1
|
Kharoubi M, Bodez D, Bézard M, Zaroui A, Galat A, Guendouz S, Gendre T, Hittinger L, Attias D, Mohty D, Bergoend E, Itti E, Lebras F, Hamon D, Poullot E, Molinier-Frenkel V, Lellouche N, Deux JF, Funalot B, Fannen P, Oghina S, Arrouasse R, Lecorvoisier P, Souvannanorath S, Amiot A, Teiger E, Bougouin W, Damy T. Describing mode of death in three major cardiac amyloidosis subtypes to improve management and survival. Amyloid 2022; 29:79-91. [PMID: 35114877 DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2021.2013193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The three main cardiac amyloidosis (CA) types have different progression and prognosis. Little is known about the mode of death (MOD) which is commonly attributed to cardiovascular causes in CA. Improving MOD's knowledge could allow to adapt patient care. OBJECTIVE This retrospective study describes the MOD that occurred during long-term follow-up in CA patients in light-chain (AL), transthyretin hereditary (ATTRv) or wild-type (ATTRwt). MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients referred to and cared for, at the French referral centre for CA, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil between 2010 and 2016 were included. Clinical information surrounding patient deaths were investigated and centrally evaluated by two blinded clinical committees which classified MOD as cardiovascular, non-cardiovascular or unknown and sub-classified it depending on its subtype. RESULTS From the 566 patients included, 187 had AL, 206 ATTRv and 173 ATTRwt. During the 864 patient-year follow-up, 160 (28%) deaths occurred, with median survival time of 17.3 months (interquartile range 5.1-35.4). The most frequent MOD was cardiovascular (64%) of which worsening heart failure occurred most frequently and for which, 69% were of AL subtype, 79% ATTRv and 76% ATTRwt. Sudden death also occurred more frequently in AL subtype accounting for 29% of AL deaths. Non-cardiovascular MOD occurred in 26% of patients overall. Among these, infection was the most common non-cardiovascular MOD in any type of CA (80%). CONCLUSIONS Mortality is high during natural course of CA and differs between subtypes. The main MOD were worsening heart failure, sudden death and infection, opening room to optimise management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mounira Kharoubi
- National Referral Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis, Creteil, France.,GRC Amyloid Research Institute University Paris-Est Creteil INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Department of Cardiology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Creteil, France.,Inserm U955, IMRB, Creteil, France
| | - Diane Bodez
- National Referral Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis, Creteil, France.,GRC Amyloid Research Institute University Paris-Est Creteil INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Department of Cardiology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Creteil, France.,Inserm U955, IMRB, Creteil, France.,Centre Cardiologique du Nord, Saint Denis, France
| | - Mélanie Bézard
- National Referral Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis, Creteil, France.,GRC Amyloid Research Institute University Paris-Est Creteil INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Department of Cardiology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Creteil, France.,Inserm U955, IMRB, Creteil, France
| | - Amira Zaroui
- National Referral Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis, Creteil, France.,GRC Amyloid Research Institute University Paris-Est Creteil INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Department of Cardiology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Creteil, France.,Inserm U955, IMRB, Creteil, France
| | - Arnault Galat
- National Referral Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis, Creteil, France.,GRC Amyloid Research Institute University Paris-Est Creteil INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Department of Cardiology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Creteil, France.,Inserm U955, IMRB, Creteil, France
| | - Soulef Guendouz
- National Referral Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis, Creteil, France.,GRC Amyloid Research Institute University Paris-Est Creteil INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Department of Cardiology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Creteil, France.,Inserm U955, IMRB, Creteil, France
| | - Thierry Gendre
- National Referral Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis, Creteil, France.,GRC Amyloid Research Institute University Paris-Est Creteil INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Department of Neurology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Creteil, France
| | - Luc Hittinger
- National Referral Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis, Creteil, France.,GRC Amyloid Research Institute University Paris-Est Creteil INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Department of Cardiology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Creteil, France.,Inserm U955, IMRB, Creteil, France
| | - David Attias
- Centre Cardiologique du Nord, Saint Denis, France
| | - Dania Mohty
- Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France.,AL Amyloidosis Referral Center, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Eric Bergoend
- AP-HP, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Creteil, France
| | - Emmanuel Itti
- National Referral Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis, Creteil, France.,GRC Amyloid Research Institute University Paris-Est Creteil INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Creteil, France
| | - Fabien Lebras
- National Referral Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis, Creteil, France.,GRC Amyloid Research Institute University Paris-Est Creteil INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Lymphoid Malignancy Unit, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Creteil, France
| | - David Hamon
- National Referral Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis, Creteil, France.,GRC Amyloid Research Institute University Paris-Est Creteil INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Department of Cardiology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Creteil, France.,Inserm U955, IMRB, Creteil, France
| | - Elsa Poullot
- National Referral Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis, Creteil, France.,GRC Amyloid Research Institute University Paris-Est Creteil INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Department of Biology-Pathology, Henri Mondor Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France
| | - Valérie Molinier-Frenkel
- National Referral Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis, Creteil, France.,GRC Amyloid Research Institute University Paris-Est Creteil INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Department of Biology-Pathology, Henri Mondor Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Department of Immunobiology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Nicolas Lellouche
- National Referral Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis, Creteil, France.,GRC Amyloid Research Institute University Paris-Est Creteil INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Department of Cardiology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Creteil, France.,Inserm U955, IMRB, Creteil, France
| | - Jean-François Deux
- National Referral Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis, Creteil, France.,GRC Amyloid Research Institute University Paris-Est Creteil INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Department of Radiology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Benoit Funalot
- National Referral Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis, Creteil, France.,GRC Amyloid Research Institute University Paris-Est Creteil INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Department of Genetic, Henri Mondor Teaching Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Pascale Fannen
- National Referral Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis, Creteil, France.,GRC Amyloid Research Institute University Paris-Est Creteil INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Department of Genetic, Henri Mondor Teaching Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Silvia Oghina
- National Referral Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis, Creteil, France.,GRC Amyloid Research Institute University Paris-Est Creteil INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Department of Cardiology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Creteil, France.,Inserm U955, IMRB, Creteil, France
| | - Raphael Arrouasse
- National Referral Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis, Creteil, France.,GRC Amyloid Research Institute University Paris-Est Creteil INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,Inserm, Clinical Investigations Center 1430, AP-HP, DMU Saphire, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Creteil, France
| | - Philippe Lecorvoisier
- National Referral Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis, Creteil, France.,GRC Amyloid Research Institute University Paris-Est Creteil INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,Inserm, Clinical Investigations Center 1430, AP-HP, DMU Saphire, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Creteil, France
| | - Sarah Souvannanorath
- National Referral Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis, Creteil, France.,GRC Amyloid Research Institute University Paris-Est Creteil INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Referral Center for Neuromuscular Disease Department, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Aurelien Amiot
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, AP-HP, EA7375, University Paris-Est Creteil, Creteil, France
| | - Emmanuel Teiger
- National Referral Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis, Creteil, France.,GRC Amyloid Research Institute University Paris-Est Creteil INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Department of Cardiology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Creteil, France.,Inserm U955, IMRB, Creteil, France
| | - Wulfran Bougouin
- AP-HP, Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire de Paris (PARCC), INSERM U970, Centre d'Expertise Mort Subite (CEMS), Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Ramsay Générale de Santé, Hôpital Privé Jacques Cartier, Massy, France
| | - Thibaud Damy
- National Referral Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis, Creteil, France.,GRC Amyloid Research Institute University Paris-Est Creteil INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Department of Cardiology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Creteil, France.,Inserm U955, IMRB, Creteil, France.,Inserm, Clinical Investigations Center 1430, AP-HP, DMU Saphire, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Creteil, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fordyce CB, Giugliano RP, Cannon CP, Roe MT, Sharma A, Page C, White JA, Lokhnygina Y, Braunwald E, Blazing MA. Cardiovascular Events and Long-Term Risk of Sudden Death Among Stabilized Patients After Acute Coronary Syndrome: Insights From IMPROVE-IT. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e022733. [PMID: 35112882 PMCID: PMC9245817 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.022733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Unlike patients with low ejection fraction after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), little is known about the long‐term incidence and influence of cardiovascular events before sudden death among stabilized patients after ACS. Methods and Results A total of 18 144 patients stabilized within 10 days after ACS in IMPROVE‐IT (Improved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial) were studied. Cumulative incidence rates (IRs) and IRs per 100 patient‐years of sudden death were calculated. Using Cox proportional hazards, the association of ≥1 additional postrandomization cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, and hospitalization for unstable angina or heart failure) with sudden death was examined. Early (≤1 year after ACS) and late sudden deaths (>1 year) were compared. Of 2446 total deaths, 402 (16%) were sudden. The median time to sudden death was 2.7 years, with 109 early and 293 late sudden deaths. The cumulative IR was 2.47% (95% CI, 2.23%–2.73%) at 7 years of follow‐up. The risk of sudden death following a postrandomization cardiovascular event (150/402 [37%] sudden deaths; median 1.4 years) was greater (IR/100 patient‐years, 1.45 [95% CI, 1.23–1.69]) than the risk with no postrandomization cardiovascular event (IR/100 patient‐years, 0.27 [95% CI, 0.24–0.30]). Postrandomization myocardial infarction (hazard ratio [HR], 3.64 [95% CI, 2.85–4.66]) and heart failure (HR, 4.55 [95% CI, 3.33–6.22]) significantly increased future risk of sudden death. Conclusions Patients stabilized within 10 days of an ACS remain at long‐term risk of sudden death with the greatest risk in those with an additional cardiovascular event. These results refine the long‐term risk and risk effectors of sudden death, which may help clinicians identify opportunities to improve care. Registration: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00202878.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthew T Roe
- Verana Health San Francisco CA.,Duke Clinical Research Institute Durham NC
| | - Abhinav Sharma
- McGill University Health CentreMcGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tini G, Bertero E, Signori A, Sormani MP, Maack C, De Boer RA, Canepa M, Ameri P. Cancer Mortality in Trials of Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e016309. [PMID: 32862764 PMCID: PMC7726990 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.016309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background The burden of cancer in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is apparently growing. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) may help understanding this observation, since they span decades of heart failure treatment. Methods and Results We assessed cancer, cardiovascular, and total mortality in phase 3 heart failure RCTs involving ≥90% individuals with left ventricular ejection fraction <45%, who were not acutely decompensated and did not represent specific patient subsets. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) of each type of death for the control and treatment arms were calculated using a random-effects model. Temporal trends and the impact of patient and RCT characteristics on mortality outcomes were evaluated by meta-regression analysis. Cancer mortality was reported for 15 (25%) of 61 RCTs, including 33 709 subjects, and accounted for 6% to 14% of all deaths and 17% to 67% of noncardiovascular deaths. Cancer mortality rate was 0.58 (95% CI, 0.46-0.71) per 100 patient-years without temporal trend (P=0.35). Cardiovascular (P=0.001) and total (P=0.001) mortality rates instead decreased over time. Moreover, cancer mortality was not influenced by treatment (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.92-1.28), unlike cardiovascular (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.79-0.98) and all-cause (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.84-0.99) mortality. Meta-regression did not reveal significant sources of heterogeneity. Possible reasons for excluding patients with malignancy overlapped among RCTs with and without published cancer mortality, and malignancy was an exclusion criterion only for 4 (8.7%) of the RCTs not reporting cancer mortality. Conclusions Cancer is a major, yet overlooked cause of noncardiovascular death in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, which has become more prominent with cardiovascular mortality decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Tini
- Cardiovascular Disease UnitIRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoIRCCS Italian Cardiovascular NetworkGenovaItaly
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of GenovaItaly
| | - Edoardo Bertero
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC)University Clinic WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Alessio Signori
- Department of Health SciencesSection of BiostatisticsUniversity of GenovaItaly
| | - Maria Pia Sormani
- Department of Health SciencesSection of BiostatisticsUniversity of GenovaItaly
| | - Christoph Maack
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC)University Clinic WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Rudolf A. De Boer
- Department of CardiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marco Canepa
- Cardiovascular Disease UnitIRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoIRCCS Italian Cardiovascular NetworkGenovaItaly
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of GenovaItaly
| | - Pietro Ameri
- Cardiovascular Disease UnitIRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoIRCCS Italian Cardiovascular NetworkGenovaItaly
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of GenovaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Deswal A, Dunbar SB, Francis GS, Horwich T, Jessup M, Kosiborod M, Pritchett AM, Ramasubbu K, Rosendorff C, Yancy C. Contributory Risk and Management of Comorbidities of Hypertension, Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, Hyperlipidemia, and Metabolic Syndrome in Chronic Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2016; 134:e535-e578. [DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
5
|
Fares H, DiNicolantonio JJ, O'Keefe JH, Lavie CJ. Amlodipine in hypertension: a first-line agent with efficacy for improving blood pressure and patient outcomes. Open Heart 2016; 3:e000473. [PMID: 27752334 PMCID: PMC5051471 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2016-000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypertension is well established as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Although there is undeniable evidence to support the beneficial effects of antihypertensive therapy on morbidity and mortality, adequate blood pressure management still remains suboptimal. Research into the treatment of hypertension has produced a multitude of drug classes with different efficacy profiles. These agents include β-blockers, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and calcium channel blockers. One of the oldest groups of antihypertensives, the calcium channel blockers are a heterogeneous group of medications. METHODS This review paper will focus on amlodipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, which has been widely used for 2 decades. RESULTS Amlodipine has good efficacy and safety, in addition to strong evidence from large randomised controlled trials for cardiovascular event reduction. CONCLUSIONS Amlodipine should be considered a first-line antihypertensive agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Fares
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases , John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School-The University of Queensland School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana , USA
| | | | - James H O'Keefe
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute , Kansas City, Missouri , USA
| | - Carl J Lavie
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases , John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School-The University of Queensland School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana , USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rush CJ, Campbell RT, Jhund PS, Connolly EC, Preiss D, Gardner RS, Petrie MC, McMurray JJV. Falling Cardiovascular Mortality in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction and Implications for Clinical Trials. JACC-HEART FAILURE 2016; 3:603-14. [PMID: 26251086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the trends in the relative contributions of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality to total mortality according to use of beta-blockers in clinical trials of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HF-REF). BACKGROUND With the increasingly widespread use of disease-modifying therapies, particularly beta-blockers, in HF-REF, the proportion of patients dying from cardiovascular causes is likely to be decreasing. METHODS In a systematic review, 2 investigators independently searched online databases to identify clinical trials including >400 patients with chronic heart failure published between 1986 and 2014 and that adjudicated cause of death. Trials were divided into 3 groups on the basis of the proportion of patients treated with a beta-blocker (<33% [low], 33% to 66% [medium], and >66% [high]). Percentages of total deaths adjudicated as cardiovascular or noncardiovascular were calculated by weighted means and weighted standard deviations. Weighted Student t tests were used to compare results between groups. RESULTS Sixty-six trials met the inclusion criteria with a total of 136,182 patients and 32,140 deaths. There was a sequential increase in the percentage of noncardiovascular deaths with increasing beta-blocker use from 11.4% of all deaths in trials with low beta-blocker use to 19.1% in those with high beta-blocker use (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In trials of patients with HF-REF, the proportion of deaths adjudicated as cardiovascular has decreased. Cardiovascular mortality, and not all-cause mortality, should be used as an endpoint for trials of new treatments for HF-REF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ross T Campbell
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Pardeep S Jhund
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene C Connolly
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David Preiss
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Roy S Gardner
- Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C Petrie
- Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - John J V McMurray
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee HA, Hyun SA, Park SG, Kim KS, Kim SJ. Comparison of electrophysiological effects of calcium channel blockers on cardiac repolarization. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 20:119-27. [PMID: 26807031 PMCID: PMC4722185 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.1.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropyridine (DHP) calcium channel blockers (CCBs) have been widely used to treat of several cardiovascular diseases. An excessive shortening of action potential duration (APD) due to the reduction of Ca2+ channel current (ICa) might increase the risk of arrhythmia. In this study we investigated the electrophysiological effects of nicardipine (NIC), isradipine (ISR), and amlodipine (AML) on the cardiac APD in rabbit Purkinje fibers, voltage-gated K+ channel currents (IKr, IKs) and voltage-gated Na+ channel current (INa). The concentration-dependent inhibition of Ca2+ channel currents (ICa) was examined in rat cardiomyocytes; these CCBs have similar potency on ICa channel blocking with IC50 (the half-maximum inhibiting concentration) values of 0.142, 0.229, and 0.227 nM on NIC, ISR, and AML, respectively. However, ISR shortened both APD50 and APD90 already at 1 µM whereas NIC and AML shortened APD50 but not APD90 up to 30 µM. According to ion channel studies, NIC and AML concentration-dependently inhibited IKr and IKs while ISR had only partial inhibitory effects (<50% at 30 µM). Inhibition of INa was similarly observed in the three CCBs. Since the IKr and IKs mainly contribute to cardiac repolarization, their inhibition by NIC and AML could compensate for the AP shortening effects due to the block of ICa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyang-Ae Lee
- Next-generation Pharmaceutical Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea.; Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.; Human and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sung-Ae Hyun
- Next-generation Pharmaceutical Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Sung-Gurl Park
- Next-generation Pharmaceutical Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Ki-Suk Kim
- Next-generation Pharmaceutical Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea.; Human and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sung Joon Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Careful review of the literature of the last 20 years since the appearance of the first positive trials in heart failure indicates an evolution in the mode of death moving from sudden death to a predominance of pump failure death (i.e., death due to progression of heart failure). Pump failure is becoming a leading cause of mortality in a range of patient profiles, including patients with newly diagnosed or severe heart failure, patients with devices, and patients with heart failure associated with Chagas' disease. Indeed, the evidence suggests that modern management strategies, such as beta-blockers and devices, are successful in preventing sudden death. However, this means that optimally treated patients are at greater risk for the consequences of pump failure (death, hospitalization, and reduced quality of life). This highlights a new important unmet need in heart failure, and a priority for current research should be therapies that reduce pump failure death and hospitalization for more cost-effective management of the disease. Insofar as one-third of heart failure patients do not survive more than 3 years after diagnosis, properly addressing pump failure is an essential target in heart failure.
Collapse
|
9
|
Rosendorff C, Lackland DT, Allison M, Aronow WS, Black HR, Blumenthal RS, Cannon CP, de Lemos JA, Elliott WJ, Findeiss L, Gersh BJ, Gore JM, Levy D, Long JB, O'Connor CM, O'Gara PT, Ogedegbe O, Oparil S, White WB. Treatment of hypertension in patients with coronary artery disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 9:453-98. [PMID: 25840695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
10
|
Rosendorff C, Lackland DT, Allison M, Aronow WS, Black HR, Blumenthal RS, Cannon CP, de Lemos JA, Elliott WJ, Findeiss L, Gersh BJ, Gore JM, Levy D, Long JB, O’Connor CM, O’Gara PT, Ogedegbe G, Oparil S, White WB. Treatment of Hypertension in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. Hypertension 2015; 65:1372-407. [PMID: 25828847 DOI: 10.1161/hyp.0000000000000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
11
|
Desai AS, McMurray JJV, Packer M, Swedberg K, Rouleau JL, Chen F, Gong J, Rizkala AR, Brahimi A, Claggett B, Finn PV, Hartley LH, Liu J, Lefkowitz M, Shi V, Zile MR, Solomon SD. Effect of the angiotensin-receptor-neprilysin inhibitor LCZ696 compared with enalapril on mode of death in heart failure patients. Eur Heart J 2015; 36:1990-7. [PMID: 26022006 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The angiotensin-receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) LCZ696 reduced cardiovascular deaths and all-cause mortality compared with enalapril in patients with chronic heart failure in the prospective comparison of ARNI with an Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure (PARADIGM-HF) trial. To more completely understand the components of this mortality benefit, we examined the effect of LCZ696 on mode of death. METHODS AND RESULTS PARADIGM-HF was a prospective, double-blind, randomized trial in 8399 patients with chronic heart failure, New York Heart Association Class II-IV symptoms, and left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40% receiving guideline-recommended medical therapy and followed for a median of 27 months. Mode of death was adjudicated by a blinded clinical endpoints committee. The majority of deaths were cardiovascular (80.9%), and the risk of cardiovascular death was significantly reduced by treatment with LCZ (hazard ratio, HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.72-0.89, P < 0.001). Among cardiovascular deaths, both sudden cardiac death (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.68-0.94, P = 0.008) and death due to worsening heart failure (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.64-0.98, P = 0.034) were reduced by treatment with LCZ696 compared with enalapril. Deaths attributed to other cardiovascular causes, including myocardial infarction and stroke, were infrequent and distributed evenly between treatment groups, as were non-cardiovascular deaths. CONCLUSIONS LCZ696 was superior to enalapril in reducing both sudden cardiac deaths and deaths from worsening heart failure, which accounted for the majority of cardiovascular deaths. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION https://clinicaltrials.gov/, NCT01035255.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshay S Desai
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John J V McMurray
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Milton Packer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Karl Swedberg
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Jean L Rouleau
- Institut de Cardiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Fabian Chen
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, USA
| | - Jianjian Gong
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, USA
| | | | - Abdel Brahimi
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brian Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter V Finn
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Loren Howard Hartley
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Victor Shi
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, USA
| | - Michael R Zile
- Medical University of South Carolina and Ralph H. Johnston Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, USA
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rosendorff C, Lackland DT, Allison M, Aronow WS, Black HR, Blumenthal RS, Cannon CP, de Lemos JA, Elliott WJ, Findeiss L, Gersh BJ, Gore JM, Levy D, Long JB, O'Connor CM, O'Gara PT, Ogedegbe G, Oparil S, White WB. Treatment of hypertension in patients with coronary artery disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and American Society of Hypertension. Circulation 2015; 131:e435-70. [PMID: 25829340 PMCID: PMC8365343 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
13
|
Rosendorff C, Lackland DT, Allison M, Aronow WS, Black HR, Blumenthal RS, Cannon CP, de Lemos JA, Elliott WJ, Findeiss L, Gersh BJ, Gore JM, Levy D, Long JB, O’Connor CM, O’Gara PT, Ogedegbe O, Oparil S, White WB. Treatment of Hypertension in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65:1998-2038. [PMID: 25840655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
14
|
Patel K, Fonarow GC, Ahmed M, Morgan C, Kilgore M, Love TE, Deedwania P, Aronow WS, Anker SD, Ahmed A. Calcium channel blockers and outcomes in older patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. Circ Heart Fail 2014; 7:945-52. [PMID: 25296862 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.114.001301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about associations of calcium channel blockers (CCBs) with outcomes in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (EF). METHODS AND RESULTS Of the 10 570 hospitalized patients with heart failure and preserved EF, ≥65 years, EF ≥40%, in the Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure (OPTIMIZE-HF; 2003-2004), linked to Medicare data (through December 31, 2008), 7514 had no prior history of CCB use. Of these, 815 (11%) patients received new discharge prescriptions for CCBs. Propensity scores for CCB initiation, calculated for each of the 7514 patients, were used to assemble a matched cohort of 1620 (810 pairs) patients (mean age, 80 years; mean EF, 56%; 65% women; 10% black) receiving and not receiving CCBs, balanced on 114 baseline characteristics. The primary composite end point of all-cause mortality or heart failure hospitalization occurred in 82% and 81% of patients receiving and not receiving CCBs (hazard ratio for CCBs, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.92-1.14). Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for all-cause mortality, heart failure hospitalization, and all-cause hospitalization were 1.05 (0.94-1.18), 1.05 (0.91-1.21), and 1.03 (0.93-1.14), respectively. Similar associations were observed when we categorized patients into those receiving amlodipine and nonamlodipine CCBs. Among 7514 prematch patients, multivariable-adjusted and propensity-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for primary composite end point were 1.03 (0.95-1.12) and 1.02 (0.94-1.11), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In hospitalized older patients with heart failure, new discharge prescriptions for CCBs had no associations with composite or individual end points of mortality or heart failure hospitalization, regardless of the class of CCBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanan Patel
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging (M.A.), Department of Biostatistics (C.M.) and Department of Health Care Organization and Policy (M.K.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.A., C.M., M.K.); Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (T.E.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY (W.S.A.); Department of Innovative Clinical Trials, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (S.D.A.); Center for Health and Aging, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (A.A.)
| | - Gregg C Fonarow
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging (M.A.), Department of Biostatistics (C.M.) and Department of Health Care Organization and Policy (M.K.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.A., C.M., M.K.); Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (T.E.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY (W.S.A.); Department of Innovative Clinical Trials, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (S.D.A.); Center for Health and Aging, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (A.A.)
| | - Momanna Ahmed
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging (M.A.), Department of Biostatistics (C.M.) and Department of Health Care Organization and Policy (M.K.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.A., C.M., M.K.); Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (T.E.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY (W.S.A.); Department of Innovative Clinical Trials, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (S.D.A.); Center for Health and Aging, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (A.A.)
| | - Charity Morgan
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging (M.A.), Department of Biostatistics (C.M.) and Department of Health Care Organization and Policy (M.K.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.A., C.M., M.K.); Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (T.E.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY (W.S.A.); Department of Innovative Clinical Trials, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (S.D.A.); Center for Health and Aging, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (A.A.)
| | - Meredith Kilgore
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging (M.A.), Department of Biostatistics (C.M.) and Department of Health Care Organization and Policy (M.K.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.A., C.M., M.K.); Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (T.E.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY (W.S.A.); Department of Innovative Clinical Trials, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (S.D.A.); Center for Health and Aging, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (A.A.)
| | - Thomas E Love
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging (M.A.), Department of Biostatistics (C.M.) and Department of Health Care Organization and Policy (M.K.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.A., C.M., M.K.); Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (T.E.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY (W.S.A.); Department of Innovative Clinical Trials, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (S.D.A.); Center for Health and Aging, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (A.A.)
| | - Prakash Deedwania
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging (M.A.), Department of Biostatistics (C.M.) and Department of Health Care Organization and Policy (M.K.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.A., C.M., M.K.); Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (T.E.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY (W.S.A.); Department of Innovative Clinical Trials, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (S.D.A.); Center for Health and Aging, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (A.A.)
| | - Wilbert S Aronow
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging (M.A.), Department of Biostatistics (C.M.) and Department of Health Care Organization and Policy (M.K.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.A., C.M., M.K.); Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (T.E.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY (W.S.A.); Department of Innovative Clinical Trials, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (S.D.A.); Center for Health and Aging, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (A.A.)
| | - Stefan D Anker
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging (M.A.), Department of Biostatistics (C.M.) and Department of Health Care Organization and Policy (M.K.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.A., C.M., M.K.); Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (T.E.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY (W.S.A.); Department of Innovative Clinical Trials, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (S.D.A.); Center for Health and Aging, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (A.A.)
| | - Ali Ahmed
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging (M.A.), Department of Biostatistics (C.M.) and Department of Health Care Organization and Policy (M.K.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.A., C.M., M.K.); Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (T.E.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY (W.S.A.); Department of Innovative Clinical Trials, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (S.D.A.); Center for Health and Aging, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (A.A.).
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mosalpuria K, Agarwal SK, Yaemsiri S, Pierre-Louis B, Saba S, Alvarez R, Russell SD. Outpatient management of heart failure in the United States, 2006-2008. Tex Heart Inst J 2014; 41:253-61. [PMID: 24955039 DOI: 10.14503/thij-12-2947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Better outpatient management of heart failure might improve outcomes and reduce the number of rehospitalizations. This study describes recent outpatient heart-failure management in the United States. We analyzed data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey of 2006-2008, a multistage random sampling of non-Federal physician offices and hospital outpatient departments. Annually, 1.7% of all outpatient visits were for heart failure (51% females and 77% non-Hispanic whites; mean age, 73 ± 0.5 yr). Typical comorbidities were hypertension (62%), hyperlipidemia (36%), diabetes mellitus (35%), and ischemic heart disease (29%). Body weight and blood pressure were recorded in about 80% of visits, and health education was given in about 40%. The percentage of patients taking β-blockers was 38%; the percentage taking angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (ACEI/ARBs) was 32%. Medication usage did not differ significantly by race or sex. In multivariate-adjusted logistic regression models, a visit to a cardiologist, hypertension, heart failure as a primary reason for the visit, and a visit duration longer than 15 minutes were positively associated with ACEI/ARB use; and a visit to a cardiologist, heart failure as a primary reason for the visit, the presence of ischemic heart disease, and visit duration longer than 15 minutes were positively associated with β-blocker use. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was negatively associated with β-blocker use. Approximately 1% of heart-failure visits resulted in hospitalization. In outpatient heart-failure management, gaps that might warrant attention include suboptimal health education and low usage rates of medications, specifically ACEI/ARBs and β-blockers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Mosalpuria
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Dr. Mosalpuria) and Cardiology (Dr. Pierre-Louis), Harlem Hospital Center affiliated with Columbia University, New York, New York 10037; Department of Medicine (Drs. Agarwal and Russell), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Maryland 21205; Department of Epidemiology (Dr. Yaemsiri), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; and Cardiovascular Institute (Drs. Agarwal, Alvarez, and Saba), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Sunil K Agarwal
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Dr. Mosalpuria) and Cardiology (Dr. Pierre-Louis), Harlem Hospital Center affiliated with Columbia University, New York, New York 10037; Department of Medicine (Drs. Agarwal and Russell), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Maryland 21205; Department of Epidemiology (Dr. Yaemsiri), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; and Cardiovascular Institute (Drs. Agarwal, Alvarez, and Saba), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Sirin Yaemsiri
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Dr. Mosalpuria) and Cardiology (Dr. Pierre-Louis), Harlem Hospital Center affiliated with Columbia University, New York, New York 10037; Department of Medicine (Drs. Agarwal and Russell), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Maryland 21205; Department of Epidemiology (Dr. Yaemsiri), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; and Cardiovascular Institute (Drs. Agarwal, Alvarez, and Saba), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Bredy Pierre-Louis
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Dr. Mosalpuria) and Cardiology (Dr. Pierre-Louis), Harlem Hospital Center affiliated with Columbia University, New York, New York 10037; Department of Medicine (Drs. Agarwal and Russell), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Maryland 21205; Department of Epidemiology (Dr. Yaemsiri), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; and Cardiovascular Institute (Drs. Agarwal, Alvarez, and Saba), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Samir Saba
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Dr. Mosalpuria) and Cardiology (Dr. Pierre-Louis), Harlem Hospital Center affiliated with Columbia University, New York, New York 10037; Department of Medicine (Drs. Agarwal and Russell), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Maryland 21205; Department of Epidemiology (Dr. Yaemsiri), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; and Cardiovascular Institute (Drs. Agarwal, Alvarez, and Saba), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Rene Alvarez
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Dr. Mosalpuria) and Cardiology (Dr. Pierre-Louis), Harlem Hospital Center affiliated with Columbia University, New York, New York 10037; Department of Medicine (Drs. Agarwal and Russell), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Maryland 21205; Department of Epidemiology (Dr. Yaemsiri), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; and Cardiovascular Institute (Drs. Agarwal, Alvarez, and Saba), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Stuart D Russell
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Dr. Mosalpuria) and Cardiology (Dr. Pierre-Louis), Harlem Hospital Center affiliated with Columbia University, New York, New York 10037; Department of Medicine (Drs. Agarwal and Russell), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Maryland 21205; Department of Epidemiology (Dr. Yaemsiri), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; and Cardiovascular Institute (Drs. Agarwal, Alvarez, and Saba), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Carson P, Wertheimer J, Miller A, O'Connor CM, Pina IL, Selzman C, Sueta C, She L, Greene D, Lee KL, Jones RH, Velazquez EJ. The STICH trial (Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure): mode-of-death results. JACC-HEART FAILURE 2013; 1:400-8. [PMID: 24621972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to assess the effect of the addition of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to medical therapy on mode of death in heart failure. BACKGROUND Although CABG therapy is widely used in ischemic cardiomyopathy patients, there are no prospective clinical trial data on mode of death. METHODS The STICH (Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure ) trial compared the strategy of CABG plus medical therapy to medical therapy alone in 1,212 ischemic cardiomyopathy patients with reduced ejection fraction. A clinical events committee adjudicated deaths using pre-specified definitions for mode of death. RESULTS In the STICH trial, there were 462 deaths over a median follow-up of 56 months. The addition of CABG therapy tended to reduce cardiovascular deaths (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.68 to 1.03; p = 0.09) and significantly reduced the most common modes of death: sudden death (HR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.54 to 0.99; p = 0.041) and fatal pump failure events (HR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.41 to 1.00; p = 0.05). Time-dependent estimates indicate that the protective effect of CABG principally occurred after 24 months in both categories. Deaths post-cardiovascular procedures were increased in CABG patients (HR: 3.11; 95% CI: 1.47 to 6.60), but fatal myocardial infarction deaths were lower (HR: 0.07; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.57). Noncardiovascular deaths were infrequent and did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS In the STICH trial, the addition of CABG to medical therapy reduced the most common modes of death: sudden death and fatal pump failure events. The beneficial effects were principally seen after 2 years. Post-procedure deaths were increased in patients randomized to CABG, whereas myocardial infarction deaths were decreased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John Wertheimer
- Pennsylvania Heart and Vascular Group, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alan Miller
- University of Florida-Shands Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | | | - Craig Selzman
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Carla Sueta
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lilin She
- Duke University Medical Center/Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Deborah Greene
- Duke University Medical Center/Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kerry L Lee
- Duke University Medical Center/Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert H Jones
- Duke University Medical Center/Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Eric J Velazquez
- Duke University Medical Center/Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bartos JA, Francis GS. The High-Risk Patient With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: Treatment Options and Challenges. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2013; 94:509-18. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2013.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
18
|
Psotka MA, Teerlink JR. Strategies to Prevent Postdischarge Adverse Events Among Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure. Heart Fail Clin 2013; 9:303-20, vi. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
19
|
Fishbane S, Shah HH, Kataria A, Shirazian S, Agarwal R. Subgroup Analyses in Nephrology Clinical Trials. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 7:1872-6. [DOI: 10.2215/cjn.04870512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
20
|
IIIB or Not IIIB: A Previously Unanswered Question. J Card Fail 2012; 18:367-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
21
|
O'Connor CM, Fiuzat M, Lindenfeld J, Miller A, Lombardi C, Carson P, Shaw LK, Wang LJ, Connolly P, Mills R, Yancy C, Mahaffey K. Mode of death and hospitalization from the Second Follow-up Serial Infusions of Nesiritide (FUSION II) trial and comparison of clinical events committee adjudicated versus investigator reported outcomes. Am J Cardiol 2011; 108:1449-57. [PMID: 21890092 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the mode of death and hospitalizations in advanced heart failure (HF) patients with renal dysfunction and to examine the rate of concordance between events reported by the clinical events committee and site investigators (using case report forms) in the Second Follow-Up Serial Infusions of Nesiritide (FUSION II) trial. Little is known about the cause of death and hospitalization in patients with advanced HF. FUSION II was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating outpatient nesiritide infusions versus placebo, with 911 patients with advanced HF (New York Heart Association class III or IV) and renal dysfunction enrolled. There were 151 deaths and 1,041 hospitalizations at 24 weeks. The clinical events committee classified events as cardiac, renal, cardiorenal, other or noncardiovascular, or unknown. Kappa statistics and McNemar tests were used to assess agreement (overall and by individual modes of death and hospitalization indications). In conclusion, the most common cause of death or hospitalization was cardiac related, with 70% of deaths and 60% of hospitalizations due to cardiac causes. There was 74% agreement (26% disagreement) on cardiac cause of death (κ = 0.40, McNemar p = 0.001) and 75% agreement (25% disagreement) between the investigators and the clinical events committee on cardiac classification for hospitalization (κ = 0.49, McNemar p <0.0001).
Collapse
|
22
|
Kain V, Kumar S, Puranik AS, Sitasawad SL. Azelnidipine protects myocardium in hyperglycemia-induced cardiac damage. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2010; 9:82. [PMID: 21118576 PMCID: PMC3004822 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-9-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Azelnidipine (AZL), a long-acting dihydropyridine-based calcium antagonist, has been recently approved and used for treating ischemic heart disease and cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction, however, its effect on hyperglycemia-induced cardiac damage has not been studied. Methods This study examined the effect of AZL on circulating markers of cardiac damage, altered lipid and cytokines profile and markers of oxidative stress including homocysteine in diabetic rats. Results STZ induced diabetes caused a significant increase in blood glucose levels. It also resulted in an increase in the levels of homocysteine and cardiac damage markers, like Troponin-1, CK-MB, CK-NAC, uric acid, LDH and alkaline phosphatase. Moreover, there was an increase in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IFN-γ, and TGF-β and decrease in the levels of IL-4 and IL-10. Additionally, there was increase in the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and a decrease in HDL in these animals. There was an altered antioxidant enzyme profile which resulted in a notable increase in the levels of oxidative stress markers like lipid peroxides, nitric oxide and carbonylated proteins. Compared with the untreated diabetic rats, AZL treatment significantly reduced the levels of troponin-1 (P < 0.05), CK-MB (P < 0.05), CK-NAC (P < 0.05), uric acid (P < 0.05), LDH (P < 0.05) and alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.05). It also reduced the levels of the TNF-α (P < 0.05), IFN-γ (P < 0.05), and TGF-β (P < 0.05) and increased the levels of IL-4 (P < 0.05). A significant decrease in the serum cholesterol (P < 0.05), triglycerides (P < 0.05), LDL (P < 0.05), VLDL (P < 0.05) and a significant rise in levels of HDL (P < 0.05) was also observed. Treatment with AZL corrected the distorted antioxidant enzyme profile resulting in a significant decrease in the levels of lipid peroxides, nitric oxide and carbonylated proteins. Conclusion Our results indicate that AZL treatment can reduce the risk of hyperglycemia induced metabolic disorders and its role can be further extended to explore its therapeutic potential in diabetic patients with cardiac complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasundhara Kain
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Carson P, Fiuzat M, O'Connor C, Anand I, Plehn J, Lindenfeld JA, Silver M, White M, Miller A, Davis G, Robertson AD, Bristow M, Gottlieb S. Determination of hospitalization type by investigator case report form or adjudication committee in a large heart failure clinical trial (β-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial [BEST]). Am Heart J 2010; 160:649-54. [PMID: 20934558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND End point committees are routinely used to adjudicate efficacy and safety end points in clinical trials. The 2,708-patient β-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial (BEST) originally determined hospitalization type via investigator case report forms (CRFs), which captured whether a hospitalization was due to worsening heart failure (HF). Recently, the BEST End Points Committee (EPC) completed a blinded adjudication of all hospitalizations, allowing a comparison of the CRF method to the EPC method of determining hospitalization type. We sought to compare the investigator-determined mode of hospitalizations with the adjudicated events, to quantify the degree of agreement, and to compare the clinical trial results by method of event classification. METHODS The BEST EPC reviewed all 5,086 hospitalizations that occurred in BEST. Events were identified using investigator-reported hospitalizations, as well as those documented by FDA Form 3500 (MedWatch) reports. RESULTS The investigators identified more HF hospitalization events than adjudication (2,466 vs 1,729, P < .0001, paired analysis). Eight hundred thirty-four (34%) HF hospitalizations identified in CRFs were not confirmed by adjudication. Ninety-seven (6%) adjudicated events were not identified by the investigator reported method. One thousand six hundred thirty-two events were similarly identified by both methods. CONCLUSIONS The EPC adjudication identified fewer HF hospitalizations than did the investigator reported method with no change in the hazard ratio for this end point. Our findings suggest that independent end point committees may improve reliability through reduced variance, thus providing similar outcome results with fewer events and no increase in CIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Carson
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Causes of death and rehospitalization in patients hospitalized with worsening heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: results from Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study with Tolvaptan (EVEREST) program. Am Heart J 2010; 159:841-849.e1. [PMID: 20435194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The postdischarge rehospitalization and death rates are high in patients with acute heart failure (HF) syndromes despite optimization of standard therapy for chronic HF. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no systematic analysis of the causes of death and rehospitalization in this patient population. METHODS This was a prespecified analysis of adjudicated cause-specific all-cause mortality and cardiovascular (CV) hospitalization in the Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study with Tolvaptan (EVEREST) trial, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients hospitalized with worsening HF and left ventricular ejection fraction < or =40% comparing tolvaptan, an oral vasopressin receptor antagonist to placebo, in addition to standard care. RESULTS Of the 4,133 randomized, there were 5,239 rehospitalizations and 1,080 deaths during a median of 9.9 months. Of all deaths, 41.0% were due to HF, 26.0% due to sudden cardiac death (SCD), 2.6% due to acute myocardial infarction (MI), 2.2% due to stroke, and 13.2% due to non-CV causes. Of all hospitalizations, 39.2% were non-CV, whereas 46.3% were for HF, and a minority of hospitalizations was due to stroke, MI, arrhythmia, or other CV causes. CONCLUSIONS Despite close follow-up and evidence-based therapy within a clinical trial, rehospitalization and death remain high. Although most deaths were from HF, one quarter of patients had SCD. In addition, there were almost as many non-CV hospitalizations as HF hospitalizations. Knowledge of the causes of death and rehospitalization may be essential for proper management and early initiation of therapy.
Collapse
|
25
|
Zile MR, Gaasch WH, Anand IS, Haass M, Little WC, Miller AB, Lopez-Sendon J, Teerlink JR, White M, McMurray JJ, Komajda M, McKelvie R, Ptaszynska A, Hetzel SJ, Massie BM, Carson PE. Mode of death in patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction: results from the Irbesartan in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Study (I-Preserve) trial. Circulation 2010; 121:1393-405. [PMID: 20231531 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.909614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mode of death has been well characterized in patients with heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction; however, less is known about the mode of death in patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF). The purpose of this study was to examine the mode of death in patients with HFPEF enrolled in the Irbesartan in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Study (I-Preserve) trial and to determine whether irbesartan altered the distribution of mode of death in HFPEF. METHODS AND RESULTS All deaths were reviewed by a clinical end-point committee, and the mode of death was assigned by consensus of the members. The annual mortality rate was 5.2% in the I-Preserve trial. There were no significant differences in mortality rate between the placebo and irbesartan groups. The mode of death was cardiovascular in 60% (including 26% sudden, 14% heart failure, 5% myocardial infarction, and 9% stroke), noncardiovascular in 30%, and unknown in 10%. There were no differences in the distribution of mode-specific mortality rates between placebo and irbesartan. CONCLUSIONS Sixty percent of the deaths in patients with HFPEF were cardiovascular, with sudden death and heart failure death being the most common. Treatment with irbesartan did not affect overall mortality or the distribution of mode-specific mortality rates. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00095238.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Zile
- RHJ Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Medical University of South Carolina, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen J, Cha-Molstad H, Szabo A, Shalev A. Diabetes induces and calcium channel blockers prevent cardiac expression of proapoptotic thioredoxin-interacting protein. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 296:E1133-9. [PMID: 19258488 PMCID: PMC2681312 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90944.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte apoptosis is a critical process in the pathogenesis of ischemic and diabetic cardiomyopathy, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) has recently been shown to have deleterious effects in the cardiovascular system and we therefore investigated whether it may also play a role in diabetes-associated cardiomyocyte apoptosis. In fact, TXNIP expression was increased in H9C2 cardiomyocytes incubated at high glucose, and cardiac expression of TXNIP and cleaved caspase-3 were also elevated in vivo in streptozotocin- and obesity-induced diabetic mice. Together, these findings not only suggest that TXNIP is involved in diabetic cardiomyopathy but also that it may represent a novel therapeutic target. Surprisingly, testing putative TXNIP modulators revealed that calcium channel blockers reduce cardiomyocyte TXNIP transcription and protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. Oral administration of verapamil for 3 wk also reduced cardiac TXNIP expression in mice even in the face of severe diabetes, and these reduced TXNIP levels were associated with decreased apoptosis. To determine whether lack of TXNIP can mimic the verapamil-induced decrease in apoptosis, we used TXNIP-deficient HcB-19 mice, harboring a natural nonsense mutation in the TXNIP gene. Interestingly, we found significantly reduced cleaved caspase-3 levels in HcB-19 hearts, suggesting that TXNIP plays a critical role in cardiac apoptosis and that the verapamil effects were mediated by TXNIP reduction. Thus our results suggest that TXNIP reduction is a powerful target to enhance cardiomyocyte survival and that agents such as calcium channel blockers may be useful in trying to achieve this goal and prevent diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junqin Chen
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA. a
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mehta PA, Dubrey SW, McIntyre HF, Walker DM, Hardman SM, Sutton GC, McDonagh TA, Cowie MR. Mode of death in patients with newly diagnosed heart failure in the general population. Eur J Heart Fail 2008; 10:1108-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
28
|
Adjudication of mortality events in a heart failure–arrhythmia trial by a multiparameter descriptive method: Comparison with methods used in heart failure trials and methods used in arrhythmia trials. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2008; 23:101-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s10840-008-9277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
29
|
Rosendorff C, Black HR, Cannon CP, Gersh BJ, Gore J, Izzo JL, Kaplan NM, O’Connor CM, O’Gara PT, Oparil S. REPRINT Treatment of Hypertension in the Prevention and Management of Ischemic Heart Disease. Hypertension 2007. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.183885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
30
|
Rosendorff C, Black HR, Cannon CP, Gersh BJ, Gore J, Izzo JL, Kaplan NM, O'Connor CM, O'Gara PT, Oparil S. Treatment of hypertension in the prevention and management of ischemic heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 2007; 115:2761-88. [PMID: 17502569 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.183885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
31
|
Petersen JL, Haque G, Hellkamp AS, Flaker GC, Mark Estes NA, Marchlinski FE, McAnulty JH, Greenspon AJ, Marinchak RA, Lee KL, Lamas GA, Mahaffey KW. Comparing classifications of death in the Mode Selection Trial: agreement and disagreement among site investigators and a clinical events committee. Contemp Clin Trials 2006; 27:260-8. [PMID: 16574497 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Clinical events committees (CECs) are the current standard for endpoint adjudication in clinical trials. However, little data exist with which to compare CEC and site investigator determinations or to evaluate internal agreement among CEC members. Using data from the Mode Selection Trial in Sinus Node Dysfunction (MOST), we analyzed classifications of death in order to compare internal agreement among CEC physician reviewers and agreement between the CEC and site investigators. Death was classified at 2 levels: by major cause (cardiac, noncardiac, or unknown) and by minor subclassification of the major classifications. Reviewer agreement was tabulated at the major and minor levels, and standard and weighted kappa statistics were calculated. Disagreement at both levels was also determined. Individual decision-making was tabulated in terms of frequency in classifying death as unknown. All 404 deaths were classified by the CEC. Site investigators determined major classifications in 382 cases and minor classification in 379 cases. The CEC and the site investigators disagreed in classifying 41 cases (10.7%) at the major level and 117 (30.9%) at the minor level. CEC reviewers disagreed internally at the major level in 64 cases (15.8%), at the minor level in 63 cases (15.6%), and at any level in 127 cases (31.4%) (kappa = 0.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.55, 0.66]; weighted kappa = 0.66, 95% CI [0.62, 0.75]). In resolving internal disagreements, the full CEC agreed with 1 of 2 CEC reviewers in 85.9% of cases. Disagreements occurred between site investigators and CEC reviewers in classifying deaths. Endpoint determination and decision-making varied among individual CEC reviewers, but second-tier reviews by the full CEC resolved all disagreements. These findings support continued use of CECs for endpoint adjudication in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John L Petersen
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yaoita H, Watanabe K, Ogawa K, Maruyama Y. Noninvasive myocardial endothelial intervention in the persistence of coronary stenosis: a concept of myocardial endothelial nitric oxide activator through heart failure research on clinical demand. Fukushima J Med Sci 2006; 51:51-66. [PMID: 16555626 DOI: 10.5387/fms.51.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection of ischemic myocardium has been attempted by a variety of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical methods. When the coronary intervention is not indicated by some reasons in patients with ischemic heart failure, medical treatments are expected to offer cardioprotection against the persistence of stenotic/occlusive lesions of the epicardial coronary artery. The pharmaceuticals such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker, beta blocker, Ca antagonist, ATP-sensitive K channel opener and statin, or non-pharmaceutical approaches such as physical exercise, cardiac resynchronization, ventricular assist devices, and preconditioning upon ischemic insults appear to improve myocardial endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) function. Such eNOS activation contributes to amelioration of the cardiac dysfunction and remodeling induced by myocardial ischemia. Therefore, based on clinical evidence and basic research on clinical demand, we postulate a concept of 'myocardial endothelial NO activator' from the standpoint of mechanistic insights beyond the class-effects of each pharmaceutical category and each non-pharmaceutical intervention. In addition to such continuous eNOS activation for treating chronic ischemic heart failure, rapid eNOS activation in the setting of acute ischemic events upon chronic myocardial ischemia by new strategies such as postconditioning seems to be also essential for developing further effective anti-heart-failure therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yaoita
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Davidson RM, McNeer JF, Logan L, Higginbotham MB, Anderson J, Blackshear J, Chu A, Hettleman B, McGrew F, Meesse R, O'Connor C, Schneider R, Wagner GS. A cooperative network of trained sites for the conduct of a complex clinical trial: a new concept in multicenter clinical research. Am Heart J 2006; 151:451-6. [PMID: 16442913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2005.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this report is to present a model of physicians in full-time clinical practice participating as investigators in multicenter clinical trials, sponsored by a pharmaceutical or medical device company. METHODS This gas-exchange substudy was conducted as a pilot study to establish the feasibility of the 10-member EXERcise testing group of the Duke University Cooperative Cardiovascular Society (EXERDUCCS) consortium to perform a complex multicenter trial using cardiopulmonary exercise testing. An active interchange of information was established involving the principal investigator for the substudy, a dedicated full-time project coordinator, a medical director of the overall EXERDUCCS network site, the project coordinator for the sponsor, and all the participating EXERDUCCS investigators and coordinators. RESULTS The sponsor set as a goal of enrollment of 6 subjects per site, and 8 of the 10 sites met this goal. As a result of the successful enrollment and completion of the study and substudy by the EXERDUCCS sites, the sponsor subsequently increased the payment stipends to the sites to compensate for the extra work and expense incurred. CONCLUSIONS This cooperative experience accomplished several goals: (1) it allowed a complex clinical trial to be successfully completed in a time frame which would not have been possible using only single unconnected sites; (2) it educated the physician-investigators (and their personnel) in exercise cardiopulmonary; and (3) it prepared the sites for future clinical trials involving this methodology.
Collapse
|
34
|
de Gevigney G, Fol S, Delahaye F. Données physiopathologiques et implications thérapeutiques au cours de l'insuffisance cardiaque gauche. Rev Med Interne 2005; 26:874-84. [PMID: 16271807 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2004] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Heart failure is the ultimate step of most cardiovascular diseases. Its frequency increases regularly because of the progressive increase of life expectancy and better management of cardiovascular diseases. The prognosis is very poor (5-year mortality: 50%) as is quality of life; heart failure is a very costly disease. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEYS POINTS: Aims of treatment are improvement of symptoms and thus improvement of quality of life and increase of survival. The treatment systematically combines: general advice, dietary measures; medical treatment (with betablockers, ACE inhibitors and/or angiotensin II receptor antagonists, diuretics, in some cases aspirin or oral anticoagulants, digitalis and amiodarone) according to severity of heart failure, presence of congestion, aetiology, age; etiologic treatment if possible; treatment and prevention of precipitating and exacerbating factors. According to clinical and paraclinical features, one may propose cardiac multisite stimulation, cardiac surgery, physical stress training and cardiac transplantation. In order to decrease frequency of heart failure, prevention of cardiovascular diseases which lead to heart failure must be done as often is possible (hypertension, valvular heart disease, ischemic heart disease). FUTURE PROSPECTS AND PROJECTS The future of the treatment of heart failure is the multidisciplinary management of heart failure (networks) led by hospital units specialized in heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G de Gevigney
- Hôpital cardiovasculaire et pneumologique, 28, rue du Doyen-Lépine, 69677 Bron, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Shiba N, Watanabe J, Shinozaki T, Koseki Y, Sakuma M, Kagaya Y, Shirato K. Poor prognosis of Japanese patients with chronic heart failure following myocardial infarction--comparison with nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Circ J 2005; 69:143-9. [PMID: 15671603 DOI: 10.1253/circj.69.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the major etiologies of chronic heart failure (CHF) in Japan. METHODS AND RESULTS The prognoses of CHF patients after MI (n=283) were investigated by comparing them with those of CHF patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM, n=310) from the CHF registry (CHART; n=1,154). The Kaplan-Meier (KM) analyses revealed that the 3-year all-cause mortality was significantly higher in the MI cohort compared with the NICM cohort (29.0% vs 12.4%, p<0.0005). Age/gender/treatment-adjusted KM analysis revealed significant differences only in the cohorts with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), defined as LVEF >45%, or in less symptomatic patients (New York Heart Association I or II). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that beta-blocker (BB) was associated with a significant reduction in mortality from cardiac causes, and either angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ACEI/ARB) was significantly related to the improvement of survival in the MI cohort (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.222 and 0.497, p<0.05), even though these medicines were used significantly less often in the MI cohort. CONCLUSIONS Underlying MI has a significant impact on the survival of Japanese CHF patients, especially those with preserved LVEF or with fewer symptoms. The appropriate expansion of ACEI/ARB or BB therapy might be necessary to improve their survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Shiba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Niizeki T, Takeishi Y, Arimoto T, Takahashi T, Okuyama H, Takabatake N, Nozaki N, Hirono O, Tsunoda Y, Shishido T, Takahashi H, Koyama Y, Fukao A, Kubota I. Combination of Heart-Type Fatty Acid Binding Protein and Brain Natriuretic Peptide Can Reliably Risk Stratify Patients Hospitalized for Chronic Heart Failure. Circ J 2005; 69:922-7. [PMID: 16041160 DOI: 10.1253/circj.69.922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to prospectively study whether a combination of markers for myocardial cell injury and left ventricular overload at admission can reliably risk stratify patients hospitalized for chronic heart failure (CHF). METHODS AND RESULTS Serum concentrations of heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) and plasma concentrations of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were measured at admission in 186 consecutive patients hospitalized for CHF. During a mean follow-up period of 534+/-350 days, there were 44 cardiac events, including 16 cardiac deaths and 28 readmissions for worsening heart failure. Normal upper limits for H-FABP and BNP values were determined from the receiver operating characteristic curves (4.3 ng/ml for H-FABP and 200 pg/ml for BNP). A stepwise Cox regression analysis demonstrated that high H-FABP (hazard ratio 5.416, p = 0.0002) and high BNP (hazard ratio 2.411, p = 0.0463) were independent predictors of cardiac events. High concentrations of both H-FABP and BNP at admission were associated with the highest incidence of cardiac mortality and cardiac events. Kaplan-Meier analysis also showed that the combination of H-FABP and BNP concentrations could reliably stratify patients for cardiac events. CONCLUSION Combined measurement of H-FABP and BNP concentrations at admission may be a highly reliable evaluation for risk stratifying patients hospitalized for CHF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Niizeki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Calcium antagonists were introduced for the treatment of hypertension in the 1980s. Their use was subsequently expanded to additional disorders, such as angina pectoris, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Raynaud phenomenon, pulmonary hypertension, diffuse esophageal spasms, and migraine. Calcium antagonists as a group are heterogeneous and include 3 main classes--phenylalkylamines, benzothiazepines, and dihydropyridines--that differ in their molecular structure, sites and modes of action, and effects on various other cardiovascular functions. Calcium antagonists lower blood pressure mainly through vasodilation and reduction of peripheral resistance. They maintain blood flow to vital organs, and are safe in patients with renal impairment. Unlike diuretics and beta-blockers, calcium antagonists do not impair glucose metabolism or lipid profile and may even attenuate the development of arteriosclerotic lesions. In long-term follow-up, patients treated with calcium antagonists had development of less overt diabetes mellitus than those who were treated with diuretics and beta-blockers. Moreover, calcium antagonists are able to reduce left ventricular mass and are effective in improving anginal pain. Recent prospective randomized studies attested to the beneficial effects of calcium antagonists in hypertensive patients. In comparison with placebo, calcium antagonist-based therapy reduced major cardiovascular events and cardiovascular death significantly in elderly hypertensive patients and in diabetic patients. In several comparative studies in hypertensive patients, treatment with calcium antagonists was equally effective as treatment with diuretics, beta-blockers, or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. From these studies, it seems that a calcium antagonist-based regimen is superior to other regimens in preventing stroke, equivalent in preventing ischemic heart disease, and inferior in preventing congestive heart failure. Calcium antagonists are also safe and effective as first-line or add-on therapy in diabetic hypertensive patients. Heart rate-lowering calcium antagonists (verapamil, diltiazem) may have an edge over the dihydropyridines in post-myocardial infarction patients and in diabetic nephropathy. Thus, calcium antagonists may be safely used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Grossman
- Internal Medicine D and Hyperstension Unit, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Balasubramaniam R, Chawla S, Mackenzie L, Schwiening CJ, Grace AA, Huang CLH. Nifedipine and diltiazem suppress ventricular arrhythmogenesis and calcium release in mouse hearts. Pflugers Arch 2004; 449:150-8. [PMID: 15290304 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-004-1321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2004] [Revised: 06/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmogenesis leading to sudden cardiac death remains responsible for significant mortality in conditions such as cardiac failure and the long-QT syndrome (LQTS). Arrhythmias may be accentuated by beta-adrenergic stimulation and, accordingly, the present study explored the possible effects of beta-adrenergic stimulation and L-type Ca(2+) channel blockade on ventricular arrhythmogenesis and Ca(2+) handling using the mouse heart as an experimental system. Studies in whole, Langendorff-perfused hearts using programmed electrical stimulation protocols adapted from clinical practice demonstrated sustained ventricular tachycardia following addition of 0.1 microM isoprenaline (n=15), whilst no arrhythmias were observed in the absence of the drug (n=15). Arrhythmias were suppressed by nifedipine or diltiazem pre-treatment (both 1 microM) (n=8 and 4 respectively) and were also induced by elevating external [Ca(2+)] (n=3). At the cellular level, 0.1 microM isoprenaline significantly increased normalized fluorescence (F/F(0)) in field-stimulated fluo-3-loaded mouse ventricular myocytes imaged using confocal microscopy, reflecting increases in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release (n=8). Elevated external [Ca(2+)] also increased F/F(0) (n=4) whilst 0.1 microM nifedipine or 0.1 microM diltiazem significantly decreased F/F(0) (n=13 and 6 respectively). Pre-treatment with 0.1 microM nifedipine or 0.1 microM diltiazem suppressed the increases in F/F(0) induced by 0.1 microM isoprenaline alone (n=14 and 6 respectively). The findings thus paralleled suppression of isoprenaline-induced arrhythmias seen with nifedipine or diltiazem at the whole-heart level. Taken together, the findings may have implications for the use of L-type Ca(2+) channel blockade in conditions associated with beta-adrenergically driven ventricular arrhythmias such as cardiac failure and LQTS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Balasubramaniam
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Balasubramaniam R, Grace AA, Saumarez RC, Vandenberg JI, Huang CLH. Electrogram prolongation and nifedipine-suppressible ventricular arrhythmias in mice following targeted disruption of KCNE1. J Physiol 2004; 552:535-46. [PMID: 14561835 PMCID: PMC2343378 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.048249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in KCNE1, the gene encoding the beta subunit of the slowly activating delayed rectifier potassium current (IKs) channel protein, may lead to the long QT syndrome (LQTS), a condition associated with enhanced arrhythmogenesis. Mice with homozygous deletion of the coding sequence of KCNE1 have inner ear defects strikingly similar to those seen in the corresponding human condition. The present study demonstrated and assessed the mechanism of ventricular arrhythmias in Langendorff-perfused whole heart preparations from homozygous KCNE1-/- mice compared to wild-type mice of the same age. The effects of programmed electrical stimulation with decremental pacing from the basal right ventricular epicardial surface upon electrogram waveforms recorded from the basal left ventricle were assessed and quantified using techniques of paced electrogram fractionation analysis for the first time in an experimental system. All KCNE1-/-(n = 10) but not wild-type (n = 14) mouse hearts empirically demonstrated marked pacing-induced ventricular arrhythmogenicity. This correlated with significant increases in electrogram dispersion, consistent with a wider spread in conduction velocities, in parallel with clinical findings from LQTS patients with potassium channel mutations. In contrast, introduction of 100 nM isoprenaline induced arrhythmogenicity in both KCNE1-/- (n = 7) and wild-type (n = 6) hearts during pacing. Furthermore, pretreatment with 1 muM nifedipine exerted a strong anti-arrhythmic effect in the KCNE1-/- hearts (n = 12) that persisted even in the presence of 100 nM isoprenaline (n = 6). Our findings associate KCNE1-/- with an arrhythmogenic phenotype that shows an increased dispersion of conduction velocities, and whose initiation is prevented by nifedipine, a finding that in turn may have therapeutic applications in conditions such as LQTS.
Collapse
|
40
|
Mozaffarian D, Nye R, Levy WC. Statin therapy is associated with lower mortality among patients with severe heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2004; 93:1124-9. [PMID: 15110204 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Revised: 01/02/2004] [Accepted: 01/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Experimental considerations suggest both potential harm and benefit from statin therapy in patients with severe heart failure. However, relations of statin therapy with clinical outcomes in severe heart failure are not well established. Using data from the Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation (PRAISE) trial, we evaluated associations of statin therapy with total mortality among 1,153 patients with severe heart failure (ejection fraction <30% and New York Heart Association class IIIB or IV symptoms) of ischemic and nonischemic etiologies. Statin therapy was administered to 134 patients (12%) during the study period. Over a 1.3-year mean follow-up, there were 413 deaths (29 deaths/100 person-years). Adjusting for age, gender, diabetes, smoking, heart failure etiology, ejection fraction, and New York Heart Association class, statin therapy was associated with a 62% lower risk of death (hazard ratio 0.38, 95% confidence interval 0.23 to 0.65), or 1 fewer death/5 patients taking statin therapy for 1 year. This association was not greatly altered by additional adjustment for a variety of other patient characteristics, including serum cholesterol levels. After propensity score analyses, statin therapy was still associated with a 48% lower risk of death (hazard ratio 0.52, 95% confidence interval 0.30 to 0.89). Although this observational study does not prove causality, further investigation of potential benefits of statins in patients with severe heart failure appears warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Mozaffarian
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Heart failure affects nearly 5 million Americans and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. It is now recognized that activation of multiple neurohormonal systems is intrinsic in the pathophysiology of heart failure. Patients with diabetes mellitus are at high risk for heart failure, and some of the complications of diabetes (e.g., insulin resistance) contribute to the development and progression of heart failure, partly because of their effects on neurohormonal systems. Pharmacologic intervention directed toward these systems (i.e., angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibition, use of aldosterone antagonists, and beta-adrenergic blockade) has been shown to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with heart failure. Despite this knowledge, ACE inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, and beta-blockers are grossly underused, and deaths and hospitalizations due to heart failure have steadily increased. Guidelines for the management of heart failure recommend the use of ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers in patients with mild, moderate, or severe disease. Aldosterone antagonists are recommended in severe heart failure, and recent data also support their use in mild to moderate heart failure. Concerns about the increased incidence of hypoglycemia, worsening dyslipidemia, and decreased insulin sensitivity with beta-blocker use may be preventing physicians from prescribing these agents for patients with diabetes with heart failure. Although evidence from earlier clinical trials justifies some of these concerns, newer vasodilating beta-blockers (e.g., carvedilol) have been shown to have a neutral or positive effect on dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. beta-Blockade in conjunction with ACE inhibition should be standard therapy for all patients with diabetes who have heart failure. Furthermore, early in-hospital initiation of neurohormonal intervention can provide earlier benefit to these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregg C Fonarow
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1679, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lin MS, Chan KA, Wang CH, Chang NC. Effects of low-dose treatment with felodipine versus fosinopril in Chinese patients with nonischemic heart failure and normal blood pressure: A double-blind, randomized, crossover study. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2004; 65:204-21. [PMID: 24936117 DOI: 10.1016/s0011-393x(04)90034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two second-generation calcium channel blockers, felodipine and amlodipine besylate, have been associated with similar high mortality rates in patients with ischemic heart failure (HF) but not in patients with nonischemic causes of HF. In patients with nonischemic HF, amlodipine might have a beneficial effect on survival. However, no difference in mortality rates was found between felodipine and placebo in a nonischemic HF group. Felodipine 10 mg/d was used in 1 large study, a dose considered high for nonischemic HF usually associated with normal blood pressure (BP). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 12-week, low-dose treatment with felodipine versus those of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, fosinopril sodium, in patients with nonischemic HF and normal BP. METHODS This double-blind, randomized, crossover trial was conducted at Taipei Medical University Hospital (Taipei, Taiwan). Patients aged ≥ 18 years with angiographically proved, nonischemic HF and normal BP who were being treated with an optimal regimen of digitalis and diuretics were enrolled. After a 2-week run-in period, patients were randomized to first receive 12 weeks of treatment with felodipine tablets (2.5 mg/d) or fosinopril tablets (7.5 mg/d) and, after a 2-week washout period, were crossed over to the opposite treatment. Efficacy analysis was performed before (baseline) and after treatment and included symptomatic assessment using a 7-grade clinical scale; 2-dimensional echocardiography (2-D echo); exercise tests; and neurohumoral data, including plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone, and 24-hour urinary epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) measurements. The primary end point was death due to HF, and the secondary end point was hospital admission due to worsening HF. Compliance was measured using a pill count at the end of each treatment period. RESULTS We enrolled 33 patients. One developed worsening HF during the run-in period and was admitted. A total of 32 patients entered the study (18 men, 14 women; mean [SD] age, 48.2 [6.3] years [range, 34-56 years]; mean [SD] systolic BP, 117.2 [9.8] mm Hg [range, 100-138 mm Hg]; mean [SD] diastolic BP, 59.4 [5.7] mm Hg [range, 50-72 mm Hg]). No hospital admission or cardiac death due to HF occurred during 12 weeks of treatment. Twenty-seven patients were included in the felodipine assessment, and 30 patients were included in the fosinopril assessment. Significant improvement in clinical score was noted in both treatment groups (both P < 0.01). The clinical scores did not differ significantly between the 2 treatments. No significant differences were found in 2-D echo parameters between treatments or within groups after treatment versus baseline. Significant improvement in exercise duration was noted with both study drugs after treatment versus baseline (both P < 0.01). No significant difference in exercise duration was found between the 2 treatments. Urinary E and NE were not significantly different between treatments or after treatment with either study drug compared with baseline. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that, in Chinese patients with moderate to severe HF who have normal BP and insignificant coronary artery disease and were being treated with diuretics and digitalis, a 12-week, low-dose course of felodipine (2.5 mg/d) as a vasodilator was associated with as satisfactory an outcome as standard treatment with fosinopril (7.5 mg/d).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Shu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University and Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - K Arnold Chan
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chih-Hao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nen-Chang Chang
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Galduf Cabañas J, Cosín Aguilar J, Rodríguez-Padial L, Zamorano Gómez J, Fernández González I, Rejas Gutiérrrez J. Análisis de la eficacia y costes de amlodipino sobre las hospitalizaciones por eventos cardiovasculares en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica. Rev Clin Esp 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2565(04)71499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
44
|
Abstract
This paper reviews the current literature pertaining to calcium channel blockers, including their classification, properties, and therapeutic indications, in light of several recent trials that have addressed their safety. Calcium channel blockers are a structurally and functionally heterogeneous group of medications that are used widely to control blood pressure and manage symptoms of angina. They are classified as dihydropyridines or nondihydropyridines. As a class, they are well tolerated and are associated with few side effects. The question of whether they may precipitate cardiovascular events has been largely settled by recent trials, such as the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT), the International Verapamil Slow-Release/Trandolapril Study (INVEST), and the Controlled Onset Verapamil Investigation of Cardiovascular Endpoints (CONVINCE) study, in which no such association was found. Even so, the use of these agents has been linked with an increased risk of heart failure. Thus, long-acting calcium channel blockers may be safely used in the management of hypertension and angina. However, as a class, they are not as protective as other antihypertensive agents against heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Eisenberg
- Division of Cardiology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Felson DT. Assessing the efficacy and safety of rheumatic disease treatments: obstacles and proposed solutions. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2003; 48:1781-7. [PMID: 12847670 DOI: 10.1002/art.11087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David T Felson
- Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mozaffarian D, Nye R, Levy WC. Anemia predicts mortality in severe heart failure: the prospective randomized amlodipine survival evaluation (PRAISE). J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41:1933-9. [PMID: 12798560 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00425-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim was to examine the relationships between serum hematocrit (Hct) and risk of all-cause mortality among patients with severe heart failure (HF). BACKGROUND Anemia occurs with increased frequency in severe HF. However, few studies have examined the impact of anemia on mortality in this population. METHODS Using a prospective cohort design, we evaluated the relationships between baseline serum Hct and mortality among 1,130 patients with left ventricular EF <30% and New York Heart Association functional class IIIB or IV HF treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics, and digitalis. Mortality was ascertained by centralized adjudication. RESULTS The mean Hct was 41.8% (range 25.4% to 58.8%). Over 15 months of mean follow-up, there were 407 deaths (29 per 100 person-years). After adjustment for potential confounders, those in the lowest quintile of Hct (range 25.4% to 37.5%) had a 52% higher risk of death (hazard ratio 1.52, 95% confidence interval 1.11 to 2.10), compared with the highest quintile (range 46.1% to 58.8%). Within the lowest quintile of Hct, each 1% decrease in Hct was associated with an 11% higher risk of death (p < 0.01), whereas within the four higher quintiles of Hct, Hct was not associated with total mortality. Evaluation of different causes of death indicated that a lower Hct was strongly associated with death from progressive HF, rather than sudden death or other deaths. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with severe HF, anemia is a significant independent risk factor for death, with a progressively higher risk with increasing severity of anemia. Further investigation of the etiologies, prevention, and treatment of anemia in severe HF is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Mozaffarian
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 South Columbian Way, MS 152, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Burger AJ, Aronson D, Horton DP, Burger MR. Comparison of the effects of dobutamine and nesiritide (B-type natriuretic peptide) on ventricular ectopy in acutely decompensated ischemic versus nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91:1370-2. [PMID: 12767439 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00335-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Burger
- Non-invasive Cardiology Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Baker 3, 1 Deaconess Road, Boston, MA 02215, USA. aburger@caregroup. harvard.edu
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bouvy ML, Heerdink ER, Leufkens HGM, Hoes AW. Patterns of pharmacotherapy in patients hospitalised for congestive heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2003; 5:195-200. [PMID: 12644012 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-9842(02)00256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the 1990s, a number of cardiovascular drugs were evaluated in randomised clinical trials. Treatment guidelines for heart failure were modified to include these evidence-based treatments. AIM To evaluate the impact of new medical treatments for heart failure between 1990 and 1998. METHODS AND RESULTS A retrospective cohort study of 2764 patients with a first hospital admission for heart failure between 1990 and 1998. The percentage of patients treated with different cardiovascular drugs after hospitalisation was calculated and compared over time. Use of loop diuretics remained steady approximately 80%, digoxin decreased from 57.6 to 42.7%, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors showed a slight increase from 49.8 to 54.8%, beta-blockers almost tripled from 11.3 to 28.7%, low dose prophylactic acetylsalicylic acid quadrupled from 9.9 to 39.9%. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates showed highest continuation rates of drug treatment for antithrombotics and diuretics, intermediate for digoxin and ACE inhibitors and low for beta-blockers. More than a quarter of the users discontinued beta-blockers in the first year after hospitalisation. CONCLUSIONS We observed an increase in the prescribing of several important drug classes, reflecting changes in treatment guidelines during the study period. However, our findings show that not all patients were receiving optimal treatment. More research into the reasons for this is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel L Bouvy
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacotherapy, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Neuberg GW, Miller AB, O'Connor CM, Belkin RN, Carson PE, Cropp AB, Frid DJ, Nye RG, Pressler ML, Wertheimer JH, Packer M. Diuretic resistance predicts mortality in patients with advanced heart failure. Am Heart J 2002; 144:31-8. [PMID: 12094185 DOI: 10.1067/mhj.2002.123144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), diuretic requirements increase as the disease progresses. Because diuretic resistance can be overcome with escalating doses, the evaluation of CHF severity and prognosis may be incomplete without considering the intensity of therapy. METHODS The prognostic importance of diuretic resistance (as evidenced by a high-dose requirement) was retrospectively evaluated in 1153 patients with advanced CHF who were enrolled in the Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation (PRAISE). The relation of loop diuretic and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor doses (defined by their median values) and other baseline characteristics to total and cause-specific mortality was determined by proportion hazards regression. RESULTS High diuretic doses were independently associated with mortality, sudden death, and pump failure death (adjusted hazard ratios [HRs] 1.37 [P =.004], 1.39 [P =.042], and 1.51 [P =.034], respectively). Use of metolazone was an independent predictor of total mortality (adjusted HR = 1.37, P =.016) but not of cause-specific mortality. Low angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor dose was an independent predictor of pump failure death (adjusted HR = 2.21, P =.0005). Unadjusted mortality risks of congestion and its treatment were additive and comparable to those of established risk factors. CONCLUSIONS The independent association of high diuretic doses with mortality suggests that diuretic resistance should be considered an indicator of prognosis in patients with chronic CHF. These retrospective observations do not establish harm or rule out a long-term benefit of diuretics in CHF, because selection bias may entirely explain the relation of prescribed therapy to death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W Neuberg
- Division of Circulatory Physiology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Garg
- Rush University Hypertension Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush Presbyterian/St Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|