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Jung W, Yang MJ, Kang MS, Pyo G, Choi H, Li K, Park EJ. The formation of lamellar body-like structures may be a trigger of cetylpyridinium chloride-induced cell death and inflammatory response. Toxicology 2024; 506:153877. [PMID: 38969275 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is a quaternary ammonium compound used widely in health and personal care products. Meanwhile, due to its increasing use, its potential adverse health effects are emerging as a topic of public concern. In this study, we first administered CPC by pharyngeal aspiration to determine the survival level (the maximum concentration at which no death is observed) and then administered CPC to mice repeatedly for 28 days using the survival level as the highest concentration. CPC increased the total number of pulmonary cells secreting pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Infiltration of inflammatory cells, production of foamy alveolar macrophages, and chronic inflammatory lesions were found in the lung tissue of male and female mice exposed to the highest dose of CPC. We also investigated the toxicity mechanism using BEAS-2B cells isolated from normal human bronchial epithelium. At 6 h after exposure to CPC, the cells underwent non-apoptotic cell death, especially at concentrations greater than 2 μg/mL. The expression of the transferrin receptor was remarkably enhanced, and the expression of proteins that contribute to intracellular iron storage was inhibited. The expression of both mitochondrial SOD and catalase increased with CPC concentration, and PARP protein was cleaved, suggesting possible DNA damage. In addition, the internal structure of mitochondria was disrupted, and fusion between damaged organelles was observed in the cytoplasm. Most importantly, lamellar body-like structures and autophagosome-like vacuoles were found in CPC-treated cells, with enhanced expression of ABCA3 protein, a marker for lamellar body, and a docking score between ABCA3 protein and CPC was considered to be approximately -6.8969 kcal/mol. From these results, we propose that mitochondrial damage and iron depletion may contribute to CPC-induced non-apoptotic cell death and that pulmonary accumulation of cell debris may be closely associated with the inflammatory response. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the formation of lamellar body-like structures may be a trigger for CPC-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonkyun Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Yang
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kang
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonwoo Pyo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosun Choi
- National Instrumentation Center for Environmental management, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Kexin Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Human Health and Environmental Toxins Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Rowbotham SP, Pessina P, Garcia-de-Alba C, Jensen J, Nguyen Y, Yoon J, Li J, Wong IG, Fahey C, Moye AL, Chongsaritsinsuk J, Bronson R, Ho Sui SJ, Kim CF. Age-associated H3K9me2 loss alters the regenerative equilibrium between murine lung alveolar and bronchiolar progenitors. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2974-2991.e6. [PMID: 37977149 PMCID: PMC10873032 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The lung contains multiple progenitor cell types, but how their responses are choreographed during injury repair and whether this changes with age is poorly understood. We report that histone H3 lysine 9 di-methylation (H3K9me2), mediated by the methyltransferase G9a, regulates the dynamics of distal lung epithelial progenitor cells and that this regulation deteriorates with age. In aged mouse lungs, H3K9me2 loss coincided with fewer alveolar type 2 (AT2) cell progenitors and reduced alveolar regeneration but increased the frequency and activity of multipotent bronchioalveolar stem cells (BASCs) and bronchiolar progenitor club cells. H3K9me2 depletion in young mice decreased AT2 progenitor activity and impaired alveolar injury repair. Conversely, H3K9me2 depletion increased chromatin accessibility of bronchiolar cell genes, increased BASC frequency, and accelerated bronchiolar cell injury repair. These findings indicate that during aging, the epigenetic regulation that coordinates lung progenitor cells' regenerative responses becomes dysregulated, aiding our understanding of age-related susceptibility to lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Rowbotham
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary & Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Patrizia Pessina
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary & Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carolina Garcia-de-Alba
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary & Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jake Jensen
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary & Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yvonne Nguyen
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary & Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joon Yoon
- Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jingyun Li
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary & Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Irene G Wong
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary & Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caroline Fahey
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary & Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aaron L Moye
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary & Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joann Chongsaritsinsuk
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary & Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roderick Bronson
- Rodent Histopathology Core, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shannan J Ho Sui
- Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Carla F Kim
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary & Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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3
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Inoue R, Yasuma T, Fridman D’Alessandro V, Toda M, Ito T, Tomaru A, D’Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Tsuruga T, Okano T, Takeshita A, Nishihama K, Fujimoto H, Kobayashi T, Gabazza EC. Amelioration of Pulmonary Fibrosis by Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Overexpression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076695. [PMID: 37047672 PMCID: PMC10095307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive and fatal disease with a poor prognosis. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 is involved in the pathogenesis of organ fibrosis. The role of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in lung fibrosis is unclear. This study evaluated whether overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 affects the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Lung fibrosis was induced by bleomycin in wild-type mice and transgenic mice overexpressing human matrix metalloproteinase-2. Mice expressing human matrix metalloproteinase-2 showed significantly decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells and inflammatory and fibrotic cytokines in the lungs compared to wild-type mice after induction of lung injury and fibrosis with bleomycin. The computed tomography score, Ashcroft score of fibrosis, and lung collagen deposition were significantly reduced in human matrix metalloproteinase transgenic mice compared to wild-type mice. The expression of anti-apoptotic genes was significantly increased, while caspase-3 activity was significantly reduced in the lungs of matrix metalloproteinase-2 transgenic mice compared to wild-type mice. Active matrix metalloproteinase-2 significantly decreased bleomycin-induced apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 appears to protect against pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting apoptosis of lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Inoue
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Taro Yasuma
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | | | - Masaaki Toda
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ito
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tomaru
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuki Tsuruga
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Tomohito Okano
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Atsuro Takeshita
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kota Nishihama
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Hajime Fujimoto
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Tetsu Kobayashi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Esteban C. Gabazza
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
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Ishida Y, Kuninaka Y, Mukaida N, Kondo T. Immune Mechanisms of Pulmonary Fibrosis with Bleomycin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043149. [PMID: 36834561 PMCID: PMC9958859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis and structural remodeling of the lung tissue can significantly impair lung function, often with fatal consequences. The etiology of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is diverse and includes different triggers such as allergens, chemicals, radiation, and environmental particles. However, the cause of idiopathic PF (IPF), one of the most common forms of PF, remains unknown. Experimental models have been developed to study the mechanisms of PF, and the murine bleomycin (BLM) model has received the most attention. Epithelial injury, inflammation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), myofibroblast activation, and repeated tissue injury are important initiators of fibrosis. In this review, we examined the common mechanisms of lung wound-healing responses after BLM-induced lung injury as well as the pathogenesis of the most common PF. A three-stage model of wound repair involving injury, inflammation, and repair is outlined. Dysregulation of one or more of these three phases has been reported in many cases of PF. We reviewed the literature investigating PF pathogenesis, and the role of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and matrix feeding in an animal model of BLM-induced PF.
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Li X, Zha L, Li B, Sun R, Liu J, Zeng H. Clinical significance of MMP-9 overexpression in endometrial cancer: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:925424. [PMID: 36387161 PMCID: PMC9645803 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.925424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies have found that MMP-9, one of the extracellular matrix-degrading proteinases, was involved in EC's (endometrial cancer) clinical progression and prognosis. However, the results involving the associations of MMP-9 expression with risk, clinical features and prognosis of EC were conflicting. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify the correlation of MMP-9 expression with EC. METHODS Relative studies involving the associations between MMP-9 expression and EC were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) electronic databases. OR (odds ratio) with 95% CI (confidence interval) was applied to evaluate the associations of MMP-9 expression with risk and clinical features of EC. Furthermore, we evaluated the role of MMP-9 expression in prognosis of EC using HR and 95% CI. The funnel plots and Begg test were used to assess the publication bias. RESULTS A total of 28 eligible studies were acquired from Pubmed, Embase, Web of science and CNKI databases. We found MMP-9 overexpression was significantly associated with the risk of EC (OR = 11.02, 95% CI = 7.51-16.16, P < 0.05). In the meantime, MMP-9 overexpression was significantly associated with the tumor grade, FIGO stage, lymph node metastasis and myometrial invasion (Tumor grade: OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.09-2.58, P < 0.05; FIGO stage: OR = 3.25, 95% CI = 1.73-6.08, P < 0.05; Lymph node metastasis: OR = 2.98, 95% CI = 1.27-7.03, P < 0.05; Myometrial invasion: OR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.42-4.12, P < 0.05) in Asians. In addition, the overall results showed that MMP-9 overexpression predicted a worse prognosis of EC (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.01-2.62, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS MMP-9 overexpression might be a potential predictor of poor clinical progression and prognosis of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Critical Medicine, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zha
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Critical Medicine, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Sun
- Department of Critical Medicine, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Critical Medicine, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongwei Zeng
- Department of Critical Medicine, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase in Inflammation with a Focus on Infectious Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810546. [PMID: 36142454 PMCID: PMC9500641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in extracellular matrix remodeling through the degradation of extracellular matrix components and are also involved in the inflammatory response by regulating the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. Dysregulation in the inflammatory response and changes in the extracellular matrix by MMPs are related to the development of various diseases including lung and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, numerous studies have been conducted to understand the role of MMPs in disease pathogenesis. MMPs are involved in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases through a dysregulation of the activity and expression of MMPs. In this review, we discuss the role of MMPs in infectious diseases and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, we present the potential of MMPs as therapeutic targets in infectious diseases.
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Bormann T, Maus R, Stolper J, Tort Tarrés M, Brandenberger C, Wedekind D, Jonigk D, Welte T, Gauldie J, Kolb M, Maus UA. Role of matrix metalloprotease-2 and MMP-9 in experimental lung fibrosis in mice. Respir Res 2022; 23:180. [PMID: 35804363 PMCID: PMC9270768 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a diffuse parenchymal lung disease characterized by exuberant deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the lung interstitium, which contributes to substantial morbidity and mortality in IPF patients. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases, many of which have been implicated in the regulation of ECM degradation in lung fibrosis. However, the roles of MMP-2 and -9 (also termed gelatinases A and B) have not yet been explored in lung fibrosis in detail. METHODS AdTGF-β1 was applied via orotracheal routes to the lungs of WT, MMP-2 KO, MMP-9 KO and MMP-2/-9 dKO mice on day 0 to induce lung fibrosis. Using hydroxyproline assay, FlexiVent based lung function measurement, histopathology, western blot and ELISA techniques, we analyzed MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels in BAL fluid and lung, collagen contents in lung and lung function in mice on day 14 and 21 post-treatment. RESULT IPF lung homogenates exhibited significantly increased levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9, relative to disease controls. Enzymatically active MMP-2 and MMP-9 was increased in lungs of mice exposed to adenoviral TGF-β1, suggesting a role for these metalloproteinases in lung fibrogenesis. However, we found that neither MMP-2 or MMP-9 nor combined MMP-2/-9 deletion had any effect on experimental lung fibrosis in mice. CONCLUSION Together, our data strongly suggest that both gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 play only a subordinate role in experimental lung fibrosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Bormann
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 21, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Regina Maus
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 21, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jennifer Stolper
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 21, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Meritxell Tort Tarrés
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 21, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Brandenberger
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Wedekind
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Department of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Clinic for Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research, Partner Site BREATH, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jack Gauldie
- Department of Medicine, Pathology, and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Martin Kolb
- Department of Medicine, Pathology, and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Ulrich A Maus
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 21, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,German Center for Lung Research, Partner Site BREATH, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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de Almeida LGN, Thode H, Eslambolchi Y, Chopra S, Young D, Gill S, Devel L, Dufour A. Matrix Metalloproteinases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:712-768. [PMID: 35738680 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The first matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) was discovered in 1962 from the tail of a tadpole by its ability to degrade collagen. As their name suggests, matrix metalloproteinases are proteases capable of remodeling the extracellular matrix. More recently, MMPs have been demonstrated to play numerous additional biologic roles in cell signaling, immune regulation, and transcriptional control, all of which are unrelated to the degradation of the extracellular matrix. In this review, we will present milestones and major discoveries of MMP research, including various clinical trials for the use of MMP inhibitors. We will discuss the reasons behind the failures of most MMP inhibitors for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. There are still misconceptions about the pathophysiological roles of MMPs and the best strategies to inhibit their detrimental functions. This review aims to discuss MMPs in preclinical models and human pathologies. We will discuss new biochemical tools to track their proteolytic activity in vivo and ex vivo, in addition to future pharmacological alternatives to inhibit their detrimental functions in diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in most inflammatory, autoimmune, cancers, and pathogen-mediated diseases. Initially overlooked, MMP contributions can be both beneficial and detrimental in disease progression and resolution. Thousands of MMP substrates have been suggested, and a few hundred have been validated. After more than 60 years of MMP research, there remain intriguing enigmas to solve regarding their biological functions in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz G N de Almeida
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Hayley Thode
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Yekta Eslambolchi
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Sameeksha Chopra
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Daniel Young
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Sean Gill
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Laurent Devel
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
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Chuliá-Peris L, Carreres-Rey C, Gabasa M, Alcaraz J, Carretero J, Pereda J. Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Pulmonary Fibrosis: EMMPRIN/CD147 Comes into Play. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136894. [PMID: 35805895 PMCID: PMC9267107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is characterized by aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, activation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and parenchymal disorganization, which have an impact on the biomechanical traits of the lung. In this context, the balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) is lost. Interestingly, several MMPs are overexpressed during PF and exhibit a clear profibrotic role (MMP-2, -3, -8, -11, -12 and -28), but a few are antifibrotic (MMP-19), have both profibrotic and antifibrotic capacity (MMP7), or execute an unclear (MMP-1, -9, -10, -13, -14) or unknown function. TIMPs are also overexpressed in PF; hence, the modulation and function of MMPs and TIMP are more complex than expected. EMMPRIN/CD147 (also known as basigin) is a transmembrane glycoprotein from the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) that was first described to induce MMP activity in fibroblasts. It also interacts with other molecules to execute non-related MMP aactions well-described in cancer progression, migration, and invasion. Emerging evidence strongly suggests that CD147 plays a key role in PF not only by MMP induction but also by stimulating fibroblast myofibroblast transition. In this review, we study the structure and function of MMPs, TIMPs and CD147 in PF and their complex crosstalk between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Chuliá-Peris
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (L.C.-P.); (C.C.-R.); (J.C.)
| | - Cristina Carreres-Rey
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (L.C.-P.); (C.C.-R.); (J.C.)
| | - Marta Gabasa
- Unit of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.G.); (J.A.)
| | - Jordi Alcaraz
- Unit of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.G.); (J.A.)
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julián Carretero
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (L.C.-P.); (C.C.-R.); (J.C.)
| | - Javier Pereda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (L.C.-P.); (C.C.-R.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Yue L, Shi Y, Su X, Ouyang L, Wang G, Ye T. Matrix metalloproteinases inhibitors in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Medicinal chemistry perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113714. [PMID: 34315043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal disease with limited therapeutic options and a particularly poor prognosis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), promising targets for the treatment of IPF, have been identified as playing a pivotal role in IPF. Although the pathological processes of MMPs and IPF have been verified, there are no MMP inhibitors for the treatment of IPF in the clinic. In this review, we will present the latest developments in MMP inhibitors, including pharmacophores, binding modes, selectivity and optimization strategies. In addition, we will also discuss the future development direction of MMP inhibitors based on emerging tools and techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yue
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yaojie Shi
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xingping Su
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Tinghong Ye
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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11
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Kant V, Jangir BL, Sharma M, Kumar V, Joshi VG. Topical application of quercetin improves wound repair and regeneration in diabetic rats. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2021; 43:536-553. [PMID: 34278923 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2021.1950758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: There is an urgent need of effective drug/formulation to speed up the healing process in diabetic wounds. In our earlier studies, quercetin has accelerated the healing of nondiabetic wounds. So, we investigated the wound-healing potentials of quercetin in diabetic rats.Materials and methods: A square-shaped cutaneous wound (≈400 mm2) was created on the back of nondiabetic and diabetic rats. They were divided into three groups, viz. healthy control (nondiabetic), diabetic control and diabetic-treated group. Ointment base was topically applied for 21 days in healthy and diabetic control groups. Quercetin (0.3%) ointment was similarly applied in third group. Effects of quercetin on repair and regenerations of diabetic wounds in terms of wound closure, inflammation, angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis, epithelialization, axonal regeneration etc was studied.Results: Quercetin accelerated the wound closure and increased the expressions of IL-10, VEGF and TGF-β1 in granulation/healing tissue of diabetic wound. However, quercetin decreased the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and MMP-9. Histopathological evaluation revealed amelioration of persistence of inflammatory cells by quercetin in diabetic wounds. There was good quality of granulation tissue, marked fibroblast proliferation, well organized collagen deposition, early regeneration of epithelial layer etc. in the quercetin treated diabetic wounds in comparison to diabetic control group. Results of immunohistochemistry showed more angiogenesis, faster phenotypic switching of fibroblast to myofibroblasts and increased GAP-43 positive nerve fibers in quercetin-treated diabetic wounds.Conclusion: Quercetin ointment at 0.3% w/w concentration modulates cytokines, growth factors and protease, thereby improved repair and regenerations of cutaneous diabetic wounds in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kant
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences (LUVAS), Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Babu Lal Jangir
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences (LUVAS), Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Maneesh Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences (LUVAS), Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Vinay G Joshi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
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12
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Cinetto F, Ceccato J, Caputo I, Cangiano D, Montini B, Lunardi F, Piazza M, Agostini C, Calabrese F, Semenzato G, Rattazzi M, Gurrieri C, Scarpa R, Felice C, Vianello F. GSK-3 Inhibition Modulates Metalloproteases in a Model of Lung Inflammation and Fibrosis. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:633054. [PMID: 34235177 PMCID: PMC8255387 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.633054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is mainly characterized by aberrant extracellular matrix deposition, consequent to epithelial lung injury and myofibroblast activation, and inflammatory response. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a serine-threonine kinase involved in several pathways, and its inhibition has been already suggested as a therapeutic strategy for IPF patients. There is evidence that GSK-3 is able to induce matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and that its inhibition modulates MMP expression in the tissues. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of GSK-3 and its inhibition in the modulation of MMP-9 and -2 in an in vivo mouse model of lung fibrosis and in vitro using different cell lines exposed to pro-inflammatory or pro-fibrotic stimuli. We found that GSK-3 inhibition down-modulates gene expression and protein levels of MMP-9, MMP-2, and their inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in inflammatory cells harvested from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of mice treated with bleomycin as well as in interstitial alveolar macrophages and cuboidalized epithelial alveolar cells. To the same extent, GSK-3 inhibition blunted the increased MMP-9 and MMP-2 activity induced by pro-fibrotic stimuli in a human lung fibroblast cell line. Moreover, the αSMA protein level, a marker of fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition involved in fibrosis, was decreased in primary fibroblasts treated with TGFβ following GSK-3 inhibition. Our results confirm the implication of GSK-3 in lung inflammation and fibrosis, suggesting that it might play its role by modulating MMP expression and activity but also pushing fibroblasts toward a myofibroblast phenotype and therefore enhancing extracellular matrix deposition. Thus, its inhibition could represent a possible therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cinetto
- Internal Medicine and Allergology and Clinical Immunology Units, Treviso Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Jessica Ceccato
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Caputo
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniela Cangiano
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara Montini
- Institute of Pediatric Research (IRP) Città Della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Lunardi
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Piazza
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostini
- Internal Medicine and Allergology and Clinical Immunology Units, Treviso Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Fiorella Calabrese
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Marcello Rattazzi
- Internal Medicine and Allergology and Clinical Immunology Units, Treviso Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Carmela Gurrieri
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Scarpa
- Internal Medicine and Allergology and Clinical Immunology Units, Treviso Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Carla Felice
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vianello
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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13
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Roque W, Boni A, Martinez-Manzano J, Romero F. A Tale of Two Proteolytic Machines: Matrix Metalloproteinases and the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113878. [PMID: 32485920 PMCID: PMC7312171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic and progressive lung disease characterized by the activation of fibroblasts and the irreversible deposition of connective tissue matrices that leads to altered pulmonary architecture and physiology. Multiple factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis, including genetic and environmental factors that cause abnormal activation of alveolar epithelial cells, leading to the development of complex profibrotic cascade activation and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. One class of proteinases that is thought to be important in the regulation of the ECM are the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). MMPs can be up- and down- regulated in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) lungs and their role depends upon their location and function. Furthermore, alterations in the ubiquitin-proteosome system (UPS), a major intracellular protein degradation complex, have been described in aging and IPF lungs. UPS alterations could potentially lead to the abnormal accumulation and deposition of ECM. A better understanding of the specific roles MMPs and UPS play in the pathophysiology of pulmonary fibrosis could potentially drive to the development of novel biomarkers that can be as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. In this review, we describe how MMPs and UPS alter ECM composition in IPF lungs and mouse models of pulmonary fibrosis, thereby influencing the alveolar epithelial and mesenchymal cell behavior. Finally, we discuss recent findings that associate MMPs and UPS interplay with the development of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy Roque
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers—New Jersey Medical School, 185 S Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (W.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Alexandra Boni
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers—New Jersey Medical School, 185 S Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (W.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Jose Martinez-Manzano
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital—Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Freddy Romero
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and the Center for Translational Medicine, The Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Correspondence:
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14
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Liu Y, Wang C, Chen H, Zhang M, Zhu J, Zhang X, Ji L, Zhu S, Zhang W, Chen B. The profibrotic effects of chronic microaspiration of bile acids on lungs of rats at different stages. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106545. [PMID: 32388214 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the profibrotic effects of chronic microaspiration of two major bile acids, including chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA), on lungs of rats at different stages, as well as the underlying mechanisms in vivo. A rat model was induced by weekly intratracheal instillation of DCA and CDCA. Our results showed that chronic microaspiration of bile acids resulted in alveolar structure disorder, and inflammatory cells infiltration in the pulmonary interstitium at the early stage. Subsequently, numerous fibroblasts were proliferated, and collagen deposition was profoundly increased over the interstitium of the airways and vessels. Compared with control group, the expression of α-smooth muscle actin, type I collagen, hydroxyproline, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the lung tissues were remarkably elevated at the 2nd week, reached the highest level at the 6th week, and maintained high at the 8th week in both DCA- and CDCA-treated groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, chronic microaspiration of bile acids led to higher levels of glutathione and malondialdehyde, while lower level of superoxide dismutase in lung tissues compared with controls (P < 0.05), thereby resulting in the oxidant/antioxidant enzyme imbalance in the formation of fibrosis. In addition, we also found a consistent growth in the expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in both DCA- and CDCA-treated groups. Our findings suggested that chronic microaspiration of bile acids could initiate the process of pulmonary fibrosis from the early phase and promote its progression in a time-dependent manner, which likely involved the TGF-β1, oxidative stress, and FXR-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China
| | - Chu Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China
| | - Maowei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China
| | - Jiechen Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China
| | - Xiaojiao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China
| | - Lei Ji
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China
| | - Shuyang Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China.
| | - Bi Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China.
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15
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Matrix metalloproteinase: An upcoming therapeutic approach for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 152:104591. [PMID: 31837390 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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16
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Wang H, Gao M, Li J, Sun J, Wu R, Han D, Tan J, Wang J, Wang B, Zhang L, Dong Y. MMP-9-positive neutrophils are essential for establishing profibrotic microenvironment in the obstructed kidney of UUO mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 227:e13317. [PMID: 31132220 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) plays a profibrotic role in renal fibrosis. Neutrophils produce MMP9 in many pathologic models. However, the effect of neutrophil on the progression of renal fibrosis and the relationship of MMP9 to the infiltration of neutrophils into the kidney remain unknown. METHODS The surgery of unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO) was performed in male C57BL/6 mice. Kidneys were collected for analyses on days 0, 1, 3, 5 or 7 following surgery. The inflammatory cells were analysed by flow cytometry. The mRNA and protein levels of renal fibrosis factor and inflammatory factor were measured by qRT-PCR, immumofluorescence and western blot analysis. RESULTS In a mouse kidney model of UUO, neutrophil infiltration significantly increased and neutrophil accumulation reached the highest level at 5 days after the injury. In the obstructed kidney, depleting neutrophils decreased the expression of inflammatory factors, inhibited the accumulation of macrophages including type 2 macrophages and suppressed renal fibrosis. Almost all neutrophils produced MMP9 at the early stage of kidney obstruction. MMP9 attracted neutrophils and inflammatory cells because inhibiting MMP9 suppressed the infiltration of neutrophils and other inflammatory cells and reduced renal fibrosis, regardless of using MMP9 neutralizing antibody or MMP9 inhibitor or different intervening periods of days (0-6, 0-3 or 3-6 were applied after kidney obstruction). CONCLUSION MMP9 promotes neutrophil infiltration by increasing the inflammatory level, macrophage accumulation and renal fibrosis in the obstructed kidney. Inhibiting MMP9 or depleting neutrophils in the early stage of acute kidney injury can relieve the progression of kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shanxi Agricultural University Taigu China
| | - Min Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Jiangbo Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University Beijing China
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary department Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture Beijing China
| | - Ran Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Deping Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Jianmei Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Nephrology Shanghai General Hosptial, Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Nephrology Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Liping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shanxi Agricultural University Taigu China
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Yanjun Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University Beijing China
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17
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Singh WR, Devi HS, Kumawat S, Sadam A, Appukuttan AV, Patel MR, Lingaraju MC, Singh TU, Kumar D. Angiogenic and MMPs modulatory effects of icariin improved cutaneous wound healing in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 858:172466. [PMID: 31220437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Icariin is a flavonoid from plant belonging to the genus Epimedium, commonly known as Horny goat weed or Yin Yang Huo. The compound possesses multiple biological activities which are associated with the modulation of many signalling pathways, like NF-κB, Erk-p38-JNK, and release of various cytokines and growth factors. The present study determined wound healing potential of icariin in male Wistar rats. Icariin ointment (0%, 0.004%, 0.02%, 0.1% and 0.5%), was applied daily (b.i.d.) for 14 days on ≈ 400 mm2 cutaneous wound in different groups of rats. On day 14 post-wounding, 0.1% and 0.5% icariin treatment significantly (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively) increased wound contraction, as compared to control. Western blots revealed upregulation of IL-10 and downregulation of NF-κB and TNF-α. Increased expression of CD-31 showed abundance of microvessels in healing tissues after treatment with icariin. The MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities were reduced in icariin treated groups. Masson's trichrome staining revealed relatively better completion of re-epithelisation as well as increased deposition of well organised collagen fibres in the healing tissues compared to control. It is concluded that icariin has potential to accelerate cutaneous wound healing in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangkheirakpam Ramdas Singh
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India
| | - Hijam Shila Devi
- Department of Entomology, SASRD, Medziphema Campus, 797106, NU, Nagaland, India
| | - Sanjay Kumawat
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India
| | - Abdul Sadam
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India
| | - Aneesha V Appukuttan
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India
| | - Madhuri R Patel
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India
| | - Madhu C Lingaraju
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India
| | - Thakur U Singh
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India.
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18
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Rojas-Quintero J, Wang X, Tipper J, Burkett PR, Zuñiga J, Ashtekar AR, Polverino F, Rout A, Yambayev I, Hernández C, Jimenez L, Ramírez G, Harrod KS, Owen CA. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 deficiency protects mice from severe influenza A viral infection. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99022. [PMID: 30568032 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) cleaves various proteins to regulate inflammatory and injury responses. However, MMP-9's activities during influenza A viral (IAV) infections are incompletely understood. Herein, plasma MMP-9 levels were increased in patients with pandemic H1N1 and seasonal IAV infections. MMP-9 lung levels were increased and localized to airway epithelial cells and leukocytes in H1N1-infected WT murine lungs. H1N1-infected Mmp-9-/- mice had lower mortality rates, reduced weight loss, lower lung viral titers, and reduced lung injury, along with lower E-cadherin shedding in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples than WT mice. H1N1-infected Mmp-9-/- mice had an altered immune response to IAV with lower BALF PMN and macrophage counts, higher Th1-like CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets, lower T regulatory cell counts, reduced lung type I interferon levels, and higher lung interferon-γ levels. Mmp-9 bone marrow-chimera studies revealed that Mmp-9 deficiency in lung parenchymal cells protected mice from IAV-induced mortality. H1N1-infected Mmp-9-/- lung epithelial cells had lower viral titers than H1N1-infected WT cells in vitro. Thus, H1N1-infected Mmp-9-/- mice are protected from IAV-induced lung disease due to a more effective adaptive immune response to IAV and reduced epithelial barrier injury due partly to reduced E-cadherin shedding. Thus, we believe that MMP-9 is a novel therapeutic target for IAV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselyn Rojas-Quintero
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Tipper
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Patrick R Burkett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joaquin Zuñiga
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, and Intensive Care Unit, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Amit R Ashtekar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Francesca Polverino
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Amit Rout
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ilyas Yambayev
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carmen Hernández
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, and Intensive Care Unit, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico.,Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Jimenez
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, and Intensive Care Unit, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ramírez
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, and Intensive Care Unit, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Kevin S Harrod
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Caroline A Owen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Hewlett JC, Kropski JA, Blackwell TS. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and emerging therapeutic targets. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:112-127. [PMID: 29625182 PMCID: PMC6146058 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic fibrotic disease of the lung that is marked by progressive decline in pulmonary function and ultimately respiratory failure. Genetic and environmental risk factors have been identified that indicate injury to, and dysfunction of the lung epithelium is central to initiating the pathogenic process. Following injury to the lung epithelium, growth factors, matrikines and extracellular matrix driven signaling together activate a variety of repair pathways that lead to inflammatory cell recruitment, fibroblast proliferation and expansion of the extracellular matrix, culminating in tissue fibrosis. This tissue fibrosis then leads to changes in the biochemical and biomechanical properties of the extracellular matrix, which potentiate profibrotic mechanisms through a "feed-forward cycle." This review provides an overview of the interactions of the pathogenic mechanisms of IPF with a focus on epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk and the extracellular matrix as a therapeutic target for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Hewlett
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jonathan A Kropski
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.
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20
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Park MJ, Moon SJ, Lee EJ, Jung KA, Kim EK, Kim DS, Lee JH, Kwok SK, Min JK, Park SH, Cho ML. IL-1-IL-17 Signaling Axis Contributes to Fibrosis and Inflammation in Two Different Murine Models of Systemic Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1611. [PMID: 30042768 PMCID: PMC6048384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a progressive fibrotic disease that affects the skin and internal organs. Despite evidence implicating increased interleukin-17 (IL-17) activity in SSc, the role of IL-17 in SSc remains uncertain. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether IL-17 plays a pathophysiological role in SSc in two different murine models of SSc. Methods Bleomycin (BLM)-induced fibrosis and chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) models were used. Histological analysis was performed using Masson's trichrome and immunohistochemical staining. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunoassays were used to quantify the messenger RNA and protein levels of inflammatory mediators in dermal fibroblasts. Results IL-1 receptor antagonist-deficient (IL-1Ra-KO) mice were more severely affected by BLM injection, as shown by dermal and pulmonary fibrosis, compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Increased tissue fibrosis was reversed by knocking down IL-17. In vitro experiments showed that IL-1 and IL-17 exerted synergistic effects on the expression of profibrotic and inflammatory mediators. In the cGVHD model, C57BL/6 mice receiving splenocytes of IL-1Ra-KO BALB/c mice developed more severe cGVHD than did those receiving cells from WT mice. Knockdown of IL-17 in IL-1Ra-KO donor mice significantly attenuated the IL-1-induced acceleration of cGVHD severity. Conclusion Targeting IL-1 and its downstream IL-17 activity may be a novel treatment strategy for inhibiting inflammation and tissue fibrosis in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Park
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su-Jin Moon
- Divison of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Lee
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Ah Jung
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Kim
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Da-Som Kim
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Kwok
- Divison of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun-Ki Min
- Divison of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- Divison of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi-La Cho
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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21
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Moniri M, Boroumand Moghaddam A, Azizi S, Abdul Rahim R, Zuhainis Saad W, Navaderi M, Arulselvan P, Mohamad R. Molecular study of wound healing after using biosynthesized BNC/Fe 3O 4 nanocomposites assisted with a bioinformatics approach. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:2955-2971. [PMID: 29861630 PMCID: PMC5968787 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s159637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular investigation of wound healing has allowed better understanding about interaction of genes and pathways involved in healing progression. Objectives The aim of this study was to prepare magnetic/bacterial nanocellulose (Fe3O4/BNC) nanocomposite films as ecofriendly wound dressing in order to evaluate their physical, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial properties. The molecular study was carried out to evaluate expression of genes involved in healing of wounds after treatment with BNC/Fe3O4 films. Study design, materials, and methods Magnetic nanoparticles were biosynthesized by using Aloe vera extract in new isolated bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) RM1. The nanocomposites were characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, swelling property and metal ions release profile of the nanocomposites were investigated. The ability of nanocomposites to promote wound healing of human dermal fibroblast cells in vitro was examined. Bioinformatics databases were used to identify genes with important healing effect. Key genes which interfered with healing were studied by quantitative real time PCR. Results Spherical magnetic nanoparticles (15–30 nm) were formed and immobilized within the structure of BNC. The BNC/Fe3O4 was nontoxic (IC50>500 μg/mL) with excellent wound healing efficiency after 48 hours. The nanocomposites showed good antibacterial activity ranging from 6±0.2 to 13.40±0.10 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The effective genes for the wound healing process were TGF-B1, MMP2, MMP9, Wnt4, CTNNB1, hsa-miR-29b, and hsa-miR-29c with time dependent manner. BNC/Fe3O4 has an effect on microRNA by reducing its expression and therefore causing an increase in the gene expression of other genes, which consequently resulted in wound healing. Conclusion This eco-friendly nanocomposite with excellent healing properties can be used as an effective wound dressing for treatment of cutaneous wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Moniri
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Young Researcher and Elite Club, Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Amin Boroumand Moghaddam
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Young Researcher and Elite Club, Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Susan Azizi
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raha Abdul Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Zuhainis Saad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Navaderi
- Young Research and Elite Club, Parand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Parand, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Palanisamy Arulselvan
- Muthayammal Centre for Advanced Research, Muthayammal College of Arts and Science, Rasipuram, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rosfarizan Mohamad
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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22
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Abstract
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating chronic, progressive and irreversible disease that remains refractory to current therapies. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), have been implicated in the development of pulmonary fibrosis since decades. Coagulation signalling deregulation, which influences several key inflammatory and fibro-proliferative responses, is also essential in IPF pathogenesis, and a growing body of evidence indicates that Protease-Activated Receptors (PARs) inhibition in IPF may be promising for future evaluation. Therefore, proteases and anti-proteases aroused great biomedical interest over the past years, owing to the identification of their potential roles in lung fibrosis. During these last decades, numerous other proteases and anti-proteases have been studied in lung fibrosis, such as matriptase, Human airway trypsin-like protease (HAT), Hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA)/HGFA activator inhibitor (HAI) system, Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, Protease nexine (PN)-1, cathepsins, calpains, and cystatin C. Herein, we provide a general overview of the proteases and anti-proteases unbalance during lung fibrogenesis and explore potential therapeutics for IPF.
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23
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Afratis NA, Selman M, Pardo A, Sagi I. Emerging insights into the role of matrix metalloproteases as therapeutic targets in fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:167-179. [PMID: 29428229 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is the extensive accumulation and buildup of extracellular matrix components, especially fibrillar collagens, during wound healing in response to tissue injury. During all individual stages of fibrosis ECM proteases, mainly matrix metalloproteinases, have diverse roles. The functional role of MMPs and their endogenous inhibitors are differentiated among their family members, and according to the different stages of fibrosis. MMPs levels are elevated in several inflammatory and non-inflammatory fibrotic tissues contributing to the development, progression or resolution of the disease, whereas in other tissues their expression levels can be diminished or be stable to the baseline. The biological roles of MMPs during fibrosis are not fully resolved, but they seem to differ according the specific member of the family, the affected tissue and the stage of the fibrotic response. Remarkably, some members of the family exhibit profibrotic actions while other function as antifibrotic molecules. Diverse animal models indicate that MMPs are contributing in processes related to immunity, tissue repair and ECM turnover, providing significant impact on mechanisms related to fibrosis. For that purpose, these proteases are considered as pharmacological targets and new biological drugs have been developed in order to treat fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos A Afratis
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Moises Selman
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, CDMX 14080, Mexico
| | - Annie Pardo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónma de México, CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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24
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Abstract
Fibrosis is the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix that often occurs as a wound healing response to repeated or chronic tissue injury, and may lead to the disruption of organ architecture and loss of function. Although fibrosis was previously thought to be irreversible, recent evidence indicates that certain circumstances permit the resolution of fibrosis when the underlying causes of injury are eradicated. The mechanism of fibrosis resolution encompasses degradation of the fibrotic extracellular matrix as well as elimination of fibrogenic myofibroblasts through their adaptation of various cell fates, including apoptosis, senescence, dedifferentiation, and reprogramming. In this Review, we discuss the present knowledge and gaps in our understanding of how matrix degradation is regulated and how myofibroblast cell fates can be manipulated, areas that may identify potential therapeutic approaches for fibrosis.
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25
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Wujak L, Schnieder J, Schaefer L, Wygrecka M. LRP1: A chameleon receptor of lung inflammation and repair. Matrix Biol 2017; 68-69:366-381. [PMID: 29262309 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The lung displays a remarkable capability to regenerate following injury. Considerable effort has been made thus far to understand the cardinal processes underpinning inflammation and reconstruction of lung tissue. However, the factors determining the resolution or persistence of inflammation and efficient wound healing or aberrant remodeling remain largely unknown. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is an endocytic/signaling cell surface receptor which controls cellular and molecular mechanisms driving the physiological and pathological inflammatory reactions and tissue remodeling in several organs. In this review, we will discuss the impact of LRP1 on the consecutive steps of the inflammatory response and its role in the balanced tissue repair and aberrant remodeling in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Wujak
- Department of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schnieder
- Department of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Goethe University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany.
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26
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Liu Q, Jiang JX, Liu YN, Ge LT, Guan Y, Zhao W, Jia YL, Dong XW, Sun Y, Xie QM. Grape seed extract ameliorates bleomycin-induced mouse pulmonary fibrosis. Toxicol Lett 2017; 273:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Tomos IP, Tzouvelekis A, Aidinis V, Manali ED, Bouros E, Bouros D, Papiris SA. Extracellular matrix remodeling in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. It is the 'bed' that counts and not 'the sleepers'. Expert Rev Respir Med 2017; 11:299-309. [PMID: 28274188 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2017.1300533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive interstitial lung disease characterized by irreversible fibrosis. Current disease pathogenesis assumes an aberrant wound healing process in response to repetitive injurious stimuli leading to apoptosis of epithelial cells, activation of fibroblasts and accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Particularly, lung ECM is a highly dynamic structure that lies at the core of several physiological and developmental pathways. The scope of this review article is to summarize current knowledge on the role of ECM in the pathogenesis of IPF, unravel novel mechanistic data and identify future more effective therapeutic targets. Areas covered: The exact mechanisms through which lung microenvironment activates fibroblasts and inflammatory cells, regulates profibrotic signaling cascades through growth factors, integrins and degradation enzymes ultimately leading to excessive matrix deposition are discussed. Furthermore, the potential therapeutic usefulness of specific inhibitors of matrix deposition or activators of matrix degradation pathways are also presented. Expert commentary: With a gradually increasing worldwide incidence IPF still present a major challenge in clinical research due to its unknown etiopathogenesis and current ineffective treatment approaches. Today, there is an amenable need for more effective therapeutic targets and ECM components may represent one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis P Tomos
- a Respiratory Medicine Department , 'Attikon' University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Argyrios Tzouvelekis
- b Division of Immunology , Biomedical Sciences Research Center 'Alexander Fleming,' , Athens , Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- b Division of Immunology , Biomedical Sciences Research Center 'Alexander Fleming,' , Athens , Greece
| | - Effrosyni D Manali
- a Respiratory Medicine Department , 'Attikon' University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Evangelos Bouros
- c First Academic Department of Pneumonology, Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, 'Sotiria,' Medical School , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Demosthenes Bouros
- c First Academic Department of Pneumonology, Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, 'Sotiria,' Medical School , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Spyros A Papiris
- a Respiratory Medicine Department , 'Attikon' University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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28
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McMahon M, Ye S, Izzard L, Dlugolenski D, Tripp RA, Bean AGD, McCulloch DR, Stambas J. ADAMTS5 Is a Critical Regulator of Virus-Specific T Cell Immunity. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002580. [PMID: 27855162 PMCID: PMC5113859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides physical scaffolding for cellular constituents and initiates biochemical and biomechanical cues that are required for physiological activity of living tissues. The ECM enzyme ADAMTS5, a member of the ADAMTS (A Disintegrin-like and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin-1 motifs) protein family, cleaves large proteoglycans such as aggrecan, leading to the destruction of cartilage and osteoarthritis. However, its contribution to viral pathogenesis and immunity is currently undefined. Here, we use a combination of in vitro and in vivo models to show that ADAMTS5 enzymatic activity plays a key role in the development of influenza-specific immunity. Influenza virus infection of Adamts5-/- mice resulted in delayed virus clearance, compromised T cell migration and immunity and accumulation of versican, an ADAMTS5 proteoglycan substrate. Our research emphasises the importance of ADAMTS5 expression in the control of influenza virus infection and highlights the potential for development of ADAMTS5-based therapeutic strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality. The extracellular matrix enzyme ADAMTS5 enhances the clearance of viruses by facilitating migration of T lymphocytes to the periphery following influenza virus infection. Movement of immune cells is critical for effective clearance of pathogens. The response to influenza virus infection requires immune cell trafficking between the lung, mediastinal lymph node and other peripheral lymphoid organs such as the spleen. We set out to assess the contribution of a specific extracellular matrix enzyme, ADAMTS5, to migration of lymphocytes and overall pathogenesis following infection. In our studies, we demonstrate that mice lacking Adamts5 have fewer influenza-specific lymphocytes in the lung and spleen following infection. These observations correlated with an accumulation of influenza-specific lymphocytes in the mediastinal lymph node and increased virus titres. This work suggests that ADAMTS5 is necessary for immune cell migration to the periphery, where lymphocyte function is required to fight infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan McMahon
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Siying Ye
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leonard Izzard
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ralph A. Tripp
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andrew G. D. Bean
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, East Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - John Stambas
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Histopathological changes and mRNA expression in lungs of horses after inhalation anaesthesia with different ventilation strategies. Res Vet Sci 2016; 107:8-15. [PMID: 27473968 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate mechanical ventilation can lead to ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of inhalation anaesthesia and ventilation with and without recruitment (RM) and PEEP titration on alveolar integrity in horses. Twenty-three horses were divided into 4 groups (group OLC ventilated with OLC, group IPPV ventilated with intermittent positive pressure ventilation, group NV non-ventilated, and group C non-anaesthetized control group). After sedation with xylazine and induction with diazepam and ketamine anaesthetized horses were under isoflurane anaesthesia for 5.5h. The horses were euthanized and tissue samples of the dependent and non-dependent lung areas were collected. Histopathological examinations of the lung tissue as well as relative quantification of mRNA of IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, MMP1 and MMP9 by PCR were performed. Horses of group OLC had significantly less alveolar congestion and atelectasis but greater alveolar overdistension compared to groups NV and IPPV. In groups OLC and group IPPV an increase in IL-1β/6 and MMP1/9 was detected compared to groups NV and C. In conclusion, in breathing spontaneously or IPPV-ventilated horses a higher degree of atelectasis was detected, whereas in OLC-ventilated horses a higher degree of overdistention was present. Elevated levels in IL and MMP might be early signs of VILI in ventilated horses.
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30
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Pardo A, Cabrera S, Maldonado M, Selman M. Role of matrix metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2016; 17:23. [PMID: 26944412 PMCID: PMC4779202 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and devastating lung disorder of unknown origin, with very poor prognosis and no effective treatment. The disease is characterized by abnormal activation of alveolar epithelial cells, which secrete numerous mediators involved in the expansion of the fibroblast population, its differentiation to myofibroblasts, and in the exaggerated accumulation of extracellular matrix provoking the loss of lung architecture. Among the excessively produced mediators are several matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) which may contribute to modify the lung microenvironment by various mechanisms. Thus, these enzymes can not only degrade all the components of the extracellular matrix, but they are also able to release, cleave and activate a wide range of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and cell surface receptors affecting numerous cell functions including adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, recruiting and transmigration, and apoptosis. Therefore, dysregulated expression of MMPs may have profound impact on the biopathological mechanisms implicated in the development of IPF. This review focuses on the current and emerging evidence regarding the role of MMPs on the fibrotic processes in IPF as well as in mouse models of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Pardo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, Mexico.
| | - Sandra Cabrera
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, Mexico
| | - Mariel Maldonado
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, Mexico
| | - Moisés Selman
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, México, DF, Mexico
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31
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Craig VJ, Zhang L, Hagood JS, Owen CA. Matrix metalloproteinases as therapeutic targets for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:585-600. [PMID: 26121236 PMCID: PMC4742954 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0020tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a restrictive lung disease that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Current medical therapies are not fully effective at limiting mortality in patients with IPF, and new therapies are urgently needed. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteinases that, together, can degrade all components of the extracellular matrix and numerous nonmatrix proteins. MMPs and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), have been implicated in the pathogenesis of IPF based upon the results of clinical studies reporting elevated levels of MMPs (including MMP-1, MMP-7, MMP-8, and MMP-9) in IPF blood and/or lung samples. Surprisingly, studies of gene-targeted mice in murine models of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) have demonstrated that most MMPs promote (rather than inhibit) the development of PF and have identified diverse mechanisms involved. These mechanisms include MMPs: (1) promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMP-3 and MMP-7); (2) increasing lung levels or activity of profibrotic mediators or reducing lung levels of antifibrotic mediators (MMP-3, MMP-7, and MMP-8); (3) promoting abnormal epithelial cell migration and other aberrant repair processes (MMP-3 and MMP-9); (4) inducing the switching of lung macrophage phenotypes from M1 to M2 types (MMP-10 and MMP-28); and (5) promoting fibrocyte migration (MMP-8). Two MMPs, MMP-13 and MMP-19, have antifibrotic activities in murine models of PF, and two MMPs, MMP-1 and MMP-10, have the potential to limit fibrotic responses to injury. Herein, we review what is known about the contributions of MMPs and TIMPs to the pathogenesis of IPF and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa J. Craig
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James S. Hagood
- Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California, and
- Rady Children’s Hospital of San Diego, San Diego, California; and
| | - Caroline A. Owen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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32
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LeBert DC, Squirrell JM, Rindy J, Broadbridge E, Lui Y, Zakrzewska A, Eliceiri KW, Meijer AH, Huttenlocher A. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 modulates collagen matrices and wound repair. Development 2015; 142:2136-46. [PMID: 26015541 DOI: 10.1242/dev.121160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute and chronic injuries are characterized by leukocyte infiltration into tissues. Although matrix metalloproteinase 9 (Mmp9) has been implicated in both conditions, its role in wound repair remains unclear. We previously reported a zebrafish chronic inflammation mutant caused by an insertion in the hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor gene 1 (hai1; also known as spint1) that is characterized by epithelial extrusions and neutrophil infiltration into the fin. Here, we performed a microarray analysis and found increased inflammatory gene expression in the mutant larvae, including a marked increase in mmp9 expression. Depletion of mmp9 partially rescued the chronic inflammation and epithelial phenotypes, in addition to restoring collagen fiber organization, as detected by second-harmonic generation imaging. Additionally, we found that acute wounding induces epithelial cell mmp9 expression and is associated with a thickening of collagen fibers. Interestingly, depletion of mmp9 impaired this collagen fiber reorganization. Moreover, mmp9 depletion impaired tissue regeneration after tail transection, implicating Mmp9 in acute wound repair. Thus, Mmp9 regulates both acute and chronic tissue damage and plays an essential role in collagen reorganization during wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny C LeBert
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jayne M Squirrell
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Julie Rindy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Elizabeth Broadbridge
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yuming Lui
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Anna Zakrzewska
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Caley MP, Martins VL, O'Toole EA. Metalloproteinases and Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2015; 4:225-234. [PMID: 25945285 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2014.0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are present in both acute and chronic wounds. They play a pivotal role, with their inhibitors, in regulating extracellular matrix degradation and deposition that is essential for wound reepithelialization. The excess protease activity can lead to a chronic nonhealing wound. The timed expression and activation of MMPs in response to wounding are vital for successful wound healing. MMPs are grouped into eight families and display extensive homology within these families. This homology leads in part to the initial failure of MMP inhibitors in clinical trials and the development of alternative methods for modulating the MMP activity. MMP-knockout mouse models display altered wound healing responses, but these are often subtle phenotypic changes indicating the overlapping MMP substrate specificity and inter-MMP compensation. Recent Advances: Recent research has identified several new MMP modulators, including photodynamic therapy, protease-absorbing dressing, microRNA regulation, signaling molecules, and peptides. Critical Issues: Wound healing requires the controlled activity of MMPs at all stages of the wound healing process. The loss of MMP regulation is a characteristic of chronic wounds and contributes to the failure to heal. Future Directions: Further research into how MMPs are regulated should allow the development of novel treatments for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Caley
- Blizard Institute, Centre for Cutaneous Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vera L.C. Martins
- Blizard Institute, Centre for Cutaneous Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edel A. O'Toole
- Blizard Institute, Centre for Cutaneous Research, London, United Kingdom
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Matrix remodeling by MMPs during wound repair. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:113-21. [PMID: 25770908 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Repair following injury involves a range of processes - such as re-epithelialization, scar formation, angiogenesis, inflammation, and more - that function, often together, to restore tissue architecture. MMPs carry out diverse roles in all of these activities. In this article, we discuss how specific MMPs act on ECM during two critical repair processes: re-epithelialization and resolution of scar tissue. For wound closure, we discuss how two MMPs - MMP1 in human epidermis and MMP7 in mucosal epithelia - facilitate re-epithelialization by cleaving different ECM or ECM-associated proteins to affect similar integrin:matrix adhesion. In scars and fibrotic tissues, we discuss that a variety of MMPs carry out a diverse range of activities that can either promote or limit ECM deposition. However, few of these MMP-driven activities have been demonstrated to be due a direct action on ECM.
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Giannandrea M, Parks WC. Diverse functions of matrix metalloproteinases during fibrosis. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:193-203. [PMID: 24713275 PMCID: PMC3917240 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.012062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis--a debilitating condition that can occur in most organs - is characterized by excess deposition of a collagen-rich extracellular matrix (ECM). At first sight, the activities of proteinases that can degrade matrix, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), might be expected to be under-expressed in fibrosis or, if present, could function to resolve the excess matrix. However, as we review here, some MMPs are indeed anti-fibrotic, whereas others can have pro-fibrotic functions. MMPs modulate a range of biological processes, especially processes related to immunity and tissue repair and/or remodeling. Although we do not yet know precisely how MMPs function during fibrosis--that is, the protein substrate or substrates that an individual MMP acts on to effect a specific process--experiments in mouse models demonstrate that MMP-dependent functions during fibrosis are not limited to effects on ECM turnover. Rather, data from diverse models indicate that these proteinases influence cellular activities as varied as proliferation and survival, gene expression, and multiple aspects of inflammation that, in turn, impact outcomes related to fibrosis.
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Expression and vitamin D-mediated regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in healthy skin and in diabetic foot ulcers. Arch Dermatol Res 2014; 306:809-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-014-1494-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
Wound repair requires the integration of complex cellular networks to restore tissue homeostasis. Defects in wound repair are associated with human disease including pyoderma gangrenosum, a heterogeneous disorder that is characterized by unhealed wounds and chronic inflammation of unclear etiology. Despite its clinical importance, there remain significant gaps in understanding how different types of cells communicate to integrate inflammation and wound repair. Recent progress in wound and regenerative biology has been gained by studying genetically tractable model organisms, like zebrafish, that retain the ability to regenerate. The optical transparency and ease of genetic manipulation make zebrafish an ideal model system to dissect multi-cellular and tissue level interactions during wound repair. The focus of this review is on recent advances in understanding how inflammation and wound repair are orchestrated and integrated to achieve wound resolution and tissue regeneration using zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny C LeBert
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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Zheng D, Yin L, Chen J. Evidence for Scgb1a1(+) cells in the generation of p63(+) cells in the damaged lung parenchyma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:595-604. [PMID: 24134540 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0327oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transformation-related protein 63-expressing (p63(+)) basal cells are confined to the trachea in the mouse lung. However, after influenza virus infection or bleomycin treatment, patches of p63(+) cells were observed in the damaged lung parenchyma. To address whether the newly induced p63(+) cells are derived from the p63(+) basal cells, we performed lineage tracing. In a keratin 5 promoter-driven CreER system, although preexisting p63(+) basal cells were labeled by enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) after tamoxifen treatment, none or only a small fraction (∼ 15%) of the p63(+) patches was labeled by EGFP after bleomycin treatment or influenza virus infection, respectively. In contrast, > 60% of p63(+) patches contained EGFP(+) cells in Scgb1a1-CreER transgenic system where club cells are labeled. Many p63(+) cells were found in bronchiole-like lumen structures with columnar cells at the lumen side. The columnar cells were positive for club cell marker Cyp2f2 and could be traced to the newly induced p63(+) cells. These results suggest that most of the newly induced p63(+) cells in the damaged parenchyma are likely derived from club cells rather than from p63(+) basal cells and that newly induced p63(+) cells may be involved in the regeneration of bronchioles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Zheng
- 1 Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore; and
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Xi Y, Tan K, Brumwell AN, Chen SC, Kim YH, Kim TJ, Wei Y, Chapman HA. Inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and pulmonary fibrosis by methacycline. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:51-60. [PMID: 23944988 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0099oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A high-throughput small-molecule screen was conducted to identify inhibitors of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that could be used as tool compounds to test the importance of EMT signaling in vivo during fibrogenesis. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced fibronectin expression and E-cadherin repression in A549 cells were used as 48-hour endpoints in a cell-based imaging screen. Compounds that directly blocked Smad2/3 phosphorylation were excluded. From 2,100 bioactive compounds, methacycline was identified as an inhibitor of A549 EMT with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of roughly 5 μM. In vitro, methacycline inhibited TGF-β1-induced α-smooth muscle actin, Snail1, and collagen I of primary alveolar epithelial cells . Methacycline inhibited TGF-β1-induced non-Smad pathways, including c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38, and Akt activation, but not Smad or β-catenin transcriptional activity. Methacycline had no effect on baseline c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38, or Akt activities or lung fibroblast responses to TGF-β1. In vivo, 100 mg/kg intraperitoneal methacycline delivered daily beginning 10 days after intratracheal bleomycin improved survival at Day 17 (P < 0.01). Bleomycin-induced canonical EMT markers, Snail1, Twist1, collagen I, as well as fibronectin protein and mRNA, were attenuated by methacycline (Day 17). Methacycline did not attenuate inflammatory cell accumulation or alter TGF-β1-responsive genes in alveolar macrophages. These studies identify a novel inhibitor of EMT as a potent suppressor of fibrogenesis, further supporting the concept that EMT signaling is important to lung fibrosis. The findings also provide support for testing the impact of methacycline or doxycycline, an active analog, on progression of human pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xi
- 1 Pulmonary and Critical Care Division and Department of Medicine, and
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Yao H, Hwang JW, Sundar IK, Friedman AE, McBurney MW, Guarente L, Gu W, Kinnula VL, Rahman I. SIRT1 redresses the imbalance of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the development of mouse emphysema and human COPD. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L615-24. [PMID: 24039251 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00249.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin1 (SIRT1), a protein/histone deacetylase, protects against the development of pulmonary emphysema. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this observation remain elusive. The imbalance of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs)/matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/emphysema. We hypothesized that SIRT1 protects against emphysema by redressing the imbalance between MMPs and TIMPs. To test this hypothesis, SIRT1-deficient and overexpressing/transgenic mice were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS). The protein level and activity of MMP-9 were increased in lungs of SIRT1-deficient mice exposed to CS compared with wild-type (WT) littermates, and these effects were attenuated by SIRT1 overexpression. SIRT1 deficiency decreased the level of TIMP-1, which was augmented in SIRT1 transgenic mice compared with WT littermates by CS. However, the level of MMP-2, MMP-12, TIMP-2, TIMP-3, or TIMP-4 was not altered by SIRT1 in response to CS exposure. SIRT1 reduction was associated with imbalance of TIMP-1 and MMP-9 in lungs of smokers and COPD patients. Mass spectrometry and immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that TIMP-1 acetylation on specific lysine residues was increased, whereas its interaction with SIRT1 and MMP-9 was reduced in mouse lungs with emphysema, as well as in lungs of smokers and COPD patients. SIRT1 deficiency increased CS-induced TIMP-1 acetylation, and these effects were attenuated by SIRT1 overexpression. These results suggest that SIRT1 protects against COPD/emphysema, in part, via redressing the TIMP-1/MMP-9 imbalance involving TIMP-1 deacetylation. Thus redressing the TIMP-1/MMP-9 imbalance by pharmacological activation of SIRT1 is an attractive approach in the intervention of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Yao
- Dept. of Environmental Medicine, Univ. of Rochester Medical Center, Box 850, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14642.
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Nkyimbeng T, Ruppert C, Shiomi T, Dahal B, Lang G, Seeger W, Okada Y, D’Armiento J, Günther A. Pivotal role of matrix metalloproteinase 13 in extracellular matrix turnover in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73279. [PMID: 24023851 PMCID: PMC3759404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal disease characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). Objectives We investigated the regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) in lung fibrosis. Methods MMP and TIMP expression, collagenolytic activity and collagen content was assessed in IPF (n=16) versus donor (n=6) lung homogenates and accomplished by in-situ-zymography for gelatinolytic and collagenolytic activities, combined with MMP antigen detection. Role of MMP13 was assessed employing the bleomycin model of lung fibrosis in MMP-13-/- versus wild-type mice. Measurements and Main Results In IPF, MMPs-1, 2, 7, 9 and 13, but not MMP-8, were significantly upregulated, whereas none of the TIMPs (1–4) were significantly altered. Collagen content was slightly increased and collagenolytic activity was most prominent in the airways and co-localized with MMP-13. We observed an exaggerated early inflammatory response and an augmented lung fibrosis in bleomycin-challenged MMP-13-/- versus wild-type mice, with elevated lung collagen content 28d after bleomycin challenge in the MMP-13-/- mice. Conclusions Our data suggest that i) collagen deposition in IPF lungs is not primarily due to excessive TIMP production, but rather due to overwhelming ECM production in face of an overall increased, but spatially imbalanced collagenolytic activity, ii) preferential distribution of collagenolytic activity, largely MMP-13, in the airways offers an explanation for the development of honeycomb cysts and iii) despite an overall increase in inflammatory cell content the presence of MMP-13 seems to limit the overall extent of ECM deposition in lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takwi Nkyimbeng
- University of Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Clemens Ruppert
- University of Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Takayuki Shiomi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bhola Dahal
- University of Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - György Lang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Seeger
- University of Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Yasunori Okada
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeanine D’Armiento
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andreas Günther
- University of Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- Lung Clinic Waldhof-Elgershausen, Greifenstein, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Sun R, Zhou Q, Ye X, Takahata T, Ishiguro A, Kijima H, Nukiwa T, Saijo Y. A change in the number of CCSP(pos)/SPC(pos) cells in mouse lung during development, growth, and repair. Respir Investig 2013; 51:229-40. [PMID: 24238231 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Putative resident stem/progenitor cells have been identified in the bronchoalveolar duct junction (BADJ) of the murine lung. However, the contribution of stem cells expressing both Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) and pro-surfactant protein C (SP-C) to the repair and maintenance of normal homeostasis is still unclear. In this study, we identified and then quantified CD45(neg)/CCSP(pos)/SP-C(pos) cell numbers in normal and lung-injured mice. METHODS Normal lung tissues of fetal, newborn, and adult mice were used to evaluate lung progenitor cells during development and growth. Mice treated with naphthalene were used for the bronchiolar epithelium injury model, and mice treated with bleomycin were used for the alveolar epithelium injury model. These lung tissues were stained with CD45, CCSP, and SP-C antibodies by immunofluorescence. The number of lung progenitor cells was counted as CD45(neg)/CCSP(pos)/SP-C(pos) cells by flow cytometry. RESULTS CCSP(pos)/SP-C(pos) epithelial cells in the BADJ were identified from E18 to 7 months after birth. The percentage of CD45(neg)/CCSP(pos)/SP-C(pos) cells was relatively stable to 7 months (between 0.3±0.04% and 1.28±0.11%). When lungs were treated with naphthalene, the proliferation of CCSP(pos)/SP-C(pos) cells was observed as patches of double-positive cells and preceded the recovery of bronchioles. In contrast, when lungs were treated with bleomycin, the proliferation of CCSP(pos)/SP-C(pos) cells was observed, but the type II alveolar epithelial cells never recovered to baseline. CONCLUSIONS CCSP(pos)/SP-C(pos) lung cells were stable until 7 months after birth. These cells in the BADJ primarily regenerate bronchiolar epithelial cells and not alveolar epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruowen Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Division of Pediatric Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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McKleroy W, Lee TH, Atabai K. Always cleave up your mess: targeting collagen degradation to treat tissue fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 304:L709-21. [PMID: 23564511 PMCID: PMC3680761 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00418.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a vexing clinical problem with no proven therapeutic options. In the normal lung there is continuous collagen synthesis and collagen degradation, and these two processes are precisely balanced to maintain normal tissue architecture. With lung injury there is an increase in the rate of both collagen production and collagen degradation. The increase in collagen degradation is critical in preventing the formation of permanent scar tissue each time the lung is exposed to injury. In pulmonary fibrosis, collagen degradation does not keep pace with collagen production, resulting in extracellular accumulation of fibrillar collagen. Collagen degradation occurs through both extracellular and intracellular pathways. The extracellular pathway involves cleavage of collagen fibrils by proteolytic enzyme including the metalloproteinases. The less-well-described intracellular pathway involves binding and uptake of collagen fragments by fibroblasts and macrophages for lysosomal degradation. The relationship between these two pathways and their relevance to the development of fibrosis is complex. Fibrosis in the lung, liver, and skin has been associated with an impaired degradative environment. Much of the current scientific effort in fibrosis is focused on understanding the pathways that regulate increased collagen production. However, recent reports suggest an important role for collagen turnover and degradation in regulating the severity of tissue fibrosis. The objective of this review is to evaluate the roles of the extracellular and intracellular collagen degradation pathways in the development of fibrosis and to examine whether pulmonary fibrosis can be viewed as a disease of impaired matrix degradation rather than a disease of increased matrix production.
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Affiliation(s)
- William McKleroy
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Lung Biology Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Efficacy of repeated intravenous injection of peramivir against influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection in immunosuppressed mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:2286-94. [PMID: 23478960 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02324-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of intravenous peramivir against influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection was evaluated in mice in which the immune system was suppressed by cyclophosphamide (CP) treatment. The mortality rate of the vehicle control group was 100%, and the mice lost 20% of their body weight on average by day 13 postinfection (p.i.). Repeated administration of peramivir (40 mg/kg of body weight once a day, given intravenously for 20 days), starting at 1 h p.i., significantly reduced mortality, body weight loss, viral titers, and cytokine production in infected mice compared with results for administration of vehicle (P < 0.01). In addition, repeated administration of peramivir, starting at 24 h, 48 h, or 72 h p.i., also resulted in increases in survival rates and reduction of viral titers in the lungs (P < 0.01). The mean days to death (MDD) of the vehicle group was 14.5 days, while in the groups treated with peramivir starting at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h p.i., the MDDs were >23.0, 20.9, and 21.8 days, respectively. In comparison, repeated administration of oseltamivir phosphate (5 mg/kg twice a day, given orally for 20 days), starting at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h p.i., also significantly prevented body weight loss, whereas no significant differences in mortality rates and viral titers in the lungs were observed compared with results for the vehicle group. These data indicated that repeated administration of peramivir was effective in promoting the survival and reducing virus replication in immunosuppressed mice infected with influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus.
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Peng WJ, Yan JW, Wan YN, Wang BX, Tao JH, Yang GJ, Pan HF, Wang J. Matrix Metalloproteinases: A Review of Their Structure and Role in Systemic Sclerosis. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:1409-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Matrix metalloproteinases and epidermal wound repair. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 351:255-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Baron RM, Choi AJS, Owen CA, Choi AMK. Genetically manipulated mouse models of lung disease: potential and pitfalls. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 302:L485-97. [PMID: 22198907 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00085.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene targeting in mice (transgenic and knockout) has provided investigators with an unparalleled armamentarium in recent decades to dissect the cellular and molecular basis of critical pathophysiological states. Fruitful information has been derived from studies using these genetically engineered mice with significant impact on our understanding, not only of specific biological processes spanning cell proliferation to cell death, but also of critical molecular events involved in the pathogenesis of human disease. This review will focus on the use of gene-targeted mice to study various models of lung disease including airways diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and parenchymal lung diseases including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, pneumonia, and acute lung injury. We will attempt to review the current technological approaches of generating gene-targeted mice and the enormous dataset derived from these studies, providing a template for lung investigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Baron
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Sands MF. Localization of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in lung tissue of a murine model of allergic asthma. Immunol Invest 2011; 41:87-96. [PMID: 21644819 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2011.584600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
MMP-9 (gelatinase B) is recognized in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and now asthma as playing a central role in matrix degradation in injury, as well as contributing to the remodeling process. The increasing focus on MMP-9 in human and animal research supports the need for a reliable immunostain in lung tissue. However, MMP-9 immunostaining in murine systems is hampered by several factors. First, many of the anti-human antibodies do not readily cross-react with murine MMP-9 despite the high degree of conservation between human and murine MMP-9. Secondly, the availability of detailed protocols is limited. Lung MMP-9 immunostaining is further complicated by technical issues such as edge effect, availability of positive and negative controls, antigen retrieval, staining specificity, and the need to achieve a delicate balance of primary and secondary antibody concentrations, and colorimetric reagents which will allow visualization of specific cell expression in highly delicate lung tissue, while also demonstrating adequate uptake in (extra-pulmonary) tissue controls. We describe a detailed method for immunostaining MMP-9 in mouse lung paraffin-embedded tissue utilizing human ovary as a control since MMP-9 is known to be over-expressed in human ovarian carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Sands
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, and Veterans Administration Healthcare System of Western New York, Buffalo, USA.
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Lunardi F, Villano G, Perissinotto E, Agostini C, Rea F, Gnoato M, Bradaschia A, Valente M, Pontisso P, Calabrese F. Overexpression of SERPIN B3 promotes epithelial proliferation and lung fibrosis in mice. J Transl Med 2011; 91:945-54. [PMID: 21403642 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
SERPIN B3/B4, members of the serpin superfamily, are fundamental for the control of proteolysis through a known inhibitory function of different proteases. Several studies have documented an important role of SERPIN B3 in the modulation of inflammation, programmed cell death and fibrosis. To confirm the role of SERPIN B3 in lung fibrosis and overall investigate its influence on epithelial dysfunction, a stratified controlled trial randomly assigning bleomycin (BLM) treatment was performed on both SERPIN B3 transgenic (TG) and wild-type (WT) mice. TG and WT animals were killed 48 h (group T48 h) and 20 days (group T20d) after BLM treatment. Lung fibrosis was assessed by histology and hydroxyproline measurement. Architectural remodeling, inflammation, epithelial apoptosis and proliferation were quantified. Moreover, the profibrogenetic cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, cathepsin K, L and S were also investigated. No significant differences were observed between TG and WT mice of group T48 h in any parameters. In group T20d, less inflammation and a significant increase in epithelial proliferation were detected in treated TG than WT mice despite a similar apoptotic index, thus resulting in a different apoptosis/proliferation imbalance with a significant gain of epithelial proliferation. Moreover, TG mice showed higher TGF-β expression and more extended fibrosis. General linear model analysis, applied on morphological data, showed that interaction between SERPIN B3 expression and treatment was mainly significant for fibrosis. This study provides in vivo evidence for a role of SERPIN B3 in inhibiting inflammation and favoring epithelial proliferation with increased TGF-β secretion and thus the likelihood of consequent fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lunardi
- Department of Diagnostic Medical Sciences and Special Therapies, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Adachi K, Mizoguchi K, Kawarada S, Miyoshi A, Suzuki M, Chiba S, Deki T. Effects of erlotinib on lung injury induced by intratracheal administration of bleomycin (BLM) in rats. J Toxicol Sci 2011; 35:503-14. [PMID: 20686337 DOI: 10.2131/jts.35.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease has been reported in cancer patients treated with epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, erlotinib and gefitinib. Preclinical safety studies with erlotinib did not show any evidence for an induction of injury on intact lungs in rats and dogs. In the present study, we investigated the effects of erlotinib on lung injury induced by intratracheal administration of bleomycin (BLM) in rats. In Experiment 1, we examined the effects of short-term (7- and 21-day) administration of erlotinib (10 mg/kg/day, p.o.; subtoxic dose) on the BLM (0.1 or 0.6 mg/rat)-induced lung injury of slight and moderate severity. In Experiment 2, we examined the effects of long term (up to 63-day) administration of higher-dose (up to 20 mg/kg/day; toxic dose; accompanied with decreased body weight gain and severe skin lesions) erlotinib on the BLM-induced lung injury. In rats receiving erlotinib alone, no lung lesions were noted. In rats receiving BLM alone, diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) and, subsequently, pulmonary fibrosis of slight or moderate severity was observed. The administration of erlotinib to BLM-treated rats showed no exacerbation of lung injuries in indices such as macroscopic findings, lung weights, histopathological scores (lung lesion density and lung fibrosis score), and pulmonary hydroxyproline (HyP) level. These results suggest that erlotinib does not have any exacerbating effects on lung injuries induced by BLM in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Adachi
- Safety Assessment Department, Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan.
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