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Liu Y, Zhou M, Xu M, Wang X, Zhang Y, Deng Y, Zhang Z, Jiang J, Zhou X, Li C. Reprogramming monocytes into M2 macrophages as living drug depots to enhance treatment of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Control Release 2024; 374:639-652. [PMID: 39208931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Delivering therapeutic agents efficiently to inflamed regions remains an intractable challenge following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MI/RI) due to the transient nature of the enhanced permeability and retention effect, which disappears after 24 h. Leveraging the inflammation-homing and plasticity properties of circulating monocytes (MN) as hitchhiking carriers and further inducing their polarization into anti-inflammatory phenotype macrophages upon reaching the inflamed sites is beneficial for MI/RI therapy. Herein, DSS/PB@BSP nanoparticles capable of clearing reactive oxygen species and inhibiting inflammation were developed by employing hollow Prussian blue nanoparticles (PB) as carriers to encapsulate betamethasone sodium phosphate (BSP) and further modified with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), a targeting ligand for the scavenger receptor on MN. This formulation was internalized into MN as living cell drug depots, reprogramming them into anti-inflammation type macrophages to inhibit inflammation. In vitro assessments revealed the successful construction of the nanoparticle. In a murine MI/RI model, circulating MN laden with these nanoparticles significantly enhanced drug delivery and accumulation at the cardiac injury site, exhibiting favorable therapeutic ability and promoting M2-biased differentiation. Our study provides an effective approach with minimally invasion and biosecurity that makes this nanoplatform as a promising candidate for immunotherapy and clinical translation in the treatment of MI/RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Meiling Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Maochang Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xueqin Wang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The affiliated hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Yiping Deng
- Analysis and Testing Center, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Zongquan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhou
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Disease, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
| | - Chunhong Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Disease, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
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2
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Zhao W, Yao Y, Li Q, Xue Y, Gao X, Liu X, Zhang Q, Zheng J, Sun S. Molecular mechanism of co-stimulatory domains in promoting CAR-T cell anti-tumor efficacy. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 227:116439. [PMID: 39032532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells have been defined as 'living drug'. Adding a co-stimulatory domain (CSD) has enhanced the anti-hematological effects of CAR-T cells, thereby elevating their viability for medicinal applications. Various CSDs have helped prepare CAR-T cells to study anti-tumor efficacy. Previous studies have described and summarized the anti-tumor efficacy of CAR-T cells obtained from different CSDs. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which different CSDs affect CAR-T function have been rarely reported. The role of CSDs in T cells has been significantly studied, but whether they can play a unique role as a part of the CAR structure remains undetermined. Here, we summarized the effects of CSDs on CAR-T signaling pathways based on the limited references and speculated the possible mechanism depending on the specific characteristics of CAR-T cells. This review will help understand the molecular mechanism of CSDs in CAR-T cells that exert different anti-tumor effects while providing potential guidance for further interventions to enhance anti-tumor efficacy in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxin Zhao
- Cancer Institute, the First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yizhou Yao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qihong Li
- Cancer Institute, the First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Cancer Institute, the First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoge Gao
- Cancer Institute, the First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangye Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Cancer Institute, the First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shishuo Sun
- Cancer Institute, the First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Tarannum M, Dinh K, Vergara J, Birch G, Abdulhamid YZ, Kaplan IE, Ay O, Maia A, Beaver O, Sheffer M, Shapiro R, Ali AK, Dong H, Ham JD, Bobilev E, James S, Cameron AB, Nguyen QD, Ganapathy S, Chayawatto C, Koreth J, Paweletz CP, Gokhale PC, Barbie DA, Matulonis UA, Soiffer RJ, Ritz J, Porter RL, Chen J, Romee R. CAR memory-like NK cells targeting the membrane proximal domain of mesothelin demonstrate promising activity in ovarian cancer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn0881. [PMID: 38996027 PMCID: PMC11244547 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn0881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains one of the most lethal gynecological cancers. Cytokine-induced memory-like (CIML) natural killer (NK) cells have shown promising results in preclinical and early-phase clinical trials. In the current study, CIML NK cells demonstrated superior antitumor responses against a panel of EOC cell lines, increased expression of activation receptors, and up-regulation of genes involved in cell cycle/proliferation and down-regulation of inhibitory/suppressive genes. CIML NK cells transduced with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting the membrane-proximal domain of mesothelin (MSLN) further improved the antitumor responses against MSLN-expressing EOC cells and patient-derived xenograft tumor cells. CAR arming of the CIML NK cells subtanstially reduced their dysfunction in patient-derived ascites fluid with transcriptomic changes related to altered metabolism and tonic signaling as potential mechanisms. Lastly, the adoptive transfer of MSLN-CAR CIML NK cells demonstrated remarkable inhibition of tumor growth and prevented metastatic spread in xenograft mice, supporting their potential as an effective therapeutic strategy in EOC.
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MESH Headings
- Mesothelin
- Humans
- Animals
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Female
- Mice
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/immunology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- GPI-Linked Proteins/metabolism
- GPI-Linked Proteins/genetics
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial/immunology
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial/therapy
- Immunologic Memory
- Protein Domains
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubin Tarannum
- Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Khanhlinh Dinh
- Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juliana Vergara
- Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grace Birch
- Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yasmin Z Abdulhamid
- Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isabel E Kaplan
- Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oyku Ay
- Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andreia Maia
- Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Owen Beaver
- Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michal Sheffer
- Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roman Shapiro
- Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alaa Kassim Ali
- Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Han Dong
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Dongjoo Ham
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eden Bobilev
- Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sydney James
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy B Cameron
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Quang-De Nguyen
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Suthakar Ganapathy
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chayapatou Chayawatto
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Koreth
- Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cloud P Paweletz
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Prafulla C Gokhale
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Barbie
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ursula A Matulonis
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert J Soiffer
- Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerome Ritz
- Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Porter
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianzhu Chen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rizwan Romee
- Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Ng BD, Rajagopalan A, Kousa AI, Fischman JS, Chen S, Massa A, Elias HK, Manuele D, Galiano M, Lemarquis AL, Boardman AP, DeWolf S, Pierce J, Bogen B, James SE, van den Brink MRM. IL-18-secreting multiantigen targeting CAR T cells eliminate antigen-low myeloma in an immunocompetent mouse model. Blood 2024; 144:171-186. [PMID: 38579288 PMCID: PMC11302468 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023022293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell malignancy that is currently incurable with conventional therapies. Following the success of CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in leukemia and lymphoma, CAR T cells targeting B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) more recently demonstrated impressive activity in relapsed and refractory myeloma patients. However, BCMA-directed therapy can fail due to weak expression of BCMA on myeloma cells, suggesting that novel approaches to better address this antigen-low disease may improve patient outcomes. We hypothesized that engineered secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-18 (IL-18) and multiantigen targeting could improve CAR T-cell activity against BCMA-low myeloma. In a syngeneic murine model of myeloma, CAR T cells targeting the myeloma-associated antigens BCMA and B-cell activating factor receptor (BAFF-R) failed to eliminate myeloma when these antigens were weakly expressed, whereas IL-18-secreting CAR T cells targeting these antigens promoted myeloma clearance. IL-18-secreting CAR T cells developed an effector-like T-cell phenotype, promoted interferon-gamma production, reprogrammed the myeloma bone marrow microenvironment through type-I/II interferon signaling, and activated macrophages to mediate antimyeloma activity. Simultaneous targeting of weakly-expressed BCMA and BAFF-R with dual-CAR T cells enhanced T-cell:target-cell avidity, increased overall CAR signal strength, and stimulated antimyeloma activity. Dual-antigen targeting augmented CAR T-cell secretion of engineered IL-18 and facilitated elimination of larger myeloma burdens in vivo. Our results demonstrate that combination of engineered IL-18 secretion and multiantigen targeting can eliminate myeloma with weak antigen expression through distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D. Ng
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Adhithi Rajagopalan
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Anastasia I. Kousa
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Jacob S. Fischman
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sophia Chen
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Alyssa Massa
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Harold K. Elias
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dylan Manuele
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Michael Galiano
- Molecular Cytology Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Andri L. Lemarquis
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Alexander P. Boardman
- Lymphoma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Susan DeWolf
- Department of Medicine, Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jonah Pierce
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Scott E. James
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Marcel R. M. van den Brink
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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5
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Rathgeber AC, Ludwig LS, Penter L. Single-cell genomics-based immune and disease monitoring in blood malignancies. Clin Hematol Int 2024; 6:62-84. [PMID: 38884110 PMCID: PMC11180218 DOI: 10.46989/001c.117961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Achieving long-term disease control using therapeutic immunomodulation is a long-standing concept with a strong tradition in blood malignancies. Besides allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation that continues to provide potentially curative treatment for otherwise challenging diagnoses, recent years have seen impressive progress in immunotherapies for leukemias and lymphomas with immune checkpoint blockade, bispecific monoclonal antibodies, and CAR T cell therapies. Despite their success, non-response, relapse, and immune toxicities remain frequent, thus prioritizing the elucidation of the underlying mechanisms and identifying predictive biomarkers. The increasing availability of single-cell genomic tools now provides a system's immunology view to resolve the molecular and cellular mechanisms of immunotherapies at unprecedented resolution. Here, we review recent studies that leverage these technological advancements for tracking immune responses, the emergence of immune resistance, and toxicities. As single-cell immune monitoring tools evolve and become more accessible, we expect their wide adoption for routine clinical applications to catalyze more precise therapeutic steering of personal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C. Rathgeber
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems BiologyMax Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and TumorimmunologyCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Leif S. Ludwig
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems BiologyMax Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Livius Penter
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and TumorimmunologyCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
- BIH Biomedical Innovation AcademyBerlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
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6
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Chung JB, Brudno JN, Borie D, Kochenderfer JN. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy for autoimmune disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01035-3. [PMID: 38831163 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Infusion of T cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that target B cells has proven to be a successful treatment for B cell malignancies. This success inspired the development of CAR T cells to selectively deplete or modulate the aberrant immune responses that underlie autoimmune disease. Promising results are emerging from clinical trials of CAR T cells targeting the B cell protein CD19 in patients with B cell-driven autoimmune diseases. Further approaches are being designed to extend the application and improve safety of CAR T cell therapy in the setting of autoimmunity, including the use of chimeric autoantibody receptors to selectively deplete autoantigen-specific B cells and the use of regulatory T cells engineered to express antigen-specific CARs for targeted immune modulation. Here, we highlight important considerations, such as optimal target cell populations, CAR construct design, acceptable toxicities and potential for lasting immune reset, that will inform the eventual safe adoption of CAR T cell therapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer N Brudno
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - James N Kochenderfer
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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7
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Alviano AM, Biondi M, Grassenis E, Biondi A, Serafini M, Tettamanti S. Fully equipped CARs to address tumor heterogeneity, enhance safety, and improve the functionality of cellular immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1407992. [PMID: 38887285 PMCID: PMC11180895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1407992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Although adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells has achieved unprecedented response rates in patients with certain hematological malignancies, this therapeutic modality is still far from fulfilling its remarkable potential, especially in the context of solid cancers. Antigen escape variants, off-tumor destruction of healthy tissues expressing tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), poor CAR-T cell persistence, and the occurrence of functional exhaustion represent some of the most prominent hurdles that limit CAR-T cell ability to induce long-lasting remissions with a tolerable adverse effect profile. In this review, we summarize the main approaches that have been developed to face such bottlenecks, including the adapter CAR (AdCAR) system, Boolean-logic gating, epitope editing, the modulation of cell-intrinsic signaling pathways, and the incorporation of safety switches to precisely control CAR-T cell activation. We also discuss the most pressing issues pertaining to the selection of co-stimulatory domains, with a focus on strategies aimed at promoting CAR-T cell persistence and optimal antitumor functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Maria Alviano
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Marta Biondi
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Erica Grassenis
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Marta Serafini
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Sarah Tettamanti
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
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8
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Utkarsh K, Srivastava N, Kumar S, Khan A, Dagar G, Kumar M, Singh M, Haque S. CAR-T cell therapy: a game-changer in cancer treatment and beyond. Clin Transl Oncol 2024; 26:1300-1318. [PMID: 38244129 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03368-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, cancer has become one of the primary causes of mortality, approximately 10 million deaths worldwide each year. The most advanced, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapy has turned out as a promising treatment for cancer. CAR-T cell therapy involves the genetic modification of T cells obtained from the patient's blood, and infusion back to the patients. CAR-T cell immunotherapy has led to a significant improvement in the remission rates of hematological cancers. CAR-T cell therapy presently limited to hematological cancers, there are ongoing efforts to develop additional CAR constructs such as bispecific CAR, tandem CAR, inhibitory CAR, combined antigens, CRISPR gene-editing, and nanoparticle delivery. With these advancements, CAR-T cell therapy holds promise concerning potential to improve upon traditional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation while reducing associated toxicities. This review covers recent advances and advantages of CAR-T cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Utkarsh
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Namita Srivastava
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Azhar Khan
- Faculty of Applied Science and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Gunjan Dagar
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Mayank Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shabirul Haque
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350, Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
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9
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Uslu U, Sun L, Castelli S, Finck AV, Assenmacher CA, Young RM, Chen ZJ, June CH. The STING agonist IMSA101 enhances chimeric antigen receptor T cell function by inducing IL-18 secretion. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3933. [PMID: 38730243 PMCID: PMC11087554 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47692-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
As a strategy to improve the therapeutic success of chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CART) directed against solid tumors, we here test the combinatorial use of CART and IMSA101, a newly developed stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist. In two syngeneic tumor models, improved overall survival is observed when mice are treated with intratumorally administered IMSA101 in addition to intravenous CART infusion. Transcriptomic analyses of CART isolated from tumors show elevated T cell activation, as well as upregulated cytokine pathway signatures, in particular IL-18, in the combination treatment group. Also, higher levels of IL-18 in serum and tumor are detected with IMSA101 treatment. Consistent with this, the use of IL-18 receptor negative CART impair anti-tumor responses in mice receiving combination treatment. In summary, we find that IMSA101 enhances CART function which is facilitated through STING agonist-induced IL-18 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Uslu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Lijun Sun
- ImmuneSensor Therapeutics, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Sofia Castelli
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Amanda V Finck
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Charles-Antoine Assenmacher
- Comparative Pathology Core, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Regina M Young
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zhijian J Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, MD20815, USA.
| | - Carl H June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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10
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Perez CR, Garmilla A, Nilsson A, Baghdassarian HM, Gordon KS, Lima LG, Smith BE, Maus MV, Lauffenburger DA, Birnbaum ME. Library-based single-cell analysis of CAR signaling reveals drivers of in vivo persistence. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.29.591541. [PMID: 38746119 PMCID: PMC11092467 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.29.591541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The anti-tumor function of engineered T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) is dependent on signals transduced through intracellular signaling domains (ICDs). Different ICDs are known to drive distinct phenotypes, but systematic investigations into how ICD architectures direct T cell function-particularly at the molecular level-are lacking. Here, we use single-cell sequencing to map diverse signaling inputs to transcriptional outputs, focusing on a defined library of clinically relevant ICD architectures. Informed by these observations, we functionally characterize transcriptionally distinct ICD variants across various contexts to build comprehensive maps from ICD composition to phenotypic output. We identify a unique tonic signaling signature associated with a subset of ICD architectures that drives durable in vivo persistence and efficacy in liquid, but not solid, tumors. Our findings work toward decoding CAR signaling design principles, with implications for the rational design of next-generation ICD architectures optimized for in vivo function.
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11
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Cochrane RW, Robino RA, Granger B, Allen E, Vaena S, Romeo MJ, de Cubas AA, Berto S, Ferreira LM. High affinity chimeric antigen receptor signaling induces an inflammatory program in human regulatory T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.31.587467. [PMID: 38617240 PMCID: PMC11014479 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.31.587467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are promising cellular therapies to induce immune tolerance in organ transplantation and autoimmune disease. The success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy for cancer has sparked interest in using CARs to generate antigen-specific Tregs. Here, we compared CAR with endogenous T cell receptor (TCR)/CD28 activation in human Tregs. Strikingly, CAR Tregs displayed increased cytotoxicity and diminished suppression of antigen-presenting cells and effector T (Teff) cells compared with TCR/CD28 activated Tregs. RNA sequencing revealed that CAR Tregs activate Teff cell gene programs. Indeed, CAR Tregs secreted high levels of inflammatory cytokines, with a subset of FOXP3+ CAR Tregs uniquely acquiring CD40L surface expression and producing IFNγ. Interestingly, decreasing CAR antigen affinity reduced Teff cell gene expression and inflammatory cytokine production by CAR Tregs. Our findings showcase the impact of engineered receptor activation on Treg biology and support tailoring CAR constructs to Tregs for maximal therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell W. Cochrane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rob A. Robino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Bryan Granger
- Bioinformatics Core, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Eva Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Silvia Vaena
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Martin J. Romeo
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Aguirre A. de Cubas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Stefano Berto
- Bioinformatics Core, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Leonardo M.R. Ferreira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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12
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Ghaffari S, Saleh M, Akbari B, Ramezani F, Mirzaei HR. Applications of single-cell omics for chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. Immunology 2024; 171:339-364. [PMID: 38009707 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is a promising cancer treatment modality. The breakthroughs in CAR T cell therapy were, in part, possible with the help of cell analysis methods, such as single-cell analysis. Bulk analyses have provided invaluable information regarding the complex molecular dynamics of CAR T cells, but their results are an average of thousands of signals in CAR T or tumour cells. Since cancer is a heterogeneous disease where each minute detail of a subclone could change the outcome of the treatment, single-cell analysis could prove to be a powerful instrument in deciphering the secrets of tumour microenvironment for cancer immunotherapy. With the recent studies in all aspects of adoptive cell therapy making use of single-cell analysis, a comprehensive review of the recent preclinical and clinical findings in CAR T cell therapy was needed. Here, we categorized and summarized the key points of the studies in which single-cell analysis provided insights into the genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics and proteomics as well as their respective multi-omics of CAR T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Ghaffari
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Mahshid Saleh
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin Graduate School, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Behnia Akbari
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ramezani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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13
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Liao YM, Hsu SH, Chiou SS. Harnessing the Transcriptional Signatures of CAR-T-Cells and Leukemia/Lymphoma Using Single-Cell Sequencing Technologies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2416. [PMID: 38397092 PMCID: PMC10889174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapy has greatly improved outcomes for patients with relapsed or refractory hematological malignancies. However, challenges such as treatment resistance, relapse, and severe toxicity still hinder its widespread clinical application. Traditional transcriptome analysis has provided limited insights into the complex transcriptional landscape of both leukemia cells and engineered CAR-T-cells, as well as their interactions within the tumor microenvironment. However, with the advent of single-cell sequencing techniques, a paradigm shift has occurred, providing robust tools to unravel the complexities of these factors. These techniques enable an unbiased analysis of cellular heterogeneity and molecular patterns. These insights are invaluable for precise receptor design, guiding gene-based T-cell modification, and optimizing manufacturing conditions. Consequently, this review utilizes modern single-cell sequencing techniques to clarify the transcriptional intricacies of leukemia cells and CAR-Ts. The aim of this manuscript is to discuss the potential mechanisms that contribute to the clinical failures of CAR-T immunotherapy. We examine the biological characteristics of CAR-Ts, the mechanisms that govern clinical responses, and the intricacies of adverse events. By exploring these aspects, we hope to gain a deeper understanding of CAR-T therapy, which will ultimately lead to improved clinical outcomes and broader therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Liao
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Hsien Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center of Applied Genomics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Shin Chiou
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center of Applied Genomics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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14
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Mamo T, Dreyzin A, Stroncek D, McKenna DH. Emerging Biomarkers for Monitoring Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy. Clin Chem 2024; 70:116-127. [PMID: 38175598 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvad179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has revolutionized treatment of hematologic malignancies and holds promise for solid tumors. While responses to CAR T-cell therapy have surpassed other available options for patients with refractory malignancies, not all patients respond the same way. The reason for this variability is not currently understood. Therefore, there is a strong need to identify characteristics of patients as well as cellular products that lead to an effective response to CAR T-cell therapy. CONTENT In this review, we discuss potential biomarkers that may predict clinical outcomes of CAR T-cell therapy. Based on correlative findings from clinical trials of both commercially available and early-phase products, we classify biomarkers into categories of pre- and post-infusion as well as patient and product-related markers. Among the biomarkers that have been explored, measures of disease burden both pre- and post-infusion, as well as CAR T-cell persistence post-infusion, are repeatedly identified as predictors of disease response. Higher proportions of early memory T cells at infusion appear to be favorable, and tracking T-cell subsets throughout treatment will likely be critical. SUMMARY There are a growing number of promising biomarkers of CAR T-cell efficacy described in the research setting, however, none of these have been validated for clinical use. Some potentially important predictors of response may be difficult to obtain routinely under the current CAR T-cell therapy workflow. A collaborative approach is needed to select biomarkers that can be validated in large cohorts and incorporated into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodros Mamo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Alexandra Dreyzin
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
- Center for Cell Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - David Stroncek
- Center for Cell Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - David H McKenna
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN, United States
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15
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Chu GJ, Bailey CG, Nagarajah R, Sagnella SM, Adelstein S, Rasko JEJ. The 4-1BBζ costimulatory domain in chimeric antigen receptors enhances CD8+ T-cell functionality following T-cell receptor stimulation. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:327. [PMID: 38105188 PMCID: PMC10726568 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells have revolutionized the treatment of CD19- and B-cell maturation antigen-positive haematological malignancies. However, the effect of a CAR construct on the function of T-cells stimulated via their endogenous T-cell receptors (TCRs) has yet to be comprehensively investigated. METHODS Experiments were performed to systematically assess TCR signalling and function in CAR T-cells using anti-mesothelin human CAR T-cells as a model system. CAR T-cells expressing the CD28 or 4-1BB costimulatory endodomains were manufactured and compared to both untransduced T-cells and CAR T-cells with a non-functional endodomain. These cell products were treated with staphylococcal enterotoxin B to stimulate the TCR, and in vitro functional assays were performed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Increased proliferation, CD69 expression and IFNγ production were identified in CD8+ 4-1BBζ CAR T-cells compared to control untransduced CD8+ T-cells. These functional differences were associated with higher levels of phosphorylated ZAP70 after stimulation. In addition, these functional differences were associated with a differing immunophenotype, with a more than two-fold increase in central memory cells in CD8+ 4-1BBζ CAR T-cell products. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that the 4-1BBζ CAR enhances CD8+ TCR-mediated function. This could be beneficial if the TCR targets epitopes on malignant tissues or infectious agents, but detrimental if the TCR targets autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard J Chu
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Charles G Bailey
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Cancer & Gene Regulation Laboratory Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Rajini Nagarajah
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon M Sagnella
- Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen Adelstein
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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16
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Velasco Cárdenas RMH, Brandl SM, Meléndez AV, Schlaak AE, Buschky A, Peters T, Beier F, Serrels B, Taromi S, Raute K, Hauri S, Gstaiger M, Lassmann S, Huppa JB, Boerries M, Andrieux G, Bengsch B, Schamel WW, Minguet S. Harnessing CD3 diversity to optimize CAR T cells. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:2135-2149. [PMID: 37932456 PMCID: PMC10681901 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Current US Food and Drug Administration-approved chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells harbor the T cell receptor (TCR)-derived ζ chain as an intracellular activation domain in addition to costimulatory domains. The functionality in a CAR format of the other chains of the TCR complex, namely CD3δ, CD3ε and CD3γ, instead of ζ, remains unknown. In the present study, we have systematically engineered new CD3 CARs, each containing only one of the CD3 intracellular domains. We found that CARs containing CD3δ, CD3ε or CD3γ cytoplasmic tails outperformed the conventional ζ CAR T cells in vivo. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis revealed differences in activation potential, metabolism and stimulation-induced T cell dysfunctionality that mechanistically explain the enhanced anti-tumor performance. Furthermore, dimerization of the CARs improved their overall functionality. Using these CARs as minimalistic and synthetic surrogate TCRs, we have identified the phosphatase SHP-1 as a new interaction partner of CD3δ that binds the CD3δ-ITAM on phosphorylation of its C-terminal tyrosine. SHP-1 attenuates and restrains activation signals and might thus prevent exhaustion and dysfunction. These new insights into T cell activation could promote the rational redesign of synthetic antigen receptors to improve cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubí M-H Velasco Cárdenas
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon M Brandl
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ana Valeria Meléndez
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Emilia Schlaak
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annabelle Buschky
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Timo Peters
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian Beier
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bryan Serrels
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sanaz Taromi
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Furtwangen, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Raute
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Hauri
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Gstaiger
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Silke Lassmann
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Geoffroy Andrieux
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susana Minguet
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany.
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17
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Louie RHY, Cai C, Samir J, Singh M, Deveson IW, Ferguson JM, Amos TG, McGuire HM, Gowrishankar K, Adikari T, Balderas R, Bonomi M, Ruella M, Bishop D, Gottlieb D, Blyth E, Micklethwaite K, Luciani F. CAR + and CAR - T cells share a differentiation trajectory into an NK-like subset after CD19 CAR T cell infusion in patients with B cell malignancies. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7767. [PMID: 38012187 PMCID: PMC10682404 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43656-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is effective in treating B cell malignancies, but factors influencing the persistence of functional CAR+ T cells, such as product composition, patients' lymphodepletion, and immune reconstitution, are not well understood. To shed light on this issue, here we conduct a single-cell multi-omics analysis of transcriptional, clonal, and phenotypic profiles from pre- to 1-month post-infusion of CAR+ and CAR- T cells from patients from a CARTELL study (ACTRN12617001579381) who received a donor-derived 4-1BB CAR product targeting CD19. Following infusion, CAR+ T cells and CAR- T cells shows similar differentiation profiles with clonally expanded populations across heterogeneous phenotypes, demonstrating clonal lineages and phenotypic plasticity. We validate these findings in 31 patients with large B cell lymphoma treated with CD19 CAR T therapy. For these patients, we identify using longitudinal mass-cytometry data an association between NK-like subsets and clinical outcomes at 6 months with both CAR+ and CAR- T cells. These results suggest that non-CAR-derived signals can provide information about patients' immune recovery and be used as correlate of clinically relevant parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Hall Yip Louie
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Curtis Cai
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jerome Samir
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mandeep Singh
- Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ira W Deveson
- Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Timothy G Amos
- Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen Marie McGuire
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Kavitha Gowrishankar
- Blood Transplant and Cell Therapies Program, Department of Haematology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thiruni Adikari
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Martina Bonomi
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Physics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Ruella
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Bishop
- Blood Transplant and Cell Therapies Program, Department of Haematology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Gottlieb
- Blood Transplant and Cell Therapies Program, Department of Haematology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emily Blyth
- Blood Transplant and Cell Therapies Program, Department of Haematology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kenneth Micklethwaite
- Blood Transplant and Cell Therapies Program, Department of Haematology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- NSW Health Pathology Blood Transplant and Cell Therapies Laboratory - ICPMR Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fabio Luciani
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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18
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Pu Z, Wang TB, Mou L. Revolutionizing cancer immunotherapy in solid tumor: CAR engineering and single-cell sequencing insights. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1310285. [PMID: 38090577 PMCID: PMC10712310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1310285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The global increase in cancer incidence presents significant economic and societal challenges. While chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cell (CAR-T) therapy has demonstrated remarkable success in hematologic malignancies and has earned FDA approval, its translation to solid tumors encounters faces significant obstacles, primarily centered around identifying reliable tumor-associated antigens and navigating the complexities of the tumor microenvironment. Recent developments in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) have greatly enhanced our understanding of tumors by offering high-resolution, unbiased analysis of cellular heterogeneity and molecular patterns. These technologies have revolutionized our comprehension of tumor immunology and have led to notable progress in cancer immunotherapy. This mini-review explores the progress of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell therapy in solid tumor treatment and the application of scRNA-seq at various stages following the administration of CAR cell products into the body. The advantages of scRNA-seq are poised to further advance the investigation of the biological characteristics of CAR cells in vivo, tumor immune evasion, the impact of different cellular components on clinical efficacy, the development of clinically relevant biomarkers, and the creation of new targeted drugs and combination therapy approaches. The integration of scRNA-seq with CAR therapy represents a promising avenue for future innovations in cancer immunotherapy. This synergy holds the potential to enhance the precision and efficacy of CAR cell therapies while expanding their applications to a broader range of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhui Pu
- Imaging Department, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- MetaLife Lab, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tony Bowei Wang
- Biology Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Lisha Mou
- Imaging Department, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- MetaLife Lab, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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19
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Yang Y, Louie R, Puc J, Vedvyas Y, Alcaina Y, Min IM, Britz M, Luciani F, Jin MM. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy Targeting Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule in Gastric Cancer: Mechanisms of Tumor Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5552. [PMID: 38067255 PMCID: PMC10705754 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15235552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a tumor-associated antigen that is frequently overexpressed in various carcinomas. We have developed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells specifically targeting EpCAM for the treatment of gastric cancer. This study sought to unravel the precise mechanisms by which tumors evade immune surveillance and develop resistance to CAR T cell therapy. Through a combination of whole-body CAR T cell imaging and single-cell multiomic analyses, we uncovered intricate interactions between tumors and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). In a gastric cancer model, tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells exhibited both cytotoxic and exhausted phenotypes, while CD4 T cells were mainly regulatory T cells. A T cell receptor (TCR) clonal analysis provided evidence of CAR T cell proliferation and clonal expansion within resistant tumors, which was substantiated by whole-body CAR T cell imaging. Furthermore, single-cell transcriptomics showed that tumor cells in mice with refractory or relapsing outcomes were enriched for genes involved in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and antigen presentation pathways, interferon-γ and interferon-α responses, mitochondrial activities, and a set of genes (e.g., CD74, IDO1, IFI27) linked to tumor progression and unfavorable disease prognoses. This research highlights an approach that combines imaging and multiomic methodologies to concurrently characterize the evolution of tumors and the differentiation of CAR T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Yang
- Department of Radiology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA (I.M.M.)
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Raymond Louie
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Janusz Puc
- AffyImmune Therapeutics, Inc., Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Yogindra Vedvyas
- Department of Radiology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA (I.M.M.)
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Yago Alcaina
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Irene M. Min
- Department of Radiology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA (I.M.M.)
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Matt Britz
- AffyImmune Therapeutics, Inc., Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Fabio Luciani
- School of Medical Sciences and Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Moonsoo M. Jin
- Department of Radiology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA (I.M.M.)
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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20
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Tang L, Huang ZP, Mei H, Hu Y. Insights gained from single-cell analysis of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy in cancer. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:52. [PMID: 37941075 PMCID: PMC10631149 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy have significantly improved clinical outcomes of patients with relapsed or refractory hematologic malignancies. However, progress is still hindered as clinical benefit is only available for a fraction of patients. A lack of understanding of CAR-T cell behaviors in vivo at the single-cell level impedes their more extensive application in clinical practice. Mounting evidence suggests that single-cell sequencing techniques can help perfect the receptor design, guide gene-based T cell modification, and optimize the CAR-T manufacturing conditions, and all of them are essential for long-term immunosurveillance and more favorable clinical outcomes. The information generated by employing these methods also potentially informs our understanding of the numerous complex factors that dictate therapeutic efficacy and toxicities. In this review, we discuss the reasons why CAR-T immunotherapy fails in clinical practice and what this field has learned since the milestone of single-cell sequencing technologies. We further outline recent advances in the application of single-cell analyses in CAR-T immunotherapy. Specifically, we provide an overview of single-cell studies focusing on target antigens, CAR-transgene integration, and preclinical research and clinical applications, and then discuss how it will affect the future of CAR-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhong-Pei Huang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Heng Mei
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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21
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Singh N, Maus MV. Synthetic manipulation of the cancer-immunity cycle: CAR-T cell therapy. Immunity 2023; 56:2296-2310. [PMID: 37820585 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic immunity to cancer has been pioneered by the application of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineering into autologous T cells. CAR T cell therapy is highly amenable to molecular engineering to bypass barriers of the cancer immunity cycle, such as endogenous antigen presentation, immune priming, and natural checkpoints that constrain immune responses. Here, we review CAR T cell design and the mechanisms that drive sustained CAR T cell effector activity and anti-tumor function. We discuss engineering approaches aimed at improving anti-tumor function through a variety of mechanistic interventions for both hematologic and solid tumors. The ability to engineer T cells in such a variety of ways, including by modifying their trafficking, antigen recognition, costimulation, and addition of synthetic genes, circuits, knockouts and base edits to finely tune complex functions, is arguably the most powerful way to manipulate the cancer immunity cycle in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Singh
- Division of Oncology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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22
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Calviño C, Ceballos C, Alfonso A, Jauregui P, Calleja-Cervantes ME, San Martin-Uriz P, Rodriguez-Marquez P, Martin-Mallo A, Iglesias E, Abizanda G, Rodriguez-Diaz S, Martinez-Turrillas R, Illarramendi J, Viguria MC, Redondo M, Rifon J, Villar S, Lasarte JJ, Inoges S, Lopez-Diaz de Cerio A, Hernaez M, Prosper F, Rodriguez-Madoz JR. Optimization of universal allogeneic CAR-T cells combining CRISPR and transposon-based technologies for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1270843. [PMID: 37795087 PMCID: PMC10546312 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1270843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the potential of CAR-T therapies for hematological malignancies, their efficacy in patients with relapse and refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia has been limited. The aim of our study has been to develop and manufacture a CAR-T cell product that addresses some of the current limitations. We initially compared the phenotype of T cells from AML patients and healthy young and elderly controls. This analysis showed that T cells from AML patients displayed a predominantly effector phenotype, with increased expression of activation (CD69 and HLA-DR) and exhaustion markers (PD1 and LAG3), in contrast to the enriched memory phenotype observed in healthy donors. This differentiated and more exhausted phenotype was also observed, and corroborated by transcriptomic analyses, in CAR-T cells from AML patients engineered with an optimized CAR construct targeting CD33, resulting in a decreased in vivo antitumoral efficacy evaluated in xenograft AML models. To overcome some of these limitations we have combined CRISPR-based genome editing technologies with virus-free gene-transfer strategies using Sleeping Beauty transposons, to generate CAR-T cells depleted of HLA-I and TCR complexes (HLA-IKO/TCRKO CAR-T cells) for allogeneic approaches. Our optimized protocol allows one-step generation of edited CAR-T cells that show a similar phenotypic profile to non-edited CAR-T cells, with equivalent in vitro and in vivo antitumoral efficacy. Moreover, genomic analysis of edited CAR-T cells revealed a safe integration profile of the vector, with no preferences for specific genomic regions, with highly specific editing of the HLA-I and TCR, without significant off-target sites. Finally, the production of edited CAR-T cells at a larger scale allowed the generation and selection of enough HLA-IKO/TCRKO CAR-T cells that would be compatible with clinical applications. In summary, our results demonstrate that CAR-T cells from AML patients, although functional, present phenotypic and functional features that could compromise their antitumoral efficacy, compared to CAR-T cells from healthy donors. The combination of CRISPR technologies with transposon-based delivery strategies allows the generation of HLA-IKO/TCRKO CAR-T cells, compatible with allogeneic approaches, that would represent a promising option for AML treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Aged
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Calviño
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Candela Ceballos
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Alfonso
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Jauregui
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria E. Calleja-Cervantes
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Computational Biology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Paula Rodriguez-Marquez
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Angel Martin-Mallo
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Iglesias
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gloria Abizanda
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Rebeca Martinez-Turrillas
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jorge Illarramendi
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria C. Viguria
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Margarita Redondo
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose Rifon
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Villar
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan J. Lasarte
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Cancer Center Clinica Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Susana Inoges
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Center Clinica Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Pamplona, Spain
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ascension Lopez-Diaz de Cerio
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Center Clinica Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Pamplona, Spain
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mikel Hernaez
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Computational Biology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Cancer Center Clinica Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Pamplona, Spain
- Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Institute (DATAI), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe Prosper
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Cancer Center Clinica Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan R. Rodriguez-Madoz
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Cancer Center Clinica Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Pamplona, Spain
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23
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Tserunyan V, Finley SD. A systems and computational biology perspective on advancing CAR therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 94:34-49. [PMID: 37263529 PMCID: PMC10529846 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the recent decades, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy signaled a new revolutionary approach to cancer treatment. This method seeks to engineer immune cells expressing an artificially designed receptor, which would endue those cells with the ability to recognize and eliminate tumor cells. While some CAR therapies received FDA approval and others are subject to clinical trials, many aspects of their workings remain elusive. Techniques of systems and computational biology have been frequently employed to explain the operating principles of CAR therapy and suggest further design improvements. In this review, we sought to provide a comprehensive account of those efforts. Specifically, we discuss various computational models of CAR therapy ranging in scale from organismal to molecular. Then, we describe the molecular and functional properties of costimulatory domains frequently incorporated in CAR structure. Finally, we describe the signaling cascades by which those costimulatory domains elicit cellular response against the target. We hope that this comprehensive summary of computational and experimental studies will further motivate the use of systems approaches in advancing CAR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vardges Tserunyan
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stacey D Finley
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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24
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Selli ME, Landmann JH, Terekhova M, Lattin J, Heard A, Hsu YS, Chang TC, Chang J, Warrington J, Ha H, Kingston N, Hogg G, Slade M, Berrien-Elliott MM, Foster M, Kersting-Schadek S, Gruszczynska A, DeNardo D, Fehniger TA, Artyomov M, Singh N. Costimulatory domains direct distinct fates of CAR-driven T-cell dysfunction. Blood 2023; 141:3153-3165. [PMID: 37130030 PMCID: PMC10356580 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) targeting CD19 have demonstrated impressive activity against relapsed or refractory B-cell cancers yet fail to induce durable remissions for nearly half of all patients treated. Enhancing the efficacy of this therapy requires detailed understanding of the molecular circuitry that restrains CAR-driven antitumor T-cell function. We developed and validated an in vitro model that drives T-cell dysfunction through chronic CAR activation and interrogated how CAR costimulatory domains, central components of CAR structure and function, contribute to T-cell failure. We found that chronic activation of CD28-based CARs results in activation of classical T-cell exhaustion programs and development of dysfunctional cells that bear the hallmarks of exhaustion. In contrast, 41BB-based CARs activate a divergent molecular program and direct differentiation of T cells into a novel cell state. Interrogation using CAR T cells from a patient with progressive lymphoma confirmed the activation of this novel program in a failing clinical product. Furthermore, we demonstrate that 41BB-dependent activation of the transcription factor FOXO3 is directly responsible for impairing CAR T-cell function. These findings identify that costimulatory domains are critical regulators of CAR-driven T-cell failure and that targeted interventions are required to overcome costimulation-dependent dysfunctional programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Emrah Selli
- Division of Oncology, Section of Cellular Therapies, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jack H. Landmann
- Division of Oncology, Section of Cellular Therapies, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Marina Terekhova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - John Lattin
- Division of Oncology, Section of Cellular Therapies, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Amanda Heard
- Division of Oncology, Section of Cellular Therapies, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Yu-Sung Hsu
- Division of Oncology, Section of Cellular Therapies, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Tien-Ching Chang
- Division of Oncology, Section of Cellular Therapies, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jufang Chang
- Division of Oncology, Section of Cellular Therapies, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - John Warrington
- Division of Oncology, Section of Cellular Therapies, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Helen Ha
- Division of Oncology, Section of Cellular Therapies, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Natalie Kingston
- Division of Oncology, Section of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Graham Hogg
- Division of Oncology, Section of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Michael Slade
- Division of Oncology, Section of Cellular Therapies, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Melissa M. Berrien-Elliott
- Division of Oncology, Section of Cellular Therapies, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Mark Foster
- Division of Oncology, Section of Cellular Therapies, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Samantha Kersting-Schadek
- Division of Oncology, Section of Cellular Therapies, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Agata Gruszczynska
- Division of Oncology, Section of Stem Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - David DeNardo
- Division of Oncology, Section of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Todd A. Fehniger
- Division of Oncology, Section of Cellular Therapies, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Maxim Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nathan Singh
- Division of Oncology, Section of Cellular Therapies, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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25
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Huang S, Wang X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Fang C, Wang Y, Chen S, Chen R, Lei T, Zhang Y, Xu X, Li Y. Deciphering and advancing CAR T-cell therapy with single-cell sequencing technologies. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:80. [PMID: 37149643 PMCID: PMC10163813 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has made remarkable progress in cancer immunotherapy, but several challenges with unclear mechanisms hinder its wide clinical application. Single-cell sequencing technologies, with the powerful unbiased analysis of cellular heterogeneity and molecular patterns at unprecedented resolution, have greatly advanced our understanding of immunology and oncology. In this review, we summarize the recent applications of single-cell sequencing technologies in CAR T-cell therapy, including the biological characteristics, the latest mechanisms of clinical response and adverse events, promising strategies that contribute to the development of CAR T-cell therapy and CAR target selection. Generally, we propose a multi-omics research mode to guide potential future research on CAR T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengkang Huang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yajing Wang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenglong Fang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yazhuo Wang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sifei Chen
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Runkai Chen
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Lei
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinjie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.
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26
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Pourzia AL, Olson ML, Bailey SR, Boroughs AC, Aryal A, Ryan J, Maus MV, Letai A. Quantifying requirements for mitochondrial apoptosis in CAR T killing of cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:267. [PMID: 37055388 PMCID: PMC10101951 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05727-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is an FDA-approved treatment for several hematologic malignancies, yet not all patients respond to this treatment. While some resistance mechanisms have been identified, cell death pathways in target cancer cells remain underexplored. Impairing mitochondrial apoptosis via knockout of Bak and Bax, forced Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL expression, or caspase inhibition protected several tumor models from CAR T killing. However, impairing mitochondrial apoptosis in two liquid tumor cell lines did not protect target cells from CAR T killing. We found that whether a cell was Type I or Type II in response to death ligands explained the divergence of these results, so that mitochondrial apoptosis was dispensable for CART killing of cells that were Type I but not Type II. This suggests that the apoptotic signaling induced by CAR T cells bears important similarities to that induced by drugs. Combinations of drug and CAR T therapies will therefore require tailoring to the specific cell death pathways activated by CAR T cells in different types of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Pourzia
- Harvard Medical School MD-PhD Program, Boston, MA, USA
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematologic Neoplasia, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanford Internal Medicine Residency, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Michael L Olson
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematologic Neoplasia, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefanie R Bailey
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angela C Boroughs
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
- ArsenalBio, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aditi Aryal
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematologic Neoplasia, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy Ryan
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematologic Neoplasia, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Anthony Letai
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematologic Neoplasia, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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27
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Pierzynowska K, Gaffke L, Zaucha JM, Węgrzyn G. Transcriptomic Approaches in Studies on and Applications of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041107. [PMID: 37189725 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells are specifically modified T cells which bear recombinant receptors, present at the cell surface and devoted to detect selected antigens of cancer cells, and due to the presence of transmembrane and activation domains, able to eliminate the latter ones. The use of CAR-T cells in anti-cancer therapies is a relatively novel approach, providing a powerful tool in the fight against cancer and bringing new hope for patients. However, despite huge possibilities and promising results of preclinical studies and clinical efficacy, there are various drawbacks to this therapy, including toxicity, possible relapses, restrictions to specific kinds of cancers, and others. Studies desiring to overcome these problems include various modern and advanced methods. One of them is transcriptomics, a set of techniques that analyze the abundance of all RNA transcripts present in the cell at certain moment and under certain conditions. The use of this method gives a global picture of the efficiency of expression of all genes, thus revealing the physiological state and regulatory processes occurring in the investigated cells. In this review, we summarize and discuss the use of transcriptomics in studies on and applications of CAR-T cells, especially in approaches focused on improved efficacy, reduced toxicity, new target cancers (like solid tumors), monitoring the treatment efficacy, developing novel analytical methods, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pierzynowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lidia Gaffke
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jan M. Zaucha
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
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28
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Chen Y, Qin D, Zou J, Li X, Guo XD, Tang Y, Liu C, Chen W, Kong N, Zhang CY, Tao W. Living Leukocyte-Based Drug Delivery Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207787. [PMID: 36317596 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Leukocytes play a vital role in immune responses, including defending against invasive pathogens, reconstructing impaired tissue, and maintaining immune homeostasis. When the immune system is activated in vivo, leukocytes accomplish a series of orderly and complex regulatory processes. While cancer and inflammation-related diseases like sepsis are critical medical difficulties plaguing humankind around the world, leukocytes have been shown to largely gather at the focal site, and significantly contribute to inflammation and cancer progression. Therefore, the living leukocyte-based drug delivery systems have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to the innate and specific targeting effect, low immunogenicity, improved therapeutic efficacy, and low reverse effect. In this review, the recent advances in the development of living leukocyte-based drug delivery systems including macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes as promising treatment strategies for cancer and inflammation-related diseases are introduced. The advantages, current challenges, and limitations of these delivery systems are also discussed, as well as perspectives on the future development of precision and targeted therapy in the clinics are provided. Collectively, it is expected that such kind of living cell-based drug delivery system is promising to improve or even revolutionize the treatments of cancers and inflammation-related diseases in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Chen
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Duotian Qin
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jianhua Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), 519020, China
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Xiaobin Li
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xin Dong Guo
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Chuang Liu
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Na Kong
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Can Yang Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 440300, China
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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29
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Yang J, Chen Y, Jing Y, Green MR, Han L. Advancing CAR T cell therapy through the use of multidimensional omics data. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023; 20:211-228. [PMID: 36721024 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00729-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the notable success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies in the treatment of certain haematological malignancies, challenges remain in optimizing CAR designs and cell products, improving response rates, extending the durability of remissions, reducing toxicity and broadening the utility of this therapeutic modality to other cancer types. Data from multidimensional omics analyses, including genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, T cell receptor-repertoire profiling, proteomics, metabolomics and/or microbiomics, provide unique opportunities to dissect the complex and dynamic multifactorial phenotypes, processes and responses of CAR T cells as well as to discover novel tumour targets and pathways of resistance. In this Review, we summarize the multidimensional cellular and molecular profiling technologies that have been used to advance our mechanistic understanding of CAR T cell therapies. In addition, we discuss current applications and potential strategies leveraging multi-omics data to identify optimal target antigens and other molecular features that could be exploited to enhance the antitumour activity and minimize the toxicity of CAR T cell therapy. Indeed, fully utilizing multi-omics data will provide new insights into the biology of CAR T cell therapy, further accelerate the development of products with improved efficacy and safety profiles, and enable clinicians to better predict and monitor patient responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Yang
- Center for Epigenetics and Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yamei Chen
- Center for Epigenetics and Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ying Jing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael R Green
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Leng Han
- Center for Epigenetics and Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA.
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30
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Obermayer B, Keilholz L, Conrad T, Frentsch M, Blau IW, Vuong L, Lesch S, Movasshagi K, Tietze-Stolley C, Loyal L, Henze L, Penack O, Stervbo U, Babel N, Haas S, Beule D, Bullinger L, Wittenbecher F, Na IK. Single-cell clonal tracking of persistent T-cells in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1114368. [PMID: 36860867 PMCID: PMC9969884 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1114368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The critical balance between intended and adverse effects in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) depends on the fate of individual donor T-cells. To this end, we tracked αβT-cell clonotypes during stem cell mobilization treatment with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in healthy donors and for six months during immune reconstitution after transfer to transplant recipients. More than 250 αβT-cell clonotypes were tracked from donor to recipient. These clonotypes consisted almost exclusively of CD8+ effector memory T cells (CD8TEM), which exhibited a different transcriptional signature with enhanced effector and cytotoxic functions compared to other CD8TEM. Importantly, these distinct and persisting clonotypes could already be delineated in the donor. We confirmed these phenotypes on the protein level and their potential for selection from the graft. Thus, we identified a transcriptional signature associated with persistence and expansion of donor T-cell clonotypes after alloHSCT that may be exploited for personalized graft manipulation strategies in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Obermayer
- Core Unit Bioinformatics (CUBI), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luisa Keilholz
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Conrad
- Core Unit Genomics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Frentsch
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Igor-Wolfgang Blau
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lam Vuong
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Stem Cell Facility, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stella Lesch
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kamran Movasshagi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Stem Cell Facility, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carola Tietze-Stolley
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Stem Cell Facility, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucie Loyal
- BIH Center for Exploratory Diagnostic Sciences (EDS), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Si-M/”Der Simulierte Mensch” a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Immunomics - Regenerative Immunology and Aging, Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Larissa Henze
- BIH Center for Exploratory Diagnostic Sciences (EDS), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Si-M/”Der Simulierte Mensch” a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Immunomics - Regenerative Immunology and Aging, Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Penack
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrik Stervbo
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Nina Babel
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Simon Haas
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,BIH Center for Exploratory Diagnostic Sciences (EDS), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Beule
- Core Unit Bioinformatics (CUBI), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Bullinger
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,ECRC Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedrich Wittenbecher
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Il-Kang Na
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Si-M/”Der Simulierte Mensch” a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,ECRC Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,*Correspondence: Il-Kang Na,
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31
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Selli ME, Landmann JH, Terekhova M, Lattin J, Heard A, Hsu YS, Chang TC, Chang J, Warrington J, Ha H, Kingston N, Hogg G, Slade M, Berrien-Elliot MM, Foster M, Kersting-Schadek S, Gruszczynska A, DeNardo D, Fehniger TA, Artyomov M, Singh N. Costimulatory domains direct distinct fates of CAR-driven T cell dysfunction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.26.525725. [PMID: 36747791 PMCID: PMC9901009 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.26.525725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineered T cells often fail to enact effector functions after infusion into patients. Understanding the biological pathways that lead CAR T cells to failure is of critical importance in the design of more effective therapies. We developed and validated an in vitro model that drives T cell dysfunction through chronic CAR activation and interrogated how CAR costimulatory domains contribute to T cell failure. We found that dysfunctional CD28-based CARs targeting CD19 bear hallmarks of classical T cell exhaustion while dysfunctional 41BB-based CARs are phenotypically, transcriptionally and epigenetically distinct. We confirmed activation of this unique transcriptional program in CAR T cells that failed to control clinical disease. Further, we demonstrate that 41BB-dependent activation of the transcription factor FOXO3 is a significant contributor to this dysfunction and disruption of FOXO3 improves CAR T cell function. These findings identify that chronic activation of 41BB leads to novel state of T cell dysfunction that can be alleviated by genetic modification of FOXO3. Summary Chronic stimulation of CARs containing the 41BB costimulatory domain leads to a novel state of T cell dysfunction that is distinct from T cell exhaustion.
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32
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Deng W, Li B, Wang J, Jiang W, Yan X, Li N, Vukmirovic M, Kaminski N, Wang J, Zhao H. A novel Bayesian framework for harmonizing information across tissues and studies to increase cell type deconvolution accuracy. Brief Bioinform 2023; 24:bbac616. [PMID: 36631398 PMCID: PMC9851324 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational cell type deconvolution on bulk transcriptomics data can reveal cell type proportion heterogeneity across samples. One critical factor for accurate deconvolution is the reference signature matrix for different cell types. Compared with inferring reference signature matrices from cell lines, rapidly accumulating single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data provide a richer and less biased resource. However, deriving cell type signature from scRNA-seq data is challenging due to high biological and technical noises. In this article, we introduce a novel Bayesian framework, tranSig, to improve signature matrix inference from scRNA-seq by leveraging shared cell type-specific expression patterns across different tissues and studies. Our simulations show that tranSig is robust to the number of signature genes and tissues specified in the model. Applications of tranSig to bulk RNA sequencing data from peripheral blood, bronchoalveolar lavage and aorta demonstrate its accuracy and power to characterize biological heterogeneity across groups. In summary, tranSig offers an accurate and robust approach to defining gene expression signatures of different cell types, facilitating improved in silico cell type deconvolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Deng
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bolun Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiting Yan
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ningshan Li
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Milica Vukmirovic
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St., ON, Canada
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, USA
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33
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Ung S, Choochuen P, Khopanlert W, Maneechai K, Sangkhathat S, Terakura S, Julamanee J. Enrichment of T-cell proliferation and memory gene signatures of CD79A/CD40 costimulatory domain potentiates CD19CAR-T cell functions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1064339. [PMID: 36505428 PMCID: PMC9729744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1064339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells have demonstrated remarkable outcomes in B-cell malignancies. Recently, the novel CD19CAR-T cells incorporated with B-cell costimulatory molecules of CD79A/CD40 demonstrated superior antitumor activity in the B-cell lymphoma model compared with CD28 or 4-1BB. Here, we investigated the intrinsic transcriptional gene underlying the functional advantage of CD19.79A.40z CAR-T cells following CD19 antigen exposure using transcriptome analysis compared to CD28 or 4-1BB. Notably, CD19.79A.40z CAR-T cells up-regulated genes involved in T-cell activation, T-cell proliferation, and NF-κB signaling, whereas down-regulated genes associated with T-cell exhaustion and apoptosis. Interestingly, CD19.79A.40z CAR- and CD19.BBz CAR-T cells were enriched in almost similar pathways. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis demonstrated the enrichment of genes, which were previously identified to correlate with T-cell proliferation, interferon signaling pathway, and naïve and memory T-cell signatures, and down-regulated T-cell exhaustion genes in CD79A/CD40, compared with the T-cell costimulatory domain. The CD19.79A.40z CAR-T cells also up-regulated genes related to glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism, which are necessary to drive T-cell proliferation and differentiation compared with conventional CD19CAR-T cells. Our study provides a comprehensive insight into the understanding of gene signatures that potentiates the superior antitumor functions by CD19CAR-T cells incorporated with the CD79A/CD40 costimulatory domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Socheatraksmey Ung
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Hematology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Pongsakorn Choochuen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand,Translational Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Wannakorn Khopanlert
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Hematology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Kajornkiat Maneechai
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Hematology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Surasak Sangkhathat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand,Translational Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Seitaro Terakura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jakrawadee Julamanee
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Hematology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand,*Correspondence: Jakrawadee Julamanee, ;
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34
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Goodman DB, Azimi CS, Kearns K, Talbot A, Garakani K, Garcia J, Patel N, Hwang B, Lee D, Park E, Vykunta VS, Shy BR, Ye CJ, Eyquem J, Marson A, Bluestone JA, Roybal KT. Pooled screening of CAR T cells identifies diverse immune signaling domains for next-generation immunotherapies. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabm1463. [PMID: 36350984 PMCID: PMC9939256 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abm1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) repurpose natural signaling components to retarget T cells to refractory cancers but have shown limited efficacy in persistent, recurrent malignancies. Here, we introduce "CAR Pooling," a multiplexed approach to rapidly identify CAR designs with clinical potential. Forty CARs with signaling domains derived from a range of immune cell lineages were evaluated in pooled assays for their ability to stimulate critical T cell effector functions during repetitive stimulation that mimics long-term tumor antigen exposure. Several domains were identified from the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family that have been primarily associated with B cells. CD40 enhanced proliferation, whereas B cell-activating factor receptor (BAFF-R) and transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI) promoted cytotoxicity. These functions were enhanced relative to clinical benchmarks after prolonged antigen stimulation, and CAR T cell signaling through these domains fell into distinct states of memory, cytotoxicity, and metabolism. BAFF-R CAR T cells were enriched for a highly cytotoxic transcriptional signature previously associated with positive clinical outcomes. We also observed that replacing the 4-1BB intracellular signaling domain with the BAFF-R signaling domain in a clinically validated B cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-specific CAR resulted in enhanced activity in a xenotransplant model of multiple myeloma. Together, these results show that CAR Pooling is a general approach for rapid exploration of CAR architecture and activity to improve the efficacy of CAR T cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Goodman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
- Gladstone UCSF Institute for Genetic Immunology; San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Camillia S. Azimi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Kendall Kearns
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Alexis Talbot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
- Gladstone UCSF Institute for Genetic Immunology; San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
- INSERM U976, Saint Louis Research Institute, Paris City University, Paris, France
| | - Kiavash Garakani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Julie Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Nisarg Patel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, USA
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, USA
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Byungjin Hwang
- Institute for Human Genetics (IHG), University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - David Lee
- Institute for Human Genetics (IHG), University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Emily Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Vivasvan S. Vykunta
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
- Gladstone UCSF Institute for Genetic Immunology; San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Brian R. Shy
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
- Gladstone UCSF Institute for Genetic Immunology; San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Chun Jimmie Ye
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub; San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics (IHG), University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Justin Eyquem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
- Gladstone UCSF Institute for Genetic Immunology; San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Alexander Marson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub; San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
- Gladstone UCSF Institute for Genetic Immunology; San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics (IHG), University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Bluestone
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Sonoma Biotherapeutics; South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Kole T. Roybal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy; San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub; San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
- Gladstone UCSF Institute for Genetic Immunology; San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
- UCSF Cell Design Institute; San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
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Rodriguez-Marquez P, Calleja-Cervantes ME, Serrano G, Oliver-Caldes A, Palacios-Berraquero ML, Martin-Mallo A, Calviño C, Español-Rego M, Ceballos C, Lozano T, San Martin-Uriz P, Vilas-Zornoza A, Rodriguez-Diaz S, Martinez-Turrillas R, Jauregui P, Alignani D, Viguria MC, Redondo M, Pascal M, Martin-Antonio B, Juan M, Urbano-Ispizua A, Rodriguez-Otero P, Alfonso-Pierola A, Paiva B, Lasarte JJ, Inoges S, Lopez-Diaz de Cerio A, San-Miguel J, Fernandez de Larrea C, Hernaez M, Rodriguez-Madoz JR, Prosper F. CAR density influences antitumoral efficacy of BCMA CAR T cells and correlates with clinical outcome. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo0514. [PMID: 36179026 PMCID: PMC9524842 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Identification of new markers associated with long-term efficacy in patients treated with CAR T cells is a current medical need, particularly in diseases such as multiple myeloma. In this study, we address the impact of CAR density on the functionality of BCMA CAR T cells. Functional and transcriptional studies demonstrate that CAR T cells with high expression of the CAR construct show an increased tonic signaling with up-regulation of exhaustion markers and increased in vitro cytotoxicity but a decrease in in vivo BM infiltration. Characterization of gene regulatory networks using scRNA-seq identified regulons associated to activation and exhaustion up-regulated in CARHigh T cells, providing mechanistic insights behind differential functionality of these cells. Last, we demonstrate that patients treated with CAR T cell products enriched in CARHigh T cells show a significantly worse clinical response in several hematological malignancies. In summary, our work demonstrates that CAR density plays an important role in CAR T activity with notable impact on clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria E. Calleja-Cervantes
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Computational Biology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Serrano
- Computational Biology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aina Oliver-Caldes
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Angel Martin-Mallo
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cristina Calviño
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CUN), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Español-Rego
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Candela Ceballos
- Hematology Service, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Teresa Lozano
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Amaia Vilas-Zornoza
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rebeca Martinez-Turrillas
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Jauregui
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CUN), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Diego Alignani
- Flow Cytometry Core, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria C. Viguria
- Hematology Service, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Margarita Redondo
- Hematology Service, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mariona Pascal
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martin-Antonio
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Juan
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunotherapy platform Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alvaro Urbano-Ispizua
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Rodriguez-Otero
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CUN), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Alfonso-Pierola
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CUN), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Paiva
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Flow Cytometry Core, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan J. Lasarte
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Susana Inoges
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CUN), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CUN), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ascension Lopez-Diaz de Cerio
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CUN), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CUN), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesus San-Miguel
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CUN), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Center Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Fernandez de Larrea
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mikel Hernaez
- Computational Biology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Institute (DATAI), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan R. Rodriguez-Madoz
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Prosper
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CUN), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Center Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Pamplona, Spain
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36
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Wilson TL, Kim H, Chou CH, Langfitt D, Mettelman RC, Minervina AA, Allen EK, Métais JY, Pogorelyy MV, Riberdy JM, Velasquez MP, Kottapalli P, Trivedi S, Olsen SR, Lockey T, Willis C, Meagher MM, Triplett BM, Talleur AC, Gottschalk S, Crawford JC, Thomas PG. Common Trajectories of Highly Effective CD19-Specific CAR T Cells Identified by Endogenous T-cell Receptor Lineages. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:2098-2119. [PMID: 35792801 PMCID: PMC9437573 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Current chimeric antigen receptor-modified (CAR) T-cell products are evaluated in bulk, without assessing functional heterogeneity. We therefore generated a comprehensive single-cell gene expression and T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing data set using pre- and postinfusion CD19-CAR T cells from blood and bone marrow samples of pediatric patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. We identified cytotoxic postinfusion cells with identical TCRs to a subset of preinfusion CAR T cells. These effector precursor cells exhibited a unique transcriptional profile compared with other preinfusion cells, corresponding to an unexpected surface phenotype (TIGIT+, CD62Llo, CD27-). Upon stimulation, these cells showed functional superiority and decreased expression of the exhaustion-associated transcription factor TOX. Collectively, these results demonstrate diverse effector potentials within preinfusion CAR T-cell products, which can be exploited for therapeutic applications. Furthermore, we provide an integrative experimental and analytic framework for elucidating the mechanisms underlying effector development in CAR T-cell products. SIGNIFICANCE Utilizing clonal trajectories to define transcriptional potential, we find a unique signature of CAR T-cell effector precursors present in preinfusion cell products. Functional assessment of cells with this signature indicated early effector potential and resistance to exhaustion, consistent with postinfusion cellular patterns observed in patients. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. Wilson
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ching-Heng Chou
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Deanna Langfitt
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Robert C. Mettelman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - E. Kaitlynn Allen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jean-Yves Métais
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Mikhail V. Pogorelyy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Janice M. Riberdy
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - M. Paulina Velasquez
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Pratibha Kottapalli
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Sanchit Trivedi
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Scott R. Olsen
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Timothy Lockey
- Therapeutic Production and Quality, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Catherine Willis
- Therapeutic Production and Quality, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michael M. Meagher
- Therapeutic Production and Quality, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Brandon M. Triplett
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Aimee C. Talleur
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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37
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Distinct cellular dynamics associated with response to CAR-T therapy for refractory B cell lymphoma. Nat Med 2022; 28:1848-1859. [PMID: 36097221 PMCID: PMC9509487 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01959-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Approximately half of patients with refractory large B cell lymphomas achieve durable responses from CD19-targeting CAR-T treatment; however, failure mechanisms are identified in only a fraction of cases. To gain new insights into the basis of clinical response, we performed single-cell transcriptome sequencing of 105 pretreatment and post-treatment peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples, and infusion products collected from 32 individuals with large B cell lymphoma treated with either of two CD19 CAR-T products: axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) or tisagenlecleucel (tisa-cel). Expansion of proliferative memory-like CD8 clones was a hallmark of tisa-cel response, whereas axi-cel responders displayed more heterogeneous populations. Elevations in CAR-T regulatory cells among nonresponders to axi-cel were detected, and these populations were capable of suppressing conventional CAR-T cell expansion and driving late relapses in an in vivo model. Our analyses reveal the temporal dynamics of effective responses to CAR-T therapy, the distinct molecular phenotypes of CAR-T cells with differing designs, and the capacity for even small increases in CAR-T regulatory cells to drive relapse.
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38
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Understanding CAR T cell-tumor interactions: Paving the way for successful clinical outcomes. MED 2022; 3:538-564. [PMID: 35963235 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Since their approval 5 years ago, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have gained great importance in the daily clinical practice and treatment of hematological malignancies, although many challenges to their use remain, such as limited long-term CAR T cell efficacy due to disease resistance or recurrence. After a brief overview of CAR T cells, their approval, therapeutic successes, and ongoing limitations, this review discusses what is known about CAR T cell activation, their expansion and persistence, their mechanisms of cytotoxicity, and how the CAR design and/or tumor-intrinsic factors influence these functions. This review also examines the role of cytokines in CAR T cell-associated toxicity and their effects on CAR T cell function. Furthermore, we discuss several resistance mechanisms, including obstacles associated with CAR treatment of solid tumors. Finally, we provide a future outlook on next-generation strategies to further optimize CARs and improve clinical outcomes.
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39
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Gordon KS, Kyung T, Perez CR, Holec PV, Ramos A, Zhang AQ, Agarwal Y, Liu Y, Koch C, Starchenko A, Joughin BA, Lauffenburger DA, Irvine DJ, Hemann MT, Birnbaum ME. Screening for CD19-specific chimaeric antigen receptors with enhanced signalling via a barcoded library of intracellular domains. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:855-866. [PMID: 35710755 PMCID: PMC9389442 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immunostimulatory intracellular domains (ICDs) of chimaeric antigen receptors (CARs) are essential for converting antigen recognition into antitumoural function. Although there are many possible combinations of ICDs, almost all current CARs rely on combinations of CD3𝛇, CD28 and 4-1BB. Here we show that a barcoded library of 700,000 unique CD19-specific CARs with diverse ICDs cloned into lentiviral vectors and transduced into Jurkat T cells can be screened at high throughput via cell sorting and next-generation sequencing to optimize CAR signalling for antitumoural functions. By using this screening approach, we identified CARs with new ICD combinations that, compared with clinically available CARs, endowed human primary T cells with comparable tumour control in mice and with improved proliferation, persistence, exhaustion and cytotoxicity after tumour rechallenge in vitro. The screening strategy can be adapted to other disease models, cell types and selection conditions, and could be used to improve adoptive cell therapies and to expand their utility to new disease indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khloe S. Gordon
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Taeyoon Kyung
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Caleb R. Perez
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Patrick V. Holec
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Azucena Ramos
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Angela Q. Zhang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Health, Science, and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yash Agarwal
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Catherine Koch
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Alina Starchenko
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Brian A. Joughin
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Douglas A. Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael T. Hemann
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael E. Birnbaum
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore 138602, Singapore,Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to M.E.B.
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40
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Kim MY, Jayasinghe R, Devenport JM, Ritchey JK, Rettig MP, O'Neal J, Staser KW, Kennerly KM, Carter AJ, Gao F, Lee BH, Cooper ML, DiPersio JF. A long-acting interleukin-7, rhIL-7-hyFc, enhances CAR T cell expansion, persistence, and anti-tumor activity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3296. [PMID: 35697686 PMCID: PMC9192727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30860-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is routinely used to treat patients with refractory hematologic malignancies. However, a significant proportion of patients experience suboptimal CAR T cell cytotoxicity and persistence that can permit tumor cell escape and disease relapse. Here we show that a prototype pro-lymphoid growth factor is able to enhance CAR T cell efficacy. We demonstrate that a long-acting form of recombinant human interleukin-7 (IL-7) fused with hybrid Fc (rhIL-7-hyFc) promotes proliferation, persistence and cytotoxicity of human CAR T cells in xenogeneic mouse models, and murine CAR T cells in syngeneic mouse models, resulting in long-term tumor-free survival. Thus, rhIL-7-hyFc represents a tunable clinic-ready adjuvant for improving suboptimal CAR T cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Y Kim
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Reyka Jayasinghe
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jessica M Devenport
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julie K Ritchey
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael P Rettig
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julie O'Neal
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Karl W Staser
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Krista M Kennerly
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alun J Carter
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Matthew L Cooper
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John F DiPersio
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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41
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Leick MB, Silva H, Scarfò I, Larson R, Choi BD, Bouffard AA, Gallagher K, Schmidts A, Bailey SR, Kann MC, Jan M, Wehrli M, Grauwet K, Horick N, Frigault MJ, Maus MV. Non-cleavable hinge enhances avidity and expansion of CAR-T cells for acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Cell 2022; 40:494-508.e5. [PMID: 35452603 PMCID: PMC9107929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is effective in lymphoid malignancies, but there has been limited data in myeloid cancers. Here, we start with a CD27-based CAR to target CD70 ("native") in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and we find modest efficacy in vivo, consistent with prior reports. We then use orthogonal approaches to increase binding on both the tumor and CAR-T cell sides of the immune synapse: a pharmacologic approach (azacitidine) to increase antigen density of CD70 in myeloid tumors, and an engineering approach to stabilize binding of the CAR to CD70. To accomplish the latter, we design a panel of hinge-modified regions to mitigate cleavage of the extracellular portion of CD27. Our CD8 hinge and transmembrane-modified CD70 CAR-T cells are less prone to cleavage, have enhanced binding avidity, and increased expansion, leading to more potent in vivo activity. This enhanced CD70-targeted CAR is a promising candidate for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Leick
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Harrison Silva
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Irene Scarfò
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca Larson
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bryan D Choi
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Amanda A Bouffard
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kathleen Gallagher
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Andrea Schmidts
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stefanie R Bailey
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael C Kann
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Max Jan
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Marc Wehrli
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Korneel Grauwet
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Nora Horick
- Department of Biostatistics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Matthew J Frigault
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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42
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Guedan S, Luu M, Ammar D, Barbao P, Bonini C, Bousso P, Buchholz CJ, Casucci M, De Angelis B, Donnadieu E, Espie D, Greco B, Groen R, Huppa JB, Kantari-Mimoun C, Laugel B, Mantock M, Markman JL, Morris E, Quintarelli C, Rade M, Reiche K, Rodriguez-Garcia A, Rodriguez-Madoz JR, Ruggiero E, Themeli M, Hudecek M, Marchiq I. Time 2EVOLVE: predicting efficacy of engineered T-cells - how far is the bench from the bedside? J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-003487. [PMID: 35577501 PMCID: PMC9115015 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with gene engineered CAR and TCR transgenic T-cells is a transformative treatment in cancer medicine. There is a rich pipeline with target antigens and sophisticated technologies that will enable establishing this novel treatment not only in rare hematological malignancies, but also in common solid tumors. The T2EVOLVE consortium is a public private partnership directed at accelerating the preclinical development of and increasing access to engineered T-cell immunotherapies for cancer patients. A key ambition in T2EVOLVE is to assess the currently available preclinical models for evaluating safety and efficacy of engineered T cell therapy and developing new models and test parameters with higher predictive value for clinical safety and efficacy in order to improve and accelerate the selection of lead T-cell products for clinical translation. Here, we review existing and emerging preclinical models that permit assessing CAR and TCR signaling and antigen binding, the access and function of engineered T-cells to primary and metastatic tumor ligands, as well as the impact of endogenous factors such as the host immune system and microbiome. Collectively, this review article presents a perspective on an accelerated translational development path that is based on innovative standardized preclinical test systems for CAR and TCR transgenic T-cell products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Guedan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maik Luu
- 19 Lehrstuhl für Zelluläre Immuntherapie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | | | - Paula Barbao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chiara Bonini
- Experimental Hematology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Philippe Bousso
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | | | - Monica Casucci
- Innovative Immunotherapies Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Biagio De Angelis
- Department Onco-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emmanuel Donnadieu
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Cochin, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - David Espie
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Cochin, F-75014 Paris, France.,CAR-T Cells Department, Invectys, Paris, France
| | - Beatrice Greco
- Innovative Immunotherapies Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Groen
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers at Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunolgy, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Bruno Laugel
- Institut de Recherches internationales Servier (IRIS), Suresnes, France
| | | | - Janet L Markman
- Takeda Development Centers Americas, Inc. Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emma Morris
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London Medical School - Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Concetta Quintarelli
- Department Onco-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Rade
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Reiche
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Eliana Ruggiero
- Experimental Hematology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Themeli
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers at Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Hudecek
- 19 Lehrstuhl für Zelluläre Immuntherapie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Ibtissam Marchiq
- Institut de Recherches internationales Servier (IRIS), Suresnes, France
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43
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Feng Z, He X, Zhang X, Wu Y, Xing B, Knowles A, Shan Q, Miller S, Hojnacki T, Ma J, Katona BW, Gade TPF, Siegel DL, Schrader J, Metz DC, June CH, Hua X. Potent suppression of neuroendocrine tumors and gastrointestinal cancers by CDH17CAR T cells without toxicity to normal tissues. NATURE CANCER 2022; 3:581-594. [PMID: 35314826 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-022-00344-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers (GICs) and neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are often refractory to therapy after metastasis. Adoptive cell therapy using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, though remarkably efficacious for treating leukemia, is yet to be developed for solid tumors such as GICs and NETs. Here we isolated a llama-derived nanobody, VHH1, and found that it bound cell surface adhesion protein CDH17 upregulated in GICs and NETs. VHH1-CAR T cells (CDH17CARTs) killed both human and mouse tumor cells in a CDH17-dependent manner. CDH17CARTs eradicated CDH17-expressing NETs and gastric, pancreatic and colorectal cancers in either tumor xenograft or autochthonous mouse models. Notably, CDH17CARTs do not attack normal intestinal epithelial cells, which also express CDH17, to cause toxicity, likely because CDH17 is localized only at the tight junction between normal intestinal epithelial cells. Thus, CDH17 represents a class of previously unappreciated tumor-associated antigens that is 'masked' in healthy tissues from attack by CAR T cells for developing safer cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Feng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xin He
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xuyao Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuan Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bowen Xing
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alison Knowles
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qiaonan Shan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Samuel Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Taylor Hojnacki
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jian Ma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bryson W Katona
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Terence P F Gade
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Don L Siegel
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jörg Schrader
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David C Metz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carl H June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xianxin Hua
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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44
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Huang Y, Si X, Shao M, Teng X, Xiao G, Huang H. Rewiring mitochondrial metabolism to counteract exhaustion of CAR-T cells. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:38. [PMID: 35346311 PMCID: PMC8960222 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Short persistence and early exhaustion of T cells are major limits to the efficacy and broad application of immunotherapy. Exhausted T and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells upregulate expression of genes associated with terminated T cell differentiation, aerobic glycolysis and apoptosis. Among cell exhaustion characteristics, impaired mitochondrial function and dynamics are considered hallmarks. Here, we review the mitochondrial characteristics of exhausted T cells and particularly discuss different aspects of mitochondrial metabolism and plasticity. Furthermore, we propose a novel strategy of rewiring mitochondrial metabolism to emancipate T cells from exhaustion and of targeting mitochondrial plasticity to boost CAR-T cell therapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Si
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mi Shao
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Teng
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Xiao
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China. .,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China. .,Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China. .,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China. .,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China.
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45
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Wang Y, Buck A, Grimaud M, Culhane AC, Kodangattil S, Razimbaud C, Bonal DM, Nguyen QD, Zhu Z, Wei K, O'Donnell ML, Huang Y, Signoretti S, Choueiri TK, Freeman GJ, Zhu Q, Marasco WA. Anti-CAIX BBζ CAR4/8 T cells exhibit superior efficacy in a ccRCC mouse model. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:385-399. [PMID: 35118195 PMCID: PMC8792103 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors requires a better understanding of CAR design and cellular composition. Here, we compared second-generation (BBζ and 28ζ) with third-generation (28BBζ) carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX)-targeted CAR constructs and investigated the antitumor effect of CAR-T cells with different CD4/CD8 proportions in vitro and in vivo. The results demonstrated that BBζ exhibited superior efficacy compared with 28ζ and 28BBζ CAR-T cells in a clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) skrc-59 cell bearing NSG-SGM3 mouse model. The mice treated with a single dose of BBζ CD4/CD8 mixture (CAR4/8) showed complete tumor remission and remained tumor-free 72 days after CAR-T cells infusion. In the other CAR-T and control groups, tumor-infiltrating T cells were recovered and profiled. We found that BBζ CAR8 cells upregulated expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and cytotoxicity-associated genes, while downregulating inhibitory immune checkpoint receptor genes and diminishing differentiation of regulatory T cells (Treg cells), leading to excellent therapeutic efficacy in vivo. Increased memory phenotype, elevated tumor infiltration, and decreased exhaustion genes were observed in the CD4/8 untransduced T (UNT) cells compared with CD8 alone, indicating that CD4/8 would be the favored cellular composition for CAR-T cell therapy with long-term persistence. In summary, these findings support that BBζ CAR4/8 cells are a highly potent, clinically translatable cell therapy for ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alicia Buck
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Marion Grimaud
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Aedin C. Culhane
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Limerick Digital Cancer Research Center, Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Sreekumar Kodangattil
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Cecile Razimbaud
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dennis M. Bonal
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Quang-De Nguyen
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Wei
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Madison L. O'Donnell
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Toni K. Choueiri
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gordon J. Freeman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Quan Zhu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wayne A. Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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46
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Bachtarzi H. Convergence or divergence: next frontiers toward globalization of current- and next-generation cell and gene therapies. Regen Med 2022; 17:313-326. [PMID: 35287491 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2021-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decades have seen a massive transformation in the field of advanced therapies, culminating in the marketing approval of different cutting-edge gene, cell- and tissue engineering-based therapies across different regions of the world. Although this success is promising, the global clinical development pathway of such therapies is often hindered by unique manufacturing, preclinical and clinical regulatory challenges; with different expectations, sometimes linked with divergence in opinions between international regulatory authorities. Such technologies call for a science-based approach and an early regulatory dialogue to set the key elements of quality, safety and efficacy for the next generation cell and gene therapies that can be harmonized across different regional jurisdictions, hence speeding up patient access to innovative therapies across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houria Bachtarzi
- Suite 2 Ground Floor Field House Station Approach, Harlow, Essex, CM20 2FB, UK
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47
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Füchsl F, Krackhardt AM. Adoptive Cellular Therapy for Multiple Myeloma Using CAR- and TCR-Transgenic T Cells: Response and Resistance. Cells 2022; 11:410. [PMID: 35159220 PMCID: PMC8834324 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the substantial improvement of therapeutic approaches, multiple myeloma (MM) remains mostly incurable. However, immunotherapeutic and especially T cell-based approaches pioneered the therapeutic landscape for relapsed and refractory disease recently. Targeting B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) on myeloma cells has been demonstrated to be highly effective not only by antibody-derived constructs but also by adoptive cellular therapies. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-transgenic T cells lead to deep, albeit mostly not durable responses with manageable side-effects in intensively pretreated patients. The spectrum of adoptive T cell-transfer covers synthetic CARs with diverse specificities as well as currently less well-established T cell receptor (TCR)-based personalized strategies. In this review, we want to focus on treatment characteristics including efficacy and safety of CAR- and TCR-transgenic T cells in MM as well as the future potential these novel therapies may have. ACT with transgenic T cells has only entered clinical trials and various engineering strategies for optimization of T cell responses are necessary to overcome therapy resistance mechanisms. We want to outline the current success in engineering CAR- and TCR-T cells, but also discuss challenges including resistance mechanisms of MM for evading T cell therapy and point out possible novel strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Füchsl
- School of Medicine, Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstraße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Angela M. Krackhardt
- School of Medicine, Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstraße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner-Site Munich, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, 81675 Munich, Germany
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48
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Bailey SR, Vatsa S, Larson RC, Bouffard AA, Scarfo I, Kann MC, Berger TR, Leick MB, Wehrli M, Schmidts A, Silva H, Lindell KA, Demato A, Gallagher KM, Frigault MJ, Maus MV. Blockade or deletion of IFNg reduces macrophage activation without compromising CAR-T function in hematologic malignancies. Blood Cancer Discov 2021; 3:136-153. [PMID: 35015685 PMCID: PMC9414118 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-21-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) induce impressive responses in patients with hematologic malignancies but can also trigger cytokine release syndrome (CRS), a systemic toxicity caused by activated CAR-T and innate immune cells. Although interferon-gamma (IFNg) production serves as a potency assay for CAR T cells, its biologic role in conferring responses in hematologic malignancies is not established. Here we show that pharmacologic blockade or genetic knockout of IFNg reduced immune checkpoint protein expression with no detrimental effect on anti-tumor efficacy against hematologic malignancies in vitro or in vivo. Furthermore, IFNg blockade reduced macrophage activation to a greater extent than currently used cytokine antagonists in immune cells from healthy donors and serum from CAR-T treated lymphoma patients who developed CRS. Collectively, these data show that IFNg is not required for CAR-T efficacy against hematologic malignancies, and blocking IFNg could simultaneously mitigate cytokine-related toxicities while preserving persistence and anti-tumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie R Bailey
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Sonika Vatsa
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Rebecca C Larson
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Amanda A Bouffard
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Irene Scarfo
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | | | | | - Mark B Leick
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center
| | - Marc Wehrli
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Andrea Schmidts
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcela V Maus
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
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49
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Charitidis FT, Adabi E, Thalheimer FB, Clarke C, Buchholz CJ. Monitoring CAR T cell generation with a CD8-targeted lentiviral vector by single-cell transcriptomics. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 23:359-369. [PMID: 34729382 PMCID: PMC8546366 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying gene expression in individual cells can substantially improve our understanding about complex genetically engineered cell products such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Here we designed a single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) approach to monitor the delivery of a CD19-CAR gene via lentiviral vectors (LVs), i.e., the conventional vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-LV and the CD8-targeted CD8-LV. LV-exposed human donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were evaluated for a panel of 400 immune response-related genes including LV-specific probes. The resulting data revealed a trimodal expression for the CAR and CD8A, demanding a careful distribution-based identification of CAR T cells and CD8+ lymphocytes in scRNA-seq analysis. The fraction of T cells expressing high CAR levels was in concordance with flow cytometry results. More than 97% of the cells hit by CD8-LV expressed the CD8A gene. Remarkably, the majority of the potential off-target cells were in fact on-target cells, resulting in a target cell selectivity of more than 99%. Beyond that, differential gene expression analysis revealed the upregulation of restriction factors in CAR-negative cells, thus explaining their protection from CAR gene transfer. In summary, we provide a workflow and subsetting approach for scRNA-seq enabling reliable distinction between transduced and untransduced cells during CAR T cell generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippos T Charitidis
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen (Hessen), Germany
| | - Elham Adabi
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen (Hessen), Germany
| | - Frederic B Thalheimer
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen (Hessen), Germany
| | - Colin Clarke
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Blackrock, A94 X099 Co. Dublin, Ireland.,School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christian J Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen (Hessen), Germany.,Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen (Hessen), Germany
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50
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Good CR, Aznar MA, Kuramitsu S, Samareh P, Agarwal S, Donahue G, Ishiyama K, Wellhausen N, Rennels AK, Ma Y, Tian L, Guedan S, Alexander KA, Zhang Z, Rommel PC, Singh N, Glastad KM, Richardson MW, Watanabe K, Tanyi JL, O'Hara MH, Ruella M, Lacey SF, Moon EK, Schuster SJ, Albelda SM, Lanier LL, Young RM, Berger SL, June CH. An NK-like CAR T cell transition in CAR T cell dysfunction. Cell 2021; 184:6081-6100.e26. [PMID: 34861191 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has achieved remarkable success in hematological malignancies but remains ineffective in solid tumors, due in part to CAR T cell exhaustion in the solid tumor microenvironment. To study dysfunction of mesothelin-redirected CAR T cells in pancreatic cancer, we establish a robust model of continuous antigen exposure that recapitulates hallmark features of T cell exhaustion and discover, both in vitro and in CAR T cell patients, that CAR dysregulation is associated with a CD8+ T-to-NK-like T cell transition. Furthermore, we identify a gene signature defining CAR and TCR dysregulation and transcription factors, including SOX4 and ID3 as key regulators of CAR T cell exhaustion. Our findings shed light on the plasticity of human CAR T cells and demonstrate that genetic downmodulation of ID3 and SOX4 expression can improve the efficacy of CAR T cell therapy in solid tumors by preventing or delaying CAR T cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charly R Good
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Penn Institute of Epigenetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M Angela Aznar
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shunichiro Kuramitsu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Parisa Samareh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Penn Institute of Epigenetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sangya Agarwal
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Greg Donahue
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Penn Institute of Epigenetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kenichi Ishiyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco and the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at the University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Nils Wellhausen
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Austin K Rennels
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yujie Ma
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lifeng Tian
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sonia Guedan
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katherine A Alexander
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Penn Institute of Epigenetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Penn Institute of Epigenetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Philipp C Rommel
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nathan Singh
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karl M Glastad
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Penn Institute of Epigenetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Max W Richardson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Keisuke Watanabe
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Janos L Tanyi
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mark H O'Hara
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marco Ruella
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Simon F Lacey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edmund K Moon
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephen J Schuster
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven M Albelda
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco and the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at the University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Regina M Young
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Shelley L Berger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Penn Institute of Epigenetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Carl H June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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