditions, but became increasingly apparent in biomass when plants were clipped. The effects of clipping and inbreeding did not differ between cytotypes. Adaptive differentiation in disturbance tolerance was higher among populations than between cytotypes, which highlights the potential of pre-adaptation in ruderal populations during early colonisation on anthropogenically disturbed sites. While the consequences of inbreeding increased through clipping-mediated stress, they were comparable between cytotypes, and consequently do not contribute to understanding the cytotype shift in the invasive range.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rosche
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- UfU - Independent Institute for Environmental Issues, Berlin, Germany
| | - I Hensen
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Lachmuth
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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Irimia RE, Montesinos D, Eren Ö, Lortie CJ, French K, Cavieres LA, Sotes GJ, Hierro JL, Jorge A, Loureiro J. Extensive analysis of native and non-native Centaurea solstitialis L. populations across the world shows no traces of polyploidization. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3531. [PMID: 28828232 PMCID: PMC5560225 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Centaurea solstitialis L. (yellow starthistle, Asteraceae) is a Eurasian native plant introduced as an exotic into North and South America, and Australia, where it is regarded as a noxious invasive. Changes in ploidy level have been found to be responsible for numerous plant biological invasions, as they are involved in trait shifts critical to invasive success, like increased growth rate and biomass, longer life-span, or polycarpy. C. solstitialis had been reported to be diploid (2n = 2x = 16 chromosomes), however, actual data are scarce and sometimes contradictory. We determined for the first time the absolute nuclear DNA content by flow cytometry and estimated ploidy level in 52 natural populations of C. solstitialis across its native and non-native ranges, around the world. All the C. solstitialis populations screened were found to be homogeneously diploid (average 2C value of 1.72 pg, SD = ±0.06 pg), with no significant variation in DNA content between invasive and non-invasive genotypes. We did not find any meaningful difference among the extensive number of native and non-native C. solstitialis populations sampled around the globe, indicating that the species invasive success is not due to changes in genome size or ploidy level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona-Elena Irimia
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Stejarul Research Centre for Biological Sciences, Piatra Neamt, Romania
| | - Daniel Montesinos
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Özkan Eren
- Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, Aydın, Turkey
| | | | - Kristine French
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Lohengrin A Cavieres
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile
| | - Gastón J Sotes
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile
| | - José L Hierro
- Instituto de Ciencias de La Tierra y Ambientales de la Pampa, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INCITAP-CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, Argentina
| | - Andreia Jorge
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Loureiro
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Barker BS, Andonian K, Swope SM, Luster DG, Dlugosch KM. Population genomic analyses reveal a history of range expansion and trait evolution across the native and invaded range of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis). Mol Ecol 2017; 26:1131-1147. [PMID: 28029713 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Identifying sources of genetic variation and reconstructing invasion routes for non-native introduced species is central to understanding the circumstances under which they may evolve increased invasiveness. In this study, we used genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms to study the colonization history of Centaurea solstitialis in its native range in Eurasia and invasions into the Americas. We leveraged this information to pinpoint key evolutionary shifts in plant size, a focal trait associated with invasiveness in this species. Our analyses revealed clear population genomic structure of potential source populations in Eurasia, including deep differentiation of a lineage found in the southern Apennine and Balkan Peninsulas and divergence among populations in Asia, eastern Europe and western Europe. We found strongest support for an evolutionary scenario in which western European populations were derived from an ancient admixture event between populations from eastern Europe and Asia, and subsequently served as the main genetic 'bridgehead' for introductions to the Americas. Introductions to California appear to be from a single source region, and multiple, independent introductions of divergent genotypes likely occurred into the Pacific Northwest. Plant size has evolved significantly at three points during range expansion, including a large size increase in the lineage responsible for the aggressive invasion of the California interior. These results reveal a long history of colonization, admixture and trait evolution in C. solstitialis, and suggest routes for improving evidence-based management decisions for one of the most ecologically and economically damaging invasive species in the western United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany S Barker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Krikor Andonian
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Sarah M Swope
- Department of Biology, Mills College, Oakland, CA, 94613, USA
| | - Douglas G Luster
- USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Katrina M Dlugosch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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Neiva J, Serrão EA, Anderson L, Raimondi PT, Martins N, Gouveia L, Paulino C, Coelho NC, Miller KA, Reed DC, Ladah LB, Pearson GA. Cryptic diversity, geographical endemism and allopolyploidy in NE Pacific seaweeds. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:30. [PMID: 28114901 PMCID: PMC5260064 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0878-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular markers are revealing a much more diverse and evolutionarily complex picture of marine biodiversity than previously anticipated. Cryptic and/or endemic marine species are continually being found throughout the world oceans, predominantly in inconspicuous tropical groups but also in larger, canopy-forming taxa from well studied temperate regions. Interspecific hybridization has also been found to be prevalent in many marine groups, for instance within dense congeneric assemblages, with introgressive gene-flow being the most common outcome. Here, using a congeneric phylogeographic approach, we investigated two monotypic and geographically complementary sister genera of north-east Pacific intertidal seaweeds (Hesperophycus and Pelvetiopsis), for which preliminary molecular tests revealed unexpected conflicts consistent with unrecognized cryptic diversity and hybridization. Results The three recovered mtDNA clades did not match a priori species delimitations. H. californicus was congruent, whereas widespread P. limitata encompassed two additional narrow-endemic species from California - P. arborescens (here genetically confirmed) and P. hybrida sp. nov. The congruence between the genotypic clusters and the mtDNA clades was absolute. Fixed heterozygosity was apparent in a high proportion of loci in P. limitata and P. hybrida, with genetic analyses showing that the latter was composed of both H. californicus and P. arborescens genomes. All four inferred species could be distinguished based on their general morphology. Conclusions This study confirmed additional diversity and reticulation within NE Pacific Hesperophycus/Pelvetiopsis, including the validity of the much endangered, modern climatic relict P. arborescens, and the identification of a new, stable allopolyploid species (P. hybrida) with clearly discernable ancestry (♀ H. californicus x ♂ P. arborescens), morphology, and geographical distribution. Allopolyploid speciation is otherwise completely unknown in brown seaweeds, and its unique occurrence within this genus (P. limitata possibly representing a second example) remains enigmatic. The taxonomic separation of Hesperophycus and Pelvetiopsis is not supported and the genera should be synonymized; we retain only the latter. The transitional coastline between Point Conception and Monterey Bay represented a diversity hotspot for the genus and the likely sites of extraordinary evolutionary events of allopolyploid speciation at sympatric range contact zones. This study pinpoints how much diversity (and evolutionary processes) potentially remains undiscovered even on a conspicuous seaweed genus from the well-studied Californian intertidal shores let alone in other, less studied marine groups and regions/depths. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0878-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Neiva
- CCMAR- Centro de Ciências do Mar da Universidade do Algarve, Edifício 7, Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Ester A Serrão
- CCMAR- Centro de Ciências do Mar da Universidade do Algarve, Edifício 7, Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Laura Anderson
- Long Marine Laboratory, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA
| | - Peter T Raimondi
- Long Marine Laboratory, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA
| | - Neusa Martins
- CCMAR- Centro de Ciências do Mar da Universidade do Algarve, Edifício 7, Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Licínia Gouveia
- CCMAR- Centro de Ciências do Mar da Universidade do Algarve, Edifício 7, Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Cristina Paulino
- CCMAR- Centro de Ciências do Mar da Universidade do Algarve, Edifício 7, Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Nelson C Coelho
- CCMAR- Centro de Ciências do Mar da Universidade do Algarve, Edifício 7, Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Daniel C Reed
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Lydia B Ladah
- CICESE - Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Gareth A Pearson
- CCMAR- Centro de Ciências do Mar da Universidade do Algarve, Edifício 7, Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
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Neighbour Origin and Ploidy Level Drive Impact of an Alien Invasive Plant Species in a Competitive Environment. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155712. [PMID: 27203687 PMCID: PMC4874543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the potential mechanisms driving the spread and naturalization of alien plant species has increased over the past decades, but specific knowledge on the factors contributing to their increased impact in the introduced range is still urgently needed. The native European plant Centaurea stoebe occurs as two cytotypes with different life histories (monocarpic diploids, allo-polycarpic tetraploids). However, only tetraploids have been found in its introduced range in North America, where C. stoebe has become a most prominent plant invader. Here, we focus on the ploidy level of C. stoebe and origin of neighbouring community in explaining the high impact during the invasion of new sites in the introduced range. We conducted a mesocosm experiment under open-field conditions with the diploid (EU2x) and tetraploid (EU4x) cytotype of Centaurea stoebe from its native European (EU) range, and with the invasive tetraploid (NA4x) cytotype from the introduced North American (NA) range in competition with EU (old) or NA (new) neighbouring plant communities. In the presence of competition, the biomass of EU neighbouring community was reduced to a comparable level by all three geo-cytotypes of C. stoebe. In contrast, the biomass of the NA neighbouring community was reduced beyond when competing with tetraploid, but not with diploid C. stoebe. The fact that the biomass of all three geo-cytotypes of C. stoebe was correlated with the biomass of the EU neighbouring community, but not with that of the NA neighbouring community suggests that different mechanisms underlie the competitive interactions between C. stoebe and its old vs. new neighbouring communities, such as competition for the same limiting resources at home vs competition through novel allelo-chemicals or differential resource uptake strategies in the introduced range. We therefore caution to simply use the ecosystem impact assessed at home to predict impact in the introduced range.
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Rosche C, Durka W, Hensen I, Mráz P, Hartmann M, Müller-Schärer H, Lachmuth S. The population genetics of the fundamental cytotype-shift in invasive Centaurea stoebe s.l.: genetic diversity, genetic differentiation and small-scale genetic structure differ between cytotypes but not between ranges. Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Vaux F, Trewick SA, Morgan-Richards M. Lineages, splits and divergence challenge whether the terms anagenesis and cladogenesis are necessary. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Vaux
- Ecology Group; Institute of Agriculture and Environment; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Steven A. Trewick
- Ecology Group; Institute of Agriculture and Environment; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Mary Morgan-Richards
- Ecology Group; Institute of Agriculture and Environment; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
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Turner KG, Fréville H, Rieseberg LH. Adaptive plasticity and niche expansion in an invasive thistle. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:3183-97. [PMID: 26357544 PMCID: PMC4559060 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic differentiation in size and fecundity between native and invasive populations of a species has been suggested as a causal driver of invasion in plants. Local adaptation to novel environmental conditions through a micro-evolutionary response to natural selection may lead to phenotypic differentiation and fitness advantages in the invaded range. Local adaptation may occur along a stress tolerance trade-off, favoring individuals that, in benign conditions, shift resource allocation from stress tolerance to increased vigor and fecundity and, therefore, invasiveness. Alternately, the typically disturbed invaded range may select for a plastic, generalist strategy, making phenotypic plasticity the main driver of invasion success. To distinguish between these hypotheses, we performed a field common garden and tested for genetically based phenotypic differentiation, resource allocation shifts in response to water limitation, and local adaptation to the environmental gradient which describes the source locations for native and invasive populations of diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa). Plants were grown in an experimental field in France (naturalized range) under water addition and limitation conditions. After accounting for phenotypic variation arising from environmental differences among collection locations, we found evidence of genetic variation between the invasive and native populations for most morphological and life-history traits under study. Invasive C. diffusa populations produced larger, later maturing, and therefore potentially fitter individuals than native populations. Evidence for local adaptation along a resource allocation trade-off for water limitation tolerance is equivocal. However, native populations do show evidence of local adaptation to an environmental gradient, a relationship which is typically not observed in the invaded range. Broader analysis of the climatic niche inhabited by the species in both ranges suggests that the physiological tolerances of C. diffusa may have expanded in the invaded range. This observation could be due to selection for plastic, "general-purpose" genotypes with broad environmental tolerances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn G Turner
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British ColumbiaRoom 3529-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hélène Fréville
- UMR 1334 AGAP INRA2 place Pierre Viala, Montpellier Cedex 2, 34060, France
- UMR 5175 CEFE CNRS1919 route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34293, France
| | - Loren H Rieseberg
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British ColumbiaRoom 3529-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Biology, Indiana UniversityBloomington, Indiana, 47405
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18
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Garmendia A, Ferriol M, Juarez J, Zając A, Kałużny K, Merle H. A rare case of a natural contact zone in Morocco between an autopolyploid and an allopolyploid of Centaurea aspera with sterile tetraploid hybrids. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:746-757. [PMID: 25363815 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new contact zone between Centaurea aspera and Centaurea seridis was found in Morocco. Chromosome counts and flow cytometry showed that both taxa were tetraploid (4x = 44). A literature review and morphometric analysis established that C. aspera corresponds to the autopolyploid C. aspera subsp. gentilii and C. seridis corresponds to the allopolyploid C. seridis var. auriculata. This contact area was compared with the homologous contact zones in Spain formed by the diploid C. aspera subsp. stenophylla and the tetraploid C. seridis subsp. maritima. Natural hybrids between parental species were frequent in both areas. In Spain, hybrids were triploid (from reduced gametes A and gamete AB), highly sterile and exerted a 'triploid block'. In Morocco, cytometry showed that hybrids were tetraploid and, therefore, probably fertile, but all the capitula lacked achenes. It is likely that the resulting genome of the new tetraploid hybrid (AAAB), through the fusion of reduced gametes AA (from subsp. gentilii) and AB (from var. auriculata), could explain irregularities in meiosis through formation of aneuploid gametes and, therefore, infertility of the hybrid. Moroccan sterile tetraploid hybrids develop, but have the identical irregularities to Spanish triploids, probably due to the odd number of homologous chromosomes. The new hybrid is first described as C. x subdecurrens nothosubsp. paucispinus. In addition, distribution and ecological traits are analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Garmendia
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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19
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Hovick SM, Whitney KD. Hybridisation is associated with increased fecundity and size in invasive taxa: meta-analytic support for the hybridisation-invasion hypothesis. Ecol Lett 2014; 17:1464-77. [PMID: 25234578 PMCID: PMC4231983 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that interspecific hybridisation promotes invasiveness has received much recent
attention, but tests of the hypothesis can suffer from important limitations. Here, we provide the
first systematic review of studies experimentally testing the hybridisation-invasion (H-I)
hypothesis in plants, animals and fungi. We identified 72 hybrid systems for which hybridisation has
been putatively associated with invasiveness, weediness or range expansion. Within this group, 15
systems (comprising 34 studies) experimentally tested performance of hybrids vs. their parental
species and met our other criteria. Both phylogenetic and non-phylogenetic meta-analyses
demonstrated that wild hybrids were significantly more fecund and larger than their parental taxa,
but did not differ in survival. Resynthesised hybrids (which typically represent earlier generations
than do wild hybrids) did not consistently differ from parental species in fecundity, survival or
size. Using meta-regression, we found that fecundity increased (but survival decreased) with
generation in resynthesised hybrids, suggesting that natural selection can play an important role in
shaping hybrid performance – and thus invasiveness – over time. We conclude that the
available evidence supports the H-I hypothesis, with the caveat that our results are clearly driven
by tests in plants, which are more numerous than tests in animals and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Hovick
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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20
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Mráz P, Tarbush E, Müller-Schärer H. Drought tolerance and plasticity in the invasive knapweed Centaurea stoebe s.l. (Asteraceae): effect of populations stronger than those of cytotype and range. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:289-99. [PMID: 24918204 PMCID: PMC4111397 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe s.l., Asteraceae) is native to Europe, where it occurs as a diploid (2xEU) and tetraploid cytotype (4xEU), but so far only the tetraploid has been reported in the introduced range in North America (4xNA). In previous studies, significant range shifts have been found towards drier climates in 4xEU compared with 2xEU, and in 4xNA when compared with the native range. In addition, 4x plants showed thicker leaves and reduced specific leaf area compared with 2x plants, suggesting higher drought tolerance in 4x plants. It is thus hypothesized that the 4x cytotype might be better pre-adapted to drought than the 2x, and the 4xNA better adapted than the 4xEU due to post-introduction selection. METHODS Plants of the three geocytotypes (2xEU, 4xEU and 4xNA ), each represented by six populations, were subjected to three water treatments over 6 weeks in a greenhouse experiment. Plasticity and reaction norms of above- and below-ground biomasses and their ratio, survival rate, stomatal conductance and carbon isotope discrimination were analysed using linear and generalized linear mixed effect models. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Above-ground and total biomasses of European tetraploids were slightly less affected by drought than those of European diploids, and 4xEU plants maintained higher levels of stomatal conductance under moderate drought than 4xNA plants, thus supporting the pre-adaptation but not the post-introduction evolution hypothesis. Plasticity indexes for most of the traits were generally higher in 2xEU and 4xNA than in 4xEU plants, but these differences were not or were only marginally significant. Interestingly, the effect of population origin and its interaction with treatment was more important than the effects of geocytotype and range. Population means for the control treatment showed several significant associations either with latitude or some aspect of climatic data, suggesting evolution of local adaptations, especially within the 2xEU and 4xEU geocytotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Mráz
- Department of Biology, Unit of Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland Herbarium and Department of Botany, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-12801 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Elham Tarbush
- Department of Biology, Unit of Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Müller-Schärer
- Department of Biology, Unit of Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Eliášová A, Trávníček P, Mandák B, Münzbergová Z. Autotetraploids of Vicia cracca show a higher allelic richness in natural populations and a higher seed set after artificial selfing than diploids. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:159-70. [PMID: 24232383 PMCID: PMC3864723 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Despite the great importance of autopolyploidy in the evolution of angiosperms, relatively little attention has been devoted to autopolyploids in natural polyploid systems. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain why autopolyploids are so common and successful, for example increased genetic diversity and heterozygosity and the transition towards selfing. However, case studies on patterns of genetic diversity and on mating systems in autopolyploids are scarce. In this study allozymes were employed to investigate the origin, population genetic diversity and mating system in the contact zone between diploid and assumed autotetraploid cytotypes of Vicia cracca in Central Europe. METHODS Four enzyme systems resolved in six putative loci were investigated in ten diploid, ten tetraploid and five mixed-ploidy populations. Genetic diversity and heterozygosity, partitioning of genetic diversity among populations and cytotypes, spatial genetic structure and fixed heterozygosity were analysed. These studies were supplemented by a pollination experiment and meiotic chromosome observation. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Weak evidence of fixed heterozygosity, a low proportion of unique alleles and genetic variation between cytotypes similar to the variation among populations within cytotypes supported the autopolyploid origin of tetraploids, although no multivalent formation was observed. Tetraploids possessed more alleles than diploids and showed higher observed zygotic heterozygosity than diploids, but the observed gametic heterozygosity was similar to the value observed in diploids and smaller than expected under panmixis. Values of the inbreeding coefficient and differentiation among populations (ρST) suggested that the breeding system in both cytotypes of V. cracca is mixed mating with prevailing outcrossing. The reduction in seed production of tetraploids after selfing was less than that in diploids. An absence of correlation between genetic and geographic distances and high differentiation among neighbouring tetraploid populations supports the secondary contact hypothesis with tetraploids of several independent origins in Central Europe. Nevertheless, the possibility of a recent in situ origin of tetraploids through a triploid bridge in some regions is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anežka Eliášová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Trávníček
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Mandák
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
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Hahn MA, Lanz T, Fasel D, Müller-Schärer H. Increased seed survival and seedling emergence in a polyploid plant invader. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:1555-1561. [PMID: 23935112 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Because seeds have essential functions in the life cycle of plants, even subtle changes in their characteristics may have important demographic consequences. In this study, we examined whether potential changes in seed characteristics as a result of polyploidy or postintroduction evolution may have contributed to the invasion of Centaurea stoebe (Asteraceae). This plant occurs as diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in its native range in Europe, whereas only tetraploids have been found and become invasive in North America. Specific comparisons among these three "geo-cytotypes" allow us to explore hypotheses of preadaptation resulting from polyploidy (European diploids vs. European tetraploids) and postintroduction evolution (European tetraploids vs. North American tetraploids). METHODS Using seeds collected from plants of each geo-cytotype grown in a common maternal environment, we compared seed mass, morphology (achene and pappus size), dispersal potential (falling velocity, seed roughness), survival, germination, and seedling emergence in a combination of laboratory, greenhouse and field experiments. KEY RESULTS We found increased seed mass in North American tetraploids compared with European tetraploids. Seed morphology and dispersal potential were largely similar in all geo-cytotypes. Seed survival under field conditions was higher in native and invasive tetraploids compared with diploids. Germination in the laboratory was similar among all geo-cytotypes, but seedling emergence under field conditions was higher in invasive tetraploids than in the other geo-cytotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a combination of preadaptation due to polyploidy (increased seed survival) and further postintroduction evolution in North American tetraploids (increased seed mass and seedling emergence) may have contributed to their invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min A Hahn
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Hahn MA, Müller-Schärer H. Cytotype differences modulate eco-geographical differentiation in the widespread plantCentaurea stoebe. Ecology 2013; 94:1005-14. [DOI: 10.1890/12-1393.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ku C, Hu JM, Kuo CH. Complete plastid genome sequence of the basal asterid Ardisia polysticta Miq. and comparative analyses of asterid plastid genomes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62548. [PMID: 23638113 PMCID: PMC3640096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ardisia is a basal asterid genus well known for its medicinal values and has the potential for development of novel phytopharmaceuticals. In this genus of nearly 500 species, many ornamental species are commonly grown worldwide and some have become invasive species that caused ecological problems. As there is no completed plastid genome (plastome) sequence in related taxa, we sequenced and characterized the plastome of Ardisia polysticta to find plastid markers of potential utility for phylogenetic analyses at low taxonomic levels. The complete A. polysticta plastome is 156,506 bp in length and has gene content and organization typical of most asterids and other angiosperms. We identified seven intergenic regions as potentially informative markers with resolution for interspecific relationships. Additionally, we characterized the diversity of asterid plastomes with respect to GC content, plastome organization, gene content, and repetitive sequences through comparative analyses. The results demonstrated that the genome organizations near the boundaries between inverted repeats (IRs) and single-copy regions (SCs) are polymorphic. The boundary organization found in Ardisia appears to be the most common type among asterids, while six other types are also found in various asterid lineages. In general, the repetitive sequences in genic regions tend to be more conserved, whereas those in noncoding regions are usually lineage-specific. Finally, we inferred the whole-plastome phylogeny with the available asterid sequences. With the improvement in taxon sampling of asterid orders and families, our result highlights the uncertainty of the position of Gentianales within euasterids I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Ku
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Ming Hu
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Nualart N, Montes-Moreno N, Gavioli L, Ibáñez N. L’herbari de l’Institut Botànic de Barcelona com una eina per la conservació dels tàxons endèmics i amenaçats de Catalunya. COLLECTANEA BOTANICA 2013. [DOI: 10.3989/collectbot.2012.v31.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Hahn MA, van Kleunen M, Müller-Schärer H. Increased phenotypic plasticity to climate may have boosted the invasion success of polyploid Centaurea stoebe. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185598 PMCID: PMC3502303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity may allow organisms to cope with altered environmental conditions as e.g. after the introduction into a new range. In particular polyploid organisms, containing more than two sets of chromosomes, may show high levels of plasticity, which could in turn increase their environmental tolerance and invasiveness. Here, we studied the role of phenotypic plasticity in the invasion of Centaurea stoebe (Asteraceae), which in the native range in Europe occurs as diploids and tetraploids, whereas in the introduced range in North America so far only tetraploids have been found. In a common garden experiment at two sites in the native range, we grew half-sibs of the three geo-cytotypes (native European diploids, European tetraploids and invasive North American tetraploids) from a representative sample of 27 populations. We measured the level and the adaptive significance of phenotypic plasticity in eco-physiological and life-history traits in response to the contrasting climatic conditions at the two study sites as well as three different soil conditions in pots, simulating the most crucial abiotic differences between the native and introduced range. European tetraploids showed increased levels of phenotypic plasticity as compared to diploids in response to the different climatic conditions in traits associated with rapid growth and fast phenological development. Moreover, we found evidence for adaptive plasticity in these traits, which suggests that increased plasticity may have contributed to the invasion success of tetraploid C. stoebe by providing an advantage under the novel climatic conditions. However, in invasive tetraploids phenotypic plasticity was similar to that of native tetraploids, indicating no evolution of increased plasticity during invasions. Our findings provide the first empirical support for increased phenotypic plasticity associated with polyploids, which may contribute to their success as invasive species in novel environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min A Hahn
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Mráz P, Španiel S, Keller A, Bowmann G, Farkas A, Šingliarová B, Rohr RP, Broennimann O, Müller-Schärer H. Anthropogenic disturbance as a driver of microspatial and microhabitat segregation of cytotypes of Centaurea stoebe and cytotype interactions in secondary contact zones. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 110:615-27. [PMID: 22730023 PMCID: PMC3400448 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In a mixed-ploidy population, strong frequency-dependent mating will lead to the elimination of the less common cytotype, unless prezygotic barriers enhance assortative mating. However, such barriers favouring cytotype coexistence have only rarely been explored. Here, an assessment is made of the mechanisms involved in formation of mixed-ploidy populations and coexistence of diploid plants and their closely related allotetraploid derivates from the Centaurea stoebe complex (Asteraceae). METHODS An investigation was made of microspatial and microhabitat distribution, life-history and fitness traits, flowering phenology, genetic relatedness of cytotypes and intercytotype gene flow (cpDNA and microsatellites) in six mixed-ploidy populations in Central Europe. KEY RESULTS Diploids and tetraploids were genetically differentiated, thus corroborating the secondary origin of contact zones. The cytotypes were spatially segregated at all sites studied, with tetraploids colonizing preferentially drier and open microhabitats created by human-induced disturbances. Conversely, they were rare in more natural microsites and microsites with denser vegetation despite their superior persistence ability (polycarpic life cycle). The seed set of tetraploid plants was strongly influenced by their frequency in mixed-ploidy populations. Triploid hybrids originated from bidirectional hybridizations were extremely rare and almost completely sterile, indicating a strong postzygotic barrier between cytotypes. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that tetraploids are later immigrants into already established diploid populations and that anthropogenic activities creating open niches favouring propagule introductions were the major factor shaping the non-random distribution and habitat segregation of cytotypes at fine spatial scale. Establishment and spread of tetraploids was further facilitated by their superior persistence through the perennial life cycle. The results highlight the importance of non-adaptive spatio-temporal processes in explaining microhabitat and microspatial segregation of cytotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Mráz
- Department of Biology, Unit of Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Hahn MA, Buckley YM, Müller-Schärer H. Increased population growth rate in invasive polyploidCentaurea stoebein a common garden. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:947-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min A. Hahn
- Department of Biology; Ecology and Evolution; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musée 10; 1700; Fribourg; Switzerland
| | | | - Heinz Müller-Schärer
- Department of Biology; Ecology and Evolution; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musée 10; 1700; Fribourg; Switzerland
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