1
|
Li H, Foley AR, Shim J, Siradze K, Webb-Vargas Y, Sperinde G, Fischer SK. A generic anti-drug antibody assay for monoclonal antibody therapeutics with broad dynamic range eliminates the need for titer evaluation in preclinical studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 249:116364. [PMID: 39047461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
In preclinical protein therapeutic development studies, the emergence of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) can potentially impact drug pharmacokinetics and safety. While immunogenicity assessment is not mandatory in preclinical studies, banking samples can be valuable for interpreting unexpected pharmacological responses. Immunoassays that use generic reagents across different drug molecules can simplify ADA assessment and expedite sample evaluations. This work showcases the ability of the Gyrolab automated immunoassay platform to detect and quantify both drug-free and drug-bound (total) ADAs to monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics in cynomolgus monkey preclinical studies. Compared to the previously reported total ADA ELISA, the Gyrolab assay exhibited a wider signal dynamic range and increased drug tolerance. Similar sensitivity, dynamic range and cut point factors were observed for four therapeutic mAbs of different isotypes using the Gyrolab assay. Here we present a comparison of ADA assays using bridging ELISA, total ADA ELISA and total ADA Gyrolab formats in a cynomolgus monkey study where the subjects were treated with a single dose of a mAb therapeutic. We demonstrate that the total ADA assays detected host ADA responses at earlier time points compared to the bridging ELISA. The Gyrolab assay has the best correlation between signal-to-noise (S/N) and titer over a wide ADA concentration range, highlighting the utility of Gyrolab in S/N reporting of ADA response to eliminate the need for secondary titer assays. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the generic ADA Gyrolab assay minimizes the necessity for extensive assay development and optimization for therapeutic mAbs, streamlining preclinical immunogenicity assessment to enable interpretation of pharmacological data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Alejandro R Foley
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jeongsup Shim
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ketevan Siradze
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yenny Webb-Vargas
- Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Gizette Sperinde
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Saloumeh K Fischer
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Deng X, Hou Y, Yuan W, Yang H, Guo R, Liu T, Liu Y, Xu J, Liu H, Gong L, Qin Q. Eliminating drug target interference with specific antibody or its F(ab') 2 fragment in the bridging immunogenicity assay. Bioanalysis 2024; 16:135-148. [PMID: 38385901 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: DB-1003 is a humanized anti-IgE monoclonal antibody with higher affinity than omalizumab. In the affinity capture elution (ACE)-based bridging electrochemiluminescent immunoassay (ECLIA) for antibodies to DB-1003, monkey serum IgE caused false-positive results. Materials & methods: The target-specific antibody or its F(ab')2 fragment was used to mitigate drug target interference in an ACE-based bridging ECLIA for the detection of anti-DB-1003 antibodies. Results: The sensitivity of the developed assay was at least 100 ng/ml. When the anti-drug antibody concentration was 250 ng/ml, the assay tolerated at least 20.0 μg/ml of the monkey IgE. Conclusion: Incorporating the target-specific antibody or its F(ab')2 fragment can overcome the interference from monkey serum IgE in ACE-based bridging ECLIA for anti-DB-1003 antibody detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Deng
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yingying Hou
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wenyi Yuan
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hongzhou Yang
- Longbio Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd, Suzhou, 215558, China
| | - Ruowen Guo
- Longbio Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd, Suzhou, 215558, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yongzhen Liu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Junjiu Xu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Longbio Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd, Suzhou, 215558, China
| | - Likun Gong
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiuping Qin
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Opolka-Hoffmann E, Edelmann MR, Otteneder MB, Hauri S, Jordan G, Schrag P, Lechmann M, Winter G, Staack RF. Biodistribution of Drug/ADA Complexes: The Impact of Immune Complex Formation on Antibody Distribution. AAPS J 2024; 26:33. [PMID: 38478197 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00899-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The clinical use of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for the treatment of cancer, inflammation, and other indications has been successfully established. A critical aspect of drug-antibody pharmacokinetics is immunogenicity, which triggers an immune response via an anti-drug antibody (ADA) and forms drug/ADA immune complexes (ICs). As a consequence, there may be a reduced efficacy upon neutralization by ADA or an accelerated drug clearance. It is therefore important to understand immunogenicity in biological therapies. A drug-like immunoglobulin G (IgG) was radiolabeled with tritium, and ICs were formed using polyclonal ADA, directed against the complementary-determining region of the drug-IgG, to investigate in vivo biodistribution in rodents. It was demonstrated that 65% of the radioactive IC dose was excreted within the first 24 h, compared with only 6% in the control group who received non-complexed 3H-drug. Autoradiographic imaging at the early time point indicated a deposition of immune complexes in the liver, lung, and spleen indicated by an increased radioactivity signal. A biodistribution study confirmed the results and revealed further insights regarding excretion and plasma profiles. It is assumed that the immune complexes are readily taken up by the reticuloendothelial system. The ICs are degraded proteolytically, and the released radioactively labeled amino acids are redistributed throughout the body. These are mainly renally excreted as indicated by urine measurements or incorporated into protein synthesis. These biodistribution studies using tritium-labeled immune complexes described in this article underline the importance of understanding the immunogenicity induced by therapeutic proteins and the resulting influence on biological behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Opolka-Hoffmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, DE-82377, Penzberg, Germany.
| | - Martin R Edelmann
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Therapeutic Modalities, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael B Otteneder
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Hauri
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Jordan
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, DE-82377, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schrag
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Lechmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, DE-82377, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians University, DE-80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland F Staack
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, DE-82377, Penzberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Polsky R, Gunn G, Reese KJ, Hottenstein CS, Gehman A, Schwartz A, Root D, Concannon A. Strategy and validation of a nonclinical generic plug-and-play antidrug antibody method for human monoclonal antibody biotherapeutics. Bioanalysis 2024; 16:277-287. [PMID: 38334073 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The measurement of antidrug antibodies (ADA) in nonclinical studies provides limited value because the formation and incidence of nonclinical ADA does not translate to clinical experience. The formation and presence of ADA in nonclinical species can, however, correlate to reduced drug exposure and safety observations including vasculitis and immune complex disease. Generic ADA methods for humanized monoclonal antibody biotherapeutics mitigate the need to develop bespoke ADA methods during nonclinical drug development. A drug-tolerant, sensitive, generic ADA immunoassay has been developed and validated for measuring ADA in cynomolgus monkey serum samples, allowing for immediate qualification of future monoclonal antibody biotherapeutics. This approach allows us to differentiate complexed and free ADA in a rapidly deployable manner when needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodd Polsky
- GSK, Immunogenicity Group, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - George Gunn
- GSK, Immunogenicity Group, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew Gehman
- GSK, Immunogenicity Group, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Ann Schwartz
- GSK, Immunogenicity Group, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Devin Root
- GSK, Immunogenicity Group, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Amy Concannon
- GSK, Immunogenicity Group, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kroenke MA, Starcevic Manning M, Zuch de Zafra CL, Zhang X, Cook KD, Archer M, Lolkema MP, Wang J, Hoofring S, Saini G, Aeffner F, Ahern E, Cabanas EG, Govindan R, Hui M, Gupta S, Mytych DT. Translatability of findings from cynomolgus monkey to human suggests a mechanistic role for IL-21 in promoting immunogenicity to an anti-PD-1/IL-21 mutein fusion protein. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1345473. [PMID: 38343535 PMCID: PMC10858450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1345473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
AMG 256 is a bi-specific, heteroimmunoglobulin molecule with an anti-PD-1 antibody domain and a single IL-21 mutein domain on the C-terminus. Nonclinical studies in cynomolgus monkeys revealed that AMG 256 administration led to the development of immunogenicity-mediated responses and indicated that the IL-21 mutein domain of AMG 256 could enhance the anti-drug antibody response directed toward the monoclonal antibody domain. Anti-AMG 256 IgE were also observed in cynomolgus monkeys. A first-in-human (FIH) study in patients with advanced solid tumors was designed with these risks in mind. AMG 256 elicited ADA in 28 of 33 subjects (84.8%). However, ADA responses were only robust and exposure-impacting at the 2 lowest doses. At mid to high doses, ADA responses remained low magnitude and all subjects maintained exposure, despite most subjects developing ADA. Limited drug-specific IgE were also observed during the FIH study. ADA responses were not associated with any type of adverse event. The AMG 256 program represents a unique case where nonclinical studies informed on the risk of immunogenicity in humans, due to the IL-21-driven nature of the response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Kroenke
- Clinical Immunology, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Xinwen Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling, and Simulation, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kevin D. Cook
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Jin Wang
- Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Sarah Hoofring
- Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Gurleen Saini
- Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Famke Aeffner
- Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Ramaswamy Govindan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Mun Hui
- Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Shalini Gupta
- Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Terrell KA, Sempowski GD, Macintyre AN. Development and validation of an automated assay for anti-drug-antibodies in rat serum. SLAS Technol 2023; 28:361-368. [PMID: 37120133 PMCID: PMC10592652 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The potential immunogenicity of therapeutic human and humanized monoclonal antibodies (mAb) is a significant concern, and so preclinical testing of therapeutic mAbs routinely includes assessment of anti-drug antibody (ADA) induction. Here, we report the development of automated screening and confirmatory bridging ELISAs for the detection of rat antibodies against DH1042, an engineered human mAb for the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain. The assays were evaluated for specificity, sensitivity, selectivity, absence of a prozone effect, linearity, intra- and inter- assay precision, and robustness, and found to be suitable for purpose. The assays were then used to evaluate anti-DH1042 antibodies in the sera of rats dosed with lipid-nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA encoding DH1042. Rats received two doses of 0.1, 0.4 or 0.6 mg/kg/dose LNP-mRNA 8 days apart. Twenty-one days after the second dose, 50-100% of rats had developed confirmed anti-DH1042 ADA depending on dose level. No animals in the control group developed anti-DH1042 ADA. These assays reflect new applications for a non-specialized laboratory automation platform, and the methodologies and approaches reported here provide a template that can be adapted for the automated detection and confirmation of ADA in preclinical testing of other biologics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristy A Terrell
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory D Sempowski
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew N Macintyre
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sécher T, Heuzé-Vourc'h N. Barriers for orally inhaled therapeutic antibodies. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1071-1084. [PMID: 37609943 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2249821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory diseases represent a worldwide health issue. The recent Sars-CoV-2 pandemic, the burden of lung cancer, and inflammatory respiratory diseases urged the development of innovative therapeutic solutions. In this context, therapeutic antibodies (Abs) offer a tremendous opportunity to benefit patients with respiratory diseases. Delivering Ab through the airways has been demonstrated to be relevant to improve their therapeutic index. However, few inhaled Abs are on the market. AREAS COVERED This review describes the different barriers that may alter the fate of inhaled therapeutic Abs in the lungs at steady state. It addresses both physical and biological barriers and discusses the importance of taking into consideration the pathological changes occurring during respiratory disease, which may reinforce these barriers. EXPERT OPINION The pulmonary route remains rare for delivering therapeutic Abs, with few approved inhaled molecules, despite promising evidence. Efforts must focus on the intertwined barriers associated with lung diseases to develop appropriate Ab-formulation-device combo, ensuring optimal Ab deposition in the respiratory tract. Finally, randomized controlled clinical trials should be carried out to establish inhaled Ab therapy as prominent against respiratory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sécher
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nathalie Heuzé-Vourc'h
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jerschke E, Barkovsky M, Jung N, Neuberger H, Stenzel J, Eyer F, Skerra A, Geith S. In vivo Neutralization of Colchicine Toxicity by a PASylated Anticalin in a Rat Model. Toxicology 2023; 492:153526. [PMID: 37116682 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the pharmacokinetics (PK) and in vivo activity of an Anticalin exhibiting picomolar affinity towards colchicine, a plant toxin with low tolerable dose in humans. PK analysis of the 20-kDa "Colchicalin" protein in male Sprague Dawley rats (n=3) revealed a very short plasma half-life (3.5min), which was prolonged 21-fold via genetic fusion with a 200-residue Pro/Ala sequence (PASylation). The scavenging activity of the PASylated Colchicalin was investigated over 3.5h via stoichiometric application following a sub-toxic i.v. dose of colchicine on anesthetized rats (n=2) leading to a rapid rise in total plasma colchicine concentration. We then established a 14-day intoxication model in rats (n=3) at a 30mg/kg p.o. colchicine dose which was characterized by severe weight loss, elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and shortened survival. Colchicalin administration at 4.2% of the neutralizing dose (125mg/kg/day daily for 12 consecutive days) resulted in faster relief of the symptoms in 2/3 of animals (n=6) compared to the control group without Colchicalin treatment (n=5). Nevertheless, 1/3 of the rats died suddenly after the first Colchicalin injection, probably due to a steep rise in the total colchicine plasma concentration, which suggests further improvement of the dosing scheme prior to potential application in acute human colchicine poisoning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Jerschke
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Mikhail Barkovsky
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Nicole Jung
- Division of Clinical Toxicology and Poison Control Centre Munich, Department of Internal Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heidi Neuberger
- Division of Clinical Toxicology and Poison Control Centre Munich, Department of Internal Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Stenzel
- Division of Clinical Toxicology and Poison Control Centre Munich, Department of Internal Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Eyer
- Division of Clinical Toxicology and Poison Control Centre Munich, Department of Internal Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Geith
- Division of Clinical Toxicology and Poison Control Centre Munich, Department of Internal Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kick GR, Whiting REH, Ota-Kuroki J, Castaner LJ, Morgan-Jack B, Sabol JC, Meiman EJ, Ortiz F, Katz ML. Intravitreal gene therapy preserves retinal function in a canine model of CLN2 neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Exp Eye Res 2023; 226:109344. [PMID: 36509165 PMCID: PMC9839638 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CLN2 neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis is a rare hereditary neurodegenerative disorder characterized by deleterious sequence variants in TPP1 that result in reduced or abolished function of the lysosomal enzyme tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1). Children with this disorder experience progressive neurological decline and vision loss starting around 2-4 years of age. Ocular disease is characterized by progressive retinal degeneration and impaired retinal function culminating in total loss of vision. Similar retinal pathology occurs in a canine model of CLN2 disease with a null variant in TPP1. A study using the dog model was performed to evaluate the efficacy of ocular gene therapy to provide a continuous, long-term source of human TPP1 (hTPP1) to the retina, inhibit retinal degeneration and preserve retinal function. TPP1-/- dogs received an intravitreal injection of 1 x 1012 viral genomes of AAV2.CAG.hTPP1 in one eye and AAV2.CAG.GFP in the contralateral eye at 4 months of age. Ophthalmic exams, in vivo ocular imaging and electroretinography were repeated monthly to assess retinal structure and function. Retinal morphology, hTPP1 and GFP expression in the retina, optic nerve and lateral geniculate nucleus, and hTPP1 concentrations in the vitreous were evaluated after the dogs were euthanized at end stage neurological disease at approximately 10 months of age. Intravitreal administration of AAV2.CAG.hTPP1 resulted in stable, widespread expression of hTPP1 throughout the inner retina, prevented disease-related declines in retinal function and inhibited disease-related cell loss and storage body accumulation in the retina for at least 6 months. Uveitis occurred in eyes treated with the hTPP1 vector, but this did not prevent therapeutic efficacy. The severity of the uveitis was ameliorated with anti-inflammatory treatments. These results indicate that a single intravitreal injection of AAV2.CAG.hTPP1 is an effective treatment to inhibit ocular disease progression in canine CLN2 disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Robinson Kick
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Laboratory, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Rebecca E H Whiting
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Laboratory, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Juri Ota-Kuroki
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Laboratory, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Leilani J Castaner
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Laboratory, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Brandie Morgan-Jack
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Laboratory, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Julianna C Sabol
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Laboratory, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Meiman
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Laboratory, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Francheska Ortiz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Laboratory, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Martin L Katz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Laboratory, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mano Y. An electrochemiluminescence assay for quantification of Denileukin Diftitox and its anti-drug antibodies in rat serum. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2023; 119:107239. [PMID: 36526166 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2022.107239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Denileukin Diftitox (DD), comprising fragments of diphtheria toxin (DT) and interleukin-2 (IL2), was developed for the treatment of lymphoma and has been approved for marketing in Japan. Toxicological evaluation including pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity in preclinical animals is important for drug development and thus the assays of DD and anti-drug antibody (ADA) were developed by electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection. For the DD assay, ruthenium-labeled anti-DT Ab and biotinylated anti-IL2 Ab were mixed with serum samples and the mixture was captured by streptavidin-coated wells for ECL detection. For the ADA assay, signals of immuno-complex of biotinylated DD, ruthenium-labeled DD, and ADA, bound to streptavidin plate were determined. DD was quantifiable from 10 ng/mL. Accuracy and precision of quality control samples were within ±20% and 20%, respectively, and stability of DD in rat serum was successfully assessed. Precision of positive control samples of ADA was within the acceptance criteria and cut point values for ADA detection in the screening and confirmatory assay were determined by statistical analysis. Drug-induced ADA was detected by screening assay followed by confirmatory assay. The developed method was successfully applied to assess pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity to support toxicity studies in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Mano
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tokodai 5-1-3, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan; Laboratory of Genomics-Based Drug Discovery, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Henry SP, Arfvidsson C, Arrington J, Canadi J, Crowe D, Gupta S, Lohmann S, Massonnet B, Mytych D, Rogers T, Rogers H, Stebbins C, Stovold C, Verthelyi D, Vigil A, Xuan C, Xu Y, Yu R, Klem T. Assessment of the Immunogenicity Potential for Oligonucleotide-Based Drugs. Nucleic Acid Ther 2022; 32:369-377. [PMID: 36178478 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2021.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic oligonucleotides (ONs) have characteristics of both small molecules and biologics. Although safety assessment of ONs largely follows guidelines established for small molecules, the unique characteristics of ONs often require incorporation of concepts from the safety assessment of biologics. The assessment of immunogenicity for ON therapeutics is one area where the approach is distinct from either established small molecule or biologic platforms. Information regarding immunogenicity of ONs is limited, but indicates that administration of ONs can result in antidrug antibody formation. In this study, we summarize the collective experience of the Oligonucleotide Safety Working Group in designing the immunogenicity assessment appropriate for this class of therapeutic, including advice on assay development, clinical monitoring, and evaluation of the impact of immunogenicity on exposure, efficacy, and safety of therapeutic ONs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Henry
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Dave Crowe
- Disc Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Sabine Lohmann
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adam Vigil
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Chi Xuan
- Alnylam, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuanxin Xu
- Intellia Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rosie Yu
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Thomas Klem
- Homology Medicines, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA (formerly with Sarepta Therapeutics Headquarters, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Øvlisen GO, Thygesen P, Weldingh KN, Bloem E, Skov S, Almholt K, Lövgren KM, Ley CD, Holm TL. CTLA4-Ig prevents development of neutralizing antibody formation after continuous treatment with human FVIII in HA rats. Haemophilia 2022; 28:568-577. [PMID: 35467059 DOI: 10.1111/hae.14573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunogenicity causing development of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) are major challenges in the treatment of haemophilia, as well as other diseases where proteins are used for treatment. Furthermore, it is a complication for preclinical testing of such therapies in animal models. AIM To investigate if the immunosuppressive drug CTLA4 immunoglobulin (CTLA4-Ig) can induce tolerance in haemophilia A (HA) rats receiving recombinant human coagulation factor VIII (rhFVIII) treatment. METHODS Two different prophylactic rhFVIII compounds were given intravenously to HA rats for 4 weeks. Both rhFVIII compounds were co-administered with commercially available CTLA4-Ig or human IgG subclass 4 (hIgG4) as control, and blood samples were collected. To functionally test if pharmacological efficacy was retained, rats were subjected to a bleeding experiment under anaesthesia at end of study. RESULTS The mean inhibitory level after 4 weeks in rats receiving rhFVIII and hIgG4 was 85.7 BU for octocog alfa and 37.4 BU for rurioctocog alfa pegol. In contrast, co-administration with CTLA4-Ig during rhFVIII therapy prevented the formation of ADAs (both binding and inhibitory) in 14/14 rats receiving octocog alfa and in 7/7 rats receiving rurioctocog alfa pegol. Moreover, we were able to show that the pharmacological efficacy of rhFVIII was preserved. CONCLUSION In a rat model with spontaneous bleeding, co-administration of CTLA4-Ig with rhFVIII prevented antibody formation. No FVIII antibodies were detected, demonstrating that CTLA4-Ig co-administration can be applicable as a method to prevent immunogenicity, when evaluating human proteins in preclinical systems permitting continuous pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabi Overgaard Øvlisen
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maloev, Denmark.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Thygesen
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maloev, Denmark
| | | | - Esther Bloem
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maloev, Denmark
| | - Søren Skov
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kasper Almholt
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maloev, Denmark
| | - Karin Maria Lövgren
- Glostrup Research Institute, Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Aggregates Associated with Instability of Antibodies during Aerosolization Induce Adverse Immunological Effects. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030671. [PMID: 35336045 PMCID: PMC8949695 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Immunogenicity refers to the inherent ability of a molecule to stimulate an immune response. Aggregates are one of the major risk factors for the undesired immunogenicity of therapeutic antibodies (Ab) and may ultimately result in immune-mediated adverse effects. For Ab delivered by inhalation, it is necessary to consider the interaction between aggregates resulting from the instability of the Ab during aerosolization and the lung mucosa. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of aggregates produced during aerosolization of therapeutic Ab on the immune system. Methods: Human and murine immunoglobulin G (IgG) were aerosolized using a clinically-relevant nebulizer and their immunogenic potency was assessed, both in vitro using a standard human monocyte-derived dendritic cell (MoDC) reporter assay and in vivo in immune cells in the airway compartment, lung parenchyma and spleen of healthy C57BL/6 mice after pulmonary administration. Results: IgG aggregates, produced during nebulization, induced a dose-dependent activation of MoDC characterized by the enhanced production of cytokines and expression of co-stimulatory markers. Interestingly, in vivo administration of high amounts of nebulization-mediated IgG aggregates resulted in a profound and sustained local and systemic depletion of immune cells, which was attributable to cell death. This cytotoxic effect was observed when nebulized IgG was administered locally in the airways as compared to a systemic administration but was mitigated by improving IgG stability during nebulization, through the addition of polysorbates to the formulation. Conclusion: Although inhalation delivery represents an attractive alternative route for delivering Ab to treat respiratory infections, our findings indicate that it is critical to prevent IgG aggregation during the nebulization process to avoid pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects. The optimization of Ab formulation can mitigate adverse effects induced by nebulization.
Collapse
|
14
|
Radakovics K, Battin C, Leitner J, Geiselhart S, Paster W, Stöckl J, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Steinberger P. A Highly Sensitive Cell-Based TLR Reporter Platform for the Specific Detection of Bacterial TLR Ligands. Front Immunol 2022; 12:817604. [PMID: 35087538 PMCID: PMC8786796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.817604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are primary pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize conserved microbial components. They play important roles in innate immunity but also in the initiation of adaptive immune responses. Impurities containing TLR ligands are a frequent problem in research but also for the production of therapeutics since TLR ligands can exert strong immunomodulatory properties even in minute amounts. Consequently, there is a need for sensitive tools to detect TLR ligands with high sensitivity and specificity. Here we describe the development of a platform based on a highly sensitive NF-κB::eGFP reporter Jurkat JE6-1 T cell line for the detection of TLR ligands. Ectopic expression of TLRs and their coreceptors and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of endogenously expressed TLRs was deployed to generate reporter cell lines selectively expressing functional human TLR2/1, TLR2/6, TLR4 or TLR5 complexes. Using well-defined agonists for the respective TLR complexes we could demonstrate high specificity and sensitivity of the individual reporter lines. The limit of detection for LPS was below 1 pg/mL and ligands for TLR2/1 (Pam3CSK4), TLR2/6 (Fsl-1) and TLR5 (flagellin) were detected at concentrations as low as 1.0 ng/mL, 0.2 ng/mL and 10 pg/mL, respectively. We showed that the JE6-1 TLR reporter cells have the utility to characterize different commercially available TLR ligands as well as more complex samples like bacterially expressed proteins or allergen extracts. Impurities in preparations of microbial compounds as well as the lack of specificity of detection systems can lead to erroneous results and currently there is no consensus regarding the involvement of TLRs in the recognition of several molecules with proposed immunostimulatory functions. This reporter system represents a highly suitable tool for the definition of structural requirements for agonists of distinct TLR complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Radakovics
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claire Battin
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Leitner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Geiselhart
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Paster
- Clinical Cell Biology and FACS Core Unit, St. Anna Children´s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Stöckl
- Division Regulation of the Immune System, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ménochet K, Yu H, Wang B, Tibbitts J, Hsu CP, Kamath AV, Richter WF, Baumann A. Non-human primates in the PKPD evaluation of biologics: Needs and options to reduce, refine, and replace. A BioSafe White Paper. MAbs 2022; 14:2145997. [PMID: 36418217 PMCID: PMC9704389 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2145997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) deliver great benefits to patients with chronic and/or severe diseases thanks to their strong specificity to the therapeutic target. As a result of this specificity, non-human primates (NHP) are often the only preclinical species in which therapeutic antibodies cross-react with the target. Here, we highlight the value and limitations that NHP studies bring to the design of safe and efficient early clinical trials. Indeed, data generated in NHPs are integrated with in vitro information to predict the concentration/effect relationship in human, and therefore the doses to be tested in first-in-human trials. The similarities and differences in the systems defining the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PKPD) of mAbs in NHP and human define the nature and the potential of the preclinical investigations performed in NHPs. Examples have been collated where the use of NHP was either pivotal to the design of the first-in-human trial or, inversely, led to the termination of a project prior to clinical development. The potential impact of immunogenicity on the results generated in NHPs is discussed. Strategies to optimize the use of NHPs for PKPD purposes include the addition of PD endpoints in safety assessment studies and the potential re-use of NHPs after non-terminal studies or cassette dosing several therapeutic agents of interest. Efforts are also made to reduce the use of NHPs in the industry through the use of in vitro systems, alternative in vivo models, and in silico approaches. In the case of prediction of ocular PK, the body of evidence gathered over the last two decades renders the use of NHPs obsolete. Expert perspectives, advantages, and pitfalls with these alternative approaches are shared in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongbin Yu
- R&D Project Management and Development Strategies, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Bonnie Wang
- Nonclinical Disposition and Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Inc, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jay Tibbitts
- Nonclinical Development, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cheng-Pang Hsu
- Preclinical Development and Clinical Pharmacology, AskGene Pharma Inc, Camarillo, CA, USA
| | - Amrita V. Kamath
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wolfgang F. Richter
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation, Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Baumann
- R&D, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany & Non-clinical Biotech Consulting, Potsdam, Germany °(° present affiliation)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Opolka-Hoffmann E, Jordan G, Otteneder M, Kieferle R, Lechmann M, Winter G, Staack RF. The impact of immunogenicity on therapeutic antibody pharmacokinetics: A preclinical evaluation of the effect of immune complex formation and antibody effector function on clearance. MAbs 2021; 13:1995929. [PMID: 34763611 PMCID: PMC8726625 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1995929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of an immune response against therapeutic proteins poses a major risk for the development of biologics and for successful treatment of patients. Generation of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) can lead to formation of immune complexes (ICs), consisting of drug and ADAs, with potential impact on safety, efficacy and exposure. Here, we focus on the effects of IC formation, i.e., specific IC sizes, ADA and drug properties, on drug pharmacokinetics. Pre-formed IC preparations of an IgG1 drug (with wild type or with an ablated effector function at the Fc domain) and different ADA surrogates (directed against the complementarity-determining regions or Fc domain of the drug) were administered to rats and collected serum was analyzed to determine the total drug concentration. A combination of size-exclusion chromatography and ELISA enabled a size-specific evaluation of IC profiles in serum and their changes over time. Within five minutes, total drug concentration decreased by ~20–60% when the drug was complexed. Independent of the ADA surrogate and drug variant used, increasing IC size led to increased clearance. Comparing ICs formed with the same ADA surrogate but different IgG1 variants, we observed that complexed drug with a wildtype Fc domain showed faster clearance compared to immune effector function modified drug. Data generated in this study indicated that clearance of drug due to ADA generation is driven by size and structure of the formed ICs, but also by the immune effector functions of the Fc domains of IgGs. Abbreviations Ab: antibody, ADA: anti-drug antibody, AUC: area under the curve, Bi: biotin, CDR: complementary-determining region, cmax: maximal concentration, Dig: digoxigenin, ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Fc: fragment crystallizable, FcRn: neonatal Fc receptor, HMW: high molecular weight, IC: immune complex, IC-QC: immune complex quality control, IgG: immunoglobulin G, mAb: monoclonal antibody, mADA: monoclonal ADA, pAb: polyclonal antibody, pADA: polyclonal ADA, PD: pharmacodynamics; PK: pharmacokinetic, QC: quality control, SEC: size-exclusion chromatography, WT: wildtype
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Opolka-Hoffmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Gregor Jordan
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Michael Otteneder
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robin Kieferle
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Martin Lechmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland F Staack
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kroenke MA, Milton MN, Kumar S, Bame E, White JT. Immunogenicity Risk Assessment for Multi-specific Therapeutics. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:115. [PMID: 34741215 PMCID: PMC8571146 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this manuscript is to provide the reader with a hypothetical case study to present an immunogenicity risk assessment for a multi-specific therapeutic as part of Investigational New Drug (IND) application. In order to provide context for the bioanalytical strategies used to support the multi-specific therapeutic presented herein, the introduction focuses on known immunogenicity risk factors. The subsequent hypothetical case study applies these principles to a specific example HC-12, based loosely on anti-TNFα and anti-IL-17A bispecific molecules previously in development, structured as an example immunogenicity risk assessment for submission to health authorities. The risk of higher incidence and safety impact of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) due to large protein complexes is explored in the context of multi-specificity and multi-valency of the therapeutic in combination with the oligomeric forms of the targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark N Milton
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seema Kumar
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eris Bame
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joleen T White
- Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, One Kendall Square, Building 600, Suite 6-301, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kim YJ, Koh EM, Song CH, Byun MS, Choi YR, Jeon EJ, Hwang K, Kim SK, Yang SI, Jung KJ. Preclinical immunogenicity testing using anti-drug antibody analysis of GX-G3, Fc-fused recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, in rat and monkey models. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12004. [PMID: 34099775 PMCID: PMC8184775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF, this study used Fc-fused recombinant G-CSF; GX-G3) is an important glycoprotein that stimulates the proliferation of granulocytes and white blood cells. Thus, G-CSF treatment has been considered as a crucial regimen to accelerate recovery from chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in cancer patients suffering from non-myeloid malignancy or acute myeloid leukemia. Despite the therapeutic advantages of G-CSF treatment, an assessment of its immunogenicity must be performed to determine whether the production of anti-G-CSF antibodies causes immune-related disorders. We optimized and validated analytical tools by adopting validation parameters for immunogenicity assessment. Using these validated tools, we analyzed serum samples from rats and monkeys injected subcutaneously with GX-G3 (1, 3 or 10 mg/kg once a week for 4 weeks followed by a 4-week recovery period) to determine immunogenicity response and toxicokinetic parameters with serum concentration of GX-G3. Several rats and monkeys were determined to be positive for anti-GX-G3 antibodies. Moreover, the immunogenicity response of GX-G3 was lower in monkeys than in rats, which was relevant to show less inhibition of toxicokinetic profiles in monkeys, at least 1 mg/kg administrated group, compared to rats. These results suggested the establishment and validation for analyzing anti-GX-G3 antibodies and measurement of serum levels of GX-G3 and anti-GX-G3 antibodies, which was related with toxicokinetic profiles. Taken together, this study provides immunogenicity assessment which is closely implicated with toxicokinetic study of GX-G3 in 4-week repeated administrated toxicological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jung Kim
- Genexine, Inc, Korea Bio Park, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Koh
- Bioanalytical and Immunoanalytical Research Group, Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Hun Song
- Bioanalytical and Immunoanalytical Research Group, Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34131, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Sun Byun
- Genexine, Inc, Korea Bio Park, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Ri Choi
- Genexine, Inc, Korea Bio Park, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jeong Jeon
- Bioanalytical and Immunoanalytical Research Group, Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghwa Hwang
- Jeonbuk Analytical Research Group, In Vivo Hazard Evaluation and Research Division, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34131, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang In Yang
- Genexine, Inc, Korea Bio Park, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung Jin Jung
- Bioanalytical and Immunoanalytical Research Group, Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
A strategic approach to nonclinical immunogenicity assessment: a recommendation from the European Bioanalysis Forum. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:537-549. [PMID: 33729007 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogenicity assays are required to evaluate anti-drug antibody (ADA) responses that can be generated against biotherapeutic modalities. Regulatory guidelines focus on clinical requirements, yet it has become apparent that industry has applied these clinical recommendations for immunogenicity assessment to nonclinical studies in varying degrees. ADAs are an anticipated outcome of dosing a humanized or fully human biotherapeutic into an animal. However, a nonclinical ADA response is rarely predictive of the immunogenic potential in humans. The addendum to ICH S6 recommends that immunogenicity should be explicitly examined where there is: evidence of altered pharmacodynamic activity; unexpected changes in exposure in the absence of a pharmacodynamic marker or evidence of immuno-mediated reactions. The European Bioanalytical Forum has extensively discussed and reached a consensus on a minimal strategic approach of when and what to include for nonclinical immunogenicity assessments. Additionally, this paper recommends a strategy for ADA assay validation and sample analysis for those cases when it is considered necessary to include an immunogenicity assessment in nonclinical toxicology studies.
Collapse
|
20
|
Trastuzumab immunogenicity development in patients' sera and in laboratory animals. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:15. [PMID: 33607941 PMCID: PMC7893875 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00405-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunogenicity is a major challenge in drug development and patient care. Clinicians and regulators are familiar with immunogenicity concerns of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics, growth factors and enzyme replacements. Although most small therapeutic molecules are unlikely to trigger undesirable immunogenic responses against themselves upon their administration, the biological therapeutic agents are likely to induce such kind of immunogenicity. This imparts a problem that has to be considered upon judging their risk–benefit ratio. In this article, we tested the immunogenicity developed in patients’ sera due to the use of trastuzumab and that developed in laboratory animals injected with this recombinant humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody. Methods We studied trastuzumab immunogenicity by: I in vitro detection of anti-trastuzumab antibody (Ab) levels in patient’s serum samples withdrawn at different points during trastuzumab treatment course; I.1 using an Affinity Capture Elution (ACE) assay, the assay is both sensitive and highly tolerant to free drug; I.2 using MTT cytotoxicity method against MCF-7 cell line as confirmatory method used in sample showed high level of anti-trastuzumab Ab and to determine neutralizing activity of the anti-trastuzumab Ab. II in vivo immunogenicity testing of trastuzumab in lab animals. Results In vitro analysis of patients’ sera for antibodies developed against trastuzumab revealed that this monoclonal antibody has low immunogenicity since most samples showed low levels of anti-trastuzumab antibodies that decreased progressively along the treatment course. Only 1% of samples showed high levels of anti-trastuzumab antibodies which might affect treatment course. In vivo immunogenicity testing in mice showed also low immunogenicity of trastuzumab that could support the in vitro clinical assessment applied in our study. Conclusions The study gives an evidence for the low trastuzumab immunogenicity when assessed in Egyptian patients under treatment with this biological therapeutic agent. This supports its prescription and continuous use across the approved indications as biological therapeutic agent.
Collapse
|
21
|
Wolfreys A, Kilgour J, Allen AD, Dudal S, Freke M, Jones D, Karantabias G, Krantz C, Moore S, Mukaratirwa S, Price M, Tepper J, Cauvin A, Manetz S, Robinson I. Review of the Technical, Toxicological, and PKPD Considerations for Conducting Inhalation Toxicity Studies on Biologic Pharmaceuticals-The Outcome of a Cross-Industry Working Group Survey. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:261-285. [PMID: 33535023 DOI: 10.1177/0192623321988841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The inhaled route is still a relatively novel route for delivering biologics and poses additional challenges to those encountered with inhaled small molecules, further complicating the design and interpretation of toxicology studies. A working group formed to summarize the current knowledge of inhaled biologics across industry and to analyze data collated from an anonymized cross-industry survey comprising 12 inhaled biologic case studies (18 individual inhalation toxicity studies on monoclonal antibodies, fragment antibodies, domain antibodies, oligonucleotides, and proteins/peptides). The output of this working group provides valuable insights into the issues faced when conducting toxicology studies with inhaled biologics, including common technical considerations on aerosol generation, use of young and sexually mature nonhuman primates, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling, exposure and immunogenicity assessment, maximum dose setting, and no observed adverse effect levels determination. Although the current data set is too small to allow firm conclusions, testing of novel biologics remains an active area and is likely to remain so for molecules where delivery via the inhaled route is beneficial. In the future, it is hoped others will continue to share their experiences and build on the conclusions of this review to further improve our understanding of these complex issues and, ultimately, facilitate the safe introduction of inhaled biologics into clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jo Kilgour
- 273049Regulatory Science Associates, Inverkip, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mark Freke
- Charles River Laboratories, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sécher T, Bodier-Montagutelli E, Guillon A, Heuzé-Vourc'h N. Correlation and clinical relevance of animal models for inhaled pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 167:148-169. [PMID: 32645479 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nonclinical studies are fundamental for the development of inhaled drugs, as for any drug product, and for successful translation to clinical practice. They include in silico, in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies and are intended to provide a comprehensive understanding of the inhaled drug beneficial and detrimental effects. To date, animal models cannot be circumvented during drug development programs, acting as surrogates of humans to predict inhaled drug response, fate and toxicity. Herein, we review the animal models used during the different development stages of inhaled pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals, highlighting their strengths and limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Sécher
- INSERM, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, U1100, Tours, France; University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - E Bodier-Montagutelli
- INSERM, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, U1100, Tours, France; University of Tours, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Pharmacy Department, Tours, France
| | - A Guillon
- INSERM, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, U1100, Tours, France; University of Tours, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Critical Care Department, Tours, France
| | - N Heuzé-Vourc'h
- INSERM, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, U1100, Tours, France; University of Tours, Tours, France.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
MacLachlan TK, Kronenberg S, Marshall N, Andrews L, Berens SJ, Brouta F, Fogal B, Freebern W, Herzyk D, Kamperschroer C, Kiessling A, Schneidkraut M, Maier C. Industry experiences with immune-mediated findings in biotherapeutic nonclinical toxicology studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 119:104825. [PMID: 33220389 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
With the growth of monoclonal antibodies and other proteins as major modalities in the pharmaceutical industry, there has been an increase in pharmacology and toxicity testing of biotherapeutics in animals. Animals frequently mount an immune response to human therapeutic proteins. This can result in asymptomatic anti-drug antibody formation, immune complexes that affect drug disposition and/or organ function such as kidney, cytokine release responses, fatal hypersensitivity, or a range of reactions in between. In addition, an increasing number of oncology therapeutics are being developed that enhance or directly stimulate immune responses by a variety of mechanisms, which could increase the risk of autoreactivity and an autoimmune-like syndrome in animals and humans. When evaluating the risk of biotherapeutics prior to entering the clinic, the nonclinical safety data may include any of these responses and it is critical to understand whether they represent a safety liability for humans. The DruSafe Leadership group of the IQ Consortium conducted a survey of industry to understand sponsors' experiences with these immune reactions in nonclinical studies related to both immunogenicity and pharmacologically-mediated immune perturbations. The survey covered what pathways were affected, how the immune responses were presented, how the company and health authorities interpreted the data and whether the immune responses were observed in the clinic. Additionally, the survey gathered information on association of these findings with anti-drug antibodies as well as sponsor's use of immunogenicity predictive tools. The data suggests that the ability of a biotherapeutic to activate the immune system, intended or not, plays a significant role on characteristics of the response and whether theys are translatable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K MacLachlan
- Department of Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Sven Kronenberg
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nikki Marshall
- Non-Clinical Safety, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville RD, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Laura Andrews
- Abbvie Preclinical Safety, Worcester, MA, USA, 01605
| | - Shawn Jay Berens
- Investigative Toxicology and Pathology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Frederic Brouta
- UCB Biopharma SRL, Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation, 1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Birgit Fogal
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Wendy Freebern
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Drug Safety Evaluation, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Danuta Herzyk
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a Subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | - Andrea Kiessling
- Department of Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marlowe Schneidkraut
- Astellas Discovery Science and Management, 1 Astellas Way, N2.103, Northbrook, IL, 60062, USA
| | - Curtis Maier
- Non-Clinical Safety, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville RD, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yu P, Knippel A, Onidi M, Paoletti A, Vigna E, Hellmann J, Esdar C. A novel monovalent FGFR1 antagonist: Preclinical safety profiles in rodents and non-human primates. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 406:115215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
25
|
Immunogenicity and toxicokinetics assessment of the mono-PEGylated recombinant human interleukin-11 in cynomolgus monkeys. Life Sci 2020; 259:118244. [PMID: 32791145 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM Protein therapeutics have potential to elicit immune responses resulting in undesirable anti-drug antibodies (ADA) that might affect product efficacy and patient safety, and should be assessed in animals before applying the treatment to humans. In this paper, we aim to assess the immunogenicity and toxicokinetics of the mono-PEGylated recombinant human interleukin-11 (rhIL-11), a novel protein therapeutic for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia, in repeated administration to cynomolgus monkeys. MAIN METHODS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods were developed to measure ADA responses and plasma PEGylated IL-11 (PEG-IL11) concentration in monkeys. Assay parameters of immunogenicity and toxicokinetics methods were evaluated during validation in accordance with regulatory guidelines. We also employed cell-based assays to test the neutralizing activity of ADA provoked in monkeys. KEY FINDINGS The results showed that weak immunogenicity occurred in some monkeys after receiving repeated dose of 0.1-0.3 mg/kg by subcutaneous administration and disappeared after the recovery period. More pronounced immunogenicity occurred at high dose of 0.9 mg/kg, with a higher positive rate and titer, and some ADAs had neutralizing activity, but it can be greatly reduced after recovery. Such ADAs generated in monkeys may be accounted for the plasma toxicokinetics changes of PEG-IL11 and a minor reduction in systemic exposure. SIGNIFICANCE These methods have been successfully applied to immunogenicity and toxicokinetic studies of PEG-IL11 in repeated dose toxicity following subcutaneous administration to monkeys, and could be successfully used in clinical trials after some modifications.
Collapse
|
26
|
Yu RZ, Wang Y, Norris DA, Kim TW, Narayanan P, Geary RS, Monia BP, Henry SP. Immunogenicity Assessment of Inotersen, a 2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl) Antisense Oligonucleotide in Animals and Humans: Effect on Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety. Nucleic Acid Ther 2020; 30:265-275. [DOI: 10.1089/nat.2020.0867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Z. Yu
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Dan A. Norris
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Tae-Won Kim
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Karbowski C, Goldstein R, Frank B, Kim K, Li CM, Homann O, Hensley K, Brooks B, Wang X, Yan Q, Hernandez R, Adams G, Boyle M, Arvedson T, Lebrec H. Nonclinical Safety Assessment of AMG 553, an Investigational Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy for the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Toxicol Sci 2020; 177:94-107. [PMID: 32589753 PMCID: PMC7553704 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline McDonough Sarcoma-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), a tyrosine-protein kinase involved in hematopoiesis, is detectable on the cell surface of approximately 80% of leukemia isolates from adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AMG 553 is an investigational chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapy for the treatment of AML. FLT3 expression analysis and in vitro and in vivo studies were leveraged to evaluate the nonclinical safety of AMG 553. Cynomolgus monkeys administered autologous anti-FLT3 CAR T cells demonstrated no evidence of CAR T-cell-mediated toxicity, expansion, or persistence, likely due to restricted cell surface FLT3 protein expression in healthy animals. This highlights the limited value of such in vivo studies for safety assessment of the CAR T-cell modality when directed against a target with restricted expression. To complement these studies and directly evaluate the potential toxicities of eliciting T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity against cells with surface expression of FLT3 protein in vivo, data from cynomolgus monkey toxicology studies with 2 bispecific T-cell engager molecules targeting FLT3 were leveraged; findings were consistent with the targeted killing of bone marrow cells expressing cell surface FLT3. Potential AMG 553-induced cytotoxicity was assessed against a wide range of normal human primary cells and cell lines; cytotoxicity was observed against FLT3-positive AML cell lines and a percentage of primary bone marrow CD34+ cells. In conclusion, the nonclinical safety data suggest that AMG 553 can target FLT3 protein on AML cells, whereas only affecting a percentage of normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, supporting clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brendon Frank
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Kei Kim
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Chi-Ming Li
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Oliver Homann
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Kelly Hensley
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Benjamin Brooks
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Qinghong Yan
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Gregor Adams
- Kite Pharma, Inc., Santa Monica, California 90404
| | - Michael Boyle
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Tara Arvedson
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Herve Lebrec
- Kite Pharma, Inc., Santa Monica, California 90404
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang K, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Wu X, Bian H, Zhu P, Chen Z. Nonclinical safety, tolerance and pharmacodynamics evaluation for meplazumab treating chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1680-1693. [PMID: 33088688 PMCID: PMC7564037 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Meplazumab is an anti-CD147 humanized IgG2 antibody. The purpose of this study was to characterize the nonclinical safety, tolerance and efficacy evaluation of meplazumab treating chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Meplazumab was well tolerated in repeat-dose toxicology studies in cynomolgus monkeys. No observed adverse effect level was 12 mg/kg. No difference between genders in the primary toxicokinetic parameters after repeat intravenous injection of meplazumab. No increased levels of drug exposure and drug accumulation were observed in different gender and dose groups. Meplazumab had a low cross-reactivity rate in various tissues and did not cause hemolysis or aggregation of red blood cells. The biodistribution and excretion results indicated that meplazumab was mainly distributed in the plasma, whole blood, and hemocytes, and excreted in the urine. Moreover, meplazumab effectively inhibited the parasites from invading erythrocytes in humanized mice in a time-dependent manner and the efficacy is superior to that of chloroquine. All these studies suggested that meplazumab is safe and well tolerated in cynomolgus monkeys, and effectively inhibits P. falciparum from invading into human red blood cells. These nonclinical data facilitated the initiation of an ongoing clinical trial of meplazumab for antimalarial therapy.
Collapse
Key Words
- ADA, anti-drug antibody
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- Antimalarial therapy
- CD147
- Efficacy
- FFPE, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded
- Fab, variable region of monoclonal antibody
- Fc, crystalline region of monoclonal antibody
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- IR, inhibition rate
- Meplazumab
- NOG mice, NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rγ null mice
- Nonclinical
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PC50, median parasite clearance time
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Pr, parasitemia
- RAP2, rhoptry-associated protein 2
- RBCs, red blood cells
- RH5, reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5
- RO, receptor occupancy
- SD rats, Sprague–Dawley rats
- Safety
- TCA, trichloroacetic acid
- Tolerance
- WHO, World Health Organization
- huRBCs, human red blood cells
- mAbs, monoclonal antibodies
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang C, Fan K, Luo H, Cheng Y, Lu Y, Zheng J, Chen Z, Xue J, Zhao Q, Zhang M, Ge Y, Hu C, Bai Y, Yang L, Ma X, Chen M, Zhao Z, Shi X. Species and sex differences in the blood clearance and immunogenicity of PEGylated uricase: A comparative 26-week toxicity study in rats and monkeys. Life Sci 2020; 255:116892. [PMID: 31610209 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Low response rates and high immunogenicity were observed after repeated injections of pegloticase (Krystexxa) into gout patients during clinical trials. However, related research had not been reported in preclinical animal experiments, which has limited the development of this drug. In this study, the toxicity of mPEG-UHC was studied in rats and monkeys over a 26-week period of repeated intravenous dosing. There were no obvious toxic reactions in the tested animals, with the exception of mPEG-UHC blood clearance and immunogenicity. After repeated injections of mPEG-UHC, rapid loss of uricolytic activity (RLA) was not detected in rats, whereas RLA was observed in 44.4% of drug-treated monkeys. In these monkeys, RLA was observed in 11.1% of males and 77.8% of females, and such incidences increased with higher dosing. High titres of anti-uricase IgG antibodies were associated with RLA but did not result in any toxicity. Remission and recurrence of RLA occurred in one female monkey in the high-dose group because of suppressed and altered immune responses in this animal. The predicted incidence of RLA after repeated injections of mPEG-UHC in gout patients may be lower than that of pegloticase. In this study, the no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) of mPEG-UHC in rats and monkeys were 32.0 mg/kg and 20.0 mg/kg, respectively. Therefore, the results showed that rats and monkeys could tolerate long-term and high-dose administrations of mPEG-UHC, and mPEG-UHC blood clearance and immunogenicity showed obvious species and sex differences. These findings will provide valuable information to direct the clinical use of mPEG-UHC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, PR China; Fagen Biomedical Inc, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Kai Fan
- Fagen Biomedical Inc, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hua Luo
- Fagen Biomedical Inc, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yumei Cheng
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yongxin Lu
- Suzhou Drug Safety Evaluation and Research Center, Suzhou Xishan Zhongke Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- Suzhou Drug Safety Evaluation and Research Center, Suzhou Xishan Zhongke Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhengmin Chen
- Suzhou Drug Safety Evaluation and Research Center, Suzhou Xishan Zhongke Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Junping Xue
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, PR China
| | - Qinghua Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yanyan Ge
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, PR China
| | - Chunlan Hu
- Fagen Biomedical Inc, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yanmin Bai
- Fagen Biomedical Inc, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- Fagen Biomedical Inc, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Ma
- Fagen Biomedical Inc, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhilong Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xiaowei Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Boysen L, Viuff BM, Landsy LH, Lykkesfeldt J, Raymond JT, Price SA, Pelzer H, Lauritzen B. Formation and Glomerular Deposition of Immune Complexes in Mice Administered Human Antibodies: Evaluation of Dose, Frequency, and Biomarkers. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 48:570-585. [PMID: 32319353 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320919121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Administration of human protein-based drugs to animals often leads to formation of antidrug antibodies (ADAs) that may form circulating immune complexes (CICs) with the dosed protein. Circulating immune complexes can activate and bind complement (cCICs), and if large amount of CICs or cCICs is formed, the clearance mechanism potentially becomes saturated, which can lead to immune complex (IC) deposition and inflammation. To obtain a better understanding of the underlying factors, including the relationship between different dose regimes on IC formation and deposition and identification of possible biomarkers of IC deposition and IC-related pathological changes in kidneys, BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice were administered with human anti-tumor necrosis factor α (aTNFα, adalimumab) or a humanized anti-TNP (aTNP) antibody for 13 weeks. Particularly, ADA, CIC, cCIC formation, IC deposition, and glomerulonephritis were observed in C57BL/6J administered with aTNFα, whereas the immunologic response was minor in BALB/c mice administered with aTNFα and in BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice administered aTNP. Changing dose levels or increasing dosing frequency of aTNFα on top of an already-established CIC and cCIC response did not lead to substantial changes in CIC, cCIC formation, or IC deposition. Finally, no association between the presence of CICs or cCIC in plasma and glomerular IC deposition and/or glomerulonephritis was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lykke Boysen
- Global Discovery & Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark.,Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Birgitte M Viuff
- Global Discovery & Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Lone H Landsy
- Global Discovery & Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - James T Raymond
- Pathology Associates, Charles River Laboratories Inc, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Shari A Price
- Pathology Associates, Charles River Laboratories Inc, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Hermann Pelzer
- Global Discovery & Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Brian Lauritzen
- Global Discovery & Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Deshaies RJ. Multispecific drugs herald a new era of biopharmaceutical innovation. Nature 2020; 580:329-338. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
32
|
Kohli R, Ratziu V, Fiel MI, Waldmann E, Wilson DP, Balwani M. Initial assessment and ongoing monitoring of lysosomal acid lipase deficiency in children and adults: Consensus recommendations from an international collaborative working group. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 129:59-66. [PMID: 31767214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) deficiency is an ultra-rare, progressive, autosomal recessive disorder. Functional mutations in LIPA, the gene that encodes LAL, result in accumulation of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides in hepatocytes and in the macrophages of the intestines, vascular endothelial system, and numerous other organs. LAL deficiency has a broad clinical spectrum; children and adults can present with dyslipidemia, liver enzyme elevations, hepatosplenomegaly, hepatic steatosis, liver fibrosis and/or cirrhosis, and vascular disease, which may lead to significant morbidity and premature mortality in some patients. Given the systemic involvement and the wide range of healthcare specialists who manage patients with LAL deficiency, there is a need for guidelines to assess and monitor disease involvement. OBJECTIVES To provide a set of recommendations for the initial assessment and ongoing monitoring of patients with LAL deficiency to help physicians in various disciplines effectively manage the disease based on the observed presentation and progression in each case. METHODS A group of internationally recognized healthcare specialists with expertise in clinical genetics, pathology, hepatology, gastroenterology, cardiology, and lipidology convened to develop an evidence-based consensus of best practices for the initial assessment and ongoing monitoring of children and adults with LAL deficiency, regardless of treatment status; infants with LAL deficiency have been excluded from these guidelines because they require specialized care. RESULTS The authors present guidance for the assessment and monitoring of patients with LAL deficiency based on age and disease manifestations that include the hepatic, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems. A schedule for ongoing monitoring of disease progression is provided. In addition, the need to establish an interdisciplinary and integrated care team to optimize the approach to managing this systemic disease is highlighted. CONCLUSIONS There is currently no published guidance on the assessment and monitoring of patients with LAL deficiency. These consensus recommendations for the initial assessment and ongoing monitoring of children and adults with LAL deficiency are intended to help improve the management of these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kohli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vlad Ratziu
- Department of HepaGastroenterology, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Maria Isabel Fiel
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, NY, New York, USA
| | - Elisa Waldmann
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Don P Wilson
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Manisha Balwani
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, NY, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Boysen L, Viuff BM, Landsy LH, Price SA, Raymond JT, Lykkesfeldt J, Lauritzen B. Formation and glomerular deposition of immune complexes in mice administered bovine serum albumin: Evaluation of dose, frequency, and biomarkers. J Immunotoxicol 2019; 16:191-200. [DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2019.1680776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lykke Boysen
- Global Discovery & Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Birgitte M. Viuff
- Global Discovery & Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Lone H. Landsy
- Global Discovery & Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Brian Lauritzen
- Global Discovery & Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Analysis of Immunogenicity Data in the Product Information of Biological Drugs: A Need to Report Immunogenicity Data Systematically. BioDrugs 2019; 33:683-691. [DOI: 10.1007/s40259-019-00387-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
35
|
Mitigating target interference in bridging immunogenicity assay with target-blocking reagents and mild basic pH. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:1569-1580. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Soluble drug target in clinical study samples generated false positive results in anti-drug antibody (ADA) bridging assays due to target-mediated bridging. Results: The combination of two target-blocking reagents and mild basic assay pH resulted in high tolerance to recombinant target protein and reduced levels of positivity in clinical study samples with pharmacokinetic profiles that did not indicate significant ADA response. Testing with low-affinity ADA positive serum from immunized rabbits and known ADA positive samples from nonclinical studies in rats confirmed the assay's ability to detect ADA positive samples and the minimal impact of basic pH and target-blocking reagents on ADA detection. Conclusion: These strategies provide alternatives for mitigating target interference when standard target-blocking antibodies alone are ineffective.
Collapse
|
36
|
Baldrick P. Nonclinical Immunotoxicity Testing in the Pharmaceutical World: The Past, Present, and Future. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2019:2168479019864555. [PMID: 31409131 DOI: 10.1177/2168479019864555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An examination for potential direct or indirect adverse effects on the immune system (immunotoxicity) is an established component of nonclinical testing to support safe use of new drugs. Testing recommendations occur in various regulatory guidance documents, especially ICH S8, and these will be presented. Key evaluation usually occurs in toxicology studies with further investigative work a consideration if a positive signal is seen. Expectations around whether findings may occur are related to the type of compound being developed, including a chemically synthesized small molecule, a small molecule oncology drug, a biopharmaceutical, an oligonucleotide, a gene therapy/stem cell product, a vaccine, or reformulation of drugs in liposomes or depots. Examples of immunotoxicity/immunogenicity findings will be discussed for all of these types of compound. Overall, it can be concluded that our main tool for evaluation of potential immunotoxicity/immunogenicity for a new drug still remains standard toxicology study testing with key assessment for effects on clinical pathology and lymphoid organs/tissues (weights and cellularity). Additional evaluation from studies using a T cell-dependent antibody response (TDAR) and lymphocyte phenotyping is also valuable, if needed. Thus, using the tools from the past, it is the role of toxicologists to work with clinical teams now and in the future, to interpret findings from nonclinical testing to possible adverse findings in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Baldrick
- 1 Covance Laboratories Ltd, England, United Kingdom
- 2 Lincoln School of Pharmacy, University of Lincoln, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Boysen L, Sprinkel AM, Lauritzen B, Breinholt J, Lykkesfeldt J, Viuff BM, Landsy LH. Generic immune complex assay for detection of murine anti-drug-antibodies in complex with human IgG. Biologicals 2019; 60:42-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
|
38
|
Reich K, Blauvelt A, Armstrong A, Langley R, de Vera A, Kolbinger F, Spindeldreher S, Ren M, Bruin G. Secukinumab, a fully human anti‐interleukin‐17A monoclonal antibody, exhibits low immunogenicity in psoriasis patients treated up to 5 years. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33:1733-1741. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Reich
- Translational Research in Inflammatory Skin Diseases Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
- Skinflammation® Center Hamburg Germany
- Dermatologikum Berlin BerlinGermany
| | - A. Blauvelt
- Oregon Medical Research Center Portland OR USA
| | - A. Armstrong
- Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - R.G. Langley
- Division of Clinical Dermatology and Cutaneous Science Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | | | - F. Kolbinger
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Basel Switzerland
| | | | - M. Ren
- China Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Shanghai China
| | - G. Bruin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Basel Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bioanalytical assays in support of tanezumab developmental and reproductive toxicity studies: challenges and learnings. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:1207-1216. [PMID: 31204868 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioanalytical challenges were encountered during developmental and reproductive toxicity studies of tanezumab in cynomolgus monkeys. Possible changes in breast milk composition over the postpartum period potentially complicated assessment of tanezumab concentration in this matrix, requiring validation of the quantification assay across different time intervals. Immunogenicity assessment in maternal serum was complicated by apparent increases in the incidence of antidrug antibody-positive results in treatment-naive samples as pregnancy progressed that were due to changes in the concentration of nerve growth factor, tanezumab's target protein. This was overcome by employing gestational day-specific cut points throughout pregnancy. Researchers should recognize potential challenges associated with dynamic matrices/physiological conditions and anticipate that assays developed under normal conditions may require adaptation for specialized situations.
Collapse
|
40
|
Deodhar A, Gladman DD, McInnes IB, Spindeldreher S, Martin R, Pricop L, Porter B, Safi J, Shete A, Bruin G. Secukinumab Immunogenicity over 52 Weeks in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis. J Rheumatol 2019; 47:539-547. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.190116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Secukinumab, a fully human antiinterleukin 17A monoclonal antibody, is efficacious for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). This study examined the immunogenicity of secukinumab in patients with PsA and AS exposed to secukinumab for up to 52 weeks.Methods.Antibody bridging assays were used to assess the immunogenicity of secukinumab in patients with PsA [FUTURE 1–3 studies, and AS (MEASURE 1–4 studies)]. Evaluations were at baseline and at weeks 16 (AS only), 24, and 52. Treatment-emergent antidrug antibodies (TE-ADA) were defined as a positive ADA signal in ≥ 1 posttreatment sample in patients negative at baseline. Positive samples were analyzed for drug-neutralizing potential, and effect of TE-ADA on secukinumab pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity-related adverse events (AE), and efficacy through Week 52 were assessed.Results.Of 1414 treated PsA and 1164 treated AS patients with samples available for immunogenicity evaluation, 5 (0.35%) and 8 (0.69%), respectively, developed TE-ADA. All but 1 PsA patient were biologic-naive; two of the 5 PsA and one of the 8 AS patients received concomitant methotrexate, and two of the 8 AS patients received concomitant sulfasalazine. Associations between TE-ADA and secukinumab dose, frequency, or administration mode were not observed. Other than one PsA patient, all TE-ADA were non-neutralizing. No TE-ADA were associated with any AE. All TE-ADA were associated with normal secukinumab pharmacokinetics and none were associated with loss of secukinumab efficacy.Conclusion.Secukinumab treatment was associated with a low (< 1%) incidence of immunogenicity in patients with PsA or AS. (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01392326; NCT01752634; NCT01989468; NCT01358175; NCT01649375; NCT02008916; NCT02159053)
Collapse
|
41
|
Bussiere JL, Davies R, Dean C, Xu C, Kim KH, Vargas HM, Chellman GJ, Balasubramanian G, Rubio-Beltran E, MaassenVanDenBrink A, Monticello TM. Nonclinical safety evaluation of erenumab, a CGRP receptor inhibitor for the prevention of migraine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 106:224-238. [PMID: 31085251 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its receptor have been implicated as a key mediator in the pathophysiology of migraine. Thus, erenumab, a monoclonal antibody antagonist of the CGRP receptor, administered as a once monthly dose of 70 or 140 mg has been approved for the preventive treatment of migraine in adults. Due to the species specificity of erenumab, the cynomolgus monkey was used in the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology studies to support the clinical program. There were no effects of erenumab on platelets in vitro (by binding, activation or phagocytosis assays). Specific staining of human tissues with erenumab did not indicated any off-target binding. There were no erenumab-related findings in a cardiovascular safety pharmacology study in cynomolgus monkeys or in vitro in human isolated coronary arteries. Repeat-dose toxicology studies conducted in cynomolgus monkeys at dose levels up to 225 mg/kg (1 month) or up to 150 mg/kg (up to 6 months) with twice weekly subcutaneous (SC) doses showed no evidence of erenumab-mediated adverse toxicity. There were no effects on pregnancy, embryo-fetal or postnatal growth and development in an enhanced pre-postnatal development study in the cynomolgus monkey. There was evidence of placental transfer of erenumab based on measurable serum concentrations in the infants up to 3 months post birth. The maternal and developmental no-observed-effect level (NOEL) was the highest dose tested (50 mg/kg SC Q2W). These nonclinical data in total indicate no safety signal of concern to date and provide adequate margins of exposure between the observed safe doses in animals and clinical dose levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rhian Davies
- Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Charles Dean
- Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Cen Xu
- Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Kyung Hoon Kim
- Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Hugo M Vargas
- Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Gary J Chellman
- Charles River Laboratories Inc., 6995 Longley Lane, Reno, NV, 89511, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Guth BD, Grobler AF, Frazier KS, Greiter-Wilke A, Herzyk D, Hough TA, Khan AA, Markert M, Smith JD, Svenson KL, Wells S, Pugsley MK. Drug safety Africa: An overview of safety pharmacology & toxicology in South Africa. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 98:106579. [PMID: 31085319 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.106579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This meeting report is based on presentations given at the first Drug Safety Africa Meeting in Potchefstroom, South Africa from November 20-22, 2018 at the North-West University campus. There were 134 attendees (including 26 speakers and 34 students) from the pharmaceutical industry, academia, regulatory agencies as well as 6 exhibitors. These meeting proceedings are designed to inform the content that was presented in terms of Safety Pharmacology (SP) and Toxicology methods and models that are used by the pharmaceutical industry to characterize the safety profile of novel small chemical or biological molecules. The first part of this report includes an overview of the core battery studies defined by cardiovascular, central nervous system (CNS) and respiratory studies. Approaches to evaluating drug effects on the renal and gastrointestinal systems and murine phenotyping were also discussed. Subsequently, toxicological approaches were presented including standard strategies and options for early identification and characterization of risks associated with a novel therapeutic, the types of toxicology studies conducted and relevance to risk assessment supporting first-in-human (FIH) clinical trials and target organ toxicity. Biopharmaceutical development and principles of immunotoxicology were discussed as well as emerging technologies. An additional poster session was held that included 18 posters on advanced studies and topics by South African researchers, postgraduate students and postdoctoral fellows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Guth
- Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany; North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | - Danuta Herzyk
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., A subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Tertius A Hough
- Mary Lyon Centre and Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, UK
| | | | - Michael Markert
- Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - James D Smith
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | | | - Sara Wells
- Mary Lyon Centre and Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Staton TL, Peng K, Owen R, Choy DF, Cabanski CR, Fong A, Brunstein F, Alatsis KR, Chen H. A phase I, randomized, observer-blinded, single and multiple ascending-dose study to investigate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity of BITS7201A, a bispecific antibody targeting IL-13 and IL-17, in healthy volunteers. BMC Pulm Med 2019; 19:5. [PMID: 30616547 PMCID: PMC6323662 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-018-0763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of interleukin (IL)-13, a Type 2 inflammatory mediator in asthma, improves lung function and reduces exacerbations; however, more effective therapies are needed. A subset of asthma patients also exhibits elevated IL-17, which is associated with greater disease severity, neutrophilic inflammation, and steroid resistance. BITS7201A is a novel, humanized bispecific antibody that binds and neutralizes both IL-13 and IL-17. METHODS Safety, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity of BITS7201A were evaluated in a phase 1 study. Part A was a single ascending-dose design with 5 cohorts: 30-, 90-, and 300-mg subcutaneous (SC), and 300- and 750-mg intravenous (IV). Part B was a multiple ascending-dose design with 3 cohorts: 150-, 300-, and 600-mg SC every 4 weeks × 3 doses. Both parts enrolled approximately 8 healthy volunteers into each cohort (6 active: 2 placebo). Part B included an additional cohort of patients with mild asthma (600-mg SC). RESULTS Forty-one subjects (31 active, 10 placebo) and 26 subjects (20 active, 6 placebo) were enrolled into Parts A and B, respectively. The cohort with mild asthma patients was terminated after enrollment of a single patient. No deaths, serious adverse events, or dose-limiting adverse events occurred. In Part A, 12 active (39%) and 5 placebo subjects (50%), and in Part B, 6 active (30%) and 3 placebo subjects (50%) experienced at least 1 treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE). The most common AEs were fatigue (n = 3) and influenza-like illness (n = 2). One injection-site reaction was reported. Two subjects with elevated blood eosinophil counts at baseline had transient elevations in blood eosinophils (≥Grade 2, > 1500 cells/μL). In Parts A and B, 16 of 30 (53%) and 16 of 17 (94%) active subjects, respectively, tested positive for anti-drug antibodies (ADAs). No anaphylaxis or hypersensitivity events occurred. BITS7201A exhibited single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic characteristics consistent with an IgG monoclonal antibody; exposure generally increased dose-proportionally. Postdose elevations of the serum pharmacodynamic biomarkers, IL-17AA and IL-17FF, occurred, confirming target engagement. CONCLUSIONS BITS7201A was well tolerated, but was associated with a high incidence of ADA formation. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT02748642; registered April 6, 2016 (retrospectively registered).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Staton
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Kun Peng
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ryan Owen
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - David F Choy
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | - Alice Fong
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Hubert Chen
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Leipold DD, Figueroa I, Masih S, Latifi B, Yip V, Shen BQ, Dere RC, Carrasco-Triguero M, Lee MV, Saad OM, Liu L, He J, Su D, Xu K, Vuillemenot BR, Laing ST, Schutten M, Kozak KR, Zheng B, Polson AG, Kamath AV. Preclinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of DCLL9718A: An antibody-drug conjugate for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. MAbs 2018; 10:1312-1321. [PMID: 30183491 PMCID: PMC6284592 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1517565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Few treatment options are available for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. DCLL9718A is an antibody-drug conjugate that targets C-type lectin-like molecule-1 (CLL-1). This receptor is prevalent on monocytes, neutrophils, and AML blast cells, and unlike CD33, is not expressed on hematopoietic stem cells, thus providing possible hematopoietic recovery. DCLL9718A comprises an anti-CLL-1 IgG1 antibody (MCLL0517A) linked to a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer payload, via a cleavable disulfide-labile linker. Here, we characterize the in vitro and in vivo stability, the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of DCLL9718A and MCLL0517A in rodents and cynomolgus monkeys. Three key PK analytes were measured in these studies: total antibody, antibody-conjugated PBD dimer and unconjugated PBD dimer. In vitro, DCLL9718A, was stable with most (> 80%) of the PBD dimer payload remaining conjugated to the antibody over 96 hours. This was recapitulated in vivo with antibody-conjugated PBD dimer clearance estimates similar to DCLL9718A total antibody clearance. Both DCLL9718A and MCLL0517A showed linear PK in the non-binding rodent species, and non-linear PK in cynomolgus monkeys, a binding species. The PK data indicated minimal impact of conjugation on the disposition of DCLL9718A total antibody. Finally, in cynomolgus monkey, MCLL0517A showed target engagement at all doses tested (0.5 and 20 mg/kg) as measured by receptor occupancy, and DCLL9718A (at doses of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) showed strong PD activity as evidenced by notable reduction in monocytes and neutrophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D. Leipold
- Preclinical Translational Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Isabel Figueroa
- Preclinical Translational Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shabkhaiz Masih
- Preclinical Translational Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Latifi
- Preclinical Translational Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victor Yip
- Preclinical Translational Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ben-Quan Shen
- Preclinical Translational Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Randall C. Dere
- Bioanalytical Sciences Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - M. Violet Lee
- Bioanalytical Sciences Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ola M. Saad
- Bioanalytical Sciences Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Luna Liu
- Bioanalytical Sciences Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jintang He
- Bioanalytical Sciences Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dian Su
- Bioanalytical Sciences Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Keyang Xu
- Bioanalytical Sciences Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Steven T. Laing
- Safety Assessment Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Schutten
- Safety Assessment Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bing Zheng
- Translational Oncology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew G. Polson
- Translational Oncology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amrita V. Kamath
- Preclinical Translational Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Quarmby V, Phung QT, Lill JR. MAPPs for the identification of immunogenic hotspots of biotherapeutics; an overview of the technology and its application to the biopharmaceutical arena. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:733-748. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1521279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Quarmby
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qui T Phung
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics & Lipidomics, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennie R Lill
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics & Lipidomics, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Vahle JL. Immunogenicity and Immune Complex Disease in Preclinical Safety Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:1013-1019. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623318797070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes a continuing education presentation on immunogenicity that was part of a continuing education course entitled, “Clinical Pathology of Biotherapeutics.” Immunogenicity of a biotherapeutic can have diverse impacts including altered systemic exposure and pharmacologic responses and, in a fraction of the cases, safety concerns including cross-reactive neutralization of endogenous proteins or sequela related to immune complex disease (ICD). In most cases, immune complexes are readily cleared from circulation; however, based on physiochemical properties, insoluble complexes form, activate complement, and deposit in tissues. Using published information and personal experience, a set of repeat-dose monkey toxicity studies with manifestations suggestive of ICD was reviewed to summarize the spectrum of clinical and pathology findings. The most common live-phase observation linked to ICD was an acute postdosing reaction following multiple dose administrations characterized by generalized collapse and attributed to acute complement activation. Less common live-phase observations were related to syndromes such as a consumptive coagulopathy or a protein losing nephropathy. The most common histologic change attributed to ICD was multi-organ vascular/perivascular inflammation followed by glomerulonephritis. The presentation concluded with a description of the challenges in assessing the relevance of immunogenicity-related reaction in monkey to human clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John L. Vahle
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Frazier KS, Obert LA. Drug-induced Glomerulonephritis: The Spectre of Biotherapeutic and Antisense Oligonucleotide Immune Activation in the Kidney. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:904-917. [PMID: 30089413 DOI: 10.1177/0192623318789399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of immune-mediated glomerulonephritis has increased in preclinical toxicity studies, with more frequent use of biotherapeutic agents (especially antigenic humanized molecules) and antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapies. Immune complex disease affects a small number of study monkeys, often correlates with antidrug antibody (ADA) titers, and occurs at a dose that favors immune complex formation or impedes clearance. While preclinical glomerulonephritis often fails to correlate with evidence of glomerular or vascular injury in human clinical trials and is not considered predictive, additional animal investigative immunohistochemical work may be performed to substantiate evidence for immune complex pathogenesis. While ADA is most commonly encountered as a predisposing factor with biotherapeutic agents, complement activation may occur without circulating complexes, and other mechanisms of non-ADA immune-mediated glomerulonephritis have been observed including nonendogenous immune aggregates and immunoregulatory pharmacology. Although glomerulonephritis associated with oligonucleotide therapies has been noted occasionally in preclinical studies and more rarely with human patients, pathophysiologic mechanisms involved appear to be different between species and preclinical cases are not considered predictive for humans. ADA is not involved in oligonucleotide-associated cases, and complement fixation plays a more important role in monkeys. Recent screening of ASOs for proinflammatory activity appears to have decreased glomerulonephritis incidence preclinically.
Collapse
|
48
|
Polumuri SK, Haile LA, Ireland DDC, Verthelyi D. Aggregates of IVIG or Avastin, but not HSA, modify the response to model innate immune response modulating impurities. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11477. [PMID: 30065306 PMCID: PMC6068171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29850-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins can induce immune responses that affect their safety and efficacy. Product aggregates and innate immune response modulating impurities (IIRMI) are risk factors of product immunogenicity. In this study, we use Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG), Avastin, and Human Serum Albumin (HSA) to explore whether increased aggregates activate innate immune cells or modify the response to IIRMI. We show that increased aggregates (shaken or stirred) in IVIG and Avastin, but not HSA, induced activation of MAPKs (pp38, pERK and pJNK) and transcription of immune-related genes including IL8, IL6, IL1β, CSF1, CCL2, CCL7, CCL3, CCL24, CXCL2, IRAK1, EGR2, CEBPβ, PPARg and TNFSF15 in human PBMC. The immunomodulatory effect was primarily mediated by FcγR, but not by TLR. Interestingly, increased aggregates in IVIG or Avastin magnified innate immune responses to TLR2/4 agonists, but diminished responses to TLR3/9 agonists. This study shows that IIRMI and aggregates can modify the activity of immune cells potentially modifying the milieu where the products are delivered highlighting the complex interplay of different impurities on product immunogenicity risk. Further, we show that aggregates could modify the sensitivity of PBMC-based assays designed to detect IIRMI. Understanding and managing immunogenicity risk is a critical component of product development and regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swamy Kumar Polumuri
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Lydia A Haile
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Derek D C Ireland
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Daniela Verthelyi
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Park MH, Byeon JJ, Shin SH, Kim N, Park Y, Ill Lee B, Choi J, Shin YG. Rapid and simultaneous quantification of a mixture of biopharmaceuticals by a liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometric method in rat plasma following cassette-dosing. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:889-896. [PMID: 29578307 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The cassette-dosing technique is a technique that administers various drugs to a single animal at once and quantitated simultaneously. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of cassette-dosing as a means of increasing throughput and decreasing animal usage for pharmacokinetic studies of biopharmaceuticals using liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometric (LC/TOF-MS) analysis. METHODS Brentuximab, trastuzumab, cetuximab and adalimumab were used as model biopharmaceuticals. The method consisted of immunoprecipitation followed by tryptic digestion for sample preparation and LC/TOF-MS analysis of specific signature peptides in the positive ion mode using electrospray ionization. The specific signature peptides used for quantification were from the complementarity-determining regions of each mAb. All rats received a single intravenous bolus injection containing either a single mAb or a mixture of four mAbs. RESULTS The proposed method has been qualified in linearity range of 1-100 μg/mL with correlation coefficients higher than 0.990. The qualification run met the acceptance criteria of ±25% accuracy and precision values for quality control (QC) samples. This qualified LC/TOF-MS method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in the rat. The PK properties of mAbs administered as a cassette-dosage were similar to the pharmacokinetics of each antibody drug when administered as a single entity. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the cassette-dosing approach could be used to evaluate the PK properties of biopharmaceuticals in the early drug discovery stage. Also, this method would be useful for other preclinical sample analysis without developing new reagents for sample preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ho Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Byeon
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea
| | - Nahye Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea
| | - Yuri Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea
| | - Byeong Ill Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea
| | - Jangmi Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea
| | - Young G Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Immunogenicity testing of therapeutic antibodies in ocular fluids after intravitreal injection. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:803-814. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: High drug concentrations in ocular fluids after intravitreal administration preclude the use of drug-sensitive immunoassays. A drug-tolerant immunoassay is therefore desirable for immunogenicity testing in ophthalmology. Experimental: Immune complex (IC) antidrug antibody (ADA) assays were established for two species. The assays were compared with the bridging assay in ocular and plasma samples from two preclinical studies. Results: The IC assays showed high drug tolerance, which enabled a reliable ADA detection in ocular fluids after intravitreal administration. The IC assays were superior to the bridging assay in the analysis of ocular fluids with high drug concentrations. Conclusion: The IC assay allows a reliable ADA detection in matrices with high drug concentrations, such as ocular fluids.
Collapse
|