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Zhu HTL, Luo J, Peng Y, Cheng XF, Wu SZ, Zhao YD, Chang L, Sun ZJ, Dong DL. Nitazoxanide protects against experimental ulcerative colitis through improving intestinal barrier and inhibiting inflammation. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 395:111013. [PMID: 38663798 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic disease with colonic mucosa injury. Nitazoxanide is an antiprotozoal drug in clinic. Nitazoxanide and its metabolite tizoxanide have been demonstrated to activate AMPK and inhibit inflammation, therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of nitazoxanide on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and the underlying mechanism. Oral administration of nitazoxanide ameliorated the symptoms of mice with DSS-induced colitis, as evidenced by improving the increased disease activity index (DAI), the decreased body weight, and the shortened colon length. Oral administration of nitazoxanide ameliorated DSS-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and reduced IL-6 and IL-17 expression in colon tissues. Mechanistically, nitazoxanide and its metabolite tizoxanide treatment activated AMPK and inhibited JAK2/STAT3 signals. Nitazoxanide and tizoxanide treatment increased caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2) expression, increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and promoted tight junctions in Caco-2 cells. Nitazoxanide and tizoxanide treatment restored the decreased zonula occludens-1(ZO-1) and occludin protein levels induced by LPS or IL-6 in Caco-2 cells. On the other hand, nitazoxanide and tizoxanide regulated macrophage bias toward M2 polarization, as evidenced by the increased arginase-1expression in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). Nitazoxanide and tizoxanide reduced the increased IL-6, iNOS and CCL2 pro-inflammatory gene expressions and inhibited JAK2/STAT3 activation in BMDM induced by LPS. In conclusion, nitazoxanide protects against DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice through improving intestinal barrier and inhibiting inflammation and the underlying mechanism involves AMPK activation and JAK2/STAT3 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu-Tai-Long Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Fan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang-Ze Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Di Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jie Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - De-Li Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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Yang X, Ye T, Rong L, Peng H, Tong J, Xiao X, Wan X, Guo J. GATA4 Forms a Positive Feedback Loop with CDX2 to Transactivate MUC2 in Bile Acids-Induced Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia. Gut Liver 2024; 18:414-425. [PMID: 36860162 PMCID: PMC11096910 DOI: 10.5009/gnl220394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM), a common precancerous lesion of gastric cancer, can be caused by bile acid reflux. GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4) is an intestinal transcription factor involved in the progression of gastric cancer. However, the expression and regulation of GATA4 in GIM has not been clarified. Methods The expression of GATA4 in bile acid-induced cell models and human specimens was examined. The transcriptional regulation of GATA4 was investigated by chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter gene analysis. An animal model of duodenogastric reflux was used to confirm the regulation of GATA4 and its target genes by bile acids. Results GATA4 expression was elevated in bile acid-induced GIM and human specimens. GATA4 bound to the promoter of mucin 2 (MUC2) and stimulate its transcription. GATA4 and MUC2 expression was positively correlated in GIM tissues. Nuclear transcription factor-κB activation was required for the upregulation of GATA4 and MUC2 in bile acid-induced GIM cell models. GATA4 and caudal-related homeobox 2 (CDX2) reciprocally transactivated each other to drive the transcription of MUC2. In chenodeoxycholic acid-treated mice, MUC2, CDX2, GATA4, p50, and p65 expression levels were increased in the gastric mucosa. Conclusions GATA4 is upregulated and can form a positive feedback loop with CDX2 to transactivate MUC2 in GIM. NF-κB signaling is involved in the upregulation of GATA4 by chenodeoxycholic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing University School of Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing University School of Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Rong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bishan Hospital of Chongqing, Bishan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bishan Hospital of Chongqing, Bishan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Tong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing University School of Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing University School of Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing University School of Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinjun Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing University School of Medicine, Chongqing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bishan Hospital of Chongqing, Bishan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Liu W, Du C, Nan L, Li C, Wang H, Fan Y, Zhang S. The Difference of Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles from Cow Colostrum and Mature Milk on miRNAs Expression and Protecting Intestinal Epithelial Cells against Lipopolysaccharide Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3880. [PMID: 38612689 PMCID: PMC11011493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) play crucial roles in forming an essential barrier, providing host defense against pathogens and regulating nutrients absorption. Milk-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) within its miRNAs are capable of modulating the recipient cell function. However, the differences between colostrum and mature milk EVs and their biological function in attenuating intestinal epithelial cell injury remain poorly understood. Thus, we carried out the present study to characterize the difference between colostrum and mature milk-derived miRNA of EVs and the effect of colostrum and mature milk EVs on the proliferation, apoptosis, proinflammatory cytokines and intestinal epithelial barrier related genes in IEC-6 induced by LPS. Differential expression of 329 miRNAs was identified between colostrum and mature milk EVs, with 185 miRNAs being downregulated and 144 upregulated. In addition, colostrum contains a greater number and protein concentration of EVs than mature milk. Furthermore, compared to control, EVs derived from colostrum significantly inhibited the expression of apoptosis- (Bax, p53, and caspase-3) and proinflammatory-related genes (TNFα, IL6, and IL1β). EVs derived from mature milk did not affect expression of apoptosis-related genes (Bax, p53, bcl2, and caspase-3). The EVs derived from mature milk significantly inhibited the expression of proinflammatory-related genes (TNFα and IL6). Western blot analysis also indicated that colostrum and mature milk EVs significantly decreased the apoptosis of IEC-6 cells. The EdU assay results showed that colostrum and mature milk EVs significantly increased the proliferation of IEC-6 cells. The expression of intestinal barrier-related genes (TJP1, CLDN1, OCLN, CDX2, MUC2, and IGF1R) was significantly promoted in IEC-6 cells after colostrum and mature milk EVs addition. Importantly, colostrum and mature milk EVs significantly relieved the LPS-induced inhibition of proliferation and intestinal barrier-related genes expression and attenuated apoptosis and proinflammatory responses induced by LPS in IEC-6 cells. Flow cytometry and Western blot analysis also indicated that colostrum and mature milk EVs significantly affect the apoptosis of IEC-6 cells induced by LPS. The results also indicated that EVs derived from colostrum had better effects on inhibiting the apoptosis- and proinflammatory cytokines-related genes expression. However, the EVs derived from mature milk exhibited beneficial effects on intestinal epithelial barrier protection. The present study will provide a better understanding of the role of EVs derived from colostrum and milk in dairy cows with different responses in the regulation of intestinal cells function, and also presents new evidence for the change of EVs cargos during various stages of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenju Liu
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.L.); (C.D.); (L.N.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (Y.F.)
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao Du
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.L.); (C.D.); (L.N.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (Y.F.)
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liangkang Nan
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.L.); (C.D.); (L.N.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (Y.F.)
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunfang Li
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.L.); (C.D.); (L.N.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (Y.F.)
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haitong Wang
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.L.); (C.D.); (L.N.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (Y.F.)
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yikai Fan
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.L.); (C.D.); (L.N.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (Y.F.)
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.L.); (C.D.); (L.N.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (Y.F.)
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Nascimento CM, Casaro MC, Perez ER, Ribeiro WR, Mayer MPA, Ishikawa KH, Lino-dos-Santos-Franco A, Pereira JNB, Ferreira CM. Experimental allergic airway inflammation impacts gut homeostasis in mice. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16429. [PMID: 37484240 PMCID: PMC10360590 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background /Aims: Epidemiological data show that there is an important relationship between respiratory and intestinal diseases. To improve our understanding on the interconnectedness between the lung and intestinal mucosa and the overlap between respiratory and intestinal diseases, our aim was to investigate the influence of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airway inflammation on gut homeostasis. Methods A/J mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA. The animals were euthanized 24 h after the last challenge, lung inflammation was determined by evaluating cells in Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, serum anti-OVA IgG titers and colon morphology, inflammation and integrity of the intestinal mucosa were investigated. IL-4 and IL-13 levels and myeloperoxidase activity were determined in the colon samples. The expression of genes involved in inflammation and mucin production at the gut mucosa was also evaluated. Results OVA challenge resulted not only in lung inflammation but also in macroscopic alterations in the gut such as colon shortening, increased myeloperoxidase activity and loss of integrity in the colonic mucosal. Neutral mucin intensity was lower in the OVA group, which was followed by down-regulation of transcription of ATOH1 and up-regulation of TJP1 and MUC2. In addition, the OVA group had higher levels of IL-13 and IL-4 in the colon. Ova-specific IgG1 and OVA-specific IgG2a titers were higher in the serum of the OVA group than in controls. Conclusions Our data using the OVA experimental model suggested that challenges in the respiratory system may result not only in allergic airway inflammation but also in the loss of gut homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Martins Nascimento
- Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Mateus Campos Casaro
- Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Evelyn Roxana Perez
- Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Willian Rodrigues Ribeiro
- Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcia Pinto Alves Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karin Hitomi Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Caroline Marcantonio Ferreira
- Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
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CDX2 expression in primary skin tumors-case series and review of the literature. Hum Pathol 2022; 129:1-10. [PMID: 35926811 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CDX2 expression characterizes tumors of gastrointestinal origin, including those of intestinal-type differentiation. In dermatopathology, CDX2 expression is reported in 4 settings: cutaneous metastases from carcinomas of intestinal origin or differentiation, extramammary Paget's disease associated with an underlying colorectal or urothelial tumor, pilomatricomas and pilomatrical carcinomas, and rare primary cutaneous (adeno)squamous carcinomas with intestinal immunophenotype. Over 4 years (10/2017-10/2021), 252 dermatopathology cases with CDX2 immunostain were reviewed, revealing 46 cases with confirmed positive staining. Among them, 11 cases confirmed as primary nonintestinal type cutaneous carcinoma with definitively positive CDX2 nuclear staining were further studied. All cases demonstrated basaloid morphology with atypia, variable necrosis, and brisk mitotic activity. Cases 1-5 had heterogeneous features that cannot be further classified, including 2 cases with neuroendocrine or pseudoglandular/pseudopapillary features, and 1 case with human papillomavirus high-risk E6/E7 ISH positivity. In cases 6 through 11, the diagnosis of pilomatrical carcinoma was supported morphologically. This study substantiates the association of CDX2 with pilomatrical carcinoma. In addition, CDX2 positivity was observed in a subset of basaloid cutaneous carcinomas of ambiguous classification. However, this finding also raises a diagnostic pitfall in clinical diagnostic specificity of the CDX2 immunostain in skin cancers, which can be observed in rare while heterogeneous subsets of primary cutaneous carcinomas with primitive cytomorphology.
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Wang M, Bi C, Li H, Lu L, Gao T, Huang P, Liu C, Wang B. The emerging double-edged sword role of Sirtuins in the gastric inflammation-carcinoma sequence revealed by bulk and single-cell transcriptomes. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1004726. [PMID: 36324577 PMCID: PMC9619065 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1004726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone modification and the inflammation-carcinoma sequence (ICS) have been acknowledgedly implicated in gastric carcinogenesis. However, the extremum expression of some histone modification genes (HMGs) in intestinal metaplasia (IM) rather than GC obscures the roles of HMGs in ICS. In this study, we assumed an explanation that the roles of HMGs in ICS were stage specific. Bulk RNA-seq on endoscopy biopsy samples from a total of 50 patients was accompanied by reanalysis of a set of published single-cell transcriptomes, which cross-sectionally profiled the transcriptomic features of chronic superficial gastritis (SG), atrophy gastritis (AG), IM, and early gastric cancer (GC). Differential analysis observed significantly peaked expression of SIRT6 and SIRT7 at IM. Weighted correlation network analysis on bulk transcriptome recognized significant correlations between SIRT1/6 and IM. The single-cell atlas identified one subgroup of B cells expressing high level of TFF1 (TFF1hi naive B cell) that theoretically played important roles in defending microbial infection, while SIRT6 displayed a positive correlation with TFF1low naive B cells. Moreover, gene set enrichment analysis at different lesions (SG-AG, AG-IM, and IM-GC) highlighted that gene sets contributing to IM, e.g., Brush Border, were largely enriched from co-expressing genes of Sirtuins (SIRTs) in AG-IM. Surveys of the genes negatively correlated with SIRT6 in public databases considered SIRT6 as tumor suppressors, which was confirmed by the cell proliferation and migration assays after transient transfection of SIRT6 overexpression vector into AGS cells. All the above observations were then confirmed by serial section-based immunohistochemistry against Ki-67, MUC2, MUC5AC, p53, and SIRT6 on the endoscopic submucosal dissection tissue. By contrast, the expression of the other HMGs varied even opposite within same family. Taken together, this study preliminarily demonstrated the two-edged sword role of SIRTs in ICS and, by extension, showed that the roles of HMGs in ICS were probably stage specific. Our study may provide new insights into and attract attention on gastric prevention and therapy targeting HMGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Chenxiao Bi
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Lizhen Lu
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Tao Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Panpan Huang
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Chengxia Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chengxia Liu, ; Bin Wang,
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- *Correspondence: Chengxia Liu, ; Bin Wang,
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) is a precancerous lesion of gastric cancer (GC) and is considered an irreversible point of progression for GC. Helicobacter pylori infection can cause GIM, but its eradication still does not reverse the process. Bile reflux is also a pathogenic factor in GIM and can continuously irritate the gastric mucosa, and bile acids in refluxed fluid have been widely reported to be associated with GIM. This paper reviews in detail the relationship between bile reflux and GIM and the mechanisms by which bile acids induce GIM.
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van de Wiel SM, Porteiro B, Belt SC, Vogels EW, Bolt I, Vermeulen JL, de Waart DR, Verheij J, Muncan V, Oude Elferink RP, van de Graaf SF. Differential and organ-specific functions of organic solute transporter alpha and beta in experimental cholestasis. JHEP Rep 2022; 4:100463. [PMID: 35462858 PMCID: PMC9019253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Organic solute transporter (OST) subunits OSTα and OSTβ facilitate bile acid efflux from the enterocyte into the portal circulation. Patients with deficiency of OSTα or OSTβ display considerable variation in the level of bile acid malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and signs of cholestasis. Herein, we generated and characterized a mouse model of OSTβ deficiency. Methods Ostβ-/- mice were generated using CRISR/Cas9 and compared to wild-type and Ostα-/- mice. OSTβ was re-expressed in livers of Ostβ-/- mice using adeno-associated virus serotype 8 vectors. Cholestasis was induced in both models by bile duct ligation (BDL) or 3.5-diethoxycarbonyl-1.4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) feeding. Results Similar to Ostα-/- mice, Ostβ-/- mice exhibited elongated small intestines with blunted villi and increased crypt depth. Increased expression levels of ileal Fgf15, and decreased Asbt expression in Ostβ-/- mice indicate the accumulation of bile acids in the enterocyte. In contrast to Ostα-/- mice, induction of cholestasis in Ostβ-/- mice by BDL or DDC diet led to lower survival rates and severe body weight loss, but an improved liver phenotype. Restoration of hepatic Ostβ expression via adeno-associated virus-mediated overexpression did not rescue the phenotype of Ostβ-/- mice. Conclusions OSTβ is pivotal for bile acid transport in the ileum and its deficiency leads to an intestinal phenotype similar to Ostα-/- mice, but it exerts distinct effects on survival and the liver phenotype, independent of its expression in the liver. Our findings provide insights into the variable clinical presentation of patients with OSTα and OSTβ deficiencies. Lay summary Organic solute transporter (OST) subunits OSTα and OSTβ together facilitate the efflux of conjugated bile acids into the portal circulation. Ostα knockout mice have longer and thicker small intestines and are largely protected against experimental cholestatic liver injury. Herein, we generated and characterized Ostβ knockout mice for the first time. Ostα and Ostβ knockout mice shared a similar phenotype under normal conditions. However, in cholestasis, Ostβ knockout mice had a worsened overall phenotype which indicates a separate and specific role of OSTβ, possibly as an interacting partner of other intestinal proteins. This manuscript describes the first mouse model of OSTβ deficiency. Ostβ-/- mice are viable and fertile, but show increased length and weight of the small intestine, blunted villi and deeper crypts. Ostβ deficiency leads to an altered microbiome compared to both wild-type and Ostα-/- mice. Cholestasis led to lower survival and worse body weight loss, but an improved liver phenotype, in Ostβ-/- mice compared to Ostα-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M.W. van de Wiel
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Begoña Porteiro
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Saskia C. Belt
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esther W.M. Vogels
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Bolt
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline L.M. Vermeulen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D. Rudi de Waart
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joanne Verheij
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vanesa Muncan
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald P.J. Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stan F.J. van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author. Address: Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Tel.: 020-5668832, fax: 020-5669190
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Fallah S, Beaulieu JF. Src family kinases inhibit differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells through the Hippo effector YAP1. Biol Open 2021; 10:272600. [PMID: 34693980 PMCID: PMC8609238 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal cell lineage differentiation is a tightly regulated mechanism that involves several intracellular signaling pathways affecting the expression of a variety of transcription factors, which ultimately regulate cell specific gene expression. Absorptive and goblet cells are the two main epithelial cell types of the intestine. Previous studies from our group using an shRNA knockdown approach have shown that YAP1, one of the main Hippo pathway effectors, inhibits the differentiation of these two cell types. In the present study, we show that YAP1 activity is regulated by Src family kinases (SFKs) in these cells. Inhibition of SFKs led to a sharp reduction in YAP1 expression at the protein level, an increase in CDX2 and the P1 forms of HNF4α and of absorptive and goblet cell differentiation specific markers. Interestingly, in Caco-2/15 cells which express both YAP1 and its paralog TAZ, TAZ was not reduced by the inhibition of SFKs and its specific knockdown rather impaired absorptive cell differentiation indicating that YAP1 and TAZ are not always interchangeable for regulating cell functions. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Inhibition of Src family kinases leads to a sharp reduction in YAP1 expression and an increase in CDX2 and HNF4α, two regulators of intestinal cell differentiation, while its paralog TAZ appears not to be directly involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Fallah
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
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10
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Chang YH, Jeong CH, Cheng WN, Choi Y, Shin DM, Lee S, Han SG. Quality characteristics of yogurts fermented with short-chain fatty acid-producing probiotics and their effects on mucin production and probiotic adhesion onto human colon epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7415-7425. [PMID: 33814147 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics can ferment nondigestible carbohydrates and produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFA; acetate, propionate, and butyrate) in the human colon. In this study, the levels of SCFA were determined in the following yogurts fermented with different combinations of probiotics: (1) cocultures of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus (control, C); (2) S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus, and Bifidobacterium bifidum (C-Bb); (3) S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus (C-La); and (4) S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus, and Lactobacillus gasseri (C-Lg). Results showed that the acetate levels were significantly higher in C-Bb, C-La, and C-Lg yogurts than in C yogurt. Fermentation and physicochemical characteristics of all yogurts were identical. Treatment of mucus-secreting colon epithelial cells (HT29-MTX) with C-Bb, C-La, and C-Lg yogurt supernatants resulted in an increase in the expression of MUC2 and CDX2 and the production of mucin proteins. The adhesion of probiotics onto HT29-MTX cells increased following treatment with C-Bb, C-La, and C-Lg yogurt supernatants. Our data suggest that a yogurt diet rich in acetate improves the protective function of the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Chang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - C H Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - W N Cheng
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Y Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - D M Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - S Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - S G Han
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Katsukura N, Watanabe S, Shirasaki T, Hibiya S, Kano Y, Akahoshi K, Tanabe M, Kirimura S, Akashi T, Kitagawa M, Okamoto R, Watanabe M, Tsuchiya K. Intestinal phenotype is maintained by Atoh1 in the cancer region of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. Cancer Sci 2020; 112:932-944. [PMID: 33275808 PMCID: PMC7894004 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is a precancerous lesion of pancreatic cancer. Although there are 4 types of IPMN, among which intestinal-type IPMN is likely to progress into invasive cancer known as colloid carcinoma, no information regarding the involvement of the intestinal phenotype in the carcinogenesis of IPMN exists. The present study was conducted to explore how the intestinal differentiation system is maintained during the tumor progression of intestinal-type IPMN using surgical resection specimens. Results showed that Atoh1, a critical transcriptional factor for intestinal differentiation toward the secretory lineages of intestinal epithelial cells, was expressed in an invasive-grade IPMN. To determine the function of Atoh1 in pancreatic cancer, we generated a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell line overexpressing Atoh1. In a xenograft model, we successfully induced an IPMN phenotype in PDAC cells via Atoh1 induction. Finally, for the first time, we discovered that GPA33 is expressed in intestinal-type IPMN, thereby suggesting a novel target for cancer therapy. In conclusion, the intestinal differentiation system might be maintained during tumor progression of intestinal-type IPMN. Further analysis of the function of Atoh1 in IPMN might be useful for understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the malignant potential during the tumor progression of IPMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Katsukura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Shirasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Hibiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Kano
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Precision Cancer Medicine, Graduate School, Center for Innovative Cancer Treatment, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Akahoshi
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanabe
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Kirimura
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Akashi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kitagawa
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Advanced Research Institute, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Chen HY, Hu Y, Lu NH, Zhu Y. Caudal type homeoboxes as a driving force in Helicobacter pylori infection-induced gastric intestinal metaplasia. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1-12. [PMID: 33031021 PMCID: PMC7553748 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1809331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
(H. pylori), a common pathogenic bacterium in the stomach, has been demonstrated to be a major cause of gastric cancer (GC). The typical pathological evolution of H. pylori infection-induced GC involves development from gastric atrophy, via intestinal metaplasia (IM) and dysplasia, to intestinal-type GC. During this process, IM is considered to be an "irreversible point" that significantly increases the risk for GC. Therefore, the elucidation of the mechanism underlying IM is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of gastric mucosal carcinogenesis associated with H. pylori infection. Caudal type homeoboxes (CDXs) are transcription factors involved in intestinal differentiation establishment and the maintenance of normal intestinal mucosa and IM. H. pylori infection increases the expression of CDXs through epigenetic regulation, the nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway and its downstream proinflammatory factors, and the transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway, leading to the progression from normal gastric mucosa to IM. However, the precise mechanisms of gastric intestinal metaplasia have not yet been fully elucidated. In this review, we focus on research progress revealing the functions of CDXs in H. pylori infection-induced IM, as well as the regulators modulating this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Nong-Hua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China,CONTACT Yin Zhu Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang330006, Jiangxi Province, China
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13
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Kumar V, Mahajan N, Khare P, Kondepudi KK, Bishnoi M. Role of TRPV1 in colonic mucin production and gut microbiota profile. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 888:173567. [PMID: 32946867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on exploring the role of sensory cation channel Transient Receptor Potential channel subfamily Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in gut health, specifically mucus production and microflora profile in gut. We employed resiniferatoxin (ultrapotent TRPV1 agonist) induced chemo-denervation model in rats and studied the effects of TRPV1 ablation on colonic mucus secretion patterns. Histological and transcriptional analysis showed substantial decrease in mucus production as well as in expression of genes involved in goblet cell differentiation, mucin production and glycosylation. 16S metagenome analysis revealed changes in abundance of various gut bacteria, including decrease in beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus spp and Clostridia spp. Also, TRPV1 ablation significantly decreased the levels of short chain fatty acids, i.e. acetate and butyrate. The present study provides first evidence that systemic TRPV1 ablation leads to impairment in mucus production and causes dysbiosis in gut. Further, it suggests to address mucin production and gut microbiota related adverse effects during the development of TRPV1 antagonism/ablation-based therapeutic and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Knowledge City-Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Neha Mahajan
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Knowledge City-Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India; Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad-Gurgaon expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Pragyanshu Khare
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Knowledge City-Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Kanthi Kiran Kondepudi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Knowledge City-Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Mahendra Bishnoi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Knowledge City-Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India.
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14
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Fallah S, Beaulieu JF. The Hippo Pathway Effector YAP1 Regulates Intestinal Epithelial Cell Differentiation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081895. [PMID: 32823612 PMCID: PMC7463744 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human intestine is covered by epithelium, which is continuously replaced by new cells provided by stem cells located at the bottom of the glands. The maintenance of intestinal stem cells is supported by a niche which is composed of several signaling proteins including the Hippo pathway effectors YAP1/TAZ. The role of YAP1/TAZ in cell proliferation and regeneration is well documented but their involvement on the differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells is unclear. In the present study, the role of YAP1/TAZ on the differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells was investigated using the HT29 cell line, the only multipotent intestinal cell line available, with a combination of knockdown approaches. The expression of intestinal differentiation cell markers was tested by qPCR, Western blot, indirect immunofluorescence and electron microscopy analyses. The results show that TAZ is not expressed while the abolition of YAP1 expression led to a sharp increase in goblet and absorptive cell differentiation and reduction of some stem cell markers. Further studies using double knockdown experiments revealed that most of these effects resulting from YAP1 abolition are mediated by CDX2, a key intestinal cell transcription factor. In conclusion, our results indicate that YAP1/TAZ negatively regulate the differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells through the inhibition of CDX2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Fallah
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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15
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Omori Y, Ono Y, Kobayashi T, Motoi F, Karasaki H, Mizukami Y, Makino N, Ueno Y, Unno M, Furukawa T. How does intestinal-type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm emerge? CDX2 plays a critical role in the process of intestinal differentiation and progression. Virchows Arch 2020; 477:21-31. [PMID: 32291497 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal-type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas is clinicopathologically distinctive. Our research aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the development and progression of the intestinal-type IPMN. In 60 intestinal-type IPMN specimens, histological transitions from gastric-type epithelia to intestinal-type epithelia were observed in 48 cases (80%). CDX2/MUC2/alcian blue triple staining indicated that CDX2 appeared to precede MUC2 expression and subsequent alcian blue-positive mucin production. Expression of p21 and Ki-67 seemed to be accelerated by CDX2 expression (p = 6.02e-13 and p = 3.1e-09, respectively). p21/Ki-67 double staining revealed that p21 was mostly expressed in differentiated cells in the apex of papillae, while Ki-67 was expressed in proliferative cells in the base of papillae. This clear cellular arrangement seemed to break down with the progression of atypical grade and development of invasion (p = 0.00197). Intestinal-type IPMNs harbored frequent GNAS mutations (100%, 25/25) and RNF43 mutations (57%, 8/14) and shared identical GNAS and KRAS mutations with concurrent gastric-type IPMNs or incipient gastric-type neoplasia (100%, 25/25). RNF43 mutations showed emerging or being selected in intestinal-type neoplasms along with ß-catenin aberration. Activation of protein kinase A and extracellular-regulated kinase was observed in CDX2-positive intestinal-type neoplasm. These results suggest that gastric-type epithelia that acquire GNAS mutations together with induction of intrinsic CDX2 expression may evolve with clonal selection and additional molecular aberrations including RNF43 and ß-catenin into intestinal-type IPMNs, which may further progress with complex villous growth due to disoriented cell cycle regulation, acceleration of atypical grade, and advance to show an invasive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Omori
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ono
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, 065-0033, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Kobayashi
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Fuyuhiko Motoi
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hidenori Karasaki
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, 065-0033, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mizukami
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, 065-0033, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Naohiko Makino
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Toru Furukawa
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
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16
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Molina-Castro SE, Tiffon C, Giraud J, Boeuf H, Sifre E, Giese A, Belleannée G, Lehours P, Bessède E, Mégraud F, Dubus P, Staedel C, Varon C. The Hippo Kinase LATS2 Controls Helicobacter pylori-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Intestinal Metaplasia in Gastric Mucosa. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 9:257-276. [PMID: 31669263 PMCID: PMC6957828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gastric carcinoma is related mostly to CagA+-Helicobacter pylori infection, which disrupts the gastric mucosa turnover and elicits an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and preneoplastic transdifferentiation. The tumor suppressor Hippo pathway controls stem cell homeostasis; its core, constituted by the large tumor suppressor 2 (LATS2) kinase and its substrate Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), was investigated in this context. METHODS Hippo, EMT, and intestinal metaplasia marker expression were investigated by transcriptomic and immunostaining analyses in human gastric AGS and MKN74 and nongastric immortalized RPE1 and HMLE epithelial cell lines challenged by H pylori, and on gastric tissues of infected patients and mice. LATS2 and YAP1 were silenced using small interfering RNAs. A transcriptional enhanced associated domain (TEAD) reporter assay was used. Cell proliferation and invasion were evaluated. RESULTS LATS2 and YAP1 appear co-overexpressed in the infected mucosa, especially in gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. H pylori via CagA stimulates LATS2 and YAP1 in a coordinated biphasic pattern, characterized by an early transient YAP1 nuclear accumulation and stimulated YAP1/TEAD transcription, followed by nuclear LATS2 up-regulation leading to YAP1 phosphorylation and targeting for degradation. LATS2 and YAP1 reciprocally positively regulate each other's expression. Loss-of-function experiments showed that LATS2 restricts H pylori-induced EMT marker expression, invasion, and intestinal metaplasia, supporting a role of LATS2 in maintaining the epithelial phenotype of gastric cells and constraining H pylori-induced preneoplastic changes. CONCLUSIONS H pylori infection engages a number of signaling cascades that alienate mucosa homeostasis, including the Hippo LATS2/YAP1/TEAD pathway. In the host-pathogen conflict, which generates an inflammatory environment and perturbations of the epithelial turnover and differentiation, Hippo signaling appears as a protective pathway, limiting the loss of gastric epithelial cell identity that precedes gastric carcinoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Elena Molina-Castro
- INSERM, UMR1053, Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France,University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Camille Tiffon
- INSERM, UMR1053, Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Giraud
- INSERM, UMR1053, Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hélène Boeuf
- INSERM, UMR1026, Bioingénierie tissulaire (BioTis), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Elodie Sifre
- INSERM, UMR1053, Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alban Giese
- INSERM, UMR1053, Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Philippe Lehours
- INSERM, UMR1053, Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Emilie Bessède
- INSERM, UMR1053, Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Francis Mégraud
- INSERM, UMR1053, Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Dubus
- INSERM, UMR1053, Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cathy Staedel
- INSERM, UMR1212, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France,Cathy Staedel, PhD, INSERM U1212, “ARN: Régulations naturelle et artificielle” (ARNA)-Unités Mixtes de Recherche (UMR) Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) 5320, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France. fax: +33 5 57 57 10 15.
| | - Christine Varon
- INSERM, UMR1053, Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Christine Varon, PhD, INSERM U1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology (BaRITOn), University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France. fax: +33 5 56 79 60 18.
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17
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Yu JH, Zheng JB, Qi J, Yang K, Wu YH, Wang K, Wang CB, Sun XJ. Bile acids promote gastric intestinal metaplasia by upregulating CDX2 and MUC2 expression via the FXR/NF-κB signalling pathway. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:879-892. [PMID: 30747230 PMCID: PMC6365039 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids serve a critical role in the induction of gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM) and gastric carcinogenesis. The present study investigated the effects of bile acids on the induction of gastric IM formation. The results demonstrated that the expression levels of caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2), mucin 2 (MUC2) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) were increased in vitro and in vivo following treatment with bile acids, and CDX2 transcriptionally activated MUC2 expression. Furthermore, knockdown of FXR attenuated bile acid-enhanced CDX2 promoter activity and protein expression. Conversely, the FXR agonist GW4064 synergistically enhanced bile acid-induced CDX2 promoter activity. Bile acid treatment led to an increase in nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity and protein expression. Treatment with GW4064 or the FXR antagonist Z-guggulsterone enhanced or attenuated bile acid-induced NF-κB activity, respectively. In addition, quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed that bile acids led to enhanced binding of p50 to the CDX2 promoter, whereas this effect was not observed for p65. Treatment with GW4064 or Z-guggulsterone enhanced and attenuated the binding activity of p50 to the CDX2 promoter, respectively. These results indicated that bile acids may activate the FXR/NF-κB signalling pathway, thereby upregulating CDX2 and MUC2 expression in normal gastric epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Yu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Bao Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jie Qi
- Second Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Kui Yang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Hua Wu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Bao Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Jun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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18
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Klausen P, Kovacevic B, Toxvaerd A, Kalaitzakis E, Karstensen JG, Rift CV, Hansen CP, Storkholm J, Vilmann P, Hasselby JP. Subtyping of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms - pitfalls of MUC1 immunohistochemistry. APMIS 2018; 127:27-32. [PMID: 30549137 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are precursor lesions of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Current edition of WHO Classification of Tumors of the Digestive System recognizes four different subtypes (gastric, intestinal, pancreatobiliary, and oncocytic) and recommends analysis of mucin expression (MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC6) as well as evaluation of architectural and cell differentiation patterns for correct classification. However, there is no consensus on MUC1 expression of IPMN-lesions in the literature. Current recommendations are based on studies where antibodies against the core MUC1 protein or sialylated MUC1 (tumor associated MUC1), not the fully glycosylated MUC1 were used. We have recently reported that MUC1 is strongly expressed in both gastric and intestinal types IPMN specimens from the cystic wall, obtained by endoscopic ultrasound guided microbiopsy procedure. We have used a commercial MUC1 antibody, validated and recommended for diagnostic use, which recognizes fully glycosylated MUC1. Based on the above, we propose a revision of the WHO Classification, specifying that antibodies against tumor associated MUC1 should be used for IPMN subtyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Klausen
- Gastro Unit, Division of Endoscopy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Bojan Kovacevic
- Gastro Unit, Division of Endoscopy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Anders Toxvaerd
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Evangelos Kalaitzakis
- Gastro Unit, Division of Endoscopy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - John Gásdal Karstensen
- Gastro Unit, Division of Endoscopy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark.,Gastro Unit, Division of Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Vestrup Rift
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, København, Denmark
| | - Carsten Palnaes Hansen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, København, Denmark
| | - Jan Storkholm
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, København, Denmark
| | - Peter Vilmann
- Gastro Unit, Division of Endoscopy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jane Preuss Hasselby
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, København, Denmark
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19
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Darvishi M, Mashati P, Khosravi A. The clinical significance of CDX2 in leukemia: A new perspective for leukemia research. Leuk Res 2018; 72:45-51. [PMID: 30096576 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CDX2 gene encodes a transcription factor involved in primary embryogenesis and hematopoietic development; however, the expression of CDX2 in adults is restricted to intestine and is not observed in blood tissues. The ectopic expression of CDX2 has been frequently observed in acute myeloid and lymphoid leukemia which in most cases is concomitant with poor prognosis. Induction of CDX2 in mice leads to hematologic complications, showing the leukemogenic origin of this gene. CDX2 plays significant role in the most critical pathways as the regulator of important transcription factors targeting cell proliferation, multi-drug resistance and survival. On the whole, the results indicate that CDX2 has the potential to be suggested as the diagnostic marker in hematologic malignancies. This review discusses the role of aberrant expression of CDX2 in the prognosis and the response to treatment in patients with different leukemia in clinical reports in the recent decades. The improvement in this regard could be of high importance in diagnosis and treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Darvishi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Bank, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pargol Mashati
- Department of Hematology and Blood Bank, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Khosravi
- Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Teng G, Dai Y, Chu Y, Li J, Zhang H, Wu T, Shuai X, Wang W. Helicobacter pylori induces caudal-type homeobox protein 2 and cyclooxygenase 2 expression by modulating microRNAs in esophageal epithelial cells. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:297-307. [PMID: 29215765 PMCID: PMC5797820 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been linked to virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori. The role of H. pylori in esophageal disease has not been clearly defined. We previously reported that H. pylori esophageal colonization promotes the incidence of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma in vivo. Here, we studied the direct effects of H. pylori on the transformation of esophageal epithelial cells, with particular focus on whether H. pylori exerts its effects by modulating miRNAs and their downstream target genes. The normal human esophageal cell line HET‐1A was chronically exposed to H. pylori extract and/or acidified deoxycholic acid for up to 36 weeks. The miRNA profiles of the esophageal epithelial cells associated with H. pylori infection were determined by microarray analysis. We found that chronic H. pylori exposure promoted acidified deoxycholic acid‐induced morphological changes in HET‐1A cells, along with aberrant overexpression of intestinal metaplasia markers and tumorigenic factors, including caudal‐type homeobox protein 2 (CDX2), mucin 2, and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2). Helicobacter pylori modified the miRNA profiles of esophageal epithelial cells, particularly aberrant silencing of miR‐212‐3p and miR‐361‐3p. Moreover, in biopsies from Barrett's esophagus patients, esophageal H. pylori colonization was associated with a significant decrease in miR‐212‐3p and miR‐361‐3p expression. Furthermore, we identified COX2 as a target of miR‐212‐3p, and CDX2 as a target of miR‐361‐3p. Helicobacter pylori infection of esophageal epithelial cells was associated with miRNA‐mediated upregulation of oncoprotein CDX2 and COX2. Our observations provide new evidence about the molecular mechanisms underlying the association between H. pylori infection and esophageal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guigen Teng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yunxiang Chu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, China Meitan General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongchen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Shuai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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21
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Pure mucinous (colloid) adenocarcinoma of the conjunctiva. J Cutan Pathol 2017; 45:78-83. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Chatterjee I, Kumar A, Castilla-Madrigal RM, Pellon-Cardenas O, Gill RK, Alrefai WA, Borthakur A, Verzi M, Dudeja PK. CDX2 upregulates SLC26A3 gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G256-G264. [PMID: 28572085 PMCID: PMC5625132 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00108.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
SLC26A3 [downregulated in adenoma (DRA)] plays a key role in mammalian intestinal NaCl absorption, in that it mediates apical membrane Cl-/[Formula: see text] exchange. DRA function and expression are significantly decreased in diarrhea associated with inflammatory bowel disease. DRA is also considered to be a marker of cellular differentiation and is predominantly expressed in differentiated epithelial cells. Caudal-type homeobox protein-2 (CDX2) is known to regulate genes involved in intestinal epithelial differentiation and proliferation. Reduced expression of both DRA and CDX2 in intestinal inflammation prompted us to study whether the DRA gene is directly regulated by CDX2. Our initial studies utilizing CDX2 knockout (CDX2fV/fV;Cre+) mice showed a marked reduction in DRA mRNA and protein levels in proximal and distal colon. In silico analysis of the DRA promoter showed two consensus sites for CDX2 binding. Therefore, we utilized Caco-2 cells as an in vitro model to examine if DRA is a direct target of CDX2 regulation. siRNA-mediated silencing of CDX2 in Caco-2 cells resulted in a marked (~50%) decrease in DRA mRNA and protein levels, whereas ectopic overexpression of CDX2 upregulated DRA expression and also stimulated DRA promoter activity, suggesting transcriptional regulation. Electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated direct binding of CDX2 to one of the two putative CDX2 binding sites in the DRA promoter (+645/+663). In summary, our studies, for the first time, demonstrate transcriptional regulation of DRA expression by CDX2, implying that reduced expression of DRA in inflammatory bowel disease-associated diarrhea may, in part, be due to downregulation of CDX2 in the inflamed mucosa.NEW & NOTEWORTHY SLC26A3 [downregulated in adenoma (DRA)] mediates intestinal luminal NaCl absorption and is downregulated in inflammatory bowel disease-associated diarrhea. Since both DRA and caudal-type homeobox protein-2 (CDX2) are reduced in intestinal inflammation and the DRA promoter harbors CDX2 binding sites, we examined whether the DRA gene is regulated by CDX2. Our studies, for the first time, demonstrate transcriptional regulation of DRA expression by CDX2 via direct binding to the DRA promoter, suggesting that reduced expression of DRA in inflammatory bowel disease-associated diarrhea could, in part, be attributed to downregulation of CDX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Chatterjee
- 2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Anoop Kumar
- 2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | | | | | - Ravinder K. Gill
- 2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Waddah A. Alrefai
- 1Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; ,2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Alip Borthakur
- 2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Michael Verzi
- 4Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Pradeep K. Dudeja
- 1Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; ,2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
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23
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Bile acids and colon cancer: Is FXR the solution of the conundrum? Mol Aspects Med 2017; 56:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Reelin protects from colon pathology by maintaining the intestinal barrier integrity and repressing tumorigenic genes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2126-2134. [PMID: 28572005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that reelin, an extracellular matrix protein first known for its key role in neuronal migration, reduces the susceptibility to dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-colitis. The aim of the current study was to determine whether reelin protects from colorectal cancer and how reelin defends from colon pathology. In the colon of wild-type and of mice lacking reelin (reeler mice) we have analysed the: i) epithelium cell renewal processes, ii) morphology, iii) Sox9, Cdx2, Smad5, Cyclin D1, IL-6 and IFNγ mRNA abundance in DSS-treated and untreated mice, and iv) development of azoxymethane/DSS-induced colorectal cancer, using histological and real time-PCR methodologies. The reeler mutation increases colitis-associated tumorigenesis, with increased tumours number and size. It also impairs the intestinal barrier because it reduces cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and apoptosis; decreases the number and maturation of goblet cells, and expands the intercellular space of the desmosomes. The intestinal barrier impairment might explain the increased susceptibility to colon pathology exhibited by the reeler mice and is at least mediated by the down-regulation of Sox9 and Cdx2. In response to DSS-colitis, the reeler colon increases the mRNA abundance of IL-6, Smad5 and Cyclin D1 and decreases that of IFNγ, conditions that might result in the increased colitis-associated tumorigenesis found in the reeler mice. In conclusion, the results highlight a role for reelin in maintaining intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis and providing resistance against colon pathology.
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25
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Hayakawa M, Nishikura K, Ajioka Y, Aoyagi Y, Terai S. Re-evaluation of Phenotypic Expression in Differentiated-type Early Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach. Pathol Int 2017; 67:131-140. [PMID: 28088838 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A total of 313 cases of differentiated-type early gastric adenocarcinomas, including 113 cases of small-sized carcinoma (5< × ≤10 mm) and 121 cases of microcarcinoma (0< × ≤5 mm), were examined immunohistochemically to clarify the phenotypic expressions. They were classified into four categories (gastric phenotype (G-type), intestinal phenotype, gastrointestinal phenotype, and null phenotype) by a two-step process: the phenotype based on an immunoprofile of mucin core proteins (MUCs) with CDX2 (w/.CDX2-assessment); and the phenotype of MUCs only (w/o.CDX2-assessment). CDX2 expression was observed in 89.1% (279/313); it was highly expressed in 87.6% (106/121) of microcarcinomas. MUC2 expression increased as tumor size increased (P < 0.05). Compared with w/o.CDX2-assessment, w/.CDX2-assessment showed significantly fewer G-type carcinomas (P < 0.05). Each phenotype marker was less expressed in the submucosal part than in the mucosal part. In conclusion, CDX2 was a sensitive marker for assessing intestinal phenotype. A large portion of the early differentiated-type adenocarcinomas expressed CDX2 from the very early stage of carcinogenesis, and the proportion of G-type was unexpectedly low. Lower expression of each phenotype marker was considered the cause of phenotype alteration during submucosal invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Hayakawa
- Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Niigata Medical Center, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ken Nishikura
- Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Saiseikai Niigata Daini Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ajioka
- Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yutaka Aoyagi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Niigata Medical Center, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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26
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Nguyen TT, Savory JGA, Brooke-Bisschop T, Ringuette R, Foley T, Hess BL, Mulatz KJ, Trinkle-Mulcahy L, Lohnes D. Cdx2 Regulates Gene Expression through Recruitment of Brg1-associated Switch-Sucrose Non-fermentable (SWI-SNF) Chromatin Remodeling Activity. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3389-3399. [PMID: 28082674 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.752774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The packaging of genomic DNA into nucleosomes creates a barrier to transcription that can be relieved through ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling via complexes such as the switch-sucrose non-fermentable (SWI-SNF) chromatin remodeling complex. The SWI-SNF complex remodels chromatin via conformational or positional changes of nucleosomes, thereby altering the access of transcriptional machinery to target genes. The SWI-SNF complex has limited ability to bind to sequence-specific elements, and, therefore, its recruitment to target loci is believed to require interaction with DNA-associated transcription factors. The Cdx family of homeodomain transcript ion factors (Cdx1, Cdx2, and Cdx4) are essential for a number of developmental programs in the mouse. Cdx1 and Cdx2 also regulate intestinal homeostasis throughout life. Although a number of Cdx target genes have been identified, the basis by which Cdx members impact their transcription is poorly understood. We have found that Cdx members interact with the SWI-SNF complex and make direct contact with Brg1, a catalytic member of SWI-SNF. Both Cdx2 and Brg1 co-occupy a number of Cdx target genes, and both factors are necessary for transcriptional regulation of such targets. Finally, Cdx2 and Brg1 occupancy occurs coincident with chromatin remodeling at some of these loci. Taken together, our findings suggest that Cdx transcription factors regulate target gene expression, in part, through recruitment of Brg1-associated SWI-SNF chromatin remodeling activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thinh T Nguyen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Joanne G A Savory
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Travis Brooke-Bisschop
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Randy Ringuette
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Tanya Foley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Bradley L Hess
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Kirk J Mulatz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Laura Trinkle-Mulcahy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - David Lohnes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.
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27
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Niu H, Jia Y, Li T, Su B. SOX2 Inhibition Promotes Promoter Demethylation of CDX2 to Facilitate Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:124-132. [PMID: 27913994 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4361-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM) is regarded as a premalignant lesion, conferring risks for gastric cancer development. An intestinal transcription factor, CDX2, plays a vital role in establishing and maintaining IM. SOX2, an HMG-box transcription factor, is expressed in normal gastric mucosa and downregulated in IM. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the mutual interaction of SOX2 and CDX2 in gastric IM. AIMS This study aims to evaluate the negative correlation between SOX2 and CDX2 in mRNA expression and promoter methylation and to illuminate the effect of SOX2 on the promoter methylation of CDX2. METHODS Immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction assays were performed to evaluate the expression and promoter methylation of SOX2 and CDX2 in IM tissues from patients. SOX2 knockdown and CDX2 overexpression were performed in GES-1 cells to further clarify the relationship between SOX2 and CDX2. RESULTS A negative correlation between SOX2 and CDX2 was found in 120 gastric IM specimens. Additionally, significant DNA demethylation of CDX2 promoter in clinical IM specimens was observed concomitantly with partial methylation of the SOX2 promoter. Furthermore, SOX2 knockdown in GES-1 cells triggered promoter demethylation of CDX2. Finally, the phenotype shift of gastric intestinal metaplasia in GES-1 cells, marked by MUC2 expression, was effectively induced by the combination of SOX2 RNAi and CDX2 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Aberrant DNA methylation of SOX2 and CDX2 genes contributes to the development of IM. Notably, SOX2 may play a role in establishing and maintaining the methylation status of the CDX2 gene in gastric tissues and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010050, China
| | - Yuchen Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China.,Research Center of Molecular Biology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010058, China
| | - Tao Li
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.,Department of Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bingzhong Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010050, China.
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28
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Sue S, Shibata W, Kameta E, Sato T, Ishii Y, Kaneko H, Miwa H, Sasaki T, Tamura T, Kondo M, Maeda S. Intestine-specific homeobox (ISX) induces intestinal metaplasia and cell proliferation to contribute to gastric carcinogenesis. J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:949-60. [PMID: 26872890 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-016-1176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori induces chronic inflammation and intestinal metaplasia (IM) through genetic and epigenetic changes and activation of intracellular signaling pathways that contribute to gastric carcinogenesis. However, the precise mechanism of IM in gastric carcinogenesis has not been fully elucidated. We previously found that intestine-specific homeobox (ISX) mRNA expression increased in organoids cultured from Helicobacter-infected mouse mucosa. In this study, we elucidate the role of ISX in the development of IM and gastric carcinogenesis. METHODS ISX expression was assessed in Helicobacter-infected mouse and human gastric mucosa. MKN45 gastric cancer cells were co-cultured with H. pylori to determine whether Helicobacter infection induced ISX expression. We established stable MKN45 transfected cells expressing ISX (Stable-ISX MKN45) and performed a spheroid colony formation assay and a xenograft model. We performed ISX immunohistochemistry in cancer and adjacent gastric tissues. RESULTS ISX expression was increased in mouse and human gastric mucosa infected with Helicobacter. The presence of IM and H. pylori infection in human stomach was correlated with ISX expression. H. pylori induced ISX mRNA and protein expression. CDX1/2, cyclinD1, and MUC2 were upregulated in Stable-ISX MKN45, whereas MUC5AC was downregulated. Stable-ISX MKN45 cells formed more spheroid colonies, and had high tumorigenic ability. ISX expression in gastric cancer and adjacent mucosa were correlated. CONCLUSIONS ISX expression induced by H. pylori infection may lead to IM and hyperproliferation of gastric mucosa through CDX1/2 and cyclinD1 expression, contributing to gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Sue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Wataru Shibata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.,Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Eri Kameta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Ishii
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Haruo Miwa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Toshihide Tamura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kondo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Shin Maeda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
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29
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Shang Y, Pan Q, Chen L, Ye J, Zhong X, Li X, Meng L, Guo J, Tian Y, He Y, Chen W, Peng Z, Wang R. Achaete scute-like 2 suppresses CDX2 expression and inhibits intestinal neoplastic epithelial cell differentiation. Oncotarget 2016; 6:30993-1006. [PMID: 26307678 PMCID: PMC4741583 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Achaete scute-like 2 (Ascl2) in colorectal cancer (CRC) cell differentiation is unknown. LS174T, HT-29 and Caco-2 cells have high Ascl2 expression, while Lovo and SW480 cells have low Ascl2 expression. LS174T and HT-29 cells with Ascl2 knockdown were transfected with caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2) promoter constructs and used for luciferase assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. Ascl2 knockdown promoted differentiation of CRC cells into a goblet cell phenotype, as determined by increased expression of MUC2, TFF3, and CDX2. Ascl2 knockdown activated CDX2 expression through a transcriptional mechanism via direct binding of Ascl2 to the proximal E-box of the CDX2 promoter. Ascl2 over-expression in Lovo and SW480 cells inhibited a goblet cell phenotype, as determined by reduced CDX2 and MUC2 expression. Inverse correlations between Ascl2 and CDX2, and Ascl2 and MUC2 mRNA levels, as well as Ascl2 and CDX2 protein levels were observed in CRC cancerous samples. This study demonstrates CDX2 repression by Ascl2 and highlights a role for Ascl2 in CRC cell differentiation. These findings suggest that the Ascl2/CDX2 axis may serve as a potential therapeutic target in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Shang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Linkuan Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jin Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yin Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yonghong He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Wensheng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Rongquan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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30
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Kuracha MR, Thomas P, Loggie BW, Govindarajan V. Patient-derived xenograft mouse models of pseudomyxoma peritonei recapitulate the human inflammatory tumor microenvironment. Cancer Med 2016; 5:711-9. [PMID: 26833741 PMCID: PMC4831290 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is a neoplastic syndrome characterized by peritoneal tumor implants with copious mucinous ascites. The standard of care for PMP patients is aggressive cytoreductive surgery performed in conjunction with heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Not all patients are candidates for these procedures and a majority of the patients will have recurrent disease. In addition to secreted mucin, inflammation and fibrosis are central to PMP pathogenesis but the molecular processes that regulate tumor-stromal interactions within the peritoneal tumor microenvironment remain largely unknown. This knowledge is critical not only to elucidate PMP pathobiology but also to identify novel targets for therapy. Here, we report the generation of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models for PMP and assess the ability of these models to replicate the inflammatory peritoneal microenvironment of human PMP patients. PDX mouse models of low- and high-grade PMP were generated and were of a similar histopathology as human PMP. Cytokines previously shown to be elevated in human PMP were also elevated in PDX ascites. Significant differences in IL-6 and IL-8/KC/MIP2 were seen between human and PDX ascites. Interestingly, these cytokines were mostly secreted by mouse-derived, tumor-associated stromal cells rather than by human-derived PMP tumor cells. Our data suggest that the PMP PDX mouse models are especially suited to the study of tumor-stromal interactions that regulate the peritoneal inflammatory environment in PMP as the tumor and stromal cells in these mouse models are of human and murine origins, respectively. These mouse models are therefore, likely to be useful in vivo surrogates for testing and developing novel therapeutic treatment interventions for PMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali R Kuracha
- Department of Surgery, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska, 68178
| | - Peter Thomas
- Department of Surgery, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska, 68178
| | - Brian W Loggie
- Department of Surgery, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska, 68178
| | - Venkatesh Govindarajan
- Department of Surgery, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska, 68178.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska, 68178
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Inagaki-Ohara K, Okamoto S, Takagi K, Saito K, Arita S, Tang L, Hori T, Kataoka H, Matsumoto S, Minokoshi Y. Leptin receptor signaling is required for high-fat diet-induced atrophic gastritis in mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:7. [PMID: 26839577 PMCID: PMC4736478 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity increases the risk for malignancies in various tissues including the stomach. Atrophic gastritis with precancerous lesions is an obesity-associated disease; however, the mechanisms that underlie the development of obesity-associated atrophic gastritis are unknown. Leptin is a hormone derived from stomach as well as adipose tissue and gastric leptin is involved in the development of gastric cancer. The aim of the current study is to investigate the involvement of leptin receptor signaling in the development of atrophic gastritis during diet-induced obesity. Methods Male C57BL/6, ob/ob and db/db mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or a control diet (CD) from 1 week to 5 months. Pathological changes of the gastric mucosa and the expression of molecules associated with atrophic gastritis were evaluated in these mice. Results HFD feeding induced gastric mucosal hyperplasia with increased gastric leptin expression. Mucosal hyperplasia was accompanied by a higher frequency of Ki67-positive proliferating cells and atrophy of the gastric glands in the presence of inflammation, which increased following HFD feeding. Activation of ObR signaling-associated molecules such as ObR, STAT3, Akt, and ERK was detected in the gastric mucosa of mice fed the HFD for 1 week. The morphological alterations associated with gastric mucosal atrophy and the expression of Muc2 and Cdx2 resemble those associated with human intestinal metaplasia. In contrast to wild-type mice, leptin-deficient ob/ob mice and leptin receptor-mutated db/db mice did not show increased Cdx2 expression in response to HFD feeding. Conclusion Together, these results suggest that activation of the leptin signaling pathway in the stomach is required to develop obesity-associated atrophic gastritis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12986-016-0066-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Inagaki-Ohara
- Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), 1-21-1, Toyama Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-0052 Japan ; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585 Japan ; Division of Host Defense, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 562 Nanatsuka, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023 Japan
| | - Shiki Okamoto
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585 Japan
| | - Kazuyo Takagi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585 Japan
| | - Kumiko Saito
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585 Japan
| | - Seiya Arita
- Division of Host Defense, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 562 Nanatsuka, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023 Japan
| | - Lijun Tang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585 Japan
| | - Tetsuji Hori
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo, 186-8650 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kataoka
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692 Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsumoto
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo, 186-8650 Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Minokoshi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585 Japan
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Yoon JH, Choi SS, Kim O, Choi WS, Park YK, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Inactivation of NKX6.3 in the stomach leads to abnormal expression of CDX2 and SOX2 required for gastric-to-intestinal transdifferentiation. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:194-208. [PMID: 26743476 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2015.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal metaplasia in gastric mucosa is considered a preneoplastic lesion that progresses to gastric cancer. However, the molecular networks underlying this lesion formation are largely unknown. NKX6.3 is known to be an important regulator in gastric mucosal epithelial differentiation. In this study, we characterized the effects of NKX6.3 that may contribute to gastric intestinal metaplasia. NKX6.3 expression was significantly reduced in gastric mucosae with intestinal metaplasia. The mRNA expression levels of both NKX6.3 and CDX2 predicted the intestinal metaplasia risk, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value of 0.9414 and 0.9971, respectively. Notably, the NKX6.3 expression level was positively and inversely correlated with SOX2 and CDX2, respectively. In stable AGS(NKX6.3) and MKN1(NKX6.3) cells, NKX6.3 regulated the expression of CDX2 and SOX2 by directly binding to the promoter regions of both genes. Nuclear NKX6.3 expression was detected only in gastric epithelial cells without intestinal metaplasia. Furthermore, NKX6.3-induced TWSG1 bound to BMP4 and inhibited BMP4-binding activity to BMPR-II. These data suggest that NKX6.3 might function as a master regulator of gastric differentiation by affecting SOX2 and CDX2 expression and the NKX6.3 inactivation may result in intestinal metaplasia in gastric epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung H Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung S Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Olga Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won S Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong K Park
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suk W Nam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Y Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won S Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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Dilly AK, Song X, Zeh HJ, Guo ZS, Lee YJ, Bartlett DL, Choudry HA. Mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition reduces mucin 2 production and mucinous tumor growth. Transl Res 2015; 166:344-54. [PMID: 25890193 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of mucin 2 (MUC2) protein (a gel-forming secreted mucin) within the peritoneal cavity is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP), a unique mucinous malignancy of the appendix. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is upregulated in PMP and has been shown to modulate MUC2 promoter activity. We hypothesized that targeted inhibition of the MAPK pathway would be a novel, effective, and safe therapeutic strategy to reduce MUC2 production and mucinous tumor growth. We tested RDEA119, a specific MEK1/2 (MAPK extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK] kinase) inhibitor, in MUC2-secreting LS174T cells, human PMP explant tissue, and in a unique intraperitoneal murine xenograft model of PMP. RDEA119 reduced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and inhibited MUC2 messenger RNA and protein expression in vitro. In the xenograft model, chronic oral therapy with RDEA119 inhibited mucinous tumor growth in an MAPK pathway-dependent manner and this translated into a significant improvement in survival. RDEA119 downregulated phosphorylated ERK1/2 and nuclear factor κB p65 protein signaling and reduced activating protein 1 (AP1) transcription factor binding to the MUC2 promoter in LS174T cells. This study provides a preclinical rationale for the use of MEK inhibitors to treat patients with PMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Dilly
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Xinxin Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Zong S Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yong J Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - David L Bartlett
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Haroon A Choudry
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
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Kameoka Y, Kitazawa R, Ariasu K, Tachibana R, Mizuno Y, Haraguchi R, Kitazawa S. Reactivation of CDX2 in Gastric Cancer as Mark for Gene Silencing Memory. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2015; 48:115-24. [PMID: 26379313 PMCID: PMC4564377 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.15014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the epigenetic mechanism that reactivates CDX2 (a homeobox transcription factor that serves as a tumor-suppressor gene) in intestinal-type gastric cancer during cancer progression, we examined the methylation status of the CDX2 gene promoter and the expression pattern of methyl-CpG binding protein-2 (MeCP2). From archives of the pathology records of surgically excised advanced stomach cancer cases in the Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University in a past decate (n=265), 10 cases of intestinal-type tubular adenocarcinoma, well-differentiated type (wel) with minor poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma (por) components were selected. The expression pattern of CDX2, MUC2 and MeCP2 in these 10 cases was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The cancerous and non-cancerous areas were selectively obtained by microdissection, and the methylation status of the CDX2 promoter of each area was assessed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP). In all 10 cases, CDX2 expression was clearly observed in the nucleus of the non-cancerous background of the intestinal metaplasic area, where the unmethylation pattern of the CDX2 gene promoter prevailed with reduced MeCP2 expression. In this metaplastic area, CDX2 expression was co-localized with its target gene, MUC2. CDX2 expression then disappeared from the deep invasive wel area. Reflecting the reduced CDX2 expression, microdissected samples from all the wel areas showed hypermethylation of the CDX2 gene promoter by MSP, with prominent MeCP2 expression. Interestingly, while hypermethylation of the CDX2 gene promoter was maintained in the por area in 8 of the 10 cases, CDX2 expression was restored in por areas where MeCP2 expression was markedly and selectively reduced. The other two cases, however, showed a constant MeCP2 expression level comparable to the surrounding deep invasive wel area with negative CDX2 expression. Therefore, gene silencing by hypermethylation may be overcome by the reduction of methyl-CpG binding proteins, resulting in apparent but non-functional reactivation of CDX2 as a mere molecular mark for gene silencing memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kameoka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Riko Kitazawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Ehime University Hospital
| | - Kanazu Ariasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ryosuke Tachibana
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yosuke Mizuno
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Ehime University Hospital
| | - Ryuma Haraguchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Sohei Kitazawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
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Li S, Chen X, Zhou L, Wang BM. Farnesoid X receptor signal is involved in deoxycholic acid-induced intestinal metaplasia of normal human gastric epithelial cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2674-82. [PMID: 26324224 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling pathway is known to be involved in the metabolism of bile acid, glucose and lipid. In the present study, we demonstrated that 400 µmol/l deoxycholic acid (DCA) stimulation promotes the proliferation of normal human gastric epithelial cells (GES-1). In addition, DCA activated FXR and increased the expression of intestinal metaplasia genes, including caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (Cdx2) and mucin 2 (MUC2). The treatment of FXR agonist GW4064/antagonist guggulsterone (Gug.) significantly increased/decreased the expression levels of FXR, Cdx2 and MUC2 protein in DCA-induced GES-1 cells. GW4064/Gug. also enhanced/reduced the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity and binding of the Cdx2 promoter region and NF-κB, the most common subunit p50 protein. Taken together, the results indicated that DCA is capable of modulating the expression of Cdx2 and the downstream MUC2 via the nuclear receptor FXR-NF-κB activity in normal gastric epithelial cells. FXR signaling pathway may therefore be involved in the intestinal metaplasia of human gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Bang-Mao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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The role of Reg IV in colorectal cancer, as a potential therapeutic target. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2015; 19:261-4. [PMID: 26557771 PMCID: PMC4631303 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2015.54385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerating islet-derived family, member 4 (Reg IV), a member of the Reg gene family, has been reported to be overexpressed in gastrointestinal tract cancers. Reg IV overexpression in tumor cells has been associated with carcinogenesis, tissue regeneration, proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. Reg IV activates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway in colon cancer and increases expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xl), which are associated with the inhibition of apoptosis, results in mitogenic signaling in colon cancer cells, increase cell proliferation, metastasis and decreased apoptosis. Reg IV treatment inhibits 5-fluorouracil induced apoptosis, at least two mechanisms are involved in inhibition of apoptosis by Reg IV, including Bcl-2 and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD). These studies may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for cancers expressing Reg IV. Recently, one proteoglycan was confirmed to disrupt this signaling pathway to perform antitumor effect. This review summaries current knowledge of the expression and roles of Reg IV in human colorectal cancer, describes the possible signaling pathway which Reg IV activates, and discusses the relevance of Reg IV as a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Pinto R, Barros R, Pereira-Castro I, Mesquita P, da Costa LT, Bennett EP, Almeida R, David L. CDX2 homeoprotein is involved in the regulation of ST6GalNAc-I gene in intestinal metaplasia. J Transl Med 2015; 95:718-27. [PMID: 25867765 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo expression of Sialyl-Tn (STn) antigen is one of the most common features of intestinal metaplasia (IM) and gastric carcinomas, and its biosynthesis has been mostly attributed to ST6GalNAc-I activity. However, the regulation of this glycosyltransferase expression is not elucidated. In IM lesions and in the intestine, CDX2 homeobox transcription factor is co-expressed with STn and ST6GalNAc-I. We therefore hypothesized that CDX2 might induce STn expression by positive regulation of ST6GalNAc-I. We showed that ST6GalNAc-I transcript levels and CDX2 have a coordinated expression upon Caco-2 in vitro differentiation, and overexpression of CDX2 in MKN45 gastric cells increases ST6GalNAc-I transcript levels. Nine putative CDX-binding sites in the ST6GalNAc-I-regulatory sequence were identified and analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation in Caco-2 cells and in IM. The results showed that CDX2 protein is recruited to all regions, being the most proximal sites preferentially occupied in vivo. Luciferase assays demonstrated that CDX2 is able to transactivate ST6GalNac-I-regulatory region. The induction was stronger for the regions mapped in the neighbourhood of ATG start codon and site-directed mutagenesis of these sites confirmed their importance. In conclusion, we show that CDX2 transcriptionally regulates ST6GalNAc-I gene expression, specifically in the preneoplastic IM lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Pinto
- 1] Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal [2] Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal [3] Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Barros
- 1] Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal [2] Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pereira-Castro
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patricia Mesquita
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta da Fonte Boa, Vale de Santarém, Portugal
| | | | - Eric P Bennett
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raquel Almeida
- 1] Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal [2] Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal [3] Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal [4] Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Leonor David
- 1] Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal [2] Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal [3] Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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38
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Krishnadath KK, Wang KK. Molecular pathogenesis of Barrett esophagus: current evidence. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2015; 44:233-47. [PMID: 26021192 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article focuses on recent findings on the molecular mechanisms involved in esophageal columnar metaplasia. Signaling pathways and their downstream targets activate specific transcription factors leading to the expression of columnar and the more specific intestinal-type of genes, which gives rise to Barrett metaplasia. Several animal models have been generated to validate and study these distinct molecular pathways but also to identify the Barrett progenitor cell. Currently, the many aspects involved in the development of esophageal metaplasia that have been elucidated can serve to develop novel molecular therapies to improve treatment or prevent metaplasia. Nevertheless, several key events are still poorly understood and require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kausilia K Krishnadath
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
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Zheng JB, Qiao LN, Sun XJ, Qi J, Ren HL, Wei GB, Zhou PH, Yao JF, Zhang L, Jia PB. Overexpression of caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 inhibits the growth of transplanted colorectal tumors in nude mice. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3409-3415. [PMID: 26005051 PMCID: PMC4526061 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) is a transcription factor, which is specifically expressed in the adult intestine. It is essential for the development and homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium and its functions as a tumor suppressor have been demonstrated in the adult colon. The present study aimed to examine the inhibitory effects of the overexpression of CDX2 on subcutaneously-transplanted tumors, derived from LoVo colon cancer cells, in nude mice, and to provide experimental evidence for the biotherapy of colon cancer. A pEGFP-C1-CDX2 eukaryotic expression vector was transfected into the LoVo cells via lipofection, and LoVo cells stably-expressing CDX2 (pEGFP-C1-CDX2 cells) were obtained using G418 selection. A nude mouse subcutaneously-transplanted tumor model was established by inoculating the nude mice with the pEGFP-C1-CDX2 cells, and the effects of overexpression of CDX2 on transplanted tumor growth in the LoVo cells were observed. Western blotting results demonstrated that the protein expression of CDX2 in the LoVo cells was higher in the pEGFP-C1-CDX2 cell group, compared with that in the pEGFP-C1 cell group and the untreated cell group. At 20 days post-inoculation with either pEGFP-C1-CDX2 or pEGFP-C1, the transplanted tumor masses were significantly lower in the pEGFP-C1-CDX2 group, compared with those in the pEGFP-C1 and untreated groups. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the expression levels of CDX2 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) were detected in each group, and the protein expression of CDX2 was increased in the tumor tissues from the nude mice in the pEGFP-C1-CDX2 group. However the expression of MMP-2 was downregulated in the tumor tissues of the nude mice in the pEGFP-C1-CDX2 group. Taken together, these data suggested that pEGFP-C1-CDX2 cells exhibited suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Overexpression of CDX2 was observed in transplanted tumors in the pEGFP-C1-CDX2 group, and the gene expression of MMP-2 was reduced. These results indicate that CDX2 inhibited the growth of colorectal tumor cells, possibly by downregulating the gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bao Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Li-Na Qiao
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Jun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jie Qi
- Second Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Liang Ren
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Bing Wei
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Hua Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Feng Yao
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Bo Jia
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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40
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Helicobacter pylori-Induced Signaling Pathways Contribute to Intestinal Metaplasia and Gastric Carcinogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:737621. [PMID: 26064948 PMCID: PMC4441984 DOI: 10.1155/2015/737621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) induces chronic gastric inflammation, atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and cancer. Although the risk of gastric cancer increases exponentially with the extent of atrophic gastritis, the precise mechanisms of gastric carcinogenesis have not been fully elucidated. H. pylori induces genetic and epigenetic changes in gastric epithelial cells through activating intracellular signaling pathways in a cagPAI-dependent manner. H. pylori eventually induces gastric cancer with chromosomal instability (CIN) or microsatellite instability (MSI), which are classified as two major subtypes of gastric cancer. Elucidation of the precise mechanisms of gastric carcinogenesis will also be important for cancer therapy.
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Wu X, Conlin VS, Morampudi V, Ryz NR, Nasser Y, Bhinder G, Bergstrom KS, Yu HB, Waterhouse CCM, Buchan AMJ, Popescu OE, Gibson WT, Waschek JA, Vallance BA, Jacobson K. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide promotes intestinal barrier homeostasis and protection against colitis in mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125225. [PMID: 25932952 PMCID: PMC4416880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory disorder associated with changes in neuropeptide expression and function, including vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). VIP regulates intestinal vasomotor and secretomotor function and motility; however, VIP's role in development and maintenance of colonic epithelial barrier homeostasis is unclear. Using VIP deficient (VIPKO) mice, we investigated VIP's role in epithelial barrier homeostasis, and susceptibility to colitis. Colonic crypt morphology and epithelial barrier homeostasis were assessed in wildtype (WT) and VIPKO mice, at baseline. Colitic responses were evaluated following dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS) or dextran-sodium sulfate (DSS) exposure. Mice were also treated with exogenous VIP. At baseline, VIPKO mice exhibited distorted colonic crypts, defects in epithelial cell proliferation and migration, increased apoptosis, and altered permeability. VIPKO mice also displayed reduced goblet cell numbers, and reduced expression of secreted goblet cell factors mucin 2 and trefoil factor 3. These changes were associated with reduced expression of caudal type homeobox 2 (Cdx2), a master regulator of intestinal function and homeostasis. DNBS and DSS-induced colitis were more severe in VIPKO than WT mice. VIP treatment rescued the phenotype, protecting VIPKO mice against DSS colitis, with results comparable to WT mice. In conclusion, VIP plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of colonic epithelial barrier integrity under physiological conditions and promotes epithelial repair and homeostasis during colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Victoria S. Conlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vijay Morampudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Natasha R. Ryz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yasmin Nasser
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ganive Bhinder
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kirk S. Bergstrom
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Hong B. Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Oana E. Popescu
- Department of Pathology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William T. Gibson
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James A. Waschek
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevan Jacobson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Helicobacter pylori-specific protection against inflammatory bowel disease requires the NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-18. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:854-61. [PMID: 25742401 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori is a constituent of the human gastric microbiota. Chronic infection with H. pylori causes gastritis and predisposes to gastric carcinoma but has also been inversely linked to various allergic and chronic inflammatory conditions. In particular, large meta-analyses have documented an inverse association between H. pylori infection and the risk of developing ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. METHODS We investigated possible protective effects of experimental H. pylori infection and of regular treatment with H. pylori extract in 2 mouse models of colitis and in mouse models of type I diabetes and multiple sclerosis. The mechanism of protection was examined in mouse strains lacking specific innate immune recognition pathways and cytokines. RESULTS We show here that experimental infection with H. pylori and administration of regular doses of H. pylori extract both alleviate the clinical and histopathological features of dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis and of T-cell transfer-induced colitis. High resolution endoscopy of the protected animals revealed the accumulation of large amounts of colonic mucus upon H. pylori exposure, which could be attributed to transcriptional activation of the mucin 2 gene. The protection against dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis was dependent on the NLRP3 inflammasome and interleukin-18 signaling. Other autoimmune diseases, i.e., experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and type I diabetes, were not controlled by H. pylori. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we propose here that the immunomodulatory activity of an ancient constituent of the gut microbiota, H. pylori, may be exploited for the prevention and/or treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Macha MA, Krishn SR, Jahan R, Banerjee K, Batra SK, Jain M. Emerging potential of natural products for targeting mucins for therapy against inflammation and cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:277-88. [PMID: 25624117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deregulated mucin expression is a hallmark of several inflammatory and malignant pathologies. Emerging evidence suggests that, apart from biomarkers, these deregulated mucins are functional contributors to the pathogenesis in inflammation and cancer. Both overexpression and downregulation of mucins in various organ systems is associated with pathobiology of inflammation and cancer. Restoration of mucin homeostasis has become an important goal for therapy and management of such disorders has fueled the quest for selective mucomodulators. With improved understanding of mucin regulation and mechanistic insights into their pathobiological roles, there is optimism to find selective non-toxic agents capable of modulating mucin expression and function. Recently, natural compounds derived from dietary sources have drawn attention due to their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties and low toxicity. Considerable efforts have been directed towards evaluating dietary natural products as chemopreventive and therapeutic agents; identification, characterization and synthesis of their active compounds; and improving their delivery and bioavailability. We describe the current understanding of mucin regulation, rationale for targeting mucins with natural products and discuss some natural products that modulate mucin expression and functions. We further discuss the approaches and parameters that should guide future research to identify and evaluate selective natural mucomodulators for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzafar A Macha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Shiv Ram Krishn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Rahat Jahan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kasturi Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Abstract
A few human tumor types have been modeled in mice using genetic or chemical tools. The final goal of these efforts is to establish models that mimic not only the location and cellular origin of human cancers but also their genetic aberrations and morphologic appearances. The latter has been neglected by most investigators, and comparative histopathology of human versus mouse cancers is not readily available. This issue is exacerbated by the fact that some human malignancies comprise a whole spectrum of cancer subtypes that differ molecularly and morphologically. Lung cancer is a paradigm that appears not only as non-small cell and small-cell lung cancer but comprises a plethora of subtypes with distinct morphologic features. This review discusses species-specific and common morphological features of non-small cell lung cancer in mice and humans. Potential inconsistencies and the need for refined genetic tools are discussed in the context of a comparative analysis between commonly employed RAS-induced mouse tumors and human lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut H Popper
- Institute of Pathology, Research Unit Molecular Lung & Pleura Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 25, 8036, Graz, Austria,
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Simmini S, Bialecka M, Huch M, Kester L, van de Wetering M, Sato T, Beck F, van Oudenaarden A, Clevers H, Deschamps J. Transformation of intestinal stem cells into gastric stem cells on loss of transcription factor Cdx2. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5728. [PMID: 25500896 PMCID: PMC4284662 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The endodermal lining of the adult gastro-intestinal tract harbours stem cells that are responsible for the day-to-day regeneration of the epithelium. Stem cells residing in the pyloric glands of the stomach and in the small intestinal crypts differ in their differentiation programme and in the gene repertoire that they express. Both types of stem cells have been shown to grow from single cells into 3D structures (organoids) in vitro. We show that single adult Lgr5-positive stem cells, isolated from small intestinal organoids, require Cdx2 to maintain their intestinal identity and are converted cell-autonomously into pyloric stem cells in the absence of this transcription factor. Clonal descendants of Cdx2null small intestinal stem cells enter the gastric differentiation program instead of producing intestinal derivatives. We show that the intestinal genetic programme is critically dependent on the single transcription factor encoding gene Cdx2. The adult gastro-intestinal tract harbours stem cells that differ in their differentiation programme and in the gene repertoire that they express. Here the authors show that single adult Lgr5-positive stem cells require Cdx2 to maintain their intestinal identity and are converted into pyloric stem cells in the absence of this transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Simmini
- Hubrecht Institute and UMC Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Monika Bialecka
- Hubrecht Institute and UMC Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Meritxell Huch
- Hubrecht Institute and UMC Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lennart Kester
- Hubrecht Institute and UMC Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marc van de Wetering
- Hubrecht Institute and UMC Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Hubrecht Institute and UMC Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Felix Beck
- University of Leicester, Department of Biochemistry, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | | | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute and UMC Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Deschamps
- Hubrecht Institute and UMC Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Gopal A, Iyer SC, Gopal U, Devaraj N, Halagowder D. Shigella dysenteriae modulates BMP pathway to induce mucin gene expression in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111408. [PMID: 25365201 PMCID: PMC4218725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal epithelial cells in the intestine act as the first line of host defense against pathogens by increasing mucin production for clearance. Despite this fact, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which Shigella dysenteriae transduce mucin gene expression remain poorly defined. The goal of this study was to determine the role of Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway in mucin gene expression during S. dysenteriae infection. In this study we demonstrate that S. dysenteriae activates BMP signaling to induce MUC2 and MUC5AC gene expression in rat ileal loop model and in vitro. We also observed that BMP pathway regulates CDX2 expression which plays a critical role in induction of MUC2 gene during S. dysenteriae infection. In SMAD4 silenced cells S. dysenteriae infection did not abrogate MUC2 and MUC5AC gene expression whereas in CDX2 silenced cells it induces differential expression of MUC5AC gene. These results suggest that SMAD4-CDX2 induces MUC2 gene expression whereas SMAD4 directly influences differential expression of MUC5AC gene. Altogether, our results show that during S. dysenteriae infection the BMP pathway modulates inflammatory transcription factors CDX2 and SMAD4 to induce MUC2 and MUC5AC gene expression which plays a key role in the regulation of host mucosal defense thereby paving a cue for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashidha Gopal
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Soumya Chidambaram Iyer
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Udhayakumar Gopal
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Niranjali Devaraj
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Devaraj Halagowder
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
- * E-mail:
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Ashley N, Jones M, Ouaret D, Wilding J, Bodmer WF. Rapidly derived colorectal cancer cultures recapitulate parental cancer characteristics and enable personalized therapeutic assays. J Pathol 2014; 234:34-45. [PMID: 24797403 DOI: 10.1002/path.4371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a simple procedure for deriving pure cultures of growing cancer cells from colorectal cancers, including material refrigerated overnight, for pathological characterization and cytotoxicity assays. Forty-six cancers were processed and cultures set up under varying culture conditions. Use of a Rho kinase (ROCK1) inhibitor markedly increased culture survival, resulting in 80% of samples growing in culture for at least 1 month and beyond. Overnight refrigeration of samples before culture initiation had little effect on success rates, paving the way for cultures to be established for samples collected over wide geographical areas, such as those for clinical trials. Primary cultures demonstrated good correlation for differentiation markers compared to parent cancers, and were highly dynamic in 3D culture. In Matrigel, many colonies formed central lumens, indicating the presence of stem-like cells. Viable colonies in these cultures recapitulated the in vivo generation of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-positive necrotic/apoptotic debris, much of which was derived from abnormal vacuolated dynamic 'bubble cells' that have not previously been described. Although bubble cells morphologically resembled signet ring cells, a rare cancer subtype, immunostaining suggested that they were most likely derived from terminally differentiated enterocytes. Micro-assays showed that drug toxicity could be measured in these cultures within hours and with sensitivity down to a few hundred cells. Primary cultures derived by our method provide valid in vitro avatars for studying the pathology of cancers in vitro and are amenable to pre-clinical drug testing, paving the way for personalized cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Ashley
- Cancer and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
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Cobler L, Pera M, Garrido M, Iglesias M, de Bolós C. CDX2 can be regulated through the signalling pathways activated by IL-6 in gastric cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:785-92. [PMID: 24953186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory infiltrate of the gastric mucosa associated with Helicobacter pylori infection increases the presence of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 that activates both the SHP-2/ERK/MAPK and the JAK/STAT signalling pathways. Furthermore, the ectopic expression of CDX2 is detected in pre-neoplasic lesions associated with decreased levels of SOX2, and we found that in gastric adenocarcinomas their expression is inversely correlated. To determine the role of IL-6 in the regulation of CDX2, MKN45 that constitutively expresses p-STAT3, and NUGC-4 gastric cancer cell lines were treated with IL-6, which induced the CDX2 up-regulation and SOX2 down-regulation. ChIP assays determined that in IL-6-treated cells, c-JUN and p-STAT3 bound to CDX2 promoter in MKN45 cells whereas in NUGC-4 cells, p-STAT3 binds to and c-JUN releases from the CDX2 promoter. Specific inhibition of STAT3 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation through AG490 and U0126, respectively, and STAT3 down-regulation using shRNA verified that the SHP-2/ERK/MAPK pathway regulates the expression of CDX2 in basal conditions, and the CDX2 up-regulation by IL-6 is through the JAK/STAT pathway in NUGC-4 cells whereas in MKN45 cells both pathways contribute to the CDX2 up-regulation. In conclusion, the signalling pathways activated by IL-6 have a crucial role in the regulation of CDX2 that is a key factor in the process of gastric carcinogenesis, suggesting that the inflammatory infiltrate in the gastric mucosa is relevant in this process and a potential target for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Cobler
- Gastroesophageal Cancer Research Group, Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Pera
- Gastroesophageal Cancer Research Group, Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Garrido
- Gastroesophageal Cancer Research Group, Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Iglesias
- Gastroesophageal Cancer Research Group, Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme de Bolós
- Gastroesophageal Cancer Research Group, Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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50
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Mari L, Milano F, Parikh K, Straub D, Everts V, Hoeben KK, Fockens P, Buttar NS, Krishnadath KK. A pSMAD/CDX2 complex is essential for the intestinalization of epithelial metaplasia. Cell Rep 2014; 7:1197-210. [PMID: 24794431 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms leading to epithelial metaplasias are poorly understood. Barrett's esophagus is a premalignant metaplastic change of the esophageal epithelium into columnar epithelium, occurring in patients suffering from gastroesophageal reflux disease. Mechanisms behind the development of the intestinal subtype, which is associated with the highest cancer risk, are unclear. In humans, it has been suggested that a nonspecialized columnar metaplasia precedes the development of intestinal metaplasia. Here, we propose that a complex made up of at least two factors needs to be activated simultaneously to drive the expression of intestinal type of genes. Using unique animal models and robust in vitro assays, we show that the nonspecialized columnar metaplasia is a precursor of intestinal metaplasia and that pSMAD/CDX2 interaction is essential for the switch toward an intestinal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Mari
- Centre for Experimental & Molecular Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Francesca Milano
- Centre for Experimental & Molecular Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Section of Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal and Experimental Medicine, Ospedale S. Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy
| | - Kaushal Parikh
- Centre for Experimental & Molecular Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle Straub
- Centre for Experimental & Molecular Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Everts
- Core facility Cellular Imaging/LCAM-AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kees K Hoeben
- Core facility Cellular Imaging/LCAM-AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Fockens
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Navtej S Buttar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Kausilia K Krishnadath
- Centre for Experimental & Molecular Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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