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Chen J, Wu L, Li Y. FGL1 and FGL2: emerging regulators of liver health and disease. Biomark Res 2024; 12:53. [PMID: 38816776 PMCID: PMC11141035 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is a complex group of diseases with high morbidity and mortality rates, emerging as a major global health concern. Recent studies have highlighted the involvement of fibrinogen-like proteins, specifically fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1) and fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2), in the regulation of various liver diseases. FGL1 plays a crucial role in promoting hepatocyte growth, regulating lipid metabolism, and influencing the tumor microenvironment (TME), contributing significantly to liver repair, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and liver cancer. On the other hand, FGL2 is a multifunctional protein known for its role in modulating prothrombin activity and inducing immune tolerance, impacting viral hepatitis, liver fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and liver transplantation. Understanding the functions and mechanisms of fibrinogen-like proteins is essential for the development of effective therapeutic approaches for liver diseases. Additionally, FGL1 has demonstrated potential as a disease biomarker in radiation and drug-induced liver injury as well as HCC, while FGL2 shows promise as a biomarker in viral hepatitis and liver transplantation. The expression levels of these molecules offer exciting prospects for disease assessment. This review provides an overview of the structure and roles of FGL1 and FGL2 in different liver conditions, emphasizing the intricate molecular regulatory processes and advancements in targeted therapies. Furthermore, it explores the potential benefits and challenges of targeting FGL1 and FGL2 for liver disease treatment and the prospects of fibrinogen-like proteins as biomarkers for liver disease, offering insights for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiongming Chen
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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2
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Galpin KJC, Rodriguez GM, Maranda V, Cook DP, Macdonald E, Murshed H, Zhao S, McCloskey CW, Chruscinski A, Levy GA, Ardolino M, Vanderhyden BC. FGL2 promotes tumour growth and attenuates infiltration of activated immune cells in melanoma and ovarian cancer models. Sci Rep 2024; 14:787. [PMID: 38191799 PMCID: PMC10774293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment is infiltrated by immunosuppressive cells, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), which contribute to tumour escape and impede immunotherapy outcomes. Soluble fibrinogen-like protein 2 (sFGL2), a Treg effector protein, inhibits immune cell populations, via receptors FcγRIIB and FcγRIII, leading to downregulation of CD86 in antigen presenting cells and limiting T cell activation. Increased FGL2 expression is associated with tumour progression and poor survival in several different cancers, such as glioblastoma multiforme, lung, renal, liver, colorectal, and prostate cancer. Querying scRNA-seq human cancer data shows FGL2 is produced by cells in the tumour microenvironment (TME), particularly monocytes and macrophages as well as T cells and dendritic cells (DCs), while cancer cells have minimal expression of FGL2. We studied the role of FGL2 exclusively produced by cells in the TME, by leveraging Fgl2 knockout mice. We tested two murine models of cancer in which the role of FGL2 has not been previously studied: epithelial ovarian cancer and melanoma. We show that absence of FGL2 leads to a more activated TME, including activated DCs (CD86+, CD40+) and T cells (CD25+, TIGIT+), as well as demonstrating for the first time that the absence of FGL2 leads to more activated natural killer cells (DNAM-1+, NKG2D+) in the TME. Furthermore, the absence of FGL2 leads to prolonged survival in the B16F10 melanoma model, while the absence of FGL2 synergizes with oncolytic virus to prolong survival in the ID8-p53-/-Brca2-/- ovarian cancer model. In conclusion, targeting FGL2 is a promising cancer treatment strategy alone and in combination immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristianne J C Galpin
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Galaxia M Rodriguez
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Vincent Maranda
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - David P Cook
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Macdonald
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Humaira Murshed
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Shan Zhao
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Curtis W McCloskey
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Andrzej Chruscinski
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary A Levy
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michele Ardolino
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Barbara C Vanderhyden
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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Salters T, Sharpe B, Raychoudhury SS, Nagdas SK. Fibrinogen in Hamster Cauda Sperm. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY & PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 8:10.23880/ijbp-16000237. [PMID: 39145117 PMCID: PMC11323058 DOI: 10.23880/ijbp-16000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Epididymis plays a vital role in promoting sperm maturation and maintaining sperm viability. It has been shown the presence of nonviable sperm in cauda epididymis. We previously identified a secretory protein (260/280KDa oligomers) of hamster cauda epididymal principal cells that binds to nonviable sperm. The 260/280KDa oligomers are composed of 64kDa FGL2 (fibrinogen-like protein-2) and 33kDa FGL1) (fibrinogen-like protein-1). In addition, we have demonstrated that FGL2 is a phospholipid-activated serine protease; the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin by FGL2 followed by the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin polymers by thrombin. In the present study, we have shown the presence of a 56kDa fibrinogen β in hamster cauda sperm. The potential role of fibrinogen in hamster physiology is being discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Salters
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Materials Science, Fayetteville State University, USA
| | - B Sharpe
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Materials Science, Fayetteville State University, USA
| | - SS Raychoudhury
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Health Science, Benedict College, USA
| | - SK Nagdas
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Materials Science, Fayetteville State University, USA
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Nagdas SK, Britney T, Simpson D, Salters T, Raychoudhury SS. Fibrinogen-Related Protein, Fgl2, of Hamster Cauda Epididymal Fluid: Enzymatic Characterization, and Identification of Fgl2-Binding Proteins and Ligand of Defective Hamster Sperm Organelles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY & PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 8:10.23880/ijbp-16000228. [PMID: 39135670 PMCID: PMC11318641 DOI: 10.23880/ijbp-16000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The luminal environment of the mammalian epididymidis performs a dual function; sperm maturation and maintaining sperm viability. We previously identified a secretory protein (260/280KDa oligomers) of hamster cauda epididymal principal cells that binds to nonviable sperm. The 260/280KDa oligomers are composed of 64kDa FGL2 (fibrinogen-like protein-2) and 33kDa FGL1) (fibrinogen-like protein-1). The potential mechanism by which FGL2 binds to degenerative sperm is not clearly demonstrated. In this study, we report the downstream sequence of prothrombinase activity of FGL2, the identification of organelles, and characterize candidate proteins that bind FGL2. The following reaction sequence confirms that FGL2 is a phospholipid-activated serine protease; the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin by FGL2, followed by the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin polymers by thrombin. FGL2 binds intensely to tails than heads of de-membranated sperm. A spectrum of polypeptides of cauda sperm tails binds to FGL2. Proteomic analyses of 65KDa, 16kDa, and 13kDa polypeptides of tails correspond to a-Kinase anchor protein 4, glutathione peroxidase 4, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4, respectively. Annexin V, a calcium-dependent phosphatidylserine-binding protein localized to the flagellum and co-precipitated with FGL2. We have demonstrated a novel protective mechanism for recognizing and eliminating defective spermatozoa from viable sperm population.
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Affiliation(s)
- SK Nagdas
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Materials Science, Fayetteville State University, USA
| | - T Britney
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Materials Science, Fayetteville State University, USA
| | - D Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Materials Science, Fayetteville State University, USA
| | - T Salters
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Materials Science, Fayetteville State University, USA
| | - SS Raychoudhury
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Health Science, Benedict College, USA
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Fu L, Liu Z, Liu Y. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 in inflammatory diseases: A future therapeutic target. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109799. [PMID: 36764282 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2), a member of the fibrinogen family, exists as a membrane-bound protein with immune-associated coagulation activity and a soluble form possessing immunosuppressive functions. The immunomodulatory role of FGL2 is evident in fibrin deposition-associated inflammatory diseases and cancer, suggesting that FGL2 expression could be exploited as a disease biomarker and a therapeutic target. Recently, in vitro studies and knockout and transgenic animal FGL2 models have been used by us and others to reveal the involvement of FGL2 in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the immunomodulatory role of FGL2 in inflammatory diseases and examines the role of FGL2 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, China.
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6
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Zhang S, Rao G, Heimberger A, Li S. Fibrinogen-like protein 2: Its biological function across cell types and the potential to serve as an immunotherapy target for brain tumors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 69:73-79. [PMID: 36085259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain tumors are among the 10 leading causes of cancer-related death and present unique treatment challenges due to their critical location, genetic heterogeneity, and the blood-brain barrier. Recent advances in targeted immunotherapy and immune checkpoint blocking therapy provide alternative therapeutic strategies for brain tumors. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2), which induces transformation from low-grade glioma to high-grade glioblastoma, is a type II membrane protein that is highly expressed in both host immune cells and tumor cells. Studies have uncovered multiple forms of FGL2 proteins with a broad range of roles in inducing immune tolerance and avoiding immune surveillance in tumor cells. Of note, presence of FGL2 transforms low grade to high grade brain tumors via promoting Treg, macrophages, and perhaps stemness. Absence (knockout) of FGL2 in tumor cells (not in host cells) induces CD103 DC cells, which triggers tumor specific CD8 +T cell activity to reject brain tumor progression. Immunotherapies targeting FGL2 have shown great promise in improving survival time in murine models. In this article, we will summarize the biological function of FGL2 in immune and tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ganesh Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amy Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shulin Li
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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7
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Cherny I, Hasin P, Philosoph LK, Shahal-Zimra Y, Gurion R, Rabizadeh E. Presence and activity of Fibrinogen like protein 2 in platelets. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285735. [PMID: 37200306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2) is a serine protease capable of converting prothrombin into thrombin (i.e., prothrombinase-like activity) while bypassing the classic coagulation cascade. It has been reported to be expressed by mononuclear blood cells and endothelial cells. There are multiple reports that FGL2 supports tumor development and metastasis. However, in the blood, the origin and functional significance of FGL2 has not been established. OBJECTIVE To determine if FGL2, a malignancy related enzyme, is present in platelets. METHODS Peripheral blood samples were collected in K2 EDTA tubes. Blood cells and platelets were separated and thoroughly washed to produce plasma-free samples. Procoagulant activity was measured in the cell lysates using a thrombin generation test or an adjusted prothrombin time (PT) test in plasma deficient of factor X. The findings were further supported by confocal microscopy, immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and specific inhibition assays. RESULTS FGL2 protein was readily detected in platelets. Also, despite being expressed by lymphocytes, FGL2 prothrombinase-like activity was solely detected in platelet samples, but not in white blood cell samples. Quiescent platelets were shown to contain the FGL2 protein in an active form. Upon activation, platelets secreted the active FGL2 into the milieu. CONCLUSIONS Active FGL2 is found in platelets. This suggests another role for the involvement of platelets in malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhack Cherny
- Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Pinhas Hasin
- Hematology Laboratory, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | | | - Yael Shahal-Zimra
- Hematology Laboratory, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Ronit Gurion
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Esther Rabizadeh
- Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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8
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Lim SH, Snider J, Birimberg‐Schwartz L, Ip W, Serralha JC, Botelho HM, Lopes‐Pacheco M, Pinto MC, Moutaoufik MT, Zilocchi M, Laselva O, Esmaeili M, Kotlyar M, Lyakisheva A, Tang P, López Vázquez L, Akula I, Aboualizadeh F, Wong V, Grozavu I, Opacak‐Bernardi T, Yao Z, Mendoza M, Babu M, Jurisica I, Gonska T, Bear CE, Amaral MD, Stagljar I. CFTR interactome mapping using the mammalian membrane two-hybrid high-throughput screening system. Mol Syst Biol 2022; 18:e10629. [PMID: 35156780 PMCID: PMC8842165 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202110629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) is a chloride and bicarbonate channel in secretory epithelia with a critical role in maintaining fluid homeostasis. Mutations in CFTR are associated with Cystic Fibrosis (CF), the most common lethal autosomal recessive disorder in Caucasians. While remarkable treatment advances have been made recently in the form of modulator drugs directly rescuing CFTR dysfunction, there is still considerable scope for improvement of therapeutic effectiveness. Here, we report the application of a high-throughput screening variant of the Mammalian Membrane Two-Hybrid (MaMTH-HTS) to map the protein-protein interactions of wild-type (wt) and mutant CFTR (F508del), in an effort to better understand CF cellular effects and identify new drug targets for patient-specific treatments. Combined with functional validation in multiple disease models, we have uncovered candidate proteins with potential roles in CFTR function/CF pathophysiology, including Fibrinogen Like 2 (FGL2), which we demonstrate in patient-derived intestinal organoids has a significant effect on CFTR functional expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyun Lim
- Donnelly CentreUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Jamie Snider
- Donnelly CentreUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Liron Birimberg‐Schwartz
- Programme in Translational MedicineThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoONCanada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Wan Ip
- Programme in Translational MedicineThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoONCanada
| | - Joana C Serralha
- Faculty of SciencesBioISI‐Biosystems and Integrative Sciences InstituteUniversity of LisboaLisboaPortugal
- Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineSchool of Bioscience EducationKing’s College LondonLondonUK
| | - Hugo M Botelho
- Faculty of SciencesBioISI‐Biosystems and Integrative Sciences InstituteUniversity of LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Miquéias Lopes‐Pacheco
- Faculty of SciencesBioISI‐Biosystems and Integrative Sciences InstituteUniversity of LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Madalena C Pinto
- Faculty of SciencesBioISI‐Biosystems and Integrative Sciences InstituteUniversity of LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Mohamed Taha Moutaoufik
- Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation CentreUniversity of ReginaReginaSKCanada
| | - Mara Zilocchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation CentreUniversity of ReginaReginaSKCanada
| | - Onofrio Laselva
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Mohsen Esmaeili
- Program in Genetics and Genome BiologyThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoONCanada
| | - Max Kotlyar
- Osteoarthritis Research ProgramDivision of Orthopedic SurgerySchroeder Arthritis InstituteUniversity Health NetworkTorontoONCanada
- Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic DiseasesKrembil Research InstituteUniversity Health NetworkTorontoONCanada
| | | | | | | | - Indira Akula
- Donnelly CentreUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | | | | | - Ingrid Grozavu
- Donnelly CentreUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | | | - Zhong Yao
- Donnelly CentreUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Meg Mendoza
- Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Mohan Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation CentreUniversity of ReginaReginaSKCanada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Osteoarthritis Research ProgramDivision of Orthopedic SurgerySchroeder Arthritis InstituteUniversity Health NetworkTorontoONCanada
- Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic DiseasesKrembil Research InstituteUniversity Health NetworkTorontoONCanada
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Institute of NeuroimmunologySlovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Tanja Gonska
- Programme in Translational MedicineThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoONCanada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Christine E Bear
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Margarida D Amaral
- Faculty of SciencesBioISI‐Biosystems and Integrative Sciences InstituteUniversity of LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Igor Stagljar
- Donnelly CentreUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Mediterranean Institute for Life SciencesSplitCroatia
- School of MedicineUniversity of SplitSplitCroatia
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9
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Pereira Oliveira G, Kroon EG. Mouse hepatitis virus: A betacoronavirus model to study the virucidal activity of air disinfection equipment on surface contamination. J Virol Methods 2021; 297:114274. [PMID: 34474071 PMCID: PMC8404383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected millions of people worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Betacoronavirus genus, containing the mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), an extensively studied animal coronavirus. Since MHV and SARS-CoV-2 share the same genus, MHV could offer insights relative to SARS-CoV-2 studies. MHV-3 strain causes hepatitis and cellular injury, making MHV-3 infection one of the best models for this debilitating disease. Surrogate coronaviruses have been used for virus resistance and inactivation studies, and although real-life conditions using SARS-CoV-2 should be encouraged, their use needs to be balanced with safety and costs. MHV can be manipulated under BSL2 laboratory conditions, unlike SARS-CoV-2, making it a model for studying the virucidal effects on coronaviruses. In this study, we used the betacoronavirus MHV-3 as a model to investigate the virucidal activity of an air disinfection equipment named STR Solution®, an air sterilizer with patented technology. MHV-3 was dried on different surfaces and exposed at varying distances from the STR Solution® equipment and at different exposure times. The residual infectivity was evaluated using the endpoint method. There was not a significant reduction (mean p-value = 0.4) of the viral titer under STR Solution® exposition. STR Solution® caused a slight decrease of the infectious particles' titer (> 1 log10) only under the following conditions: polypropylene at 3 m, for 1 and 3 h (1.2 log10 reduction TCID50) and Sus domesticus skin at 0.05 m, for 1 h (1.3 log10 reduction TCID50), and at 3 m for 1 h (1.2 log10 reduction TCID50). These and other studies confirm the usefulness of this model to evaluate virucidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Viriontech do Brasil, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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10
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Yu J, Li J, Shen J, Du F, Wu X, Li M, Chen Y, Cho CH, Li X, Xiao Z, Zhao Y. The role of Fibrinogen-like proteins in Cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1079-1087. [PMID: 33867830 PMCID: PMC8040309 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.56748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen-associated protein (FREP) family is a family of proteins with a fibrin domain at the carboxyl terminus. Recent investigations illustrated that two members of FREP family, fibrinogen-like protein-1 (FGL1) and fibrinogen-like protein-2 (FGL2), play crucial roles in cancer by regulating the proliferation, invasion, and migration of tumor cells, or regulating the functions of immune cells in tumor microenvironment. Meanwhile, they are potential targets for medical intervention of tumor development. In this review, we discussed the structure, and the roles of FGL1 and FGL2 in tumors, especially the roles in regulating immune cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hospital (T.C.M) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Fukuan Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Chi Hin Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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11
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El-Mesery M, El-Mowafy M, Youssef LF, El-Mesery A, Abed SY, Elgaml A. Serum Soluble Fibrinogen-Like Protein 2 Represents a Novel Biomarker for Differentiation Between Acute and Chronic Egyptian Hepatitis B Virus-Infected Patients. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2021; 41:52-59. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2020.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Mesery
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammed El-Mowafy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Laila F. Youssef
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Mesery
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sally Yussef Abed
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Applied Medical Science in Jubail, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelaziz Elgaml
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University, New Damietta, Egypt
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12
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Nagdas SK, Wallace S, Eaford D, Baker R, Carr K, Raychoudhuri SS. Fibrinogen-related protein, FGL2, of hamster cauda epididymal fluid: Purification, kinetic analysis of its prothrombinase activity, and its role in segregation of nonviable spermatozoa. Mol Reprod Dev 2020; 87:1206-1218. [PMID: 33216420 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the epididymal environment promotes the maturation and survival of spermatozoa, not all spermatozoa remain viable during passage through the epididymis. Does the epididymis has a protective mechanism(s) to segregate the viable sperm from defective spermatozoa? Previously, we identified 260/280 kDa oligomers (termed eFGL-Epididymal Fibrinogen-Like oligomer) are composed of two disulfide-linked subunits: a 64 kDa polypeptide identified as fibrinogen-like protein-2 (FGL2) and a 33 kDa polypeptide identified as fibrinogen-like protein-1 (FGL1). Our morphological studies demonstrated that the eFGL, secreted from the principal cells of the cauda epididymis, is polymerized into a death cocoon-like complex (DCF), masking defective luminal spermatozoa but, not the viable sperm population. In the present study, we purified FGL2 from hamster cauda epididymal fluid toward homogeneity and its prothrombinase catalytic activity was examined. Time-course conversion studies revealed that all prothrombin was converted to thrombin by purified hamster FGL2. Our biochemical studies demonstrate that FGL2 is a lipid-activated serine protease and functions as a lectin by binding specific carbohydrate residues. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that FGL2 of cauda epididymal fluid is ubiquitinated but not the FGL1. We propose that FGL2/FGL1 oligomers represent a novel and unique mechanism to shield the viable sperm population from degenerating spermatozoa contained within the tubule lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir K Nagdas
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Materials Science, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shamar Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Materials Science, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Don Eaford
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Materials Science, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rashad Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Materials Science, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ky'ara Carr
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Materials Science, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samir S Raychoudhuri
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Health Science, Benedict College, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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13
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Wang Y, Grunewald M, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: An Updated Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2203:1-29. [PMID: 32833200 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0900-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs), enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses, are characterized by club-like spikes that project from their surface, an unusually large RNA genome, and a unique replication strategy. CoVs cause a variety of diseases in mammals and birds ranging from enteritis in cows and pigs, and upper respiratory tract and kidney disease in chickens to lethal human respiratory infections. Most recently, the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019, is the cause of a catastrophic pandemic, COVID-19, with more than 8 million infections diagnosed worldwide by mid-June 2020. Here we provide a brief introduction to CoVs discussing their replication, pathogenicity, and current prevention and treatment strategies. We will also discuss the outbreaks of the highly pathogenic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which are relevant for understanding COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Matthew Grunewald
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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14
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Jouanguy E. Human genetic basis of fulminant viral hepatitis. Hum Genet 2020; 139:877-884. [PMID: 32285199 PMCID: PMC7153696 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In rare cases, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) can cause fulminant viral hepatitis (FVH), characterized by massive hepatocyte necrosis and an inflammatory infiltrate. Other viral etiologies of FVH are rarer. FVH is life-threatening, but the patients are typically otherwise healthy, and normally resistant to other microbes. Only a small minority of infected individuals develop FVH, and this is the key issue to be addressed for this disease. In mice, mouse hepatitis virus 3 (MHV3) infection is the main model for dissecting FVH pathogenesis. Susceptibility to MHV3 differs between genetic backgrounds, with high and low mortality in C57BL6 and A/J mice, respectively. FVH pathogenesis in mice is related to uncontrolled inflammation and fibrinogen deposition. In humans, FVH is typically sporadic, but rare familial forms also exist, suggesting that there may be causal monogenic inborn errors. A recent study reported a single-gene inborn error of human immunity underlying FVH. A patient with autosomal recessive complete IL-18BP deficiency was shown to have FVH following HAV infection. The mechanism probably involves enhanced IL-18- and IFN-γ-dependent killing of hepatocytes by NK and CD8 T cytotoxic cells. Proof-of-principle that FVH can be genetic is important clinically, for the affected patients and their families, and immunologically, for the study of immunity to viruses in the liver. Moreover, the FVH-causing IL18BP genotype suggests that excessive IL-18 immunity may be a general mechanism underlying FVH, perhaps through the enhancement of IFN-γ immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR-1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France. .,Imagine Institute, Paris University, Paris, France. .,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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Leon K, Hennebold JD, Fei SS, Young KA. Transcriptome analysis during photostimulated recrudescence reveals distinct patterns of gene regulation in Siberian hamster ovaries†. Biol Reprod 2020; 102:539-559. [PMID: 31724051 PMCID: PMC7068109 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Siberian hamsters, exposure to short days (SDs, 8 h light:16 h dark) reduces reproductive function centrally by decreasing gonadotropin secretion, whereas subsequent transfer of photoinhibited hamsters to stimulatory long days (LDs, 16 L:8 D) promotes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) release inducing ovarian recrudescence. Although differences between SD and LD ovaries have been investigated, a systematic investigation of the ovarian transcriptome across photoperiod groups to identify potentially novel factors that contribute to photostimulated restoration of ovarian function had not been conducted. Hamsters were assigned to one of four photoperiod groups: LD to maintain ovarian cyclicity, SD to induce ovarian regression, or post transfer (PT), where females housed in SD for 14-weeks were transferred to LD for 2-days or 1-week to reflect photostimulated ovaries prior to (PTd2) and following (PTw1) the return of systemic FSH. Ovarian RNA was extracted to create RNA-sequencing libraries and short-read sequencing Illumina assays that mapped and quantified the ovarian transcriptomes (n = 4/group). Ovarian and uterine masses, plasma FSH, and numbers of antral follicles and corpora lutea decreased in SD as compared to LD ovaries (P < 0.05). When reads were aligned to the mouse genome, 18 548 genes were sufficiently quantified. Most of the differentially expressed genes noted between functional LD ovaries and regressed SD ovaries; however, five main expression patterns were identified across photoperiod groups. These results, generally corroborated by select protein immunostaining, provide a map of photoregulated ovary function and identify novel genes that may contribute to the photostimulated resumption of ovarian activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Leon
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Jon D Hennebold
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Suzanne S Fei
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Kelly A Young
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
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16
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Goralskii L, Radzіkhovsky N, Dyshkant О, Dunaievska O, Sokulskiy I. Experimental study of tropism in cultivated canine coronavirus in the small intestine of puppies. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.15421/021972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The varying extents of natural disease induced by coronavirus in dogs are not completely clear because the pathogenesis of coronavirus enteritis is not studied sufficiently. In this study, based on the results of clinical, virological, morphological and histochemical studies, we determined the pathogenic role of coronavirus in infected dogs using experimental infection, per os, of isolated canine coronavirus (Nick) with titer of infectious activity equaling 4.8 ± 0.04 lg TCID50/cm, cultivated on heterologous cell cultures. This allowed us to determine, supplement, and generalize the data on pathogenesis of the disease and determine the histological changes in the small intestine, where the initial replication of the pathogen takes place. It was found that lesions and the pattern of the pathomorphological changes (destruction, necrosis and edema of the stroma of the villi, lysis of the cytoplasm, deformation of the enterocyte nuclei) in the small intestine of experimentally infected dogs depend on the development of the pathological process related not only to the changes in histoarchitectonics of the wall of the intestine, but also to tension of the histochemical statics, and obviously the dynamic of the cells (accumulation of the main and acidic proteins in enterocytes’ cytoplasm, hypersecretion of the mucus by goblet cells, decrease of Schiff iodine acid-positive substances in the enterocytes’ cytoplasm, formation of basophilous inclusion bodies), which leads to disorders in metabolic processes in the organism of infected dogs as a response to the virus infection. The examined dogs were found to have morphological changes in the small intestine similar to those in spontaneously infected animals. During the action of coronavirus, the contacts between the enterocytes become damaged, which leads to inhibition of the protective functions of the intestine. At the same time, the pathological process in the experimentally infected animals developed rapidly and had an acute course. Thus, coronavirus enteritis as a separate disease is practically unobserved in field conditions, which makes microscopic survey of the pathogenic impact of the latter on the organism of dogs impossible. Therefore, experimental mono-infection allows a detailed study to be conducted of pathomorphological changes of the initial place of the reproduction of the virus – the small intestine affected by coronavirus enteritis.
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17
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Wang Y, Hua R, Xue S, Li W, Wu L, Kang T, Lei M. mRNA/lncRNA expression patterns and the function of fibrinogen-like protein 2 in Meishan pig endometrium during the preimplantation phases. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:354-369. [PMID: 30632236 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic implantation involves a complex and well-coordinated interaction between the developing conceptus and maternal uterus, and the preimplantation period has a major impact on litter size in pigs. The present study aimed to investigate the vital messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that regulate preimplantation in Meishan pigs. The enriched Gene Ontology terms were all related to "binding." Furthermore, "ECM-receptor interaction" was predicted as an important pathway that regulated the success of implantation. We speculated that the differentially expressed mRNAs S100A9, ANXA8, MUC16, and FGL2 and the differentially expressed lncRNAs TCONS_11206566, TCONS_09904861, and TCONS_1252933 may play vital roles in the process of implantation. Furthermore, this study verified that FGL2 was highly expressed on Day 12 of pregnancy, and we also investigated the function of FGL2 during preimplantation in vivo. In conclusion, this study provides useful information for further analyses of the molecular mechanisms of implantation in Chinese domestic pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Wang
- Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Renwu Hua
- Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Songyi Xue
- Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenchao Li
- Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lihang Wu
- Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Kang
- Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Minggang Lei
- Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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18
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Yu H, Liu Y, Wang H, Wan X, Huang J, Yan W, Xi D, Luo X, Shen G, Ning Q. Clara Cell 10 kDa Protein Alleviates Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain 3-Induced Fulminant Hepatitis by Inhibiting Fibrinogen-Like Protein 2 Expression. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2935. [PMID: 30619295 PMCID: PMC6300492 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fulminant hepatitis (FH) is a serious threat to human life, accompanied by massive and rapid necroinflammation. Kupffer cells, the major immune cell population involved in innate immune responses, are considered to be central for FH. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (Fgl2) is a pro-coagulant protein that is substantially induced in macrophages upon viral infection, and Fgl2 depletion represses murine hepatitis virus strain 3 (MHV-3) infection. Clara cell 10 kDa (CC10) protein is a secretory protein with anti-inflammatory properties in allergic rhinitis and asthma. However, its mechanisms of action and pathogenic roles in other disease are still unclear. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of CC10 in FH and the regulation of Fgl2 by CC10. Methods: A mouse FH model was established by peritoneal injection of MHV-3. The mice received CC10 protein through tail vein injection before viral infection. Survival rate, liver function, liver histology, fibrin deposition, and necrosis were examined. The regulatory effect of CC10 on Fgl2 expression was investigated using THP-1 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Results: In the mouse FH model induced by MHV-3, the survival rate increased from 0 to 12.5% in the CC10 group compared to that in the saline-only control group. Meanwhile, the levels of ALT and AST in serum were significantly decreased and liver damage was reduced. Furthermore, hepatic Fgl2, TNF-α, and IL-1β expression was obviously downregulated together with fibrin deposition, and hepatocyte apoptosis was reduced after administration of CC10 protein. In vitro, CC10 was found to significantly inhibit the expression of Fgl2 in IFN-γ-treated THP-1 cells and MHV-3-infected mouse peritoneal macrophages by western blot and real-time PCR. However, there was no direct interaction between CC10 and Fgl2 as shown by co-immunoprecipitation. Microarray investigations suggested that HMG-box transcription factor 1 (HBP1) was significantly low in CC10-treated and IFN-γ-primed THP-1 cells. HBP1-siRNA treatment abrogated the inhibitory effect of CC10 on Fgl2 expression in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial cells (HUVECs). Conclusion:CC10 protects against MHV-3-induced FH via suppression of Fgl2 expression in macrophages. Such effects may be mediated by the transcription factor HBP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongwu Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaquan Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiming Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Xi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanxin Shen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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19
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Van Tong H, Van Ba N, Hoan NX, Binh MT, Quyen DT, Son HA, Van Luong H, Quyet D, Meyer CG, Song LH, Toan NL, Velavan TP. Soluble fibrinogen-like protein 2 levels in patients with hepatitis B virus-related liver diseases. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:553. [PMID: 30419833 PMCID: PMC6233598 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical progression of HBV-related liver diseases is largely associated with the activity of HBV-specific T cells. Soluble fibrinogen-like protein 2 (sFGL2), mainly secreted by T cells, is an important effector molecule of the immune system. METHODS sFGL2 levels were determined by ELISA assays in sera of 296 HBV patients clinically classified into the subgroups of acute hepatitis B (AHB), chronic hepatitis B (CHB), liver cirrhosis (LC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and patients with LC plus HCC. As control group, 158 healthy individuals were included. FGL2 mRNA was quantified by qRT-PCR in 32 pairs of tumor and adjacent non-tumor liver tissues. RESULTS sFGL2 levels were elevated in HBV patients compared to healthy controls (P < 0.0001). In the patient group, sFGL2 levels were increased in AHB compared to CHB patients (P = 0.017). sFGL2 levels were higher in LC patients compared to those without LC (P = 0.006) and were increased according to the development of cirrhosis as staged by Child-Pugh scores (P = 0.024). Similarly, HCC patients had increased sFGL2 levels compared to CHB patients (P = 0.033) and FGL2 mRNA was up-regulated in tumor tissues compared to adjacent non-tumor tissues (P = 0.043). In addition, sFGL2 levels were positively correlated with HBV-DNA loads and AST (Spearman's rho = 0.21, 0.25 and P = 0.006, 0.023, respectively), but reversely correlated with platelet counts and albumin levels (Spearman's rho = - 0.27, - 0.24 and P = 0.014, 0.033, respectively). CONCLUSIONS sFGL2 levels are induced by HBV infection and correlated with the progression and clinical outcome of HBV-related liver diseases. Thus, sFGL2 may serve as a potential indicator for HBV-related liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Van Tong
- Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam Military Medical University, 222 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam. .,Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam. .,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Nguyen Van Ba
- Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam Military Medical University, 222 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nghiem Xuan Hoan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.,108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Vietnamese-German Center of Excellence in Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mai Thanh Binh
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.,108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Vietnamese-German Center of Excellence in Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dao Thanh Quyen
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.,108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Vietnamese-German Center of Excellence in Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ho Anh Son
- Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam Military Medical University, 222 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Van Luong
- Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam Military Medical University, 222 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Do Quyet
- Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam Military Medical University, 222 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Christian G Meyer
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.,Vietnamese-German Center of Excellence in Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Medical Faculty, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Le Huu Song
- 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Vietnamese-German Center of Excellence in Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Linh Toan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany. .,Vietnamese-German Center of Excellence in Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam. .,Medical Faculty, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.
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20
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Zheng Z, Zhang F, Gao D, Wu Y, Wu H. Gene expression profiles of rat MMECs with different glucose levels and fgl2 gene silencing. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2018; 34:e3058. [PMID: 30098304 PMCID: PMC11035109 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (MMECs) is one of the key factors in the process of diabetic cardiomyopathy, a common chronic complication of diabetes. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2) is linked to apoptosis, angiogenesis, and inflammatory response, all of which also occur in diabetes. Thus, we investigate the role of FGL 2 and other genes in the pathology of diabetic cardiomyopathy. METHODS In the present study, we used high-throughput microarray to profile gene expression in rat myocardial MMECs with or without silencing the fgl2 gene and in different glucose environments. We use volcanic maps to isolate genes with significantly different expression levels between conditions, using the standard statistical criteria of fold changes ≥1.5 and P-values ≤0.05. From this list, we identified genes with the most signicant changes in RNA levels and confirmed their protein-level changes with Western blot. Furthermore, bioinformatic analysis predicts possible pathophysiology and clinical relevance of these proteins in diabetic cardiomyopathy. RESULTS We identified 17 upregulated and 15 downregulated genes caused by silencing fgl2 gene. Most of them are involved in metabolism, ion transport, cell membrane surface recognition signal modification, inflammatory response, and immune response. Using Western blot, we were able to confirm protein-level expression changes of three genes. Specifically, in both normal and high glucose conditions, silencing fgl2 significantly decreased the expression levels of CCL3 and PLAGL1 while increasing the expression level of CTSC. Significantly, bioinformatic analyses show that CCL3 is related to type 1 diabetes, PLAGL1 to cardiomyocytes, and CTSC to albuminuria in type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides clues for further studies on the mechanism of diabetic cardiomyopathy as well as function of FGL2 in this process, potentially offering new therapeutic strategies for treating diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhong Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of NanchangUniversity, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Hypertension Research Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, People’s Hospital of Hunan Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Chang sha, Hunan, China
| | - Dengpeng Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of NanchangUniversity, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Hypertension Research Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yujing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of NanchangUniversity, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Hypertension Research Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Cheng X, Wang H, Yang J, Cheng Y, Wang D, Yang F, Li Y, Zhou D, Wang Y, Xue Z, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Yang L, Zhang R, Da Y. Arctigenin protects against liver injury from acute hepatitis by suppressing immune cells in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:464-471. [PMID: 29579707 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a phenylpropanoid and dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan present in medical plants, such as those used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine, including Arctium lappa (Niubang), arctigenin exhibits antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. In this study, we investigated the protective role of arctigenin in Concanavalin A (ConA)-induced acute hepatitis in mice. Arctigenin remarkably reduced the congestion and necroinflammation of livers, and improved hepatic function (ALT and AST) in ConA-induced acute hepatitis in vivo. The infiltration of CD4 T, NKT and macrophages into the livers was found to be reduced with arctigenin treatment. Arctigenin suppressed ConA-induced T lymphocyte proliferations that might have resulted from enhanced IL-10 production by macrophages and CD4 T cells. These results suggested that arctigenin could be a powerful drug candidate for acute hepatitis through immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Cheng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Binhai New Area Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huafeng Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
| | - Jinlai Yang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingnan Cheng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengrui Yang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanxia Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
| | - Zhenyi Xue
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Luhong Yang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yurong Da
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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22
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Tang Y, Li H, Li J, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhou J, Zhou J, Lu X, Zhao W, Hou J, Wang XY, Chen Z, Zuo D. Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 contributes to pathogenesis of fulminant hepatitis via neutrophil-mediated complement activation. J Hepatol 2018; 68:733-743. [PMID: 29154963 PMCID: PMC5951742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (Msr1, also called SRA) is a pattern recognition receptor primarily expressed on myeloid cells, which plays an important role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Since MSR1 expression was upregulated in the livers of patients with fulminant hepatitis (FH), we investigated the functional mechanism of Msr1 in FH pathogenesis. METHODS Msr1-deficient (Msr1-/-) mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates were infected with mouse hepatitis virus strain-A59 (MHV-A59) to induce FH, and the levels of tissue damage, serum alanine aminotransferase, inflammatory cytokines and complement component 5a (C5a) were measured and compared. Liver injury was studied after MHV infection with or without neutrophil depletion. RESULTS Our results showed that Msr1-/- mice were resistant to MHV-induced hepatitis. Treatment with the C5a receptor antagonist (C5aRa) diminished the differences in inflammatory responses and liver injury between MHV-infected wild-type and Msr1-/- mice, suggesting that C5a-induced pro-inflammatory response plays a critical role in the Msr1-mediated regulation of FH pathogenesis. We demonstrated that Msr1 efficiently enhanced transforming growth factor-activated kinase-1 phosphorylation in neutrophils upon MHV-A59 stimulation, thereby promoting the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway and subsequent NETosis formation. Moreover, we provided evidence that blockage of Msr1 attenuated the liver damage caused by MHV-A59 infection. CONCLUSIONS Msr1 promotes the pathogenesis of virus-induced FH by enhancing induction of neutrophil NETosis and subsequent complement activation. Targeting Msr1 may be employed as a new immunotherapeutic strategy for FH. LAY SUMMARY Virus-induced fulminant hepatitis (FH) is a disease with a high mortality worldwide. Enhanced levels of macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (Msr1) in the liver of patients with FH and of murine experimental FH indicated Msr1 plays a role in the pathogenesis of FH. Herein, we demonstrate that mice deficient in Msr1 are resistant to FH induced by MHV-A59, and the Msr1 inhibitor fucoidan suppresses the progression of FH in mice. Our study suggests that use of drugs inhibiting MSR1 function could be beneficial to patients with FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Huifang Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Junru Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yunzhi Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yanli Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jinlin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Zhengliang Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| | - Daming Zuo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
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23
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Liu XG, Liu Y, Chen F. Soluble fibrinogen like protein 2 (sFGL2), the novel effector molecule for immunoregulation. Oncotarget 2018; 8:3711-3723. [PMID: 27732962 PMCID: PMC5356913 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble fibrinogen-like protein 2 (sFGL2) is the soluble form of fibrinogen-like protein 2 belonging to the fibrinogen-related protein superfamily. It is now well characterized that sFGL2 is mainly secreted by regulatory T cell (Treg) populations, and exerts potently immunosuppressive activities. By repressing not only the differentiation and proliferation of T cells but also the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), sFGL2 acts largely as an immunosuppressant. Moreover, sFGL2 also induces apoptosis of B cells, tubular epithelial cells (TECs), sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs), and hepatocytes. This mini-review focuses primarily on the recent literature with respect to the signaling mechanism of sFGL2 in immunomodulation, and discusses the clinical implications of sFGL2 in transplantation, hepatitis, autoimmunity, and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Guang Liu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China.,Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Beijing, China
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24
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Dong XL, Lin HH, Chen RP, Zhou HD, Hong WD, Chen XR, Huang QK, Sun XC, Huang ZM. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 prothrombinase may contribute to the progression of inflammatory bowel disease by mediating immune coagulation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:1629-1636. [PMID: 31938262 PMCID: PMC6958117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and coagulation are interdependent processes that enable each process to activate and propagate the other in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Thus, we investigated the role of a novel immune coagulant, fibrinogen-like protein 2 prothrombinase (FGL2), in patients and mice with IBD. 83 IBD patients and 40 normal controls were enrolled, and trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis mice were used. Expression of FGL2 in the intestine was detected by immunohistochemistry. Using serial sections, staining was performed to detect tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) expression, and to demonstrate co-localization of FGL2 with macrophages and fibrin. Correlations between FGL2 expression with some common laboratory parameters were examined. FGL2 was seen primarily in inflammatory infiltrating cells, mainly macrophages, and microvascular vessels and had a strong co-localization with fibrin deposition. IBD patients and mice had increased expression of FGL2 compared with controls. Furthermore, FGL2 expression was correlated with intestinal and plasmatic TNF-α expression, mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet count (PLT), platelet-crit (PCT), and fibrinogen. Our data indicate that FGL2 may mediate immune coagulation in IBD patients. It may be considered as a novel molecule that contributes to the onset and development of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Li Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityOuhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hai-Hua Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineBinjiang District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ren-Pin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityOuhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huan-Dong Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Hangzhou Third HospitalShangcheng District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wan-Dong Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityOuhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityOuhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing-Ke Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityOuhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue-Cheng Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityOuhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityOuhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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25
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Keihanian F, Saeidinia A, Bagheri RK, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Curcumin, hemostasis, thrombosis, and coagulation. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:4497-4511. [PMID: 29052850 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease is a major cause of mortality throughout the world. Platelet activation and aggregation play a central role in hemostasis and thrombosis. Herbal medicines have been traditionally used in the management of cardiovascular disease and can help in modifying its progression, particularly in hemostasis and the coagulation process, as well as altering platelet function tests and some coagulation parameters. Curcumin is a polyphenol derived from the Curcuma longa plant and has been used extensively in complementary and alternative medicine, as it is nontoxic and safe with various therapeutic properties. Modern scientific research has demonstrated its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, antithrombotic, and cardiovascular protective effects. The present study reviewed previous studies in the literature, which support the positive activity of curcumin in hemostasis, anticoagulation, and fibrinolysis. We also presented molecular mechanisms associated with the antiplatelet and anticoagulant activities of curcumin and potential implications for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faeze Keihanian
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Booali Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Cardiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amin Saeidinia
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ramin Khameneh Bagheri
- Cardiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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26
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Adenovirus-mediated artificial miRNA targetting fibrinogen-like protein 2 attenuates the severity of acute pancreatitis in mice. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170964. [PMID: 29054965 PMCID: PMC5700271 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) remains to be challenging for its unpredictable inflammatory progression from acute pancreatitis to SAP. Apoptosis is an important pathology of SAP. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2) has been reported to be involved in apoptosis. The present study aimed to explore the therapeutic effect of an adenovirus-mediated artificial miRNA targetting FGL2 (Ad-FGL2-miRNA) in taurocholate-induced murine pancreatitis models. Sodium taurocholate was retrogradely injected into the biliopancreatic ducts of the C57/BL mice to induce SAP. FGL2 expression was measured with reverse transcription-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical staining. ELISA was used to detect the activity of amylase and the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). In addition, the mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were also detected. Finally, apoptosis was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) method and Western blotting. Ad-FGL2-miRNA significantly suppressed FGL2 expression and alleviated pancreatic injury. Also, Ad-FGL2-miRNA markedly inhibited a post-SAP increase in the activation of TNF-α and IL-1β. Finally, pretreatment with Ad-FGL2-miRNA ameliorated apoptosis at the early stage of SAP by modulating cleaved caspase-3 and therefore played a protective role. These results indicated that FGL2 might be a promising target for attenuating the severity of SAP and adenovirus-mediated artificial miRNAs targetting FGL2 represented a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of SAP.
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27
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Tang M, Cao X, Li P, Zhang K, Li Y, Zheng QY, Li GQ, Chen J, Xu GL, Zhang KQ. Increased expression of Fibrinogen-Like Protein 2 is associated with poor prognosis in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12676. [PMID: 28978925 PMCID: PMC5627263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2) is highly expressed in various tumour tissues and plays a vital role in tumour initiation and progression. This study evaluated the clinical significance of FGL2 in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). FGL2 expression in fresh and 170 archived paraffin-embedded ccRCC tissues was measured by quantitative RT-PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemitry. FGL2 expression was significantly upregulated in ccRCC. Statistical analyses by using Kaplan-Meier method showed that high FGL2 expression was associated with poor overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) of patients with ccRCC. Multivariate analyses indicated that FGL2 was as an independent prognostic factor of survivaland that tumoural FGL2 levels could significantly predict the prognosis of patients with early-stage ccRCC. Nomogram systems, which integrated FGL2 expression and other clinical parameters, were established and were found to be better than TNM staging in predicting the OS and RFS of patients with ccRCC. FGL2 silencing led to a significant reduction in cells viability and increase in cells apoptosis, accompanied with a reduced ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK activation, in ccRCC cells. Thus, our results suggest that high FGL2 expression is a novel, independent, and an adverse prognostic factor of clinical outcomes in patients with ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Nephrology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - You Li
- Department of Nephrology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Quan-You Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Gui-Qing Li
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Gui-Lian Xu
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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28
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Zhang C, Shao Y, Yang S, Bi X, Li L, Wang H, Yang N, Li Z, Sun C, Li L, Lü G, Aji T, Vuitton DA, Lin R, Wen H. T-cell tolerance and exhaustion in the clearance of Echinococcus multilocularis: role of inoculum size in a quantitative hepatic experimental model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11153. [PMID: 28894272 PMCID: PMC5593833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The local immune mechanisms responsible for either self-healing or sustained chronic infection are not clear, in the development of E. multilocularis larvae. Here, we developed a suitable experimental model that mimics naturally infected livers, according to the parasite load. We demonstrated that local cellular immunity and fibrogenesis are actually protective and fully able to limit metacestode growth in the liver of low or medium dose-infected mice (LDG or MDG), or even to clear it, while impairment of cellular immunity is followed by a more rapid and severe course of the disease in high dose-infected mice (HDG). And recruitment and/ or proliferation of memory T cells (including CD4 Tem, CD8 Tcm and CD8 Tem) and imbalance of T1/T2/T17/Treg-type T cells in liver were not only associated with clearance of the parasite infection in LDG, but also with increased hepatic injury in HDG; in particular the dual role of CD8 T cells depending on the parasite load and the various stages of metacestode growth. Besides, we first demonstrate the association between LAG3- or 2B4-expressing T cells exhaustion and HD inocula in late stages. Our quantitative experimental model appears fully appropriate to study immunomodulation as a therapeutic strategy for patients with Alveolar Echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, and WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yingmei Shao
- Department of Hepatic Hydatid and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, and WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaojuan Bi
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, and WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease (Chinese Academy of Medical Science), School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, and WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhide Li
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, and WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease (Chinese Academy of Medical Science), School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liang Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guodong Lü
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, and WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tuerganaili Aji
- Department of Hepatic Hydatid and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dominique A Vuitton
- WHO-Collaborating Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, Department of Parasitology, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté (EA 3181) and University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Renyong Lin
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, and WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, and WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China. .,Department of Hepatic Hydatid and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
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29
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El-Mesery M, El-Mowafy M, Elgaml A, Youssef LF, Abed SY. Correlation of Serum Soluble Fibrinogen-Like Protein 2 with Soluble FAS Ligand and Interferon Gamma in Egyptian Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Patients and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2017; 37:342-347. [PMID: 28609212 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains one of the serious human diseases worldwide, especially in Egypt, which can lead to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the exact molecular mechanism of HCC progress in HCV-infected patients remains unclear. Soluble fibrinogen-like protein 2 (sFGL2) is a modulator of the immune response that is secreted by T cells and inhibits maturation of dendritic cells and T cell proliferation. In the current study, serum sFGL2 levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique in 30 chronic HCV-infected patients (HCV group), 30 chronic HCV-infected patients with HCC (HCC group), and 12 healthy individuals (control group). Moreover, serum levels of soluble FAS ligand (sFASL) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) were analyzed and correlated with sFGL2 levels. According to our results, serum sFGL2 levels were significantly elevated in all patients with chronic HCV infection. However, HCC patients showed lower sFGL2 levels than HCV-infected patients without HCC incidence. In addition, serum sFASL levels were significantly elevated in both HCV and HCC groups, whereas serum IFN-γ levels were only elevated in the HCC group. Interestingly, sFGL2 correlated positively with serum total bilirubin level and negatively with serum levels of sFASL, IFN-γ, and albumin in HCV and HCC groups. Thus, conclusively, sFGL2 level increases in Egyptian HCV-infected and HCC patients. Taken together, the current work may open future possibility of designing new treatment strategies for HCV infection targeting sFGL2 and its immunosuppressive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Mesery
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammed El-Mowafy
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abdelaziz Elgaml
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Laila F Youssef
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sally Y Abed
- 3 Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
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A disparate subset of double-negative T cells contributes to the outcome of murine fulminant viral hepatitis via effector molecule fibrinogen-like protein 2. Immunol Res 2016; 64:518-30. [PMID: 26482053 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8727-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The underlying immune-mediated mechanisms involved in virus-induced severe hepatitis have not been well elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of CD3(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative T (DN T) cells in the pathogenesis of fulminant viral hepatitis (FVH) induced by murine hepatitis virus strain 3 (MHV-3). After MHV-3 infection, the proportions of DN T cells increased significantly in BALB/cJ mice, and splenic DN T cells expressing high levels of CD69 were recruited by MHV-3-infected hepatocytes to the liver. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and total bilirubin increased, accompanied by massive hepatocyte necrosis. These DN T cells were predominantly consisted of a TCRαβ(+) subset expressing high levels of CD44 and did not produce cytokine except IL-2. Adoptive transfer of this subset of DN T cells to the MHV-3-infected mice resulted in an increase in murine fibrinogen-like protein 2 (mfgl2) expressions in association with massive fibrin deposition in the liver. Following MHV-3 infection, membrane mfgl2 expression and functional procoagulant activity increased remarkably in the DN T cells. Introduction of a recombinant adenovirus which encoded a microRNA specifically targeting mfgl2 gene (Ad-mfgl2-miRNA) in vivo significantly inhibited the hepatic expression of mfgl2 and improved survival in mice. However, under this condition, adoptive transfer of the DN T cells accelerated the disease progression and reversed the benefit from mfgl2 gene silence, leading to a 100 % death rate. Our results demonstrate that DN T cells contribute to the outcome of MHV-3-induced FVH via an important effector molecule mfgl2.
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Abstract
Cystic and alveolar echinococcosis are severe chronic helminthic diseases caused by the cystic growth or the intrahepatic tumour-like growth of the metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis, respectively. Both parasites have evolved sophisticated strategies to escape host immune responses, mainly by manipulating and directing this immune response towards anergy and/or tolerance. Recent research studies have revealed a number of respective immunoregulatory mechanisms related to macrophages and dendritic cell as well as T cell activities (regulatory T cells, Tregs). A better understanding of this complex parasite-host relationship, and the elucidation of specific crucial events that lead to disease, represents targets towards the development of novel treatment strategies and options.
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Nagdas SK, Winfrey VP, Olson GE. Two fibrinogen-like proteins, FGL1 and FGL2 are disulfide-linked subunits of oligomers that specifically bind nonviable spermatozoa. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 80:163-172. [PMID: 27732889 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nevertheless, a nonviable sperm population is present in the cauda epididymidis of many species. Degenerating spermatozoa release enzymes that could have detrimental effects on the viability of neighboring cells, and they are source of autoantigens that induce an autoimmune response if they escape the blood-epididymis barrier. Does the epididymis have specialized protective mechanism(s) to segregate the viable sperm population from defective spermatozoa? Previously, we identified a fibrinogen-like protein-2 (fgl2) that specifically binds to and polymerizes into a cocoon-like complex coating defective spermatozoa and sperm fragments. The objective of the present study is to identify the subunit composition of the fgl2-containing oligomers both in the soluble and cocoon-like complex. Our proteomic studies indicate that the 260/280kDa oligomers (termed eFGL) contain two distinct disulfide-linked subunits; 64kDa fgl2 and 33kDa fgl1. Utilizing a PCR-based cloning strategy, the 33kDa polypeptide has been identified as fibrinogen-like protein-1 (fgl1). Immunocytochemical studies revealed that fgl1 selectively binds to defective spermatozoa in the cauda epididymidis. Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization demonstrated the high expression of fgl1 in the principal cells of the proximal cauda epididymidis. Co-immunoprecipitation analyses of cauda epididymal fluid, using anti-fgl2, demonstrate that both fgl1 and fgl2 are present in the soluble eFGL. Our study is the first to show an association of fgl1 and fgl2 both in the soluble and in the sperm-associated eFGL. We conclude that our results provide new insights into the mechanisms by which the potentially unique epididymal protein functions in the recognition and elimination of defective spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir K Nagdas
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, NC, 28301, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - Virginia P Winfrey
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Gary E Olson
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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Phillippe M, Wolff D, Saunders T, Thomas L, Chapa J. Intrauterine Expression of Prothrombin in the Sprague-Dawley Rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107155760200900504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Phillippe
- Section of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Fletcher Allen Health Care, Burgess 202, 111 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05401
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Chapa
- Section of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Cloning and Tissue expression of the Tissue Prothrombinase Fgl-2 in the Sprague-Dawley Rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1071-55760200252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Wang M, Liu J, Xi D, Luo X, Ning Q. Adenovirus-mediated artificial microRNA against human fibrinogen like protein 2 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth. J Gene Med 2016; 18:102-11. [PMID: 27163335 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Junhui Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Dong Xi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
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Shafik NM, Abou-Fard GM. Ameliorative Effects of Curcumin on Fibrinogen-Like Protein-2 Gene Expression, Some Oxido-Inflammatory and Apoptotic Markers in a Rat Model of l-Arginine-Induced Acute Pancreatitis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2016; 30:302-8. [PMID: 26862043 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the ameliorative effects of curcumin on fibrinogen like protein-2 (fgl-2), some oxido-inflammatory and apoptotic markers in rat-induced acute pancreatitis (AP). Seventy-five albino rats were divided into control group, l-arginine (l-Arg)-induced AP group, curcumin pre-treated group before AP induction, curcumin post-treated group after AP induction, and curcumin injected group only. AP group showed severe necrotizing pancreatitis confirmed by histopathological changes and elevations in serum amylase and lipase activities, levels of epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78, tissue content of protein carbonyls, levels of tumor necrosis factor α, and caspase-3 as well as myeloperoxidase activity. Significant elevation in pancreatic fgl-2 mRNA expression was detected in AP group. Improvement of all parameters was detected with increase of caspase-3 in both curcumin-treated groups that confirmed curcumin ameliorative effects against AP through induction of apoptosis and inhibition of micro-thrombosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M Shafik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Ghada M Abou-Fard
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Gottstein B, Wang J, Boubaker G, Marinova I, Spiliotis M, Müller N, Hemphill A. Susceptibility versus resistance in alveolar echinococcosis (larval infection with Echinococcus multilocularis). Vet Parasitol 2015; 213:103-9. [PMID: 26260407 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the majority of human individuals exposed to infection with Echinococcus spp. eggs exhibit resistance to disease as shown by either seroconversion to parasite--specific antigens, and/or the presence of 'dying out' or 'aborted' metacestodes, not including hereby those individuals who putatively got infected but did not seroconvert and who subsequently allowed no development of the pathogen. For those individuals where infection leads to disease, the developing parasite is partially controlled by host immunity. In infected humans, the type of immune response developed by the host accounts for the subsequent trichotomy concerning the parasite development: (i) seroconversion proving infection, but lack of any hepatic lesion indicating the failure of the parasite to establish and further develop within the liver; or resistance as shown by the presence of fully calcified lesions; (ii) controlled susceptibility as found in the "conventional" alveolar echinococcosis (AE) patients who experience clinical signs and symptoms approximately 5-15 years after infection, and (iii) uncontrolled hyperproliferation of the metacestode due to an impaired immune response (AIDS or other immunodeficiencies). Immunomodulation of host immunity toward anergy seems to be triggered by parasite metabolites. Beside immunomodulating IL-10, TGFβ-driven regulatory T cells have been shown to play a crucial role in the parasite-modulated progressive course of AE. A novel CD4+CD25+ Treg effector molecule FGL2 recently yielded new insight into the tolerance process in Echinococcus multilocularis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Junhua Wang
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ghalia Boubaker
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Irina Marinova
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Spiliotis
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Fibrinogen-like protein 2 gene silencing inhibits cardiomyocytes apoptosis, improves heart function of streptozotocin-induced diabetes rats and the molecular mechanism involved. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:BSR20150078. [PMID: 26182381 PMCID: PMC4613684 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We assumed that Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (Fgl2) plays an important role during the process of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). In the present study, we test that the feasibility of Fgl2 as a therapeutic target for the treatment of DCM and its possible molecular mechanism involved. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (Fgl2) is involved in apoptosis, angiogenesis and inflammatory response. Diabetes is closely associated with apoptosis, angiogenesis and coagulation. So it allowed us to assume that Fgl2 plays an important role during the process of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). In the present study, we test that the feasibility of Fgl2 as a therapeutic target for the treatment of DCM and its possible molecular mechanism involved. We found that Fgl2 gene silencing inhibits apoptosis and improves heart function of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes rats, the possible mechanism maybe that Fgl2 gene silencing reduces the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)±levels, decreases the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (bcl2), bcl-2-associated X (bax), toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). In conclusion, Fgl2 is a potent target to treat DCM.
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Deletion of Fibrinogen-like Protein 2 (FGL-2), a Novel CD4+ CD25+ Treg Effector Molecule, Leads to Improved Control of Echinococcus multilocularis Infection in Mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003755. [PMID: 25955764 PMCID: PMC4425495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The growth potential of the tumor-like Echinococcus multilocularis metacestode (causing alveolar echinococcosis, AE) is directly linked to the nature/function of the periparasitic host immune-mediated processes. We previously showed that Fibrinogen-like-protein 2 (FGL2), a novel CD4+CD25+ Treg effector molecule, was over-expressed in the liver of mice experimentally infected with E. multilocularis. However, little is known about its contribution to the control of this chronic helminth infection. Methods/Findings Key parameters for infection outcome in E. multilocularis-infected fgl2-/- (AE-fgl2-/-) and wild type (AE-WT) mice at 1 and 4 month(s) post-infection were (i) parasite load (i. e. wet weight of parasitic metacestode tissue), and (ii) parasite cell proliferation as assessed by determining E. multilocularis 14-3-3 gene expression levels. Serum FGL2 levels were measured by ELISA. Spleen cells cultured with ConA for 48h or with E. multilocularis Vesicle Fluid (VF) for 96h were analyzed ex-vivo and in-vitro. In addition, spleen cells from non-infected WT mice were cultured with rFGL2/anti-FGL2 or rIL-17A/anti-IL-17A for further functional studies. For Treg-immune-suppression-assays, purified CD4+CD25+ Treg suspensions were incubated with CD4+ effector T cells in the presence of ConA and irradiated spleen cells as APCs. Flow cytometry and qRT-PCR were used to assess Treg, Th17-, Th1-, Th2-type immune responses and maturation of dendritic cells. We showed that AE-fgl2-/- mice exhibited (as compared to AE-WT-animals) (a) a significantly lower parasite load with reduced proliferation activity, (b) an increased T cell proliferative response to ConA, (c) reduced Treg numbers and function, and (d) a persistent capacity of Th1 polarization and DC maturation. Conclusions FGL2 appears as one of the key players in immune regulatory processes favoring metacestode survival by promoting Treg cell activity and IL-17A production that contributes to FGL2-regulation. Prospectively, targeting FGL2 could be an option to develop an immunotherapy against AE and other chronic parasitic diseases. In larval E. multilocularis infection causing alveolar echinococcosis (AE) in humans as well as mice, immune tolerance and/or down-regulation of protective immunity is a marked characteristic of this chronic disease. Our study provides a comprehensive evidence for a major involvement of the recently identified CD4+ CD25+ Regulatory T Cell Effector Molecule FGL2 to the outcome of AE. Our major findings are as follows: 1) FGL2 is mostly secreted by Tregs and partly contributes to their functions; 2) FGL2 can down-regulate the maturation of DCs, suppress Th1 and Th17 immune responses, and support Th2 and Treg immune responses, and finally 3) IL-17A contributes to FGL2 secretion. Based on the present findings in mice, we will investigate FGL2 as a potential marker of progression of AE in human patients, or as a potential immunotherapeutical target. Early prediction of parasite regression (currently not yet possible) would allow clinicians to plan for withdrawing benzimidazole treatment, which is currently administered for life. Then, FGL2 should be investigated as a target for an anticipated immunomodulatory treatment of patients with progressive AE, especially of those who are non- or low-responders to benzimidazole treatment, or who suffer from side-effects due to chemotherapy.
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Jin SJ, Liu Y, Deng SH, Liao LH, Lin TL, Ning Q, Luo XP. Neuroprotective effects of activated protein C on intrauterine inflammation-induced neonatal white matter injury are associated with the downregulation of fibrinogen-like protein 2/fibroleukin prothrombinase and the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1199-212. [PMID: 25777531 PMCID: PMC4380123 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal intrauterine inflammation or infection is an important risk factor for neonatal cerebral white matter injury (WMI) and future neurological deficits. Activated protein C (APC), a natural anticoagulant, has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, profibrinolytic and cytoprotective activities. Recent studies have demonstrated that the novel prothrombinase, fibrinogen-like protein 2 (fgl2), contributes to the pathogenesis of a number of inflammatory diseases through the generation of fibrin. Thus, we hypothesized that APC may regulate coagulant and inflammatory processes and improve brain injury in an experimental rat model of intrauterine inflammation-induced WMI. The animal model was established by the administration of an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats on embryonic day (E)17 and E18. APC was administered intraperitoneally 30 min after the second LPS injection. The expression of fgl2 and the pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β expression in the placentas and fetal brains was determined on E19. Nerve cell death, the brain water content and protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 expression was detected in the fetal brains. WMI in the neonatal rat brains was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry for myelin basic protein (MBP). The results revealed that APC markedly reduced the LPS-induced increase in fgl2 expression and fibrin deposition, as well as the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, in the placentas and fetal brains. In addition, APC attenuated cerebral apoptosis and brain edema, downregulated PAR1 and NF-κB p65 expression in the fetal brains, and improved hypomyelination and structural disturbances in the periventricular area of the neonatal rat brains. Our observations provide evidence that APC attenuates fetal neuroinflammation and the associated secondary WMI in the developing brain by inhibiting the expression of fgl2 and pro-inflammatory mediators, suggesting that APC may be a potential therapeutic approach for intrauterine inflammation-induced neonatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Juan Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Hua Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Li-Hong Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Tu-Lian Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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Fehr AR, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2015. [PMID: 25720466 DOI: 10.1007/978‐1‐4939‐2438‐7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs), enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses, are characterized by club-like spikes that project from their surface, an unusually large RNA genome, and a unique replication strategy. Coronaviruses cause a variety of diseases in mammals and birds ranging from enteritis in cows and pigs and upper respiratory disease in chickens to potentially lethal human respiratory infections. Here we provide a brief introduction to coronaviruses discussing their replication and pathogenicity, and current prevention and treatment strategies. We also discuss the outbreaks of the highly pathogenic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the recently identified Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Fehr
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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42
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Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs), enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses, are characterized by club-like spikes that project from their surface, an unusually large RNA genome, and a unique replication strategy. Coronaviruses cause a variety of diseases in mammals and birds ranging from enteritis in cows and pigs and upper respiratory disease in chickens to potentially lethal human respiratory infections. Here we provide a brief introduction to coronaviruses discussing their replication and pathogenicity, and current prevention and treatment strategies. We also discuss the outbreaks of the highly pathogenic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the recently identified Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Jane Maier
- grid.63622.330000000403887540The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
| | - Erica Bickerton
- grid.63622.330000000403887540The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Britton
- grid.63622.330000000403887540The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
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Liu J, Tan Y, Zhang J, Zou L, Deng G, Xu X, Wang F, Ma Z, Zhang J, Zhao T, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhu B, Guo B. C5aR, TNF-α, and FGL2 contribute to coagulation and complement activation in virus-induced fulminant hepatitis. J Hepatol 2015; 62:354-62. [PMID: 25200905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Viral fulminant hepatitis (FH) is a disease with a high mortality rate. Activation of the complement system correlates with the development of FH. However, the key factors mediating complement activation in FH remain elusive. METHODS Liver tissues were isolated from FH patients infected by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and from mice infected with murine hepatitis virus strain 3 (MHV-3). Wild type mice were treated with or without antagonists of C5aR or TNF-α, and mice deficient for C5aR (C5aR(-/-)), Fgl2 (Fgl2(-/-)), and Tnfα (Tnfα(-/-)) mice were not treated with the antagonists. C5b-9, C5aR, FGL2, CD31, CD11b, fibrin, TNF-α, and complement C3 cleavage products were detected by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, or ELISA. Sorted liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) or myeloid-derived (CD11b(+)) cells were stimulated with C5a, TNF-α or MHV-3 in vitro. The mRNA expressions levels of Fgl2 and Tnfα were determined by qRT-PCR analyses. RESULTS We observed that complement activation, coagulation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production were upregulated in the HBV(+) patients with FH. Similar observations were made in the murine FH models. Complement activation and coagulation were significantly reduced in MHV-3 infected mice in the absence of C5aR, Tnfα or Fgl2. The MHV-3 infected C5aR(-/-) mice exhibited reduced numbers of infiltrated inflammatory CD11b(+) cells and a reduced expression of TNF-α and FGL2. Moreover, C5a administration stimulated TNF-α production by CD11b(+) cells, which in turn promoted the expression of FGL2 in CD31(+) LSEC-like cells in vitro. Administration of antagonists against C5aR or TNF-α ameliorated MHV-3-induced FH. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that C5aR, TNF-α, and FGL2 form an integral network that contributes to coagulation and complement activation, and suggest that those are potential therapeutic targets in viral FH intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Liu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Histology & Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yulong Tan
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liyun Zou
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guohong Deng
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xueqing Xu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengwei Ma
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, District Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Jue Zhang
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunlai Liu
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Bo Guo
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Rabizadeh E, Cherny I, Lederfein D, Sherman S, Binkovsky N, Rosenblat Y, Inbal A. The cell-membrane prothrombinase, fibrinogen-like protein 2, promotes angiogenesis and tumor development. Thromb Res 2014; 136:118-24. [PMID: 25496996 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to further investigate the role of fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL-2), a transmembrane prothrombinase that directly cleaves prothrombin to thrombin, in angiogenesis and tumor development and the mechanism(s) underlying these processes. To study angiogenesis HUVEC clones with decreased fgl-2 mRNA were generated by specific siRNA. To study tumorigenesis SCID mice were implanted with intact (wild type) and fgl-2-silenced PC-3 clones. IFN-γ treated HUVEC expressing increased fgl-2 mRNA exhibited significant capillary sprouting that was not inhibited by hirudin, whereas fgl-2 silencing completely inhibited blood-vessel formation. Tumors (poorly differentiated carcinoma) developed in all 12 mice injected with wild type PC-3 compared with 8/12 mice injected with the fgl-2-silenced PC-3 clone. The tumors developed by fgl-2-silenced PC-3 clones were smaller and less aggressive and contained significantly fewer blood vessels (p<0.05). All tumors' sections were negative for thrombin staining, indicating that FGL-2-induced tumorigenesis was not mediated by thrombin. In fgl-2-silenced tumors there was a decrease in fgl-2 mRNA (p=0.02) and ERK1/2 phosphorylation (p<0.05) by 80% and a 20%, respectively. The mechanism underlying these processes, studied in PC-3 clones, revealed that fgl-2 silencing was associated with a 65% decrease in FGF-2 mRNA (p<0.01) and a 30% down regulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation (p<0.05). Together, these results suggest that FGL-2 mediates angiogenesis and tumorigenesis not by thrombin-mediated mechanism but rather through FGF-2/ERK signaling pathway. FGL-2 may serve as a valuable therapeutic target in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Rabizadeh
- Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel(1); Hematology Laboratory, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel.
| | - Izhack Cherny
- Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel(1).
| | - Doron Lederfein
- Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel(1).
| | - Shany Sherman
- Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel(1).
| | - Natalia Binkovsky
- Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel(1).
| | - Yevgenia Rosenblat
- Pathology Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel.
| | - Aida Inbal
- Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel(1); Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Hematology Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel(1).
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Galli L, Gerdes VE, Guasti L, Squizzato A. Thrombosis Associated with Viral Hepatitis. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2014; 2:234-9. [PMID: 26357629 PMCID: PMC4521234 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2014.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis may promote the development of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and, more specifically, portal vein thrombosis (PVT). In this narrative review, we summarize the clinical data and discuss the possible pathogenetic roles of cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and hepatitis A, B, and C viruses (HAV, HBV, HCV) in the occurrence of VTE. CMV is the first qualified candidate to enter the list of VTE minor risk factors, and in the rare case of fulminant infection, both EBV and CMV, like any severe infection or inflammatory disease, increase risk for thrombosis. In chronic hepatitis B and C, it remains controversial whether antiphospholipid antibodies are important for thrombotic complications or merely an epiphenomenon. Retinal vein occlusion described in chronic hepatitis C is usually attributed to the treatment with interferon. Eltrombopag, used for HCV-related thrombocytopenia, has been associated with increased thrombotic risk. The imbalance between procoagulant and anticoagulant factors associated with chronic liver disease may have clinical implications. This may help to explain why these patients are not protected from clinical events such as VTE, PVT, and the progression of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Galli
- Research Center on Thromboembolic Disorders and Antithrombotic Therapies, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Victor E.A. Gerdes
- Department of Medicine, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luigina Guasti
- Research Center on Thromboembolic Disorders and Antithrombotic Therapies, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alessandro Squizzato
- Research Center on Thromboembolic Disorders and Antithrombotic Therapies, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Correspondence to: Alessandro Squizzato, U.O. Medicina I, Ospedale di Circolo, Viale Borri 57, Varese 21100, Italy. Tel: +39-0332-278831, Fax: +39-0332-278118. E-mail: ;
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Wang X, Ning Q. Immune mediated liver failure. EXCLI JOURNAL 2014; 13:1131-44. [PMID: 26417328 PMCID: PMC4464508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Liver failure is a clinical syndrome of various etiologies, manifesting as jaundice, encephalopathy, coagulopathy and circulatory dysfunction, which result in subsequent multiorgan failure. Clinically, liver failure is classified into four categories: acute, subacute, acute-on-chronic and chronic liver failure. Massive hepatocyte death is considered to be the core event in the development of liver failure, which occurs when the extent of hepatocyte death is beyond the liver regenerative capacity. Direct damage and immune-mediated liver injury are two major factors involved in this process. Increasing evidence has suggested the essential role of immune-mediated liver injury in the pathogenesis of liver failure. Here, we review the evolved concepts concerning the mechanisms of immune-mediated liver injury in liver failure from human and animal studies. Both innate and adaptive immunity, especially the interaction of various immune cells and molecules as well as death receptor signaling system are discussed. In addition, we highlight the concept of "immune coagulation", which has been shown to be related to the disease progression and liver injury exacerbation in HBV related acute-on-chronic liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wang
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Qin Ning, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Tel.: +86-27-83662391; Fax: +86-27-83662391, E-mail:
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Hu J, Yan J, Rao G, Latha K, Overwijk WW, Heimberger AB, Li S. The Duality of Fgl2 - Secreted Immune Checkpoint Regulator Versus Membrane-Associated Procoagulant: Therapeutic Potential and Implications. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 35:325-339. [PMID: 25259408 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2014.956360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (Fgl2), a member of the fibrinogen family, can be expressed as a membrane-associated protein with coagulation activity or in a secreted form possessing unique immune suppressive functions. The biological importance of Fgl2 is evident within viral-induced fibrin depositing inflammatory diseases and malignancies and provides a compelling rationale for Fgl2 expression to not only be considered as a disease biomarker but also as a therapeutic target. This article will provide a comprehensive review of the currently known biological properties of Fgl2 and clarifies future scientific directives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiemiao Hu
- a Department of Pediatrics-Research , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Jun Yan
- a Department of Pediatrics-Research , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Ganesh Rao
- b Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Khatri Latha
- b Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Willem W Overwijk
- c Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- b Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Shulin Li
- a Department of Pediatrics-Research , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
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Sun Y, Xi D, Ding W, Wang F, Zhou H, Ning Q. Soluble FGL2, a novel effector molecule of activated hepatic stellate cells, regulates T-cell function in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int 2014; 8:567-75. [PMID: 25298849 PMCID: PMC4182595 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-014-9568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effects of soluble FGL2 (sFGL2) secreted by hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) on immune suppression in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Serum sFGL2 levels were examined by ELISA in 40 patients with HCC, liver cirrhosis (LC) or chronic HBV (CHB) infection. A double staining of the immunofluorescence analysis of α-SMA and FGL2 was performed in two cirrhotic liver specimens. The expression of FGL2 in the LX2 cell line was analyzed by immunofluorescence, Western blot and flow cytometry. T-cells purified from HCC patients using magnetic beads were cultured with LX2 cells at different ratios with anti-CD3-stimulating or FGL2-blocking antibodies. The proliferation index (PI) of CD8 + T cells was assessed by flow cytometry, and the secretion of IFN-γ was measured by ELISA. Results sFGL2 levels are significantly higher in patients with HCC or LC compared with those with CHB (p = 0.0039/p = 0.0020). Among HCC patients, those with cirrhosis exhibited significantly higher levels of sFGL2 compared with non-cirrhotic individuals (p = 0.0108). The expressions of FGL2 and α-SMA overlapped in HSCs in liver specimens. FGL2 protein secreted by LX2 cells inhibited T-cell proliferation of HCC patients in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. The PI of CD8 + T cells was significantly enhanced following addition of FGL2 antibody to the culture system (LX2/T-cell ratio of 1:10, p = 0.002). The level of IFN-γ in mixed cultures was inversely correlated with the number of HSCs and was reversed by incubation with FGL2 blocking antibody. Conclusion sFGL2 protein is a novel effector molecule of activated HSCs, which suppresses CD8 + T cell proliferation and interferon-γ production, and it subsequently might contribute to immune suppression during fibrosis and tumorigenesis in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Dong Xi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Wen Ding
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Faxi Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Haili Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
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Unexpected anti-hypertrophic responses to low-level stimulation of protease-activated receptors in adult rat cardiomyocytes. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 387:1001-7. [PMID: 25082750 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-1026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Activators of protease-activated receptors PAR-1 and PAR-2 such as thrombin and synthetic hexapeptides promote hypertrophy of isolated neonatal cardiomyocytes at pathological concentrations. Since PAR-activating proteases often show dual actions at low vs. high concentrations, the potential hypertrophic effects of low-level PAR activation were examined. In H9c2 cardiomyoblasts, messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the hypertrophic marker atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was significantly increased only by higher concentrations of thrombin, trypsin or the synthetic PAR-2 agonist SLIGRL. The dual PAR-1/PAR-2 agonist SFLLRN did not influence basal ANP mRNA expression in H9c2 cells. Low concentration of thrombin or trypsin (up to 0.1 U/mL) or of the synthetic ligands SFLLRN and SLIGRL (1 μM); however, all suppressed ANP mRNA expression stimulated by angiotensin II (Ang II). The PAR-1 selective ligand TFLLRN exerted a comparable effect as SFLLRN. In adult rat cardiomyocytes, protein synthesis determined by [(3)H]phenylalanine incorporation was not increased by various PAR agonists at concentrations tenfold lower than conventionally used to study PAR function in vitro (10 μM for SFLLRN or SLIGRL, 0.1 U/mL for thrombin or trypsin). The positive control endothelin-1 (ET-1, 60 nM) however significantly increased protein synthesis in adult rat cardiomyocytes. Addition of low concentrations of PAR agonists to cardiomyocytes treated with ET-1 or Ang II suppressed [(3)H]phenylalanine incorporation induced by the hypertrophic stimuli. The inhibitory effect of SFLLRN effect was partially reversed by the PAR-1 antagonist RWJ56110. These findings suggest that physiological concentrations of PAR activators may suppress hypertrophy, in contrast to the pro-hypertrophic effects evident at high concentrations. PAR-1 and PAR-2 may dynamically control cardiomyocyte growth, with the net effect critically dependent upon local agonist concentrations. The precise significance of proposed concept of bimodal PAR function in cardiomyocytes remains to be defined, particularly in vivo where hemodynamic and other regulatory factors may counteract or mask the direct cellular actions described here.
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50
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Li WZ, Wang J, Long R, Su GH, Bukhory DK, Dai J, Jin N, Huang SY, Jia P, Li T, Fan C, Liu K, Wang Z. Novel antibody against a glutamic acid-rich human fibrinogen-like protein 2-derived peptide near Ser91 inhibits hfgl2 prothrombinase activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94551. [PMID: 24728278 PMCID: PMC3984148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (fgl2) is highly expressed in microvascular endothelial cells in diseases associated with microcirculatory disturbances and plays a crucial role in microthrombosis. Previous studies have demonstrated that the Ser89 residue is a critical site for mouse fgl2 prothrombinase activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the prothrombinase inhibitory ability of antibodies against an hfgl2-derived peptide. The peptide was termed NPG-12 because it is located at the N-terminus of membrane-bound hfgl2, contains 12 amino acid residues (corresponding to residues 76 to 87), and is rich in Glu. This peptide was selected as an antigenic determinant to produce antibodies in immunized rabbits using the DNAStar and HomoloGene software program. Abundant hfgl2 expression was induced in human umbilical vein endothelial cells through treatment with TNF-α. The generated anti-NPG-12 antibodies specifically recognize fgl2, as determined by ELISA, Western Blot and immunostaining. Moreover, one-stage clotting and thrombin generation tests provide evidence that the antibodies can reduce the hfgl2 prothrombinase activity without affecting the platelet-poor plasma prothrombin time (PT) or the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). In addition, the antibodies exerted undetectable influence on the proliferation or activation of bulk T cell populations. In conclusion, the selected peptide sequence NPG-12 may be a critical domain for hfgl2 prothrombinase activity, and the development of inhibitors against this sequence may be promising for research or management of hfgl2-associated microcirculatory disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zhu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Long
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guan-Hua Su
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dinesh-Kumar Bukhory
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Dai
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Jin
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi-Yuan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Jia
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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