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Jung H, Koh DH, Choi S, Park JH, Kim HC, Lee SG, Park D. Estimates of the Prevalence, Intensity and the Number of Workers Exposed to Cigarette Smoking across Occupations and Industries in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2019; 34:e213. [PMID: 31392856 PMCID: PMC6689490 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoking affects the incidence of various illnesses such as lung cancer, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. In an effort to prevent smoking-related cancers, we aimed to estimate the smoking prevalence, intensity, and number of workers exposed to smoking, which would be specific to the occupational and industrial circumstances in Korea. METHODS We used the Korean Working Condition Survey (KWCS) and Korea's Census data. Smoking prevalence and intensity were estimated using the KWCS data. The number of smokers was estimated by multiplying smoking prevalence with the number of workers in the occupation or industry. Smoking prevalence, intensity, and number of smokers were estimated for major, sub-major, and minor groups of occupation and industry. RESULTS Of the total labor force in 2010, 52.66% of men and 5.24% of women workers were estimated to be current smokers. Men workers smoked 15.42 cigarettes/day, and women workers 11.29 cigarettes/day. In terms of occupation, "craft and related trades workers" demonstrated the highest smoking prevalence (52.24%). "Managers" smoked the highest number of cigarettes (16.63 cigarettes/day) and "equipment, machine operating, and assembling workers" comprised the largest number of estimated smokers (1,368,726 workers). In terms of industry, "mining and quarrying" had the highest smoking prevalence (69.27%). Those in "construction" smoked the highest number of cigarettes (17.16 cigarettes/day) and those in "manufacturing" comprised the largest number of estimated smokers (1,629,893 workers). CONCLUSION Our results may help in setting priorities for smoking prevention-related activities. In addition, these results can be used for epidemiological studies controlling for the effect of smoking by occupation or industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejung Jung
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Dong Hee Koh
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Korea.
| | - Sangjun Choi
- Department of Occupational Health, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Park
- Department of Statistics, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwan Cheol Kim
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sang Gil Lee
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Donguk Park
- Department of Environmental and Health, Korea National Open University, Seoul, Korea
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Higgins ST, Kurti AN, Redner R, White TJ, Gaalema DE, Roberts ME, Doogan NJ, Tidey JW, Miller ME, Stanton CA, Henningfield JE, Atwood GS. A literature review on prevalence of gender differences and intersections with other vulnerabilities to tobacco use in the United States, 2004-2014. Prev Med 2015; 80:89-100. [PMID: 26123717 PMCID: PMC4592404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This report describes results from a systematic literature review examining gender differences in U.S. prevalence rates of current use of tobacco and nicotine delivery products and how they intersect with other vulnerabilities to tobacco use. We searched PubMed on gender differences in tobacco use across the years 2004-2014. For inclusion, reports had to be in English, in a peer-reviewed journal or federal government report, report prevalence rates for current use of a tobacco product in males and females, and use a U.S. nationally representative sample. Prevalence rates were generally higher in males than in females across all products. This pattern remained stable despite changes over time in overall prevalence rates. Gender differences generally were robust when intersecting with other vulnerabilities, although decreases in the magnitude of gender differences were noted among younger and older users, and among educational levels and race/ethnic groups associated with the highest or lowest prevalence rates. Overall, these results document a pervasive association of gender with vulnerability to tobacco use that acts additively with other vulnerabilities. These vulnerabilities should be considered whenever formulating tobacco control and regulatory policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Higgins
- Vermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, University of Vermont, USA.
| | - Allison N Kurti
- Vermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, University of Vermont, USA
| | - Ryan Redner
- Vermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, University of Vermont, USA
| | - Thomas J White
- Vermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, University of Vermont, USA
| | - Diann E Gaalema
- Vermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, University of Vermont, USA
| | - Megan E Roberts
- Center of Excellence in Regulatory Tobacco Science, The Ohio State University, USA
| | - Nathan J Doogan
- Center of Excellence in Regulatory Tobacco Science, The Ohio State University, USA
| | - Jennifer W Tidey
- Vermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, University of Vermont, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, USA
| | - Mollie E Miller
- Vermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, University of Vermont, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, USA
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Healthy Migrant Effect on Smoking Behavior Among Asian Immigrants in the United States. J Immigr Minor Health 2015; 18:94-101. [DOI: 10.1007/s10903-014-0155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Shaikh RA, Sikora A, Siahpush M, Singh GK. Occupational variations in obesity, smoking, heavy drinking, and non-adherence to physical activity recommendations: findings from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey. Am J Ind Med 2015; 58:77-87. [PMID: 25418896 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding occupational variations in health risks is necessary to identify high risk groups. We examined the recent prevalence of obesity, heavy alcohol consumption, smoking, and leisure time physical activity (PA) across occupations. METHODS Data from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey were used. Analysis was limited to adults, 18 and older who had a job or business the week before the interview (n = 14,754). Adjusted prevalences of outcomes across occupations were calculated using logistic regression. RESULTS The highest prevalence of obesity was within community and social services and morbid obesity was in computer and mathematical occupations. That of smoking was highest in healthcare support, heavy drinking in food preparation and serving related, and non-adherence to PA recommendations in the farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. CONCLUSION Important health risk factors vary across occupations. Worksite and public health interventions need to be designed and modified to address such occupational health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raees A. Shaikh
- Department of Health Promotion, Social and Behavioral Health Sciences; College of Public Health; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska
| | - Asia Sikora
- Department of Health Promotion, Social and Behavioral Health Sciences; College of Public Health; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska
| | - Mohammad Siahpush
- Department of Health Promotion, Social and Behavioral Health Sciences; College of Public Health; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska
| | - Gopal K. Singh
- Office of Epidemiology and Research; Division of Epidemiology; HRSA/Maternal and Child Health Bureau; US Department of Health and Human Services; Rockville Maryland
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Blanco L, Garcia R, Pérez-Stable EJ, White MM, Messer K, Pierce JP, Trinidad DR. National trends in smoking behaviors among Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban men and women in the United States. Am J Public Health 2014; 104:896-903. [PMID: 24625159 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined trends in smoking behaviors across 2 periods among Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans in the United States. METHODS We analyzed data from the 1992-2007 Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey. We constructed 2 data sets (1990s vs 2000s) to compare smoking behaviors between the 2 periods. RESULTS Significant decreases in ever, current, and heavy smoking were accompanied by increases in light and intermittent smoking across periods for all Latino groups, although current smoking rates among Puerto Rican women did not decline. Adjusted logistic regression models revealed that in the 2000s, younger Mexicans and those interviewed in English were more likely to be light and intermittent smokers. Mexican and Cuban light and intermittent smokers were less likely to be advised by healthcare professionals to quit smoking. Mexicans and Puerto Ricans who were unemployed and Mexicans who worked outdoors were more likely to be heavy smokers. CONCLUSIONS Increases in light and intermittent smoking among Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban Americans suggest that targeted efforts to further reduce smoking among Latinos may benefit by focusing on such smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyzette Blanco
- Lyzette Blanco and Dennis R. Trinidad are with the School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA. Robert Garcia is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable is with the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Martha M. White, Karen Messer, and John P. Pierce are with the Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
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Gendall P, Hoek J, Edwards R, McCool J. A cross-sectional analysis of how young adults perceive tobacco brands: implications for FCTC signatories. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:796. [PMID: 22985407 PMCID: PMC3520726 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control calls for the elimination of tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship. To test whether tobacco packaging functions as advertising by communicating attractive and distinctive brand attributes, we explored how young adult smokers and non-smokers interpreted familiar and unfamiliar tobacco brands. METHODS We conducted an on-line survey of 1035 young adult smokers and non-smokers aged 18-30. Participants evaluated eight tobacco brands using ten attributes based on brand personality scales. We used factor analysis and ANOVA to examine patterns in brand-attribute associations. RESULTS Young adults distinguished between brands on the basis of their packaging alone, associated each brand with specific attributes, and were equally able to interpret familiar and unfamiliar brands. Contrary to our expectations, non-smokers made more favourable brand-attribute associations than smokers, but both groups described Basic, a near generic brand, as 'plain' or 'budget'. There were no significant gender or ethnicity differences. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco packaging uses logos, colours and imagery to create desirable connotations that promote and reinforce smoking. By functioning in the same way as advertising, on-pack branding breaches Article 13 of the FCTC and refutes tobacco companies' claims that pack livery serves only as an indentifying device that simplifies smokers' decision-making. Given this evidence, signatories should see plain packaging policies as a priority consistent with their FCTC obligations to eliminate all tobacco advertising and promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet Hoek
- University of Otago, P O Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Judith McCool
- University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The incidence of preterm birth in the United States varies by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Given the unsatisfactory reduction in preterm birth with interventions directed at single risk factors, we examined the preconceptional health of childbearing-aged women of different racial/ethnic groups to understand the risk prior to pregnancy. PURPOSE To evaluate the preconceptional health of childbearing-aged women by examining specific health factors implicated in preterm birth in light of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic factors. We tested the hypothesis that subgroups with historically high levels of preterm birth would have poorer preconceptional health compared to other groups and that the economic influence would be similar across groups. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We performed a secondary analysis of cross-sectional population-based data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2002 and 2003-2004 data sets, including 1,497 of 2,108 eligible White, African American, and Mexican American women. We measured health using select indicators of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, infectious disease, and sexual and substance-use behaviors associated with increased risk for preterm birth and conducted comparisons within and across racial groups. We used adjusted logistic regression by race. RESULTS In addition to increased rates of preterm birth shown in the literature, childbearing-aged African American women have poorer overall preconceptional health than the other groups. Measures of socioeconomic status affect preconceptional health differently for each racial/ethnic group. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Racial/ethnic subgroups with higher rates of preterm birth experience poorer health preconceptionally. Clinicians should address preconceptional health risks for preterm birth in all childbearing-aged women, paying attention to racial/ethnic-specific risks identified here.
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Harrell P, Trenz R, Scherer M, Pacek L, Latimer W. Cigarette smoking, illicit drug use, and routes of administration among heroin and cocaine users. Addict Behav 2012; 37:678-81. [PMID: 22305644 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is ubiquitous among illicit drug users. Some have speculated that this may be partially due to similarities in the route of administration. However, research examining the relationship between cigarette smoking and routes of administration of illicit drugs is limited. To address this gap, we investigated sociodemographic and drug use factors associated with cigarette smoking among cocaine and heroin users in the Baltimore, Maryland community (N=576). Regular and heavy cigarette smokers were more likely to be White, have a history of a prior marriage, and have a lower education level. Regular smoking of marijuana and crack was associated with cigarette smoking, but not heavy cigarette smoking. Injection use was more common among heavy cigarette smokers. In particular, regular cigarette smokers were more likely to have a lifetime history of regularly injecting heroin. Optimal prevention and treatment outcomes can only occur through a comprehensive understanding of the interrelations between different substances of abuse.
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Chahine T, Schultz B, Zartarian V, Subramanian SV, Spengler J, Hammitt J, Levy JI. Modeling geographic and demographic variability in residential concentrations of environmental tobacco smoke using national data sets. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2011; 21:646-655. [PMID: 21407272 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2011.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite substantial attention toward environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, previous studies have not provided adequate information to apply broadly within community-scale risk assessments. We aim to estimate residential concentrations of particulate matter (PM) from ETS in sociodemographic and geographic subpopulations in the United States for the purpose of screening-level risk assessment. We developed regression models to characterize smoking using the 2006-7 Current Population Survey--Tobacco Use Supplement, and linked these with air exchange models using the 2007 American Housing Survey. Using repeated logistic and log-linear models (n = 1000), we investigated whether household variables from the 2000 United States census can predict exposure likelihood and ETS-PM concentration in exposed households. We estimated a mean ETS-PM concentration of 16 μg/m(3) among the 17% of homes with non-zero exposure (3 μg/m(3) overall), with substantial variability among homes. The highest exposure likelihood was in the South and Midwest regions, rural populations, and low-income households. Concentrations in exposed households were highest in the South and demonstrated a non-monotonic association with income, related to air exchange rate patterns. We provide estimates of ETS-PM concentration distributions for different subpopulations in the United States, providing a starting point for communities interested in characterizing aggregate and cumulative risks from indoor pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Chahine
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Chahine T, Schultz BD, Zartarian VG, Xue J, Subramanian SV, Levy JI. Modeling joint exposures and health outcomes for cumulative risk assessment: the case of radon and smoking. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:3688-711. [PMID: 22016710 PMCID: PMC3194111 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8093688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Community-based cumulative risk assessment requires characterization of exposures to multiple chemical and non-chemical stressors, with consideration of how the non-chemical stressors may influence risks from chemical stressors. Residential radon provides an interesting case example, given its large attributable risk, effect modification due to smoking, and significant variability in radon concentrations and smoking patterns. In spite of this fact, no study to date has estimated geographic and sociodemographic patterns of both radon and smoking in a manner that would allow for inclusion of radon in community-based cumulative risk assessment. In this study, we apply multi-level regression models to explain variability in radon based on housing characteristics and geological variables, and construct a regression model predicting housing characteristics using U.S. Census data. Multi-level regression models of smoking based on predictors common to the housing model allow us to link the exposures. We estimate county-average lifetime lung cancer risks from radon ranging from 0.15 to 1.8 in 100, with high-risk clusters in areas and for subpopulations with high predicted radon and smoking rates. Our findings demonstrate the viability of screening-level assessment to characterize patterns of lung cancer risk from radon, with an approach that can be generalized to multiple chemical and non-chemical stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Chahine
- Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; E-Mails: (SV.S.); (J.I.L.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-617-669-2235; Fax: +1-617-384-8859
| | - Bradley D. Schultz
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; E-Mails: (B.D.S.); (V.G.Z.); (J.P.X.)
| | - Valerie G. Zartarian
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; E-Mails: (B.D.S.); (V.G.Z.); (J.P.X.)
| | - Jianping Xue
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; E-Mails: (B.D.S.); (V.G.Z.); (J.P.X.)
| | - SV Subramanian
- Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; E-Mails: (SV.S.); (J.I.L.)
| | - Jonathan I. Levy
- Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; E-Mails: (SV.S.); (J.I.L.)
- Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot Building, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Chahine T, Subramanian S, Levy J. Sociodemographic and geographic variability in smoking in the U.S.: A multilevel analysis of the 2006–2007 Current Population Survey, Tobacco Use Supplement. Soc Sci Med 2011; 73:752-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Smoking-cessation strategies for American Indians: should smoking-cessation treatment include a prescription for a complete home smoking ban? Am J Prev Med 2010; 39:S56-65. [PMID: 21074679 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of cigarette smoking is particularly high among American Indian communities in the Upper Midwest. PURPOSE To evaluate the predictors of smoking cessation among a population-based sample of American Indians in the Upper Midwest during a quit attempt aided with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). METHODS This study used the subsample of American Indian adults (n = 291, response rate = 55.4%) from a cohort study of smokers engaging in an aided NRT quit attempt. Eligible participants filled an NRT prescription between July 2005 and September 2006 through the Minnesota Health Care Programs (e.g., Medicaid). Administrative records and follow-up survey data were used to assess outcomes approximately 8 months after the NRT fill date. This analysis was conducted in 2009-2010. RESULTS Approximately 33% of American Indian respondents trying to quit smoking reported complete home smoking bans. Adoption of a complete home smoking ban and greater perceived advantages of NRT were cross-sectionally associated with 7-day smoking abstinence in univariate and multivariate analyses. Consistent with previous research, older age was a significant predictor of 7-day abstinence. Having a history of clinician-diagnosed anxiety in the past year was associated with decreased likelihood of 7-day abstinence in the unadjusted analysis, but not significant in multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study suggest potential modifiable targets of interventions for future research to help American Indians quit smoking: (1) improved delivery of behavioral interventions to increase the intensity of smoking cessation treatment; (2) promotion and adoption of complete home smoking bans; and (3) education to increase awareness of the benefits of NRT.
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Halbesleben JR, Wheeler AR. Coverage by smoke‐free workplace policies by race/ethnicity and health outcomes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WORKPLACE HEALTH MANAGEMENT 2010. [DOI: 10.1108/17538351011055014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Osypuk TL, Subramanian SV, Kawachi I, Acevedo-Garcia D. Is workplace smoking policy equally prevalent and equally effective among immigrants? J Epidemiol Community Health 2009; 63:784-91. [PMID: 19359272 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2008.079475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined whether immigrants were less likely to be covered by a smoke-free workplace policy and whether workplace smoking policies garnered comparable associations with smoking for immigrants and for those born in the USA. METHODS Investigators applied multiple logistic regression to the 2001-2 Current Population Survey Tobacco Use Supplement among US indoor workers (n = 85,784). The study examined first, whether nativity (immigrants vs US born) was independently associated with smoke-free policy coverage, and second, whether the smoke-free policy association with current smoking was differential by nativity (effect modification). RESULTS Immigrants were less likely to work in smoke-free workplaces than those born in the USA; however, occupation and industry accounted for these disparities. Employment in a workplace that was not smoke free was associated with higher odds of smoking (vs smoke-free workplaces), both before (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.74 to 1.92) and after (OR 1.36, CI 1.29 to 1.44) covariate adjustment among the US born, but associations were weaker among immigrants (OR 1.39, CI 1.20 to 1.61, unadjusted; OR 1.15 CI 0.97 to 1.35 adjusted). Worker industry partly explained (16% of) the weaker policy-smoking association among immigrants, while other socioeconomic variables reduced the policy-smoking association without explaining the disparity. CONCLUSIONS The patchwork of US workplace smoking restriction policy at different governmental levels, combined with a voluntary regime among some employers, generates coverage inequalities. Workplace smoke-free policies may be less effective for immigrants, and this is related to differential coverage by such policies due to occupational segregation. Understanding the complex patterns of the social context of smoking is important for understanding how policy interventions might have heterogeneous effects for different demographic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Osypuk
- Northeastern University, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, 360 Huntington Avenue, Robinson 316, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
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Wilson RT, Donahue M, Gridley G, Adami J, El Ghormli L, Dosemeci M. Shared occupational risks for transitional cell cancer of the bladder and renal pelvis among men and women in Sweden. Am J Ind Med 2008; 51:83-99. [PMID: 18067176 PMCID: PMC2800169 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike cancer of the bladder, cancer of the renal pelvis is not considered an occupational cancer and little is known about risks among women. METHODS Using the Swedish national census and cancer registry-linked data (1971-1989), we identified transitional cell cancers of the renal pelvis (N = 1,374) and bladder (N = 21,591). Correlation between cancer sites for the standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were determined using Pearson's coefficient of the log SIR. Relative risks of job exposure matrix variables were calculated using Poisson regression. RESULTS Both cancer sites were significantly elevated among women and men employed in the machine/electronics industry, sedentary work, and indoor work, and men in the metal industry. The highest proportion of the bladder (12%) and renal pelvis (14%) cancers occurred among men employed in shop and construction metal work. Risks by industry were more correlated among women (r = 0.49, P = 0.002) than men (r = 0.24, P = 0.04). Cancers of the renal pelvis were elevated in several occupational and industry groups for which there was no elevated bladder cancer risk. CONCLUSION Cancers of the renal pelvis and bladder share common occupational risk factors that may be more frequent among women. In addition, there may be some jobs that pose an increased risk specifically for cancer of the renal pelvis but not bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Taylor Wilson
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0855, USA.
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Ferketich AK, Wee AG, Shultz J, Wewers ME. Smokeless tobacco use and salivary cotinine concentration. Addict Behav 2007; 32:2953-62. [PMID: 17604914 PMCID: PMC2262158 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to examine demographic, tobacco-related, and psychosocial factors associated with cotinine concentration in a group of 256 male smokeless tobacco (ST) users living in the Ohio Appalachian region. Participants completed a survey that included questions on: 1) current and past tobacco use behaviors; 2) demographics; 3) tobacco dependence; 4) decisional balance; 5) health behaviors; and 6) perceived stress and depressive symptoms. Saliva samples were obtained for measurement of cotinine. The variables related to salivary cotinine concentration in the multiple regression model were age, marital status, occupation, quit attempts, years of ST use, and tobacco dependence score (adjusted R(2)=0.24). Among the 199 snuff only users, cotinine concentration was positively related to age, being divorced/widowed/separated, no quit attempts in the previous year, dependence score, and brand of snuff (adjusted R(2)=0.29). This is one of the largest studies to examine influences beyond topography on cotinine concentration in a group of rural ST users. These findings suggest that smokeless tobacco users and smokers share some similarities with respect to tobacco dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Ferketich
- Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, B-209 Starling-Loving Hall, 320 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Shavers VL, Fagan P, Alexander LAJ, Clayton R, Doucet J, Baezconde-Garbanati L. Workplace and home smoking restrictions and racial/ethnic variation in the prevalence and intensity of current cigarette smoking among women by poverty status, TUS-CPS 1998-1999 and 2001-2002. J Epidemiol Community Health 2007; 60 Suppl 2:34-43. [PMID: 17708009 PMCID: PMC2491893 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2006.046979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Recognition of the health consequences of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke has led government agencies and many employers to establish policies that restrict cigarette smoking in public and workplaces. This cross sectional study examines the association of workplace smoking policies and home smoking restrictions with current smoking among women. DESIGN Participants were employed US women ages 18-64 who were self respondents to the 1998-1999 or 2000-2001 tobacco use supplement to the current population survey supplements. Cross tabulations and multivariate logistic regression analyses examine the association of selected demographic characteristics, occupation, income, workplace and home smoking policies/restrictions with current smoking, consumption patterns, and quit attempts among women by poverty level for five race/ethnic groups. MAIN RESULTS The prevalence of either having an official workplace or home smoking policy that completely banned smoking increased with increased distance from the poverty level threshold. A complete ban on home smoking was more frequently reported by African American and Hispanic women although Hispanic women less frequently reported an official workplace smoking policy. In general, policies that permitted smoking in the work area or at home were associated with a higher prevalence of current smoking but this varied by poverty level and race/ethnicity. Home smoking policies that permitted smoking were associated with lower adjusted odds of having a least one quit attempt for nearly all poverty level categories but there was no association between having one quit attempt and workplace policies. CONCLUSION Home smoking policies were more consistently associated with a lower prevalence of current smoking irrespective of poverty status or race/ethnicity than workplace policies. These findings underscore the importance of examining tobacco control policies in multiple domains (work and home) as well as by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickie L Shavers
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Control and Population Science, Applied Research Program, Health Service and Economics Branch, 6130 Executive Blvd, MSC-7344, EPN Room 4005, Bethesda, MD 20892-7344, USA.
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Mills PK, Beaumont JJ, Nasseri K. Proportionate mortality among current and former members of the United Farm Workers of America, AFL-CIO, in California 1973-2000. J Agromedicine 2006; 11:39-48. [PMID: 16893836 DOI: 10.1300/j096v11n01_05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT To further investigate mortality among farm workers, a proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) analysis was conducted among the membership of the United Farm Workers of America (UFW), a farm worker labor union, for the years 1973-2000 in the state of California. PURPOSE This report compares proportionate mortality for 118 causes of death in the UFW and the general United States population, adjusting for age, sex, race and calendar year of death. In addition, an exploratory analysis was conducted comparing deaths in the UFW to deaths in the California Hispanic population. METHODS A roster of members of the UFW was compared to the death certificate master files of the state of California for the years 1973 to 2000. Matches were detected using automated techniques and visual review. PMR and associated confidence intervals were calculated using the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Life Table Analysis System using deaths in the U.S. as the standard. A similar analysis was conducted limiting attention to the time period 1988-2000 and using deaths in the California Hispanic population as the standard. FINDINGS There were a total of 139,662 members of the union included in the linkage that yielded 3,977 deaths in the time period 1973-2000. Proportionate mortality in the farm workers was significantly elevated for respiratory tuberculosis, malignant neoplasms of the stomach, biliary passages, liver and gallbladder, and uterine cervix, diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular disease, cirrhosis of the liver, and "other diseases of the digestive system." Transportation injuries including motor vehicles deaths, deaths from machine injuries, unintentional poisonings and assault and homicide were significantly elevated as well. Farm workers were at significantly lower risk of death from HIV-related disease, malignant neoplasms of the esophagus, intestine, pancreas, lung, urinary bladder, melanoma, and brain, all cancer deaths, "other diseases of the nervous system," ischemic heart disease, conductive disorder, "other diseases of the heart," emphysema, "other respiratory diseases," and symptoms and ill-defined conditions. These results were similar when using California Hispanic deaths as the standard for the years 1988-2000. There was still excess proportionate mortality from tuberculosis, cerebrovascular disease and unintentional injuries among the UFW members and lowered mortality from HIV related deaths, all cancer deaths combined and diseases of the heart. CONCLUSIONS These results include some unique findings in regard to both excess and deficits of mortality that may be explained by the Hispanic ethnicity and recent immigration of the cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Mills
- Cancer Registry of Central California, Fresno, CA 93710, USA.
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