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Li X, Yuan L, Wang F. Health outcomes of electronic cigarettes. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024:00029330-990000000-01135. [PMID: 38973260 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000003098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The usage of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) sparked an outbreak of unidentified vaping-related lung disease in the US during late 2019. With e-cigarettes becoming more and more popular, smokers have more options other than conventional cigarettes. Under these circumstances, a comprehensive evaluation of the general safety of new tobacco and tobacco-related products, represented by e-cigarettes, to human health is necessary. In this review, we summarize the current research on potential negative impacts of e-cigarette exposure on human health. In particular, studies detailing the relationship between e-cigarettes and the digestive system are summarized, with mechanisms mainly including hepatic metabolic dysfunction, impaired gut barrier, and worsened outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although believed to be safer than traditional cigarettes, e-cigarettes exert adverse effects on systemic health and induce the development of multiple diseases containing asthma, cardiovascular disease, and IBD. Moreover, nicotine-containing e-cigarettes have a negative impact on the childhood development and increase the risk of arterial stiffness compared to the non-nicotine e-cigarettes. However, non-nicotine e-cigarette components have detrimental effects including promoting liver damage and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmeng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Lingzhi Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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Pongkua W, Sriprapat W, Thiravetyan P, Treesubsuntorn C. Active living wall for particulate matter and VOC remediation: potential and application. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:36180-36191. [PMID: 37428325 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28480-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matters (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the sources of toxic substances that hurt human health and can cause human carcinogens. An active living wall was applied to reduce PM and VOC contamination, while Sansevieria trifasciata cv. Hahnii, a high-performance plant for VOC removal, was selected to grow on the developing wall and used to treat PM and VOCs. The active living wall operating in a 24 m3 testing chamber showed the ability to remediate more than 90% PM within 12 h. The VOC removal can be approximately 25-80% depending on each compound. In addition, the suitable flow velocity of the living wall was also investigated. The flow rate of 1.7 m3 h-1 in front of the living wall was found as the best inlet flow velocity for the developed active living wall. The suitable condition for PM and VOC removal in the active living wall application on the real side was presented in this study. The result confirmed that the application of an active living wall for PM phytoremediation can be an alternative effective technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleeporn Pongkua
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Wararat Sriprapat
- Biotechnology Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Pathum Thani, 12110, Thailand
| | - Paitip Thiravetyan
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Chairat Treesubsuntorn
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand.
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand.
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3
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Pandi A, Lal V, Chakraborty B, Kalappan VM. Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Biomarkers in Chronic Cigarette Smokers: A Pilot Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e60629. [PMID: 38903342 PMCID: PMC11187470 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present study was undertaken to assess the status of oxidative stress in chronic cigarette smokers. Materials and methods Thirty adult male chronic cigarette smokers and an equal number of age and sex-matched normal subjects from the Deoghar district of Jharkhand state, India, were included in the study. The status of lipid peroxidation was determined using malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activities of enzymic antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were determined using standard protocols. Results Results showed that the serum MDA levels were significantly increased, and the enzymic antioxidants were markedly decreased in chronic cigarette smokers compared to the normal subjects. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that oxidative stress is more pronounced in cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers. The number of cigarettes smoked plays a crucial role in increasing the reactive oxygen species and decreasing the cellular antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandakumar Pandi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, Deoghar, IND
| | - Vanita Lal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, Deoghar, IND
| | - Balarko Chakraborty
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, Deoghar, IND
| | - Vanitha M Kalappan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Madras (Taramani Campus), Chennai, IND
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Granata S, Vivarelli F, Morosini C, Canistro D, Paolini M, Fairclough LC. Toxicological Aspects Associated with Consumption from Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS): Focus on Heavy Metals Exposure and Cancer Risk. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2737. [PMID: 38473984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking remains one of the leading causes of premature death worldwide. Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDSs) are proposed as a tool for smoking cessation. In the last few years, a growing number of different types of ENDSs were launched onto the market. Despite the manufacturing differences, ENDSs can be classified as "liquid e-cigarettes" (e-cigs) equipped with an atomizer that vaporizes a liquid composed of vegetable glycerin (VG), polypropylene glycol (PG), and nicotine, with the possible addition of flavorings; otherwise, the "heated tobacco products" (HTPs) heat tobacco sticks through contact with an electronic heating metal element. The presence of some metals in the heating systems, as well as in solder joints, involves the possibility that heavy metal ions can move from these components to the liquid, or they can be adsorbed into the tobacco stick from the heating blade in the case of HTPs. Recent evidence has indicated the presence of heavy metals in the refill liquids and in the mainstream such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb). The present review discusses the toxicological aspects associated with the exposition of heavy metals by consumption from ENDSs, focusing on metal carcinogenesis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Granata
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Vivarelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Morosini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Donatella Canistro
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Moreno Paolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucy C Fairclough
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, East Dr, Nottingham NG7 2TQ, UK
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Manna VJ, Dwyer S, Pizutelli V, Caradonna SJ. Utilizing primary human airway mucociliary tissue cultures to model ramifications of chronic E-cigarette usage. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 94:105725. [PMID: 37884163 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes are battery powered devices that use a vape-liquid to produce a vapor that is inhaled. A consequence of the rise in e-cigarette usage was the 2019 emergence of a vaping-induced respiratory disease denoted as 'e-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury' (EVALI). One of the suspected causes of EVALI is Vitamin E Acetate (VEA), which was found to be a diluent in certain illicit vape-pens, whereas nicotine is commonly diluted in equal parts propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin (PG:VG). The prevalent use of e-cigarettes and the emergence of a novel illness has made understanding how e-cigarette vapors affect our respiratory tissues a public health concern. We have designed and produced a simple device that can operate e-cigarettes and deliver the vapor to a chamber containing a standard cell culture multi-well plate. Here we utilize our device to model the response of human airway mucociliary tissue after chronic exposure to vapors produced from either PG:VG or VEA. We note several differences between how PG:VG and VEA vapors interact with and alter airway tissue cultures and suggest potential mechanisms for how VEA-vapors can exacerbate EVALI symptoms. Our device combined with primary human airway tissue cultures make an economical and compact model system that allows for animal-free investigations into the acute and chronic consequences of e-cigarette vapors on primary respiratory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J Manna
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, United States.
| | - Shannon Dwyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Vanessa Pizutelli
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Salvatore J Caradonna
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, United States
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Kopa-Stojak PN, Pawliczak R. Comparison of the effects of active and passive smoking of tobacco cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems and tobacco heating products on the expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response markers. A systematic review. Inhal Toxicol 2024; 36:75-89. [PMID: 38394073 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2319315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This work attempts to summarize current knowledge on the effects of active and passive smoking of cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems and tobacco heating products on the expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response mediators, and on their possible impact on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease development. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature was searched by the terms: 'smoking', 'active smoking', 'passive smoking', 'main-stream smoke', 'side-stream smoke', 'secondhand smoke', 'cigarette' 'THP', 'tobacco heating product', 'ENDS', 'electronic nicotine delivery system', 'e-cigarette', 'electronic cigarette', oxidative stress', inflammatory response' and 'gene expression'. RESULTS Cigarette smoking (active and passive) induces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the airways. We present the effect of active smoking of e-cigarettes (EC) and heat-not-burn (HnB) products on the increased expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response markers. However, there is only a limited number of studies on the effect of their second-hand smoking, and those available mainly describe aerosol composition. DISCUSSION The literature provides data which confirm that active and passive cigarette smoking induces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the airways and is a key risk factor of COPD development. Currently, there is a limited number of data about ENDS and THP active and passive smoking effects on the health of smokers and never-smokers. It is particularly important to assess the effect of such products during long-term use by never-smokers who choose them as the first type of cigarettes, and for never-smokers who are passively exposed to their aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Natalia Kopa-Stojak
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafal Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Kurachi T, Chuman S, Suzuki T, Kubota T, Ishikawa S. Effects of aerosols from heated tobacco products with flavors on the discoloration of bovine tooth enamel. Clin Exp Dent Res 2023; 9:1069-1077. [PMID: 37438937 PMCID: PMC10728517 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This in vitro study assessed the potential of tooth discoloration by aerosols generated from three heated tobacco products (HTPs) with different specifications: in-direct heating tobacco system platform 1.0a (IT1.0a), in-direct heating tobacco system platform 2.0a (IT2.0a), and direct heating tobacco system platform 3.0a (DT3.0a). In addition, three flavor types (regular, menthol, and berry menthol) were selected for each HTP to characterize the effect of flavor types on tooth discoloration. MATERIAL AND METHODS Six bovine tooth samples were exposed directly to aerosols generated from one pack of each HTP: 350 puffs for IT1.0a, 325 puffs for IT2.0a, and 220 puffs for DT3.0a. Six bovine tooth samples were also exposed to air (350 puffs) and smoke generated from one pack of cigarettes (160 puffs) as negative and positive controls, respectively. The color of each tooth sample was measured before and after exposure. The overall color changes were assessed using overall color differences (ΔE) calculated according to the Commission International de I'Eclairage color system. A one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post hoc test was used to compare ΔE among bovine tooth samples exposed to air, cigarette smoke, and aerosols generated from each HTP. RESULTS ΔE values for tooth samples exposed to air and aerosols generated from the three HTPs (IT1.0a, IT2.0a, and DT3.0a) were significantly lower than ΔE value for tooth samples exposed to cigarette smoke. ΔE values obtained with DT3.0a were significantly higher than those obtained with air-exposed control samples. However, ΔE values obtained with IT1.0a and IT2.0a were not significantly different from that obtained with air-exposed control samples. No HTPs showed significant differences in ΔE values among the three flavor types. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that HTP aerosols reduce tooth discoloration potential compared with cigarette smoke, regardless of flavor types, and the tooth discoloration potential of the product may depend on product specifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kurachi
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc.YokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Shinnosuke Chuman
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc.YokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Takuya Suzuki
- Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, JT International SAGenevaSwitzerland
| | | | - Shinkichi Ishikawa
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc.YokohamaKanagawaJapan
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Makena P, Kikalova T, Prasad GL, Baxter SA. Oxidative Stress and Lung Fibrosis: Towards an Adverse Outcome Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12490. [PMID: 37569865 PMCID: PMC10419527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung fibrosis is a progressive fatal disease in which deregulated wound healing of lung epithelial cells drives progressive fibrotic changes. Persistent lung injury due to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are central features of lung fibrosis. Chronic cigarette smoking causes oxidative stress and is a major risk factor for lung fibrosis. The objective of this manuscript is to develop an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) that serves as a framework for investigation of the mechanisms of lung fibrosis due to lung injury caused by inhaled toxicants, including cigarette smoke. Based on the weight of evidence, oxidative stress is proposed as a molecular initiating event (MIE) which leads to increased secretion of proinflammatory and profibrotic mediators (key event 1 (KE1)). At the cellular level, these proinflammatory signals induce the recruitment of inflammatory cells (KE2), which in turn, increase fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation (KE3). At the tissue level, an increase in extracellular matrix deposition (KE4) subsequently culminates in lung fibrosis, the adverse outcome. We have also defined a new KE relationship between the MIE and KE3. This AOP provides a mechanistic platform to understand and evaluate how persistent oxidative stress from lung injury may develop into lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrudu Makena
- RAI Services Company, P.O. Box 1487, Winston-Salem, NC 27102, USA;
| | - Tatiana Kikalova
- Clarivate Analytics, 1500 Spring Garden, Philadelphia, PA 19130, USA
| | - Gaddamanugu L. Prasad
- Former Employee of RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
- Prasad Scientific Consulting LLC, 490 Friendship Place Ct, Lewisville, NC 27023, USA
| | - Sarah A. Baxter
- RAI Services Company, P.O. Box 1487, Winston-Salem, NC 27102, USA;
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Ali N, Xavier J, Engur M, Pv M, Bernardino de la Serna J. The impact of e-cigarette exposure on different organ systems: A review of recent evidence and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131828. [PMID: 37320902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) is rapidly increasing worldwide and is promoted as a smoking cessation tool. The impact of traditional cigs on human health has been well-defined in both animal and human studies. In contrast, little is known about the adverse effects of e-cigs exposure on human health. This review summarizes the impact of e-cigs exposure on different organ systems based on the rapidly expanding recent evidence from experimental and human studies. A number of growing studies have shown the adverse effects of e-cigs exposure on various organ systems. The summarized data in this review indicate that while e-cigs use causes less adverse effects on different organs compared to traditional cigs, its long-term exposure may lead to serious health effects. Data on short-term organ effects are limited and there is no sufficient evidence on long-term organ effects. Moreover, the adverse effects of secondhand and third hand e-cigs vapour exposure have not been thoroughly investigated in previous studies. Although some studies demonstrated e-cigs used as a smoking cessation tool, there is a lack of strong evidence to support it. While some researchers suggested e-cigs as a safer alternative to tobacco smoking, their long-term exposure health effects remain largely unknown. Therefore, more epidemiological and prospective studies including mechanistic studies are needed to address the potential adverse health effects of e-cigs to draw a firm conclusion about their safe use. A wide variation in e-cigs products and the lack of standardized testing methods are the major barriers to evaluating the existing data. Specific regulatory guidelines for both e-cigs components and the manufacturing process may be effective to protect consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh.
| | - Joseph Xavier
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India.
| | - Melih Engur
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mohanan Pv
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India.
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Wang L, Wang Y, Yang X, Duan K, Jiang X, Chen J, Liu P, Li M. Cytotoxicity and cell injuries of flavored electronic cigarette aerosol and mainstream cigarette smoke: A comprehensive in vitro evaluation. Toxicol Lett 2023; 374:96-110. [PMID: 36572074 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have attracted much attention due to their claimed harm-reduction effects compared with conventional cigarettes, the adverse effects of e-cigarette aerosol exposure on human health are still unclear. In this work we compared the cytotoxic effects of combustion cigarettes with four commercially available flavored electronic cigarettes and their main components on ten cell lines. Cell injury mechanism of e-cigarette aerosol and combustible cigarette smoke was also explored using cellular models. METHODS Eleven kinds of e-cigarettes aerosol condensates (ECSCs) and cigarette smoke constituent's condensates (CSC) were collected by Cambridge filter pad, and the nicotine contents were determined by UPLC to provide an equivalent nicotine dosage. The CCK-8 assay was used to measure the cell viability differences between ECSC and CSC. Based on RNA-seq results, we compared the effects of ECSC and CSC on various cell injury pathways. Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses were further tested by Western Blot, immunofluorescence, and qRT-PCR assays. RESULTS CSC was found to be more cytotoxic than flavored ECSC and their main components, and BEAS-2B cell line was the most sensitive cells by comparing the IC50 value. With prolonged exposure duration and higher doses, ECSC began to exhibit cytotoxicity at and above 72 µg/mL. The IC50 values of ECSC were 15-fold higher than that of CSC. Transcriptome analyses indicated that cell injury-related processes were enriched after the treatment of CSC. CSC could significantly induce more oxidative stress and inflammatory signals than ECSC. CONCLUSION ECSCs and their components induced significantly less cytotoxicity than CSC under the laboratory exposure conditions, and CSC caused much severe cell injuries. Our study adds to the body of scientific evidence for a more comprehensive safety evaluation of e-cigarette products as compared to cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Xuemin Yang
- RELX Lab, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Kun Duan
- RELX Lab, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Xingtao Jiang
- RELX Lab, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Jianwen Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Min Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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Chemical and in vitro toxicological comparison of emissions from a heated tobacco product and the 1R6F reference cigarette. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:281-292. [PMID: 36876026 PMCID: PMC9976195 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It has previously been found that, compared with cigarette smoke, the aerosols generated by heated tobacco products contain fewer and lower harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) and elicit lower biological activity in in vitro models and lower smoking-related exposure biomarker levels in clinical studies. It is important to accumulate such scientific evidences for heated tobacco products with a novel heating system, because different heating system may affect the quantitative aspect of the amount of HPHCs and the qualitative aspect of the biological activity of the aerosol generated. Here, the chemical properties of, and toxicological responses to aerosols emitted by DT3.0a, a new heated tobacco product with a novel heating system, and cigarette smoke (CS) were compared, using chemical analyses, in vitro battery (standardized genotoxicity and cytotoxicity) assays, and mechanistic (ToxTracker and two-dimensional cell culture) assays. Regular- and menthol-flavored DT3.0a and standard 1R6F reference cigarettes were tested. Selected HPHC yields were lower in DT3.0a aerosol than 1R6F CS. The genotoxicity-related assays indicated that DT3.0a aerosol was not genotoxic, regardless of metabolic activation. The other biological assays indicated that less cytotoxicity induction and oxidative stress response were elicited by DT3.0a aerosol compared with 1R6F CS. Similar results were found for both regular and menthol DT3.0a. Like previous reports for heated tobacco products with other heating systems, the results of this study indicated that DT3.0a aerosols have chemical and biological properties less likely to be harmful than 1R6F CS.
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Key Words
- ACM, aerosol collected mass
- ARE, anti-oxidant responsive element
- AqE, aqueous extract
- BDL, below detection limit
- CMF-PBS, calcium- and magnesium-free phosphate buffered saline
- CS, cigarette smoke
- Cytotoxicity
- DT3.0a, Direct Heating Tobacco System Platform 3 generation 3 version a
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GVP, gas-vapor phase
- Genotoxicity
- HPHCs
- HPHCs, harmful and potentially harmful constituents
- HTP, heated tobacco product
- Heated tobacco product
- IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration
- ISO, International Organization for Standardization
- In vitro
- LOD, limit of detection
- LOQ, limit of quantification
- MLA, mouse lymphoma assay
- MN, micronucleus
- MRTP, modified risk tobacco product
- NQ, not quantified
- NRU, neutral red uptake
- Oxidative stress
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- THP, tobacco heating product
- THS, tobacco heating system
- TPM, total particulate matter
- mES, mouse embryonic stem
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Wang H, Han S, Chen H, Li P, Li S, Wu Y, Zhang C, Fu Y, Tian Y, Liu T, Hou H, Hu Q. In Vitro Toxicological Investigation and Risk Assessment of E-Cigarette Aerosols Based on a Novel Solvent-Free Extraction Method. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:48403-48415. [PMID: 36591148 PMCID: PMC9798774 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cigarettes, potentially safer alternatives to combustible cigarettes, have been reported to increase the health risk for long-term users, so accumulating information about their potential toxicity is of great concern. However, toxicological evaluations of e-cigarette aerosols are limited, which may be attributed to the lack of a simple and efficient extraction method. Here, we developed a high-speed centrifugal method for extracting e-cigarette aerosol collected mass (ACM) and prepared ACM samples of 26 representative e-cigarettes, and 10 samples were further selected based on their cytotoxicity for systematic toxicological assessments. The average extraction efficiency of ACM, primary aerosol components, and typical carbonyls exceeded 85%. The toxicological evaluation showed that the IC50 value range of e-cigarettes for cytotoxicity was 2-52 mg/mL ACM, all e-cigarettes can induce the risk of DNA damage, mitochondrial depolarization, and c-Jun-related signal disturbances; most e-cigarettes significantly caused disturbance of oxidative stress balance. E-cigarettes with higher cytotoxicity appeared to cause a higher degree of damage, while no e-cigarette promoted mutagenicity and cytochrome c release. The toxicity difference among e-cigarettes using nicotine equivalent was significantly lower than that of ACM. This study provides a novel extraction method and a comprehensive in vitro toxicity risk profile of e-cigarette aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Wang
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shulei Han
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Huan Chen
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Peizhen Li
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shigang Li
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yujuan Wu
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chunxia Zhang
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yaning Fu
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yushan Tian
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Tong Liu
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China
National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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13
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Tsou HH, Wang PH, Ting TH, Ping YH, Liu TY, Cheng HW, Wang HT. Effect of heated tobacco products and traditional cigarettes on pulmonary toxicity and SARS-CoV-2-induced lung injury. Toxicology 2022; 479:153318. [PMID: 36096319 PMCID: PMC9461237 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) significantly contributes to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Heated tobacco products (HTPs), newly developed cigarette products, have been proposed as an alternative for safe cigarette smoking. Although it is plausible to think that replacing traditional cigarettes with HTPs would lower the risks of COPD, this notion requires confirmation by further investigations from sources independent of the tobacco industry. COPD is characterized by an ongoing inflammatory process in the lungs, and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of COPD. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) functions as a negative regulator of RAS and has been suggested as a cellular receptor for the causative agent of SARS-CoV-2. It has been shown that smoking is most likely associated with the negative progression and adverse outcomes of SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we found that cigarette smoke extracts from traditional cigarettes (CSE) caused higher cytotoxicity and higher oxidative stress levels than extracts from HTPs (HTPE) in two lung cell lines (Calu-3 and Beas-2B). CSE and HTPE induced RAS activation, MAPK activation, and NF-kB inflammatory pathway activation, resulting in the production of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, CSE and a high dose of HTPE reduced tight junction proteins, including claudin 1, E-cadherin, and ZO-1, and disrupted lung epidermal tight junctions at the air-liquid interface (ALI). Finally, CSE and HTPE enhanced the spike protein S1-induced lung injury response. Together, these results suggest that HTPE induced similar lung pathogenesis relevant to COPD and SARS-CoV-2-induced lung injury caused by CSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Hsing Tsou
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Kim Forest Enterprise Co., Ltd., Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Huai Wang
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Oriental Institute of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsin Ting
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsin Ping
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yun Liu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Wei Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Doctor Degree Program in Toxicology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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14
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Vivarelli F, Granata S, Rullo L, Mussoni M, Candeletti S, Romualdi P, Fimognari C, Cruz-Chamorro I, Carrillo-Vico A, Paolini M, Canistro D. On the toxicity of e-cigarettes consumption: Focus on pathological cellular mechanisms. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106315. [PMID: 35724819 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking remains without a doubt one of the leading causes of premature death worldwide. In combination with conventional protocols for smoking cessation, e-cigarettes have been proposed as a useful tool to quit smoking. Advertised as almost free of toxic effects, e-cigarettes have rapidly increased their popularity, becoming a sought-after device, especially among young people. Recently some health concerns about e-cigarette consumption are being raised. It is well known that they can release several toxic compounds, some of which are carcinogenic to humans, and emerging results are now outlining the risks related to the onset of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and even cancer. The present review shows the emerging evidence about the role of technical components of the devices, the e-liquid composition as well as customization by consumers. The primary topics we discuss are the main toxicological aspects associated with e-cigarette consumption, focusing on the molecular pathways involved. Here it will be shown how exposure to e-cigarette aerosol induces stress/mitochondrial toxicity, DNA breaks/fragmentation following the same pathological pathways triggered by tobacco smoke, including the deregulation of molecular signalling axis associated with cancer progression and cell migration. Risk to fertility and pregnancy, as well as cardiovascular risk associated with e-cigarette use, have also been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Vivarelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Silvia Granata
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery - University of Milano - Bicocca
| | - Laura Rullo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matilde Mussoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sanzio Candeletti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Romualdi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Ivan Cruz-Chamorro
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS (Universidad de Sevilla, HUVR, Junta de Andalucía, CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Carrillo-Vico
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS (Universidad de Sevilla, HUVR, Junta de Andalucía, CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Moreno Paolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Donatella Canistro
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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15
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Iglesias-Rey R, Custodia A, Alonso-Alonso ML, López-Dequidt I, Rodríguez-Yáñez M, Pumar JM, Castillo J, Sobrino T, Campos F, da Silva-Candal A, Hervella P. The Smoking Paradox in Stroke Patients Under Reperfusion Treatment Is Associated With Endothelial Dysfunction. Front Neurol 2022; 13:841484. [PMID: 35401421 PMCID: PMC8987913 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.841484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to explore the association between smoking habit and the serum levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK), in relation with the functional outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke undergoing reperfusion treatment. Methods Observational and retrospective study of a series of patients with acute ischemic stroke subjected to reperfusion treatments. Clinical, analytical, and neuroimaging parameters were analyzed. The main endpoint was the functional outcome at 3 months, measured by the modified Ranking Scale (mRS). Logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between smoking and sTWEAK levels with functional outcome and leukoaraiosis. Results The results showed that smoking habit was associated with a good functional outcome at 3 months in patients with stroke (OR: 3.52; 95% CI: 1.03–11.9; p = 0.044). However, this independent association was lost after adjusting by sTWEAK levels (OR 1.73; 95% CI: 0.86–13.28; p = 0.116). sTWEAK levels were significantly lower in smoker patients [4015.5 (973.66–7921.83) pg/ml vs. 5,628 (2,848–10,202) pg/ml, p < 0.0001], while sTWEAK levels were significantly higher in patients with poor functional outcomes at 3 months [10,284 (7,388–13.247) pg/ml vs. 3,405 (2,329–6,629) pg/ml, p < 0.0001]. Conclusion The decrease in sTWEAK levels was associated with a good functional outcome in smoker patients with stroke undergoing reperfusion therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Iglesias-Rey
- Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Ramón Iglesias-Rey
| | - Antía Custodia
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- NeuroAging Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Luz Alonso-Alonso
- Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Iria López-Dequidt
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Yáñez
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José M. Pumar
- Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Neuroradiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Castillo
- Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- NeuroAging Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco Campos
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Andres da Silva-Candal
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Neurovascular Diseases Laboratory, Neurology Service, University Hospital Complex of A Coruña, Biomedical Research Institute, A Coruña, Spain
- Andres da Silva-Candal
| | - Pablo Hervella
- Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- *Correspondence: Pablo Hervella
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16
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Simms L, Yu F, Palmer J, Rudd K, Sticken ET, Wieczorek R, Chapman F, Czekala L, Stevenson M, O’Connell G. Use of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes to Predict the Cardiotoxicity Potential of Next Generation Nicotine Products. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:747508. [PMID: 35295225 PMCID: PMC8915889 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.747508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Combustible cigarette smoking is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. By contrast, the cardiotoxicity potential of non-combustible next generation nicotine products (NGPs), which includes heated tobacco products (HTPs) and electronic vaping products (EVPs), and how this compares relative to combustible cigarettes is currently an area of scientific exploration. As such, there is a need for a rapid screening assay to assess this endpoint. The Cardio quickPredict is a metabolomics biomarker-based assay that uses human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) to screen for potential structural and functional cardiac toxicants based on the changes of four metabolites, lactic acid, arachidonic acid, thymidine, and 2′-deoxycytidine. The study aims were to investigate the cardiotoxicity potential of NGPs compared to cigarettes, in addition to nicotine. To accomplish this, hiPSC-CM were exposed to smoke or aerosol bubbled PBS samples: reference cigarette (1R6F); three variants of HTP; and three EVP variants. The 1R6F bPBS was the most active, having cardiotoxic potential at 0.3–0.6% bPBS (0.4–0.9 μg/mL nicotine), followed by HTP, which displayed cardiotoxic potential at a 10 times higher concentration, 3.3% bPBS (4.1 μg/mL nicotine). Both 1R6F and HTP bPBS (at 10-fold higher concentration than 1R6F) affected all four predictive metabolites, whereas none of the EVP bPBS samples were active in the assay up to the maximal concentration tested (10% bPBS). Nicotine tested on its own was predicted to have cardiotoxic potential at concentrations greater than 80 μg/mL, which is higher than expected physiological levels associated with combustible cigarette smoking. The application of this rapid screening assay to NGP research and the associated findings adds to the weight-of-evidence indicating that NGPs have a tobacco harm reduction potential when compared to combustible cigarettes. Additionally, this technique was shown to be sensitive and robust for the assessment of different NGPs and may be considered as part of a larger overall scientific framework for NGP assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Simms
- Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Liam Simms,
| | - Fan Yu
- Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Palmer
- Stemina Biomarker Discovery Inc., Madison, WI, United States
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17
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Cellular and Molecular Signatures of Oxidative Stress in Bronchial Epithelial Cell Models Injured by Cigarette Smoke Extract. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031770. [PMID: 35163691 PMCID: PMC8836577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of the airways epithelium to environmental insults, including cigarette smoke, results in increased oxidative stress due to unbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in favor of oxidants. Oxidative stress is a feature of inflammation and promotes the progression of chronic lung diseases, including Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Increased oxidative stress leads to exhaustion of antioxidant defenses, alterations in autophagy/mitophagy and cell survival regulatory mechanisms, thus promoting cell senescence. All these events are amplified by the increase of inflammation driven by oxidative stress. Several models of bronchial epithelial cells are used to study the molecular mechanisms and the cellular functions altered by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure, and to test the efficacy of molecules with antioxidant properties. This review offers a comprehensive synthesis of human in-vitro and ex-vivo studies published from 2011 to 2021 describing the molecular and cellular mechanisms evoked by CSE exposure in bronchial epithelial cells, the most used experimental models and the mechanisms of action of cellular antioxidants systems as well as natural and synthetic antioxidant compounds.
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18
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Nishimoto-Kusunose S, Sawa M, Inaba Y, Ushiyama A, Ishii K, Hattori K, Ogasawara Y. Exposure to aerosol extract from heated tobacco products causes a drastic decrease of glutathione and protein carbonylation in human lung epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 589:92-99. [PMID: 34896781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are an emerging class of tobacco goods that claim to have lower health risks than those of smoking combustible tobacco products. In this study, we exposed human lung epithelial cell lines to extracts prepared from HTP aerosols and combustible cigarette smoke to compare cytotoxicity. We focused on the effects of aldehydes present in the aerosols of HTPs at levels close to those in combustible cigarette smoke. Significant toxicity was confirmed for the HTP extract, albeit to a lesser extent than that with the combustible cigarette extract. When redox balance was evaluated by the oxidative loss of low-molecular-weight thiols in the cells, we found that total glutathione (GSH) contents and low-molecular-weight thiol levels were significantly decreased after exposure to the aerosol extract of HTPs. These results indicated that GSH is rapidly consumed during the detoxification of xenobiotics, such as aldehydes from tobacco extracts. Accordingly, exposure to the aerosol extract of HTPs resulted in the enhanced carbonylation of many proteins. In a simple comparison, the results for HTPs were significantly different from those obtained with combustible cigarette smoke, suggesting reduced toxicity of HTPs. However, we found significant and harmful effects after exposing lung epithelial cells to the aerosol extract of HTPs. Thus, a further comprehensive study is needed to clarify the lung damage induced via the long-term inhalation of aerosols from HTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nishimoto-Kusunose
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - M Sawa
- Department of Environmental Science, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Y Inaba
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health. Minami, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0197, Japan
| | - A Ushiyama
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health. Minami, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0197, Japan
| | - K Ishii
- Department of Environmental Science, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - K Hattori
- Department of Environmental Science, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Y Ogasawara
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan.
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19
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Yamamoto H, Shibuya K, Fukushima T, Hashizume T. Effects of antioxidant capacity on micronucleus induction by cigarette smoke in mammalian cells. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 873:503427. [PMID: 35094812 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We have compared micronucleus (MN) induction by cigarette smoke in the L5178Y, TK6, and CHL/IU cell lines. The test sample was total particulate matter of 3R4F reference cigarette smoke, suspended in DMSO. After 3-h treatment, with or without a rat liver S9 metabolic activation system, followed by 24-h recovery, dose-dependent MN increases were seen in all cell lines. However, CHL/IU and TK6 cells were more resistant than L5178Y cells (comparison by Benchmark Doses with PROAST software). 3R4F smoke generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, we explored the relationship between the sensitivities to 3R4F smoke and the antioxidant capacities of the cell lines. While the total antioxidant capacities were not significantly different among the cell lines, cellular glutathione (GSH) was higher in CHL/IU cells than in L5178Y cells. Pretreatment of CHL/IU cells with a GSH precursor, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), reduced the genotoxicity/cytotoxicity of 3R4F, whereas an inhibitor of GSH biosynthesis, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), enhanced it. The effects of NAC and BSO were also seen after treatment with allyl isothiocyanate, a ROS-generating chemical, but not with mitomycin C, a ROS-independent genotoxicant. Pretreatment with NAC increased cellular thiol levels. From the present results, the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of cigarette smoke differs among these cell lines in a manner that may be related to their antioxidant thiol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Yamamoto
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8512, Japan.
| | - Kaori Shibuya
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8512, Japan.
| | - Toshiro Fukushima
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8512, Japan.
| | - Tsuneo Hashizume
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8512, Japan.
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20
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Palazzolo DL, Caudill J, Baron J, Cooper K. Fabrication and Validation of an Economical, Programmable, Dual-Channel, Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Generator. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413190. [PMID: 34948804 PMCID: PMC8703563 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaping (inhalation of electronic cigarette-generated aerosol) is a public health concern. Due to recent spikes in adolescent use of electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) and vaping-induced illnesses, demand for scientific inquiry into the physiological effects of electronic cigarette (ECIG) aerosol has increased. For such studies, standardized and consistent aerosol production is required. Many labs generate aerosol by manually activating peristaltic pumps and ECIG devices simultaneously in a predefined manner. The tedium involved with this process (large puff number over time) and risk of error in keeping with puff topography (puff number, duration, interval) are less than optimal. Furthermore, excess puffing on an ECIG device results in battery depletion, reducing aerosol production, and ultimately, its chemical and physical nature. While commercial vaping machines are available, the cost of these machines is prohibitive to many labs. For these reasons, an economical and programmable ECIG aerosol generator, capable of generating aerosol from two atomizers simultaneously, was fabricated, and subsequently validated. Validation determinants include measurements of atomizer temperatures (inside and outside), electrical parameters (current, resistance and power) of the circuitry, aerosol particle distribution (particle counts and mass concentrations) and aerosol delivery (indexed by nicotine recovery), all during stressed conditions of four puffs/minute for 75 min (i.e., 300 puffs). Validation results indicate that the ECIG aerosol generator is better suited for experiments involving ≤100 puffs. Over 100 puffs, the amount of variation in the parameters measured tends to increase. Variations between channels are generally higher than variations within a channel. Despite significant variations in temperatures, electrical parameters, and aerosol particle distributions, both within and between channels, aerosol delivery remains remarkably stable for up to 300 puffs, yielding over 25% nicotine recovery for both channels. In conclusion, this programmable, dual-channel ECIG aerosol generator is not only affordable, but also allows the user to control puff topography and eliminate battery drain of ECIG devices. Consequently, this aerosol generator is valid, reliable, economical, capable of using a variety of E-liquids and amenable for use in a vast number of studies investigating the effects of ECIG-generated aerosol while utilizing a multitude of puffing regimens in a standardized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic L. Palazzolo
- Department of Physiology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA; (J.C.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jordan Caudill
- Department of Physiology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA; (J.C.); (J.B.)
| | - James Baron
- Department of Physiology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA; (J.C.); (J.B.)
| | - Kevin Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, School of Mathematics & Sciences, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA;
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21
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Cortactin Modulates Lung Endothelial Apoptosis Induced by Cigarette Smoke. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112869. [PMID: 34831092 PMCID: PMC8616125 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is the primary cause of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and an important pathophysiologic event in COPD is CS-induced apoptosis in lung endothelial cells (EC). Cortactin (CTTN) is a cytoskeletal actin-binding regulatory protein with modulation by Src-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation. Based upon data demonstrating reduced CTTN mRNA levels in the lungs of smokers compared to non-smokers, we hypothesized a functional role for CTTN in CS-induced mitochondrial ROS generation and apoptosis in lung EC. Exposure of cultured human lung EC to CS condensate (CSC) led to the rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and increased CTTN tyrosine phosphorylation (within hours). Exposure to CS significantly increased EC mitochondrial ROS generation and EC apoptosis. The functional role of CTTN in these CSC-induced EC responses was explored using cortactin siRNA to reduce its expression, and by using a blocking peptide for the CTTN SH3 domain, which is critical to cytoskeletal interactions. CTTN siRNA or blockade of its SH3 domain resulted in significantly increased EC mitochondrial ROS and apoptosis and augmented CSC-induced effects. Exposure of lung EC to e-cigarette condensate demonstrated similar results, with CTTN siRNA or SH3 domain blocking peptide increasing lung EC apoptosis. These data demonstrate a novel role for CTTN in modulating lung EC apoptosis induced by CS or e-cigarettes potentially providing new insights into COPD pathogenesis.
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22
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Czekala L, Chapman F, Simms L, Rudd K, Trelles Sticken E, Wieczorek R, Bode LM, Pani J, Moelijker N, Derr R, Brandsma I, Hendriks G, Stevenson M, Walele T. The in vitro ToxTracker and Aneugen Clastogen Evaluation extension assay as a tool in the assessment of relative genotoxic potential of e-liquids and their aerosols. Mutagenesis 2021; 36:129-142. [PMID: 33769537 PMCID: PMC8166346 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro (geno)toxicity assessment of electronic vapour products (EVPs), relative to conventional cigarette, currently uses assays, including the micronucleus and Ames tests. Whilst informative on induction of a finite endpoint and relative risk posed by test articles, such assays could benefit from mechanistic supplementation. The ToxTracker and Aneugen Clastogen Evaluation analysis can indicate the activation of reporters associated with (geno)toxicity, including DNA damage, oxidative stress, the p53-related stress response and protein damage. Here, we tested for the different effects of a selection of neat e-liquids, EVP aerosols and Kentucky reference 1R6F cigarette smoke samples in the ToxTracker assay. The assay was initially validated to assess whether a mixture of e-liquid base components, propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerine (VG) had interfering effects within the system. This was achieved by spiking three positive controls into the system with neat PG/VG or phosphate-buffered saline bubbled (bPBS) PG/VG aerosol (nicotine and flavour free). PG/VG did not greatly affect responses induced by the compounds. Next, when compared to cigarette smoke samples, neat e-liquids and bPBS aerosols (tobacco flavour; 1.6% freebase nicotine, 1.6% nicotine salt or 0% nicotine) exhibited reduced and less complex responses. Tested up to a 10% concentration, EVP aerosol bPBS did not induce any ToxTracker reporters. Neat e-liquids, tested up to 1%, induced oxidative stress reporters, thought to be due to their effects on osmolarity in vitro. E-liquid nicotine content did not affect responses induced. Additionally, spiking nicotine alone only induced an oxidative stress response at a supraphysiological level. In conclusion, the ToxTracker assay is a quick, informative screen for genotoxic potential and mechanisms of a variety of (compositionally complex) samples, derived from cigarettes and EVPs. This assay has the potential for future application in the assessment battery for next-generation (smoking alternative) products, including EVPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Czekala
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, UK
| | - Fiona Chapman
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, UK
| | - Liam Simms
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, UK
| | - Kathryn Rudd
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, UK
| | - Edgar Trelles Sticken
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, an Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-Einstein-Ring-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roman Wieczorek
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, an Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-Einstein-Ring-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Maria Bode
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, an Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-Einstein-Ring-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Pani
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, an Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-Einstein-Ring-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nynke Moelijker
- Toxys B.V., Robert Boyleweg 4, 2333 CG Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Derr
- Toxys B.V., Robert Boyleweg 4, 2333 CG Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Inger Brandsma
- Toxys B.V., Robert Boyleweg 4, 2333 CG Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Giel Hendriks
- Toxys B.V., Robert Boyleweg 4, 2333 CG Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew Stevenson
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, UK
| | - Tanvir Walele
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, UK
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23
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Phillips G, Czekala L, Behrsing HP, Amin K, Budde J, Stevenson M, Wieczorek R, Walele T, Simms L. Acute electronic vapour product whole aerosol exposure of 3D human bronchial tissue results in minimal cellular and transcriptomic responses when compared to cigarette smoke. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847320988496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of electronic vapour products (EVPs) continues to increase worldwide and with advances in cell culture systems, molecular biology and the computational sciences there is also accumulating evidence of their potential reduced toxicity and reduced potential harm when compared to cigarette smoke. To further understand the potential risks and health effects associated with exposure to EVP aerosols we have assessed the cellular and transcriptomic response from a commercially available lung tissue culture system (MucilAirTM) following a single sub-cytotoxic exposure to cigarette smoke and the equivalent nicotine delivered dose of EVP aerosol. The transcriptomic, cellular (cilia beat frequency (CBF) and percent active area (%AA), trans epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), histology) and cytokine release were assessed at 4- and 48- hours following recovery from air, EVP aerosol (8.4% V/V: mybluTM blueberry flavour, 2.4% nicotine) and 3R4F smoke (3.5% V/V: exposure). No pathological changes were observed at either recovery time point from any exposure. Air and EVP aerosol exposure had no effect on CBF, %AA nor TEER at 48 hours. Exposure to cigarette smoke resulted in a decrease in TEER, an increase in CBF and the release of proinflammatory cytokines at both recovery time points. Although the number of significantly expressed genes was minimal following exposure to EVP aerosol, exposure to 3R4F smoke resulted in a significant upregulation of several disease relevant pathways. These data provide evidence that following an acute exposure to EVP aerosol there is significantly less damage to lung cells in culture than the equivalent, nicotine based, dose of cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Phillips
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Lukasz Czekala
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Holger P Behrsing
- Respiratory Toxicology, Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Khalid Amin
- University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jessica Budde
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthew Stevenson
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Wieczorek
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tanvir Walele
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Simms
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, United Kingdom
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24
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Eshraghian EA, Al-Delaimy WK. A review of constituents identified in e-cigarette liquids and aerosols. Tob Prev Cessat 2021; 7:10. [PMID: 33585727 PMCID: PMC7873740 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/131111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Identification of chemicals present in e-liquids and aerosols is a vital first step in assessing the human health effects of e-cigarettes. We aim to identify the qualitative and quantitative constituents present in e-cigarette liquids and aerosols. METHODS A comprehensive search of scientific databases included literature up to July 2020. A total of 28 articles met inclusion criteria; 18 articles assessed e-liquid constituents and 15 articles assessed aerosol constituents. Of these, 5 assessed constituents present in both mediums. We included English-language publications that examine qualitative and/or quantitative constituents in e-cigarette liquids and aerosols. RESULTS In total, articles identified 60 compounds in e-liquids and 47 compounds in aerosols. A total of 22 compounds were identified in both e-liquids and aerosols. These are: acenaphthylene, acetaldehyde, acetol, antimony, benzaldehyde, benzene, chromium, copper, diacetyl, formaldehyde, glycerol, lead, limonene, naphthalene, nickel, nicotine, nicotine-N'-oxides, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN), propylene glycol, toluene, and vegetable glycerin. Some of the identified chemicals have been labeled as harmful, toxic, or cancerous through human, animal, and cell line studies. A variety of laboratory methods were used for analyses, which made reported levels less consistent. CONCLUSIONS E-liquids and aerosols contain a variety of chemicals with potential health effects from inhaling them. Further, secondhand health effects are unknown because of limited understanding of the dose of exposure by non-users. Identification of constituents in e-cigarettes is the first step to determine their risks to humans and support evidence-based regulations and health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Eshraghian
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Wael K Al-Delaimy
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
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25
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Dusautoir R, Zarcone G, Verriele M, Garçon G, Fronval I, Beauval N, Allorge D, Riffault V, Locoge N, Lo-Guidice JM, Anthérieu S. Comparison of the chemical composition of aerosols from heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes and their toxic impacts on the human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123417. [PMID: 32763707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) and more recently the heated tobacco products (HTP) provide alternatives for smokers as they are generally perceived to be less harmful than conventional cigarettes. However, it is crucial to compare the health risks of these different emergent devices, in order to determine which product should be preferred to substitute cigarette. The present study aimed to compare the composition of emissions from HTP, e-cigs and conventional cigarettes, regarding selected harmful or potentially harmful compounds, and their toxic impacts on the human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. The HTP emitted less polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and carbonyls than the conventional cigarette. However, amounts of these compounds in HTP aerosols were still higher than in e-cig vapours. Concordantly, HTP aerosol showed reduced cytotoxicity compared to cigarette smoke but higher than e-cig vapours. HTP and e-cig had the potential to increase oxidative stress and inflammatory response, in a manner similar to that of cigarette smoke, but after more intensive exposures. In addition, increasing e-cig power impacted levels of certain toxic compounds and related oxidative stress. This study provides important data necessary for risk assessment by demonstrating that HTP might be less harmful than tobacco cigarette but considerably more harmful than e-cig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Dusautoir
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Gianni Zarcone
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Marie Verriele
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Guillaume Garçon
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | | | - Nicolas Beauval
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Delphine Allorge
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | | | - Nadine Locoge
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Lo-Guidice
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Sébastien Anthérieu
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
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26
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Abouassali O, Chang M, Chidipi B, Martinez JL, Reiser M, Kanithi M, Soni R, McDonald TV, Herweg B, Saiz J, Calcul L, Noujaim SF. In vitro and in vivo cardiac toxicity of flavored electronic nicotine delivery systems. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H133-H143. [PMID: 33216635 PMCID: PMC7847071 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00283.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The usage of flavored electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is popular, specifically in the teen and young adult age-groups. The possible cardiac toxicity of the flavoring aspect of ENDS is largely unknown. Vaping, a form of electronic nicotine delivery, uses "e-liquid" to generate "e-vapor," an aerosolized mixture of nicotine and/or flavors. We report our investigation into the cardiotoxic effects of flavored e-liquids. E-vapors containing flavoring aldehydes such as vanillin and cinnamaldehyde, as indicated by mass spectrometry, were more toxic in HL-1 cardiomyocytes than fruit-flavored e-vapor. Exposure of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes to cinnamaldehyde or vanillin-flavored e-vapor affected the beating frequency and prolonged the field potential duration of these cells more than fruit-flavored e-vapor. In addition, vanillin aldehyde-flavored e-vapor reduced the human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG)-encoded potassium current in transfected human embryonic kidney cells. In mice, inhalation exposure to vanillin aldehyde-flavored e-vapor for 10 wk caused increased sympathetic predominance in heart rate variability measurements. In vivo inducible ventricular tachycardia was significantly longer, and in optical mapping, the magnitude of ventricular action potential duration alternans was significantly larger in the vanillin aldehyde-flavored e-vapor-exposed mice than in controls. We conclude that the widely popular flavored ENDS are not harm free, and they have a potential for cardiac harm. More studies are needed to further assess their cardiac safety profile and long-term health effects.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is not harm free. It is not known whether ENDS negatively affect cardiac electrophysiological function. Our study in cell lines and in mice shows that ENDS can compromise cardiac electrophysiology, leading to action potential instability and inducible ventricular arrhythmias. Further investigations are necessary to assess the long-term cardiac safety profile of ENDS products in humans and to better understand how individual components of ENDS affect cardiac toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obada Abouassali
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Mengmeng Chang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Bojjibabu Chidipi
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Michelle Reiser
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Manasa Kanithi
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ravi Soni
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Thomas V McDonald
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Bengt Herweg
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Javier Saiz
- Ci2 B, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laurent Calcul
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Sami F Noujaim
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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27
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Ween MP, Moshensky A, Thredgold L, Bastian NA, Hamon R, Badiei A, Nguyen PT, Herewane K, Jersmann H, Bojanowski CM, Shin J, Reynolds PN, Crotty Alexander LE, Hodge SJ. E-cigarettes and health risks: more to the flavor than just the name. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 320:L600-L614. [PMID: 33295836 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00370.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing interest in regulating flavored E-liquids must incorporate understanding of the "flavoring profile" of each E-liquid-which flavorings (flavoring chemicals) are present and at what concentrations not just focusing on the flavor on the label. We investigated the flavoring profile of 10 different flavored E-liquids. We assessed bronchial epithelial cell viability and apoptosis, phagocytosis of bacteria and apoptotic cells by macrophages after exposure to E-cigarette vapor extract (EVE). We validated our data in normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) and alveolar macrophages (AM) from healthy donors. We also assessed cytokine release and validated in the saliva from E-cigarette users. Increased necrosis/apoptosis (16.1-64.5% apoptosis) in 16HBE cells was flavor dependent, and NHBEs showed an increased susceptibility to flavors. In THP-1 differentiated macrophages phagocytosis was also flavor dependent, with AM also showing increased susceptibility to flavors. Further, Banana and Chocolate were shown to reduce surface expression of phagocytic target recognition receptors on alveolar macrophages. Banana and Chocolate increased IL-8 secretion by NHBE, whereas all 4 flavors reduced AM IL-1β secretion, which was also reduced in the saliva of E-cigarette users compared with healthy controls. Flavorant profiles of E-liquids varied from simple 2 compound mixtures to complex mixtures containing over a dozen flavorants. E-liquids with high benzene content, complex flavoring profiles, high chemical concentration had the greatest impacts. The Flavorant profile of E-liquids is key to disruption of the airway status quo by increasing bronchial epithelial cell apoptosis, causing alveolar macrophage phagocytic dysfunction, and altering airway cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Ween
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A Moshensky
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - L Thredgold
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - N A Bastian
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - R Hamon
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A Badiei
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - P T Nguyen
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - K Herewane
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - H Jersmann
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - C M Bojanowski
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - J Shin
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - P N Reynolds
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - L E Crotty Alexander
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - S J Hodge
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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28
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Taylor M, Santopietro S, Baxter A, East N, Breheny D, Thorne D, Gaça M. In vitro biological assessment of the stability of cigarette smoke aqueous aerosol extracts. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:492. [PMID: 33087173 PMCID: PMC7579917 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cigarette smoke aqueous aerosol extracts (AqE) have been used for assessing tobacco products, particularly with in vitro models such as oxidative stress and inflammation. These test articles can be generated easily, but there are no standardised methods for the generation and characterisation or stability. We investigated the effects of pro-oxidant smoke-derived chemicals by using 3R4F AqE generated under standardised conditioning and smoking regimes and assessed the stability over 31-week timeframe. Twenty batches generated from ten puffs per cigarette bubbled through 20 ml cell culture media were used fresh and thawed from frozen aliquots stored at - 80 ºC. RESULTS Nicotine levels quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and optical density at 260 nm showed chemical and physical stability from week 0 (fresh sample) to weeks 1, 4, 8 and 31 (frozen samples). No significant change in H292 human bronchial epithelial cell viability or oxidative stress were observed between fresh AqE at week 0 and frozen AqE at 31 weeks. AqEs generated by our protocol were stable for up to 31 weeks for all tested end points, suggesting that it may not be necessary to use freshly generated AqE for each study, thus reducing batch-to-batch variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Taylor
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, SO15 8TL, Hampshire, UK
| | | | - Andrew Baxter
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, SO15 8TL, Hampshire, UK
| | - Nicole East
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, SO15 8TL, Hampshire, UK
| | - Damien Breheny
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, SO15 8TL, Hampshire, UK
| | - David Thorne
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, SO15 8TL, Hampshire, UK
| | - Marianna Gaça
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, SO15 8TL, Hampshire, UK
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29
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Diabasana Z, Perotin JM, Belgacemi R, Ancel J, Mulette P, Delepine G, Gosset P, Maskos U, Polette M, Deslée G, Dormoy V. Nicotinic Receptor Subunits Atlas in the Adult Human Lung. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207446. [PMID: 33050277 PMCID: PMC7588933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels responsible for rapid neural and neuromuscular signal transmission. Although it is well documented that 16 subunits are encoded by the human genome, their presence in airway epithelial cells (AECs) remains poorly understood, and contribution to pathology is mainly discussed in the context of cancer. We analysed nAChR subunit expression in the human lungs of smokers and non-smokers using transcriptomic data for whole-lung tissues, isolated large AECs, and isolated small AECs. We identified differential expressions of nAChRs in terms of detection and repartition in the three modalities. Smoking-associated alterations were also unveiled. Then, we identified an nAChR transcriptomic print at the single-cell level. Finally, we reported the localizations of detectable nAChRs in bronchi and large bronchioles. Thus, we compiled the first complete atlas of pulmonary nAChR subunits to open new avenues to further unravel the involvement of these receptors in lung homeostasis and respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zania Diabasana
- Inserm UMR-S1250, P3Cell, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR CAP-SANTE, 51092 Reims, France; (Z.D.); (J.-M.P.); (R.B.); (J.A.); (P.M.); (G.D.); (M.P.); (G.D.)
| | - Jeanne-Marie Perotin
- Inserm UMR-S1250, P3Cell, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR CAP-SANTE, 51092 Reims, France; (Z.D.); (J.-M.P.); (R.B.); (J.A.); (P.M.); (G.D.); (M.P.); (G.D.)
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, 51092 Reims, France
| | - Randa Belgacemi
- Inserm UMR-S1250, P3Cell, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR CAP-SANTE, 51092 Reims, France; (Z.D.); (J.-M.P.); (R.B.); (J.A.); (P.M.); (G.D.); (M.P.); (G.D.)
| | - Julien Ancel
- Inserm UMR-S1250, P3Cell, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR CAP-SANTE, 51092 Reims, France; (Z.D.); (J.-M.P.); (R.B.); (J.A.); (P.M.); (G.D.); (M.P.); (G.D.)
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, 51092 Reims, France
| | - Pauline Mulette
- Inserm UMR-S1250, P3Cell, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR CAP-SANTE, 51092 Reims, France; (Z.D.); (J.-M.P.); (R.B.); (J.A.); (P.M.); (G.D.); (M.P.); (G.D.)
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, 51092 Reims, France
| | - Gonzague Delepine
- Inserm UMR-S1250, P3Cell, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR CAP-SANTE, 51092 Reims, France; (Z.D.); (J.-M.P.); (R.B.); (J.A.); (P.M.); (G.D.); (M.P.); (G.D.)
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, 51092 Reims, France
| | - Philippe Gosset
- CNRS UMR9017, Inserm U1019, University of Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Institut Pasteur, CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France;
| | - Uwe Maskos
- Integrative Neurobiology of Cholinergic Systems, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3571, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Myriam Polette
- Inserm UMR-S1250, P3Cell, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR CAP-SANTE, 51092 Reims, France; (Z.D.); (J.-M.P.); (R.B.); (J.A.); (P.M.); (G.D.); (M.P.); (G.D.)
- Department of Biopathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, 51092 Reims, France
| | - Gaëtan Deslée
- Inserm UMR-S1250, P3Cell, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR CAP-SANTE, 51092 Reims, France; (Z.D.); (J.-M.P.); (R.B.); (J.A.); (P.M.); (G.D.); (M.P.); (G.D.)
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, 51092 Reims, France
| | - Valérian Dormoy
- Inserm UMR-S1250, P3Cell, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR CAP-SANTE, 51092 Reims, France; (Z.D.); (J.-M.P.); (R.B.); (J.A.); (P.M.); (G.D.); (M.P.); (G.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)3-10-73-62-28; Fax: +33-(0)3-26-06-58-61
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Smart DJ, Phillips G. Collecting e-cigarette aerosols for in vitro applications: A survey of the biomedical literature and opportunities to increase the value of submerged cell culture-based assessments. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:161-174. [PMID: 33015847 PMCID: PMC7756347 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are being developed as potentially reduced‐risk alternatives to the continued use of combustible tobacco products. Because of the widespread uptake of ENDS—in particular, e‐cigarettes—the biological effects, including the toxic potential, of their aerosols are under investigation. Preclinically, collection of such aerosols is a prerequisite for testing in submerged cell culture‐based in vitro assays; however, despite the growth in this research area, there is no apparent standardized collection method for this application. To this end, through an Institute for in vitro Sciences, Inc. workshop initiative, we surveyed the biomedical literature catalogued in PubMed® to map the types of methods hitherto used and reported publicly. From the 47 relevant publications retrieved, we identified seven distinct collection methods. Bubble‐through (with aqueous solvents) and Cambridge filter pad (CFP) (with polar solvents) collection were the most frequently cited methods (57% and 18%, respectively), while the five others (CFP + bubble‐through; condensation; cotton filters; settle‐upon; settle‐upon + dry) were cited less often (2–10%). Critically, the collected aerosol fractions were generally found to be only minimally characterized chemically, if at all. Furthermore, there was large heterogeneity among other experimental parameters (e.g., vaping regimen). Consequently, we recommend that more comprehensive research be conducted to identify the method(s) that produce the fraction(s) most representative of the native aerosol. We also endorse standardization of the aerosol generation process. These should be regarded as opportunities for increasing the value of in vitro assessments in relation to predicting effects on human health. Collection of e‐cigarette aerosols is a prerequisite to enable testing in submerged culture‐based in vitro assays; however, there is no standardized method for this. Thus, we surveyed the biomedical literature to map the types of published methods. Bubble‐through and Cambridge filter pad methods were most common, although there was heterogeneity among other parameters, and moreover, the resulting fractions were only minimally characterized. Comprehensive research is required to identify the method(s) that produce the fraction(s) most representative of the native aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Smart
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Aspera-Werz RH, Ehnert S, Müller M, Zhu S, Chen T, Weng W, Jacoby J, Nussler AK. Assessment of tobacco heating system 2.4 on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and primary human osteoblasts compared to conventional cigarettes. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:841-856. [PMID: 32952862 PMCID: PMC7477651 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i8.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking (CS) is the most common method of consuming tobacco. Deleterious effects on bone integrity, increased incidence of fractures, and delayed fracture healing are all associated with CS. Over 150 of the 6500 molecular species contained in cigarette smoke and identified as toxic compounds are inhaled by CS and, via the bloodstream, reach the skeletal system. New technologies designed to develop a reduced-risk alternative for smokers are based on electronic nicotine delivery systems, such as e-cigarettes and tobacco heating systems (THS). THS are designed to heat tobacco instead of burning it, thereby reducing the levels of harmful toxic compounds released.
AIM To examine the effects of THS on osteoprogenitor cell viability and function compared to conventional CS.
METHODS Human immortalized mesenchymal stem cells (n = 3) and primary human pre-osteoblasts isolated from cancellous bone samples from BG Unfall Klinik Tübingen (n = 5) were osteogenically differentiated in vitro with aqueous extracts generated from either the THS 2.4 “IQOS” or conventional “Marlboro” cigarettes for up to 21 d. Cell viability was analyzed using resazurin conversion assay (mitochondrial activity) and calcein-AM staining (esterase activity). Osteogenic differentiation and bone cell function were evaluated using alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, while matrix formation was analyzed through alizarin red staining. Primary cilia structure was examined by acetylated α-tubulin immunofluorescent staining. Free radical production was evaluated with 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate assay.
RESULTS Our data clearly show that THS is significantly less toxic to bone cells than CS when analyzed by mitochondrial and esterase activity (P < 0.001). No significant differences in cytotoxicity between the diverse flavors of THS were observed. Harmful effects from THS on bone cell function were observed only at very high, non-physiological concentrations. In contrast, extracts from conventional cigarettes significantly reduced the AP activity (by two-fold) and matrix mineralization (four-fold) at low concentrations. Additionally, morphologic analysis of primary cilia revealed no significant changes in the length of the organelle involved in osteogenesis of osteoprogenitor cells, nor in the number of ciliated cells following THS treatment. Assessment of free radical production demonstrated that THS induced significantly less oxidative stress than conventional CS in osteoprogenitor cells.
CONCLUSION THS was significantly less harmful to osteoprogenitor cells during osteogenesis than conventional CS. Additional studies are required to confirm whether THS is a better alternative for smokers to improve delays in bone healing following fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina H Aspera-Werz
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma Clinic, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma Clinic, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen 71076, Germany
| | - Monja Müller
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma Clinic, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen 71076, Germany
| | - Sheng Zhu
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma Clinic, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen 71076, Germany
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma Clinic, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen 71076, Germany
| | - Weidong Weng
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma Clinic, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen 71076, Germany
| | - Johann Jacoby
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen 71076, Germany
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma Clinic, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen 71076, Germany
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Breheny D, Thorne D, Baxter A, Bozhilova S, Jaunky T, Santopietro S, Taylor M, Terry A, Gaça M. The in vitro assessment of a novel vaping technology. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1145-1156. [PMID: 32983902 PMCID: PMC7494588 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a novel vaping product (NVP) IS1.0(TT), which utilises a stainless-steel mesh to transfer and vaporise the e-liquid, mitigating some of the potential sources of toxicants that can be generated using the more traditional 'wick and coil' approach. The emissions from IS1.0(TT) have previously been found to have lower levels of toxicants overall when directly compared with a commercial wick and coil e-cig. This current study assessed the toxicological responses to aerosols from this NVP. Responses induced by IS1.0(TT)were compared to those from a 3R4F reference cigarette, using in vitro test methods which included regulatory genetic toxicological assays as well as some more contemporary screening approaches. The experimental conditions were designed to facilitate the testing of aerosol from this vaping product at doses that in most cases greatly exceeded those of the 3R4F comparator showed little to no toxicological responses and demonstrated significantly reduced effects in these in vitro assays when compared to 3R4F. Furthermore, the extreme doses tested in the present study indicate that the toxicant profile of this NVP translates to lower biological activity in vitro, and suggests that the absolute risk hazard level associated with electronic cigarettes can be reduced through continuous improvement as the technology evolves.
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Key Words
- ACM, aerosol collected mass
- ALI, air-liquid interface
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- Aerosol
- AqE, aerosol aqueous extract
- AqE, aqueous aerosol extracts
- CRM81, CORESTA recommended method number 81
- Cigarette
- DCF, 2′,7′ dichlorodihydrofluorescein
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DSB, double-strand break
- Electronic cigarette
- FDA, US Food and Drug Administration
- GEF, global evaluation factor
- GSH, glutathione (reduced form)
- HCI, Health Canada Intense
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell
- ISO, International Organisation for Standardisation
- IVMn, in vitro micronucleus
- In vitro
- MF, mutant frequency
- MLA, mouse lymphoma assay
- NASEM, US National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine
- NHBE, normal human bronchial epithelial
- NRU, neutral red uptake
- NVP, new vapour product
- RWD, relative wound density
- S9, post-mitochondrial supernatant
- TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
- TPM, total particulate matter
- TobReg, WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation
- WA, whole aerosol
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An experimental aerosol air-agar interface mouse lymphoma assay methodology. Mutat Res 2020; 856-857:503230. [PMID: 32928375 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This work investigates a completely novel and experimental concept of exposing L5178Y cells at the air-agar-interface to mainstream cigarette smoke aerosol (Kentucky reference 3R4F). This study highlights the associated challenges of combining a suspension cell line alongside an in vitro aerosol exposure system. To achieve a monolayer, cells were 'seeded' in a concentrated cell super-mix suspension onto an RPMI/agar-matrix -base. The resulting cell suspension media was adsorbed into the agar base leaving the L5178Y cells lightly suspended on the agar surface, approximating a monolayer. Cells were deemed supportable on the agar-matrix, viable and recoverable. Using Vitrocell VC 10 exposure system and the Ames 4 exposure module, L5178Y cells were successfully exposed to a dynamic cigarette smoke aerosol, recovered and assessed for mutant frequencies, using standard assay procedures. Method development included assessment of flowing air conditions, plating efficiency and recovery of L5178Y cells from the agar-matrix surface. Positive controls MMS and B[a]P were successfully incorporated into the agar-matrix and metabolic activation was achieved by S-9 incorporation into the same agar-base-matrix. B[a]P demonstrated metabolic activation and positive response, suggesting a clear cellular interaction with the agar-matrix. Whole smoke exposed cells in the presence of metabolic activation showed a clear dose response and increasing mutant frequencies, well in excess of the controls (air and incubator) and the global evaluation factor following a 2 or 3 day expression period. This experimental concept demonstrates that L5178Y cells can be exposed to cigarette smoke aerosol, using a completely novel and a previously untested approach. Although this work successfully demonstrates the approach is viable and cells can be plated and maintained on an agar-matrix, more optimisation and robustness assessment is required before it can be considered fully adapted and used alongside other whole aerosol methodologies for the assessment of cigarette smoke and other inhaled aerosols.
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Miyashita L, Foley G. E-cigarettes and respiratory health: the latest evidence. J Physiol 2020; 598:5027-5038. [PMID: 32495367 DOI: 10.1113/jp279526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The E-cigarette market continues to expand at an alarming rate with thousands of flavours available for purchase and continuously evolving devices. Now that it is a multi-billion dollar industry and one without stringent regulation, there is rising concern over the safety of vaping products. Since June 2019, over 2800 cases of E-cigarette-associated acute lung toxicity have been reported in the USA, over 60 of which resulted in death. Many argue that E-cigarettes offer a safer alternative to smoking, but we are evidently far from fully understanding the potential hazards that they pose to respiratory health. Although the risk of an outbreak in the UK has been considered low due to tighter E-cigarette regulations, we cannot fully eliminate the possibility of similar events occurring in the future. With evidence frequently emerging of the harmful effects of E-cigarettes to pulmonary health, there is an urgent need to define the long-term implications of vaping. Studies show that E-cigarette exposure can disrupt pulmonary homeostasis, with reports of gas exchange disturbance, reduced lung function, increased airway inflammation and oxidative stress, downregulation of immunity, and increased risk of respiratory infection. In this review, the latest research on the effect of E-cigarette use on respiratory health will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Miyashita
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, the Blizard Institute, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, E1 2AT, London
| | - Gary Foley
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, the Blizard Institute, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, E1 2AT, London
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Hu L, Liu F, Li L, Zhang L, Yan C, Li Q, Qiu J, Dong J, Sun J, Zhang H. Effects of icariin on cell injury and glucocorticoid resistance in BEAS-2B cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:283-292. [PMID: 32550884 PMCID: PMC7296294 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) exert a therapeutic effect in numerous chronic inflammatory diseases. However, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) tends to be GC-resistant. Icariin, a major component of flavonoids isolated from Epimedium brevicornum Maxim (Berberidaceae), significantly relieves symptoms in patients with COPD. However, the mechanism of action remains unclear and further investigation is required to establish whether it may serve as an alternative or complementary therapy for COPD. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of icariin in human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and to determine whether icariin reverses GC resistance. The results revealed that icariin significantly increased the proliferation of CSE-exposed cells. Furthermore, icariin significantly increased protein expression of the anti-inflammatory factor interleukin (IL)-10 and significantly decreased protein expression of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor α. Icariin also attenuated the expression of the cellular matrix remodelling biomarkers matrix metallopeptidase 9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, and decreased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, icariin regulated the expression of GC resistance-related factors, such as GC receptors, histone deacetylase 2, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 and nuclear factor κ B. The results obtained in the present study suggested that icariin may decrease CSE-induced inflammation, airway remodelling and ROS production by mitigating GC resistance. In conclusion, icariin may potentially be used in combination with GCs to increase therapeutic efficacy and reduce GC resistance in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Hu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China.,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China.,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Lulu Li
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China.,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Chen Yan
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China.,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Qiuping Li
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China.,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jian Qiu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China.,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jingcheng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China.,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China.,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China.,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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Ito S, Matsumura K, Ishimori K, Ishikawa S. In vitro long-term repeated exposure and exposure switching of a novel tobacco vapor product in a human organotypic culture of bronchial epithelial cells. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1248-1258. [PMID: 32319113 PMCID: PMC7496418 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Next‐generation tobacco products and nicotine delivery systems such as heat‐not‐burn tobacco products and electronic cigarettes, the usage of which is expected to have a beneficial impact on public health, have gained popularity over the past decade. However, the risks associated with the long‐term use of such products are still incompletely understood. Although the risks of these products should be clarified through epidemiological studies, such studies are normally performed based on each product category, not product‐by‐product. Therefore, investigation of the risk on a product‐by‐product basis is important to provide specific scientific evidence. In the current study, we performed the 40‐day repeated exposure of in vitro human bronchial epithelial tissues to cigarette smoke (CS) or vapor from our proprietary novel tobacco vapor product (NTV). In addition, tissue samples exposed to CS were switched to NTV or CS exposure was stopped at 20 days to reflect a situation where smokers switched to NTV or ceased to smoke. All tissue samples were assessed in terms of toxicity, inflammation and transcriptomic alterations. Tissue samples switched to NTV and the cessation of exposure samples showed recovery from CS‐induced damage although there was a time‐course difference. Moreover, repeated exposure to NTV produced negligible effects on the tissue samples while CS produced cumulative effects. Our results suggest that the use of NTV, including switching to NTV from cigarette smoking, has fewer effects on bronchial epithelial tissues than continuing smoking. We carried out the 40‐day repeated exposure of in vitro bronchial epithelial tissues to cigarette smoke (CS) or vapor from novel tobacco vapor product (NTV) and intermediate switching from CS exposure to NTV exposure. Long‐term exposure to NTV resulted in negligible effect on the tissues. Moreover, the tissues that intermediately switched to NTV exposure showed recovery from CS‐induced damage similar to exposure cessation. These results implied that exposure to NTV showed few effects on bronchial epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeaki Ito
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazushi Matsumura
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kanae Ishimori
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shinkichi Ishikawa
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama, Japan
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Matsumura K, Ito S. Novel biomarker genes which distinguish between smokers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with machine learning approach. BMC Pulm Med 2020; 20:29. [PMID: 32013930 PMCID: PMC6998147 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-020-1062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is combination of progressive lung diseases. The diagnosis of COPD is generally based on the pulmonary function testing, however, difficulties underlie in prognosis of smokers or early stage of COPD patients due to the complexity and heterogeneity of the pathogenesis. Computational analyses of omics technologies are expected as one of the solutions to resolve such complexities. Methods We obtained transcriptomic data by in vitro testing with exposures of human bronchial epithelial cells to the inducers for early events of COPD to identify the potential descriptive marker genes. With the identified genes, the machine learning technique was employed with the publicly available transcriptome data obtained from the lung specimens of COPD and non-COPD patients to develop the model that can reflect the risk continuum across smoking and COPD. Results The expression levels of 15 genes were commonly altered among in vitro tissues exposed to known inducible factors for earlier events of COPD (exposure to cigarette smoke, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation), and 10 of these genes and their corresponding proteins have not previously reported as COPD biomarkers. Although these genes were able to predict each group with 65% accuracy, the accuracy with which they were able to discriminate COPD subjects from smokers was only 29%. Furthermore, logistic regression enabled the conversion of gene expression levels to a numerical index, which we named the “potential risk factor (PRF)” index. The highest significant index value was recorded in COPD subjects (0.56 at the median), followed by smokers (0.30) and non-smokers (0.02). In vitro tissues exposed to cigarette smoke displayed dose-dependent increases of PRF, suggesting its utility for prospective risk estimation of tobacco products. Conclusions Our experimental-based transcriptomic analysis identified novel genes associated with COPD, and the 15 genes could distinguish smokers and COPD subjects from non-smokers via machine-learning classification with remarkable accuracy. We also suggested a PRF index that can quantitatively reflect the risk continuum across smoking and COPD pathogenesis, and we believe it will provide an improved understanding of smoking effects and new insights into COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Matsumura
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8512, Japan.
| | - Shigeaki Ito
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8512, Japan
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Takanami Y, Kitamura N, Ito S. LC/MS analysis of three-dimensional model cells exposed to cigarette smoke or aerosol from a novel tobacco vapor product. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 45:769-782. [PMID: 33268677 DOI: 10.2131/jts.45.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A novel tobacco vapor product (NTV) contains tobacco leaves and generates nicotine-containing aerosols using heating elements. Subchronic biological effects have been evaluated previously using three-dimensional bronchial epithelial model cells by repeated exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) and the NTV aerosols; however, the intracellular exposure characteristics have not been studied in detail. In this study, cells were initially exposed to an aqueous extract (AqE) of cigarette smoke (CS) at two concentration levels, and the cell lysate underwent untargeted analysis by LC-high resolution mass spectrometry to determine the exogenous compounds present in the cells. Among the thousands of peaks detected, four peaks showed a CS-dependency, which were reproducibly detected. Two of the peaks were nicotine and nicotine N-oxide, and the other two putative compounds were myosmine and norharman. The cells were then exposed to an AqE of CS in various combinations of exposure and post-exposure culture durations. Post-exposure culturing of cells with fresh medium markedly decreased the peak areas of the four compounds. The in-vitro switching study of CS to NTV aerosols was investigated by intermittently exposing cells to an AqE of CS four times, followed by exposure to either an AqE of CS, NTV aerosol or medium another four times. Switching to NTV reduced myosmine and norharman levels, which are known CS constituents. The results indicate that extracellular compounds inside cells reflect the exposure state outside cells. Thus, monitoring functional changes to cells in these exposure experiments is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shigeaki Ito
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc
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Muthumalage T, Lamb T, Friedman MR, Rahman I. E-cigarette flavored pods induce inflammation, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and DNA damage in lung epithelial cells and monocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19035. [PMID: 31836726 PMCID: PMC6910911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51643-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cigarette flavored pods are increasing in use among young adults. Although marketed as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes, the health effects of e-cigarette flavored pods are unknown. We hypothesized that e-cigarette flavored pods would cause oxidative stress, barrier dysfunction, and an inflammatory response in monocytes and lung epithelial cells. JUUL pod flavors (Fruit Medley, Virginia Tobacco, Cool Mint, Crème Brulee, Cool Cucumber, Mango, and Classic Menthol) and similar pod flavors (Just Mango-Strawberry Coconut and Caffé Latte) were tested. These pod flavors generated significant amounts of acellular ROS and induced significant mitochondrial superoxide production in bronchial epithelial cells (16-HBE). Lung epithelial cells (16-HBE, BEAS-2B) and monocytes (U937) exposed to various pod aerosols resulted in increased inflammatory mediators, such as IL-8 or PGE2. JUUL pod flavors, Crème Brulee and Cool Cucumber, caused epithelial barrier dysfunction in 16-HBE cells. Moreover, tested flavors also showed DNA damage upon exposure in monocytes. We determined the chemical constituents present in various flavors. Our data suggest that these constituents in flavored pods induce oxidative stress, inflammation, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and DNA damage in lung cells. These data provide insights into the regulation of e-cigarette flavored pods, as well as constituents in these flavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thivanka Muthumalage
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Lamb
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michelle R Friedman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, College of Brockport, State University of New York, NY, New York, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Nicotine attenuates concanavalin A-induced liver injury in mice by regulating the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in Kupffer cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 78:106071. [PMID: 31835083 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine, a potent parasympathomimetic alkaloid, manifests anti-inflammatory properties by activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). In this study, we evaluated the effects of nicotine on concanavalin A (ConA)-induced autoimmune hepatitis. Nicotine (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered to BALB/c mice and mice were intravenously injected with ConA (15 mg/kg) to induce hepatitis. The results showed that nicotine treatment ameliorated pathological lesions in livers and significantly suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the livers. Such effects were mediated by inhibiting the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling in livers. Interestingly, nicotine inhibited the ConA-induced inflammatory response in primary cultured Kupffer cells (KCs) but did not alter the proliferation of splenocytes. The protective effects of nicotine against ConA-induced hepatitis were abolished in KC-depleted mice, indicating the requirement of KCs in this process. Additionally, the expression of α7-nAChR on KCs was dramatically increased by nicotine treatment, and the protective effects of nicotine on ConA-induced liver injury were significantly suppressed by treatment with methyllycaconitine (MLA), a specific α7-nAChR antagonist. Consistently, in primary cultured KCs, the activation of NF-κB signaling was also regulated by nicotine treatment. This study suggests that nicotine increases α7-nAChR-mediated cholinergic activity in KCs resulting in decrease of ConA-induced autoimmune hepatitis through inhibiting NF-κB signaling.
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A Comparison of Flavorless Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and Conventional Cigarette Smoke on the Planktonic Growth of Common Oral Commensal Streptococci. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16245004. [PMID: 31835369 PMCID: PMC6949915 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Smoking is the number one predictor for the development of periodontal disease. Consequently, electronic cigarette (ECIG) use has prompted investigations into the health-related risks induced by ECIG-generated aerosol on oral commensal bacteria as compared to cigarette smoke. Since E-liquid contains fewer constituents than smoke, we hypothesize that growth media containing E-liquid or aerosol has less impact on oral commensal streptococci than cigarette smoke. Methods: Eight-hour growth curves were generated for three strains of streptococci following exposure of growth media to nicotine alone (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mg/mL), E-liquid ± nicotine (2.3, 4.7, 7.0 µL/mL), ECIG-generated aerosol ± nicotine (25, 50, 75 puffs), or cigarette smoke (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 puffs). Nicotine and E-liquid were added to the media at concentrations equivalent to vaporized amounts of 25, 50, or 75 puffs. Absorbance readings were taken at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h of bacterial growth. Results: Both E-liquid and aerosol (±nicotine) had little to no effect on eight-hour streptococcal growth. In contrast, five puffs of smoke inhibited streptococcal growth. Conclusions: Smoke-treated growth media, but not E-liquid or ECIG-generated aerosol, inhibits the growth of oral commensal streptococci. A possible implication is that aerosol may induce less periodontitis than smoke.
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Ito S, Taylor M, Mori S, Thorne D, Nishino T, Breheny D, Gaça M, Yoshino K, Proctor C. An inter-laboratory in vitro assessment of cigarettes and next generation nicotine delivery products. Toxicol Lett 2019; 315:14-22. [PMID: 31400404 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In vitro testing can facilitate the rapid assessment of next generation nicotine delivery products (NGPs) with comparisons to combustible tobacco products. In vitro assays for cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were employed at BAT (UK) and JT (Japan) to test total particulate matter (TPM) of a scientific reference cigarette and aerosol collected mass (ACM) of a commercially available E-cigarette and two tobacco heating products (THP). 3R4F TPMs were generated using the Health Canada intense (HCI) regimen, a modified regime (mHCI) for the THP ACMs and the CORESTA recommended method no. 81 for the E-cigarette ACM. Human lung cells were exposed to the test product TPM/ACMs at concentrations between 0-200 μg/ml followed by the employment of commercially available assays for endpoint analysis that included reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, the glutathione ratio (GSH:GSSG), activation of the antioxidant response elements (ARE) and cellular viability. TPM/ACM nicotine concentrations were quantified using a UPLC-PDA technique. At both laboratories the 3R4F TPM induced significant and dose-dependent responses in all in vitro assays, whereas no significant responses could be measured for the NGP ACMs. In conclusion, both laboratories obtained comparable results across all endpoints therefore demonstrating the utility of the in vitro techniques combined with standardised test products to support the assessment of NGPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Taylor
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, UK.
| | - Sakura Mori
- Japan Tobacco Inc., R&D Group, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Kei Yoshino
- Japan Tobacco Inc., R&D Group, Yokohama, Japan
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Bono R, Bellisario V, Tassinari R, Squillacioti G, Manetta T, Bugiani M, Migliore E, Piccioni P. Bisphenol A, Tobacco Smoke, and Age as Predictors of Oxidative Stress in Children and Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16112025. [PMID: 31174388 PMCID: PMC6604009 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16112025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate bisphenol A (BPA) and its role in the induction of oxidative stress and confirm the same for tobacco smoke. METHODS A total of 223 young, healthy students (7-19 years old) were recruited in Chivasso, Italy. A spot of urine of each subject was analyzed to quantify BPA, cotinine, and 15F2t-isoprostane. RESULTS BPA showed a slight increase of concentration proportional with increasing age, even though the 11-14 years age group had slightly lower results, inducing a V-shape. The same trend was observed for 15F2t-isoprostane and cotinine. The result of piecewise linear robust regression shows a break point of the effect of BPA on 15F2t-isoprostane at 6 ng/mg CREA (p < 0.001). At higher levels, 15F2t-isoprostane shows an exponential increase by more than threefold for each one-log unit of BPA. An increase of oxidative stress due to BPA was observed, but only from 6 ng/mg of CREA up. Passive tobacco smoke is also able to induce an increase in oxidative stress. CONCLUSION Prevention against BPA and passive tobacco smoke represents an important tool for promoting the highest health standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bono
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Valeria Bellisario
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Roberta Tassinari
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Giulia Squillacioti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Tilde Manetta
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Bugiani
- Consultant of OMP (observatory of professional diseases) of the Turin Court Prosecutor's Office, Turin 10100, Italy.
| | - Enrica Migliore
- Cancer Epidemiology, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin 10126, Italy.
| | - Pavilio Piccioni
- Unit of Pneumology and Tisiology, National Health Service (ASL TO2), Torino 10100, Italy.
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