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Jung W, Yang MJ, Kang MS, Pyo G, Choi H, Li K, Park EJ. The formation of lamellar body-like structures may be a trigger of cetylpyridinium chloride-induced cell death and inflammatory response. Toxicology 2024; 506:153877. [PMID: 38969275 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is a quaternary ammonium compound used widely in health and personal care products. Meanwhile, due to its increasing use, its potential adverse health effects are emerging as a topic of public concern. In this study, we first administered CPC by pharyngeal aspiration to determine the survival level (the maximum concentration at which no death is observed) and then administered CPC to mice repeatedly for 28 days using the survival level as the highest concentration. CPC increased the total number of pulmonary cells secreting pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Infiltration of inflammatory cells, production of foamy alveolar macrophages, and chronic inflammatory lesions were found in the lung tissue of male and female mice exposed to the highest dose of CPC. We also investigated the toxicity mechanism using BEAS-2B cells isolated from normal human bronchial epithelium. At 6 h after exposure to CPC, the cells underwent non-apoptotic cell death, especially at concentrations greater than 2 μg/mL. The expression of the transferrin receptor was remarkably enhanced, and the expression of proteins that contribute to intracellular iron storage was inhibited. The expression of both mitochondrial SOD and catalase increased with CPC concentration, and PARP protein was cleaved, suggesting possible DNA damage. In addition, the internal structure of mitochondria was disrupted, and fusion between damaged organelles was observed in the cytoplasm. Most importantly, lamellar body-like structures and autophagosome-like vacuoles were found in CPC-treated cells, with enhanced expression of ABCA3 protein, a marker for lamellar body, and a docking score between ABCA3 protein and CPC was considered to be approximately -6.8969 kcal/mol. From these results, we propose that mitochondrial damage and iron depletion may contribute to CPC-induced non-apoptotic cell death and that pulmonary accumulation of cell debris may be closely associated with the inflammatory response. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the formation of lamellar body-like structures may be a trigger for CPC-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonkyun Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Yang
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kang
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonwoo Pyo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosun Choi
- National Instrumentation Center for Environmental management, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Kexin Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Human Health and Environmental Toxins Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Duraisamy P, Angusamy A, Ravi S, Krishnan M, Martin LC, Manikandan B, Sundaram J, Ramar M. Phytol from Scoparia dulcis prevents NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses during macrophage polarization. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:80. [PMID: 38375513 PMCID: PMC10874368 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03924-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are primary immune cells that mediate a wide range of inflammatory diseases through their polarization potential. In this study, phytol isolated from Scoparia dulcis has been explored against 7-ketocholesterol and bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage polarization in IC-21 cells. Isolated phytol has been characterized using GC-MS, TLC, HPTLC, FTIR, 1H-NMR, and HPLC analyses. The immunomodulatory effects of viable concentrations of phytol were tested on oxidative stress, arginase activity, nuclear and mitochondrial membrane potentials in IC-21 cells in addition to the modulation of calcium and lipids. Further, gene and protein expression of atherogenic markers were studied. Results showed that the isolated phytol at a viable concentration of 400 µg/ml effectively reduced the production of nitric oxide, superoxide anion (ROS generation), calcium and lipid accumulation, stabilized nuclear and mitochondrial membranes, and increased arginase activity. The atherogenic markers including iNOS, COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, MMP-9, CD36, and NF-κB were significantly downregulated at the levels of gene and protein expression, while macrophage surface and nuclear receptor markers (CD206, CD163, and PPAR-γ) were significantly upregulated by phytol pre-treatment in macrophages. Therefore, the present pharmacognostic study supports the role of phytol isolated from Scoparia dulcis in preventing M2-M1 macrophage polarization under inflammatory conditions, making it a promising compound. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-03924-9.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annapoorani Angusamy
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025 India
| | - Sangeetha Ravi
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025 India
| | - Mahalakshmi Krishnan
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025 India
| | | | - Beulaja Manikandan
- Department of Biochemistry, Annai Veilankanni’s College for Women, Chennai, 600015 India
| | - Janarthanan Sundaram
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025 India
| | - Manikandan Ramar
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025 India
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Ghosh S, Ghzaiel I, Vejux A, Meaney S, Nag S, Lizard G, Tripathi G, Naez F, Paul S. Impact of Oxysterols in Age-Related Disorders and Strategies to Alleviate Adverse Effects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:163-191. [PMID: 38036880 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols or cholesterol oxidation products are a class of molecules with the sterol moiety, derived from oxidative reaction of cholesterol through enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes. They are widely reported in animal-origin foods and prove significant involvement in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, lipid transport, cellular signaling, and other physiological processes. Reports of oxysterol-mediated cytotoxicity are in abundance and thus consequently implicated in several age-related and lifestyle disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, bone disorders, pancreatic disorders, age-related macular degeneration, cataract, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and some types of cancers. In this chapter, we attempt to review a selection of physiologically relevant oxysterols, with a focus on their formation, properties, and roles in health and disease, while also delving into the potential of natural and synthetic molecules along with bacterial enzymes for mitigating oxysterol-mediated cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhrima Ghosh
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Imen Ghzaiel
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory 'Nutrition, Functional Food and Vascular Health' (LR12ES05), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Anne Vejux
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Steve Meaney
- School of Biological, Health and Sports Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Sagnik Nag
- Department of Bio-Sciences, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Garima Tripathi
- Department of Bio-Sciences, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Falal Naez
- Department of Microbiology, Vijaygarh Jyotish Ray College, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Srijita Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Gurudas College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Petrov AM. Oxysterols in Central and Peripheral Synaptic Communication. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:91-123. [PMID: 38036877 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a key molecule for synaptic transmission, and both central and peripheral synapses are cholesterol rich. During intense neuronal activity, a substantial portion of synaptic cholesterol can be oxidized by either enzymatic or non-enzymatic pathways to form oxysterols, which in turn modulate the activities of neurotransmitter receptors (e.g., NMDA and adrenergic receptors), signaling molecules (nitric oxide synthases, protein kinase C, liver X receptors), and synaptic vesicle cycling involved in neurotransmitters release. 24-Hydroxycholesterol, produced by neurons in the brain, could directly affect neighboring synapses and change neurotransmission. 27-Hydroxycholesterol, which can cross the blood-brain barrier, can alter both synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Increased generation of 25-hydroxycholesterol by activated microglia and macrophages could link inflammatory processes to learning and neuronal regulation. Amyloids and oxidative stress can lead to an increase in the levels of ring-oxidized sterols and some of these oxysterols (4-cholesten-3-one, 5α-cholestan-3-one, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol) have a high potency to disturb or modulate neurotransmission at both the presynaptic and postsynaptic levels. Overall, oxysterols could be used as "molecular prototypes" for therapeutic approaches. Analogs of 24-hydroxycholesterol (SGE-301, SGE-550, SAGE718) can be used for correction of NMDA receptor hypofunction-related states, whereas inhibitors of cholesterol 24-hydroxylase, cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol, and cholest-4-en-3-one oxime (olesoxime) can be utilized as potential anti-epileptic drugs and (or) protectors from excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey M Petrov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", Kazan, RT, Russia.
- Kazan State Medial University, Kazan, RT, Russia.
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, RT, Russia.
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Zhang Y, Xu S, Xu J, Xu F, Lu G, Zhou J, Gu S, Wang J. Prognostic value of plasma 7-ketocholesterol in sepsis. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 548:117467. [PMID: 37399884 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early evaluation of the severity of sepsis and estimation of its prognosis remains one of the main challenges in current therapeutic strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of plasma 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC) in sepsis. METHODS We retrospectively measured by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) the plasma 7-KC concentration in 176 patients with sepsis and 90 healthy volunteers. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was introduced to identify independent factors, including plasma 7-KC and clinical features, for the 28-day mortality of sepsis, and a nomogram for predicting the 28-day mortality of sepsis was established. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was performed to assess the prediction model of death risk of sepsis. RESULTS The area under the curve (AUC) of plasma 7-KC in diagnosing sepsis was 0.899 (95% CI = 0.862-0.935, P < 0.001), while it was 0.830 (95% CI = 0.764-0.894, P < 0.001) in diagnosing septic shock. The AUCs of plasma 7-KC in predicting the survival of sepsis patients in the training cohort and the test cohort were 0.770 (95% CI = 0.692-0.848, P < 0.05) and 0.869 (95% CI = 0.763-0.974, P < 0.05), respectively. In addition, high plasma 7-KC expression predicts poor prognosis in sepsis. Then, 7-KC and platelet count were identified as the two factors with significant differences by a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model, and the 28-day mortality probability ranged from 0.002 to 0.985 and was assessed using a nomogram. DCA results revealed that the combination of plasma 7-KC and platelet count showed the best prognostic efficiency of the risk threshold compared to a single factor in both the training cohort and test cohort. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the elevated plasma 7-KC level is an indicator of sepsis and was identified as a prognostic indicator for sepsis patients, providing a landscape for predicting survival in early sepsis with potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyuan Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Sha Xu
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Jianxin Xu
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Fuchao Xu
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Geng Lu
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Shuangshuang Gu
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China; Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210000, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China; Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210000, China.
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6
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Liao LS, Tan LJ, Chen Y, Yang QY, Choudhary MI, Pan YM, Tang HT, Su GF, Liang H, Chen ZF. One-pot synthesis of oxoaporphines as potent antitumor agents and investigation of their mechanisms of actions. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 231:114141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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7
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Shoji S, Maekawa M, Ogura J, Sato T, Mano N. Identification cholesterol metabolites altered before the onset of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by targeted metabolomics. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159135. [PMID: 35217199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a disease with symptoms similar to those of alcoholic liver inflammation without alcohol intake. As an effective treatment strategy has not been established for this disease, a detailed understanding of the pathological progression mechanism is required. We focused on cholesterol metabolites, which are suspected to regulate NASH pathology, and investigated their relationship with the pathological progression in the early stages of NASH. First, the LC/MS/MS methods for bile acids and sterols were optimized and validated. Next, NASH model mice were established by feeding a choline-deficient, methionine-reduced high-fat diet, and the levels of hepatic cholesterol metabolites were measured. As a result, before the onset of NASH, desmosterol, 4β-hydroxycholesterol, campesterol, sitosterol, secondary bile acids such as taurodeoxycholic acid significantly decreased by up to 1/38 of NASH model group. Autoxidation-generated sterols significantly increased 2- to 5-fold, and various primary bile acids such as conjugated β-muricholic acids and cholic acids significantly increased 2- to 7-fold. In this study, the levels of cholesterol metabolites changed in the before the onset of NASH. These metabolic alterations involved in inflammation induction and detoxification for NASH may help the discovery of early diagnostic biomarkers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Shoji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Maekawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Jiro Ogura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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8
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Ravi S, Duraisamy P, Krishnan M, Martin LC, Manikandan B, Raman T, Sundaram J, Arumugam M, Ramar M. An insight on 7- ketocholesterol mediated inflammation in atherosclerosis and potential therapeutics. Steroids 2021; 172:108854. [PMID: 33930389 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
7-ketocholesterol, a toxic oxidative product of oxysterol is a causative agent of several diseases and disabilities concomitant to aging including cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis. Auto-oxidation of cholesterol esters present in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) deposits lead to the formation of oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) along with its byproducts, namely 7KCh. It is predominantly found in atherosclerotic plaque and also found to be more atherogenic than cholesterol by being cytotoxic, interfering with cellular homeostasis. This makes it a serious threat by being the foremost cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is likely to become more serious during forth coming years. It involves in mediating inflammatory mechanisms characterized by the advancement of fibroatheroma plaques. The atherosclerotic lesion is composed of Ox-LDL along with fibrotic mass consisting of immune cells and molecules. Macrophages being the specialized phagocytic cells, contribute to removal of detrimental contents of the lesion along with accumulated lipids leading to alteration of its biology and functionality due to its plasticity. Here, we have explored the known as well as proposed mechanisms involved with 7KCh associated atherogenesis along with potential therapeutic strategies for targeting 7KCh as a diagnostic and target in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Ravi
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
| | | | - Mahalakshmi Krishnan
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - Livya C Martin
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - Beulaja Manikandan
- Department of Biochemistry, Annai Veilakanni's College for Women, Chennai 600015, India
| | - Thiagarajan Raman
- Department of Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College, Mylapore, Chennai 600004, India
| | - Janarthanan Sundaram
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - Munusamy Arumugam
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - Manikandan Ramar
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India.
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Nury T, Yammine A, Ghzaiel I, Sassi K, Zarrouk A, Brahmi F, Samadi M, Rup-Jacques S, Vervandier-Fasseur D, Pais de Barros J, Bergas V, Ghosh S, Majeed M, Pande A, Atanasov A, Hammami S, Hammami M, Mackrill J, Nasser B, Andreoletti P, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Vejux A, Lizard G. Attenuation of 7-ketocholesterol- and 7β-hydroxycholesterol-induced oxiapoptophagy by nutrients, synthetic molecules and oils: Potential for the prevention of age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101324. [PMID: 33774195 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Age-related diseases for which there are no effective treatments include cardiovascular diseases; neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease; eye disorders such as cataract and age-related macular degeneration; and, more recently, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). These diseases are associated with plasma and/or tissue increases in cholesterol derivatives mainly formed by auto-oxidation: 7-ketocholesterol, also known as 7-oxo-cholesterol, and 7β-hydroxycholesterol. The formation of these oxysterols can be considered as a consequence of mitochondrial and peroxisomal dysfunction, leading to increased in oxidative stress, which is accentuated with age. 7-ketocholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol cause a specific form of cytotoxic activity defined as oxiapoptophagy, including oxidative stress and induction of death by apoptosis associated with autophagic criteria. Oxiaptophagy is associated with organelle dysfunction and in particular with mitochondrial and peroxisomal alterations involved in the induction of cell death and in the rupture of redox balance. As the criteria characterizing 7-ketocholesterol- and 7β-hydroxycholesterol-induced cytotoxicity are often simultaneously observed in major age-related diseases (cardiovascular diseases, age-related macular degeneration, Alzheimer's disease) the involvement of these oxysterols in the pathophysiology of the latter seems increasingly likely. It is therefore important to better understand the signalling pathways associated with the toxicity of 7-ketocholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol in order to identify pharmacological targets, nutrients and synthetic molecules attenuating or inhibiting the cytotoxic activities of these oxysterols. Numerous natural cytoprotective compounds have been identified: vitamins, fatty acids, polyphenols, terpenes, vegetal pigments, antioxidants, mixtures of compounds (oils, plant extracts) and bacterial enzymes. However, few synthetic molecules are able to prevent 7-ketocholesterol- and/or 7β-hydroxycholesterol-induced cytotoxicity: dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG126, memantine, simvastatine, Trolox, dimethylsufoxide, mangafodipir and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) inhibitors. The effectiveness of these compounds, several of which are already in use in humans, makes it possible to consider using them for the treatment of certain age-related diseases associated with increased plasma and/or tissue levels of 7-ketocholesterol and/or 7β-hydroxycholesterol.
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10
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Nury T, Zarrouk A, Yammine A, Mackrill JJ, Vejux A, Lizard G. Oxiapoptophagy: A type of cell death induced by some oxysterols. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3115-3123. [PMID: 32579703 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxidized forms of cholesterol generated from cholesterol by auto-oxidation, enzymatic processes, or both. Some of them (7-ketocholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol and 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol), when used at cytotoxic concentrations on different cell types from different species (mesenchymal bone marrow cells, monocytic cells and nerve cells), induce a type of cell death associated with OXIdative stress and several characteristics of APOPTOsis and autoPHAGY, defined as oxiapoptophagy. Oxidative stress is associated with overproduction of ROS, increased antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation. Apoptosis is associated with activation of the mitochondrial pathway, opening of the mitochondrial permeability pore, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase-3 activation, PARP degradation, nuclear condensation and/or fragmentation. Autophagy is characterized by autophagic vacuoles revealed by monodansylcadaverine staining and transmission electron microscopy, plus increased ratio of LC-3II/LC-3I. In addition, morphological, topographical and functional changes of the peroxisome are observed. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nury
- Team "Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism" EA 7270/Inserm, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS "Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health", University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Aline Yammine
- Team "Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism" EA 7270/Inserm, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,Bioactive Molecules Research Laboratory, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - John J Mackrill
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anne Vejux
- Team "Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism" EA 7270/Inserm, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team "Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism" EA 7270/Inserm, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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11
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Vejux A, Abed-Vieillard D, Hajji K, Zarrouk A, Mackrill JJ, Ghosh S, Nury T, Yammine A, Zaibi M, Mihoubi W, Bouchab H, Nasser B, Grosjean Y, Lizard G. 7-Ketocholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol: In vitro and animal models used to characterize their activities and to identify molecules preventing their toxicity. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 173:113648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Enhanced mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) in oligodendrocytes might play a role in white matter pathology in schizophrenia. Med Hypotheses 2019; 134:109443. [PMID: 31644973 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Disrupted white matter integrity is a typical feature of brain pathologic alterations in schizophrenia, which includes impaired myelination, decreased oligodendrocyte densities, distortion of their spatial distribution and deviations from normal oligodendrocyte cell morphology. While most genes expressed "in the remaining" oligodendrocytes are downregulated in schizophrenia, only a few are upregulated. To the latter group belong prohibitin 2 and DISC 1, which were recently identified as mitochondria-located mitophagy receptors. Their overexpression, together with greatly reduced numbers and densities of oligodendroglial mitochondria and the structurally "normal appearance of the remaining mitochondria" in these cells as reported by Uranova's group (Uranova et al., 2001, 2004, 2018), point to enhanced mitophagy in oligodendrocytes in schizophrenia, which is possibly even cell protective by preventing apoptosis. Since massive loss of white matter oligodendrocytes is a characteristic feature of schizophrenia, we assume that increased mitophagy is a late event in the development and/or further progression of white matter pathologic changes. Moreover, altered oligodendroglial mitophagy might in part result from antipsychotic treatment. Further studies are clearly needed to substantiate our hypothesis on enhanced mitochondrial autophagy in schizophrenia, whereby the "drug-naïve state" and the possible influence of antipsychotic treatment could be elegantly simulated using animal models of the disease.
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13
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Verçoza BR, Bernardo RR, Pentón-Madrigal A, Sinnecker JP, Rodrigues JC, S de Oliveira LA. Therapeutic potential of low-cost nanocarriers produced by green synthesis: macrophage uptake of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2293-2313. [PMID: 31414612 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The primary goal of this work was to synthesize low-cost superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with the aid of coconut water and evaluate the ability of macrophages to internalize them. Our motivation was to determine potential therapeutic applications in drug-delivery systems associated with magnetic hyperthermia. Materials & methods: We used the following characterization techniques: x-ray and electron diffractions, electron microscopy, spectrometry and magnetometry. Results: The synthesized SPIONs, roughly 4 nm in diameter, were internalized by macrophages, likely via endocytic/phagocytic pathways. They were randomly distributed throughout the cytoplasm and mainly located in membrane-bound compartments. Conclusion: Nanoparticles presented an elevated intrinsic loss power value and were not cytotoxic to mammalian cells. Thus, we suggest that low-cost SPIONs have great therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunno Rf Verçoza
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biologia, Campus Prof. Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 105. 25240-005, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-170, Brazil
| | - Robson R Bernardo
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biologia, Campus Prof. Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 105. 25240-005, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.,Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisas em Nanotecnologia, Campus Prof. Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 105. 25240-005, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Arbélio Pentón-Madrigal
- Facultad de Física, IMRE, Universidad de La Habana, San Lazaro y L, C. Habana, CP 10400, Cuba
| | - João P Sinnecker
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rua Xavier Sigaud 150, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-180, Brazil
| | - Juliany Cf Rodrigues
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biologia, Campus Prof. Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 105. 25240-005, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-170, Brazil
| | - Luiz Augusto S de Oliveira
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biologia, Campus Prof. Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 105. 25240-005, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.,Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisas em Nanotecnologia, Campus Prof. Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 105. 25240-005, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
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14
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Sassi K, Nury T, Zarrouk A, Sghaier R, Khalafi-Nezhad A, Vejux A, Samadi M, Aissa-Fennira FB, Lizard G. Induction of a non-apoptotic mode of cell death associated with autophagic characteristics with steroidal maleic anhydrides and 7β-hydroxycholesterol on glioma cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 191:105371. [PMID: 31034873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal maleic anhydrides were prepared in one step: lithocholic, chenodeoxicholic, deoxicholic, ursocholic, and hyodeoxicholic acid derivatives. Their capability to induce cell death was studied on C6 rat glioma cells, and 7β-hydroxycholesterol was used as positive cytotoxic control. The highest cytotoxicity was observed with lithocholic and chenodeoxicholic acid derivatives (23-(4-methylfuran-2,5-dione)-3α-hydroxy-24-nor-5β-cholane (compound 1a), and 23-(4-methylfuran-2,5-dione)-3α,7α-dihydroxy-24-nor-5β-cholane (compound 1b), respectively), which induce a non-apoptotic mode of cell death associated with mitochondrial membrane potential loss and reactive oxygen species overproduction. No cells with condensed and/or fragmented nuclei, no PARP degradation and no cleaved-caspase-3, which are apoptotic criteria, were observed. Similar effects were found with 7β-hydroxycholesterol. The cell clonogenic survival assay showed that compound 1b was more cytotoxic than compound 1a and 7β-hydroxycholesterol. Compound 1b and 7β-hydroxycholesterol also induce cell cycle modifications. In addition, compounds 1a and 1b, and 7β-hydroxycholesterol favour the formation of large acidic vacuoles revealed by staining with acridine orange and monodansylcadaverine evocating autophagic vacuoles; they also induce an increased ratio of [LC3-II / LC3-I], and modify the expression of mTOR, Beclin-1, Atg12, and Atg5-Atg12 which is are autophagic criteria. The ratio [LC3-II / LC3-I] is also strongly modified by bafilomycin acting on the autophagic flux. Rapamycin, an autophagic inducer, and 3-methyladenine, an autophagic inhibitor, reduce and increase 7β-hydroxycholesterol-induced cell death, respectively, supporting that 7β-hydroxycholesterol induces survival autophagy. Alpha-tocopherol also strongly attenuates 7β-hydroxycholesterol-induced cell death. However, rapamycin, 3-methyladenine, and α-tocopherol have no effect on compounds 1a and 1b-induced cell death. It is concluded that these compounds trigger a non apoptotic mode of cell death, involving the mitochondria and associated with several characteristics of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sassi
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270 / Inserm, Dijon, France; Univ. Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Onco-Hematology (LR05ES05), Faculty of Medicine, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - T Nury
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270 / Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - A Zarrouk
- Univ. Monastir, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health' (LR12ES05), Monastir, & Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - R Sghaier
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270 / Inserm, Dijon, France; Univ. Monastir, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health' (LR12ES05), Monastir, & Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Sousse, Tunisia; Univ. Manouba, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Valorisation of Bio-Geo Ressources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology (LR11ES31), Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - A Khalafi-Nezhad
- Dept. of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - A Vejux
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270 / Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - M Samadi
- LCPMC-A2, ICPM, Dept of Chemistry, Univ. Lorraine, Metz Technopôle, Metz, France.
| | - F Ben Aissa-Fennira
- Univ. Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Onco-Hematology (LR05ES05), Faculty of Medicine, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - G Lizard
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270 / Inserm, Dijon, France.
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15
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Cao JJ, Zheng Y, Wu XW, Tan CP, Chen MH, Wu N, Ji LN, Mao ZW. Anticancer Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes with Planar Ligands: Mitochondrial DNA Damage and Metabolism Disturbance. J Med Chem 2019; 62:3311-3322. [PMID: 30816710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging studies have shown that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a potential target for cancer therapy. Herein, six cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes Ir1-Ir6 containing a series of extended planar diimine ligands have been designed and assessed for their efficacy as anticancer agents. Ir1-Ir6 show much higher cytotoxicity than cisplatin and they can effectively localize to mitochondria. Among them, complexes Ir3 and Ir4 with dipyrido[3,2- a:2',3'- c]phenazine (dppz) ligands can bind to DNA tightly in vitro, intercalate to mtDNA in situ, and induce mtDNA damage. Ir3- and Ir4-impaired mitochondria exhibit decline of mitochondrial membrane potential, disability of adenosine triphosphate generation, disruption of mitochondrial energetic and metabolic status, which subsequently cause protective mitophagy, G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. In vivo antitumor evaluations also show that Ir4 can inhibit tumor xenograft growth effectively. Overall, our work proves that targeting the mitochondrial genome may present an effective strategy to develop metal-based anticancer agents to overcome cisplatin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Yue Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Xiao-Wen Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Cai-Ping Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Mu-He Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Na Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Liang-Nian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Zong-Wan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
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16
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Brahmi F, Vejux A, Sghaier R, Zarrouk A, Nury T, Meddeb W, Rezig L, Namsi A, Sassi K, Yammine A, Badreddine I, Vervandier-Fasseur D, Madani K, Boulekbache-Makhlouf L, Nasser B, Lizard G. Prevention of 7-ketocholesterol-induced side effects by natural compounds. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:3179-3198. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1491828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatiha Brahmi
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Lab. Biomathématique, Biochimie, Biophysique et Scientométrie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Anne Vejux
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Randa Sghaier
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Lab-NAFS ‘Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health’, LR12ES05, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine, Lab. Biochemistry, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Lab-NAFS ‘Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health’, LR12ES05, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine, Lab. Biochemistry, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Thomas Nury
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Wiem Meddeb
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- LMMA/IPEST, Faculty of Science, University of Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Leila Rezig
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- ESIAT, Lab. Conservation et Valorisation des Aliments, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amira Namsi
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- University Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Science of Tunis, Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khouloud Sassi
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Lab. Onco-Hematology, Faculty de Medicine of Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aline Yammine
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Bioactive Molecules Research Lab, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Iham Badreddine
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Lab. ‘Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles et Environnement’, Université Ibn Zohr, Taroudant, Morocco
| | | | - Khodir Madani
- Lab. Biomathématique, Biochimie, Biophysique et Scientométrie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Lila Boulekbache-Makhlouf
- Lab. Biomathématique, Biochimie, Biophysique et Scientométrie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Boubker Nasser
- Lab. Neuroscience and Biochemistry, Université Hassan 1er, Settat, Morocco
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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17
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Zarrouk A, Ben Salem Y, Hafsa J, Sghaier R, Charfeddine B, Limem K, Hammami M, Majdoub H. 7β-hydroxycholesterol-induced cell death, oxidative stress, and fatty acid metabolism dysfunctions attenuated with sea urchin egg oil. Biochimie 2018; 153:210-219. [PMID: 30003930 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Some oxysterols resulting either from enzymatic oxidation or autoxidation of cholesterol are associated with age-related diseases including neurodegenerative diseases. Among these oxysterols, 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OHC) is often found at increased levels in patients. It is therefore important to identify molecules or mixtures of molecules to prevent 7β-OHC-induced side effects. Consequently, murine oligodendrocytes (158N) were cultured in the absence or presence of 7β-OHC (20 μg/mL, 24 h) with or without a natural oil extracted from sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) eggs known for its biological activity. Firstly, the chemical composition of this oil was determined using 31P NMR and GC-MS. Secondly, this oil was used to reduce 7β-OHC-induced side effects. To this end, the oil (160 μg/mL) was added to the culture medium of 158N cells 2 h before 7β-OHC. The effects of 7β-OHC with or without the oil on cell viability were studied with the MTT test. Photometric methods were used to analyze antioxidant enzyme activities, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as the generation of lipid peroxidation products (malondialdehyde (MDA), conjugated dienes (CDs)) and protein oxidation product (carbonylated proteins (CPs)). Gas chromatography was used to determine the fatty acid profile. With 7β-OHC, an induction of cell death associated with oxidative stress (alteration of GPx and SOD activities) was observed; an overproduction of lipid peroxidation products (MDA and CDs) and CPs was also revealed. Sea urchin egg oil attenuated 7β-OHC-induced cytotoxicity: 7β-OHC-induced cell death was reduced, GPx and SOD activities were normalized, and lower levels of MDA, CDs and CPs were produced. In addition, whereas a disturbed fatty acid profile was observed with 7β-OHC, similar fatty acid profiles were found in control cells and in cells cultured with 7β-OHC associated with sea urchin egg oil. These data demonstrate the protective activities of sea urchin egg oil against 7β-OHC-induced side effects on 158N cells, supporting the concept that this oil may have benefits in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Zarrouk
- University of Monastir, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health, Monastir, Tunisia; University of Sousse, Faculty of Medicine Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Yosra Ben Salem
- Laboratoire des Interfaces et des Matériaux Avancés (LIMA), Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jawhar Hafsa
- University of Sousse, Faculty of Medicine Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Randa Sghaier
- University of Sousse, Faculty of Medicine Sousse, Tunisia; Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, Univ. Bourgogne Franche Comté, INSERM, Dijon, Tunisia
| | | | - Khalifa Limem
- University of Sousse, Faculty of Medicine Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Hammami
- University of Monastir, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hatem Majdoub
- Laboratoire des Interfaces et des Matériaux Avancés (LIMA), Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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18
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High Cholesterol Diet-Induced Changes in Oxysterol and Scavenger Receptor Levels in Heart Tissue. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:8520746. [PMID: 30008986 PMCID: PMC6020519 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8520746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Involvement of high cholesterol and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases is well studied, as it can be hypothesized that various products originated from lipid peroxidation, such as oxysterols, or affected protein expression might lead to cardiomyocyte damage followed by the pathological modifications. Although oxidation of excessive cholesterol to oxysterols in elevated stress conditions is identified by a number of studies, the role of a high cholesterol diet in regulating fatty acid and oxysterol accumulation, together with scavenger receptor mRNA levels, in the heart remains little investigated. Our study provides a detailed analysis of the changes in fatty acid, oxysterol, and scavenger receptor profiles and its relation with histological alterations in the heart tissue. We evaluated alterations of fatty acid composition, by the GC-MS method, while 4β-, 25-, and 27-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol levels by means of LC-MS/MS in high cholesterol diet-fed rabbits. Additionally, a number of proteins related to lipid metabolism and scavenger receptor mRNA expressions were evaluated by Western blotting and RT-PCR. According to our in vivo results, a high cholesterol diet enhances a number of unsaturated fatty acids, oxysterols, and LXRα, in addition to CD36, CD68, CD204, and SR-F1 expressions while α-tocopherol supplementation decreases LXRα and SR expressions together with an increase in 27-hydroxycholesterol and ABCA1 levels. Our results indicated that the high cholesterol diet modulates proteins related to lipid metabolism, which might result in the malfunction of the heart and α-tocopherol shows its beneficial effects. We believe that this work will lead the generation of different theories in the development of heart diseases.
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Favero GM, Paz JL, Otake AH, Maria DA, Caldini EG, de Medeiros RSS, Deus DF, Chammas R, Maranhão RC, Bydlowski SP. Cell internalization of 7-ketocholesterol-containing nanoemulsion through LDL receptor reduces melanoma growth in vitro and in vivo: a preliminary report. Oncotarget 2018; 9:14160-14174. [PMID: 29581835 PMCID: PMC5865661 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols are cholesterol oxygenated derivatives which possess several biological actions. Among oxysterols, 7-ketocholesterol (7KC) is known to induce cell death. Here, we hypothesized that 7KC cytotoxicity could be applied in cancer therapeutics. 7KC was incorporated into a lipid core nanoemulsion. As a cellular model the murine melanoma cell line B16F10 was used. The nanoparticle (7KCLDE) uptake into tumor cells was displaced by increasing amounts of low-density-lipoproteins (LDL) suggesting a LDL-receptor-mediated cell internalization. 7KCLDE was mainly cytostatic, which led to an accumulation of polyploid cells. Nevertheless, a single dose of 7KCLDE killed roughly 10% of melanoma cells. In addition, it was observed dissipation of the transmembrane potential, evidenced with flow cytometry; presence of autophagic vacuoles, visualized and quantified with flow cytometry and acridine orange; and presence of myelin figures, observed with ultrastructural microscopy. 7KCLDE impaired cytokenesis was accompanied by changes in cellular morphology into a fibroblastoid shape which is supported by cytoskeletal rearrangements, as shown by the increased actin polymerization. 7KCLDE was injected into B16 melanoma tumor-bearing mice. 7KCLDE accumulated in the liver and tumor. In melanoma tumor 7KCLDE promoted a >50% size reduction, enlarged the necrotic area, and reduced intratumoral vasculature. 7KCLDE increased the survival rates of animals, without hematologic or liver toxicity. Although more pre-clinical studies should be performed, our preliminary results suggested that 7KCLDE is a promising novel preparation for cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovani M Favero
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology (LIM31), Department of Hematology, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of General Biology, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Jessica L Paz
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology (LIM31), Department of Hematology, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andréia H Otake
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), SP, Brazil
| | - Durvanei A Maria
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratories, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elia G Caldini
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raphael S S de Medeiros
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), SP, Brazil
| | - Debora F Deus
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Lipids, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), SP, Brazil
| | - Raul C Maranhão
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Lipids, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio P Bydlowski
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology (LIM31), Department of Hematology, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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20
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Kim A, Nam YJ, Lee CS. Taxifolin reduces the cholesterol oxidation product-induced neuronal apoptosis by suppressing the Akt and NF-κB activation-mediated cell death. Brain Res Bull 2017; 134:63-71. [PMID: 28710022 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The taxifolin effect on the cholesterol oxidation product-induced neuronal apoptosis was investigated using differentiated PC12 cells and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. 7-ketocholesterol induced phosphorylation of Akt, and increase in the levels of cytosolic and nuclear NF-κB p65, cytosolic NF-κB p50 and cytosolic phosphorylated-IκB-α in PC12 cells. The cholesterol oxidation products also induced a decrease in the levels of Bid and Bcl-2, increase in the levels of p53 and Bax, loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, release of cytochrome c, activation of caspases (-8, -9 and -3), production of reactive oxygen species, depletion of GSH and cell death in both cell lines. Taxifolin, N-acetylcysteine, trolox, Akt inhibitor and Bay11-7085 attenuated the cholesterol oxidation product-induced changes in the apoptosis-related protein levels, activation of the Akt and NF-κB, reactive oxygen species production, GSH depletion and cell death. These results show that taxifolin may reduce the cholesterol oxidation product-induced neuronal apoptosis by suppressing the Akt and NF-κB activation-mediated cell death. The suppressive effect appears to be attributed to the inhibition of reactive oxygen species production and GSH depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arum Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, and the BK21plus Skin Barrier Network Human Resources Development Team, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jeong Nam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, and the BK21plus Skin Barrier Network Human Resources Development Team, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Soo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, and the BK21plus Skin Barrier Network Human Resources Development Team, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Leoni V, Nury T, Vejux A, Zarrouk A, Caccia C, Debbabi M, Fromont A, Sghaier R, Moreau T, Lizard G. Mitochondrial dysfunctions in 7-ketocholesterol-treated 158N oligodendrocytes without or with α-tocopherol: Impacts on the cellular profil of tricarboxylic cycle-associated organic acids, long chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, oxysterols, cholesterol and cholesterol precursors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 169:96-110. [PMID: 27020660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS) a process of white matter degradation leading to demyelination is observed. Oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, necrosis and/or autophagy result together into a progressive loss of oligodendrocytes. 7-ketocholesterol (7KC), found increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients, triggers a rupture of RedOx homeostasis associated with mitochondrial dysfunctions, aptoptosis and autophagy (oxiapoptophagy) in cultured murine oligodendrocytes (158N). α-tocopherol is able to mild the alterations induced by 7KC partially restoring the cellular homeostasis. In presence of 7KC, the amount of adherent 158N cells was decreased and oxidative stress was enhanced. An increase of caspase-3 and PARP degradation (evidences of apoptosis), and an increased LC3-II/LC3-I ratio (criterion of autophagy), were detected. These events were associated with a decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and by a decrease of oxidative phosphorylation revealed by reduced NAD+ and ATP. The cellular lactate was higher while pyruvate, citrate, fumarate, succinate (tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates) were significantly reduced in exposed cells, suggesting that an impairment of mitochondrial respiratory functions could lead to an increase of lactate production and to a reduced amount of ATP and acetyl-CoA available for the anabolic pathways. The concentration of sterol precursors lathosterol, lanosterol and desmosterol were significantly reduced together with satured and unsatured long chain fatty acids (C16:0 - C18:0, structural elements of membrane phospholipids). Such reductions were milder with α-tocopherol. It is likely that the cell death induced by 7KC is associated with mitochondrial dysfunctions, including alterations of oxidative phosphorylation, which could result from lipid anabolism dysfunctions, especially on TCA cycle intermediates. A better knowledge of mitochondrial associated dysfunctions triggered by 7KC will contribute to bring new information on the demyelination processes which are linked with oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, especially in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospital of Varese, ASST-Settelaghi, Varese, Italy; Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Foundation IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.
| | - Thomas Nury
- Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/Univ. Bourgogne Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Anne Vejux
- Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/Univ. Bourgogne Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/Univ. Bourgogne Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France; Univ. Monastir, Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Monastir, & Univ. Sousse, Faculty of Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Claudio Caccia
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Foundation IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Meryam Debbabi
- Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/Univ. Bourgogne Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France; Univ. Monastir, Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Monastir, & Univ. Sousse, Faculty of Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Agnès Fromont
- Department of Neurology, Univ. Hospital/Univ. Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Randa Sghaier
- Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/Univ. Bourgogne Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France; Univ. Monastir, Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Monastir, & Univ. Sousse, Faculty of Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Thibault Moreau
- Department of Neurology, Univ. Hospital/Univ. Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/Univ. Bourgogne Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France.
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22
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Cho HR, Son Y, Kim SM, Kim BY, Eo SK, Park YC, Kim K. 7α-Hydroxycholesterol induces monocyte/macrophage cell expression of interleukin-8 via C5a receptor. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173749. [PMID: 28323848 PMCID: PMC5360241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated effects of 7-oxygenated cholesterol derivatives present in atherosclerotic lesions, 7α-hydroxycholesterol (7αOHChol), 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7βOHChol), and 7-ketocholesterol (7K), on IL-8 expression. Transcript levels of IL-8 and secretion of its corresponding gene product by monocytes/macrophages were enhanced by treatment with 7αOHChol and, to a lesser extent, 7K, but not by 7βOHChol. The 7-oxygenated cholesterol derivatives, however, did not change transcription of the IL-8 gene in vascular smooth muscle cells. 7αOHChol-induced IL-8 gene transcription was inhibited by cycloheximide and Akt1 downregulation, but not by OxPAPC. Expression of C5a receptor was upregulated after stimulation with 7αOHChol, but not with 7K and 7βOHChol, and a specific antagonist of C5a receptor inhibited 7αOHChol-induced IL-8 gene expression in a dose dependent manner. Pharmacological inhibitors of PI3K and MEK almost completely inhibited expression of both IL-8 and cell-surface C5a receptor induced by 7αOHChol. These results indicate that 7-oxygenated cholesterol derivatives have differential effects on monocyte/macrophage expression of IL-8 and C5a receptor and that C5a receptor is involved in 7αOHChol-induced IL-8 expression via PI3K and MEK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyok-rae Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kosin University, College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghae Son
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University—School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University—School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University—School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pusan National University—School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University—School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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23
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Cilla A, Alegría A, Attanzio A, Garcia-Llatas G, Tesoriere L, Livrea MA. Dietary phytochemicals in the protection against oxysterol-induced damage. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 207:192-205. [PMID: 28267434 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intake of fruits and vegetables is associated with reduced incidence of many chronic diseases. These foods contain phytochemicals that often possess antioxidant and free radical scavenging capacity and show anti-inflammatory action, which are also the basis of other bioactivities and health benefits, such as anticancer, anti-aging, and protective action for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, obesity and neurodegenerative disorders. Many factors can be included in the etiopathogenesis of all of these multifactorial diseases that involve oxidative stress, inflammation and/or cell death processes, oxysterols, i.e. cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) as well as phytosterol oxidation products (POPs), among others. These oxidized lipids result from either spontaneous and/or enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol/phytosterols on the steroid nucleus or on the side chain and their critical roles in the pathophysiology of the abovementioned diseases has become increasingly evident. In this context, many studies investigated the potential of dietary phytochemicals (polyphenols, carotenoids and vitamins C and E, among others) to protect against oxysterol toxicity in various cell models mimicking pathophysiological conditions. This review, summarizing the mechanisms involved in the chemopreventive effect of phytochemicals against the injury by oxysterols may constitute a step forward to consider the importance of preventive strategies on a nutritional point of view to decrease the burden of many age-related chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cilla
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Amparo Alegría
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alessandro Attanzio
- Dipartimento Scienze e Technologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Guadalupe Garcia-Llatas
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luisa Tesoriere
- Dipartimento Scienze e Technologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria A Livrea
- Dipartimento Scienze e Technologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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24
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O'sullivan AJ, O'callaghan YC, O'brien NM. Differential Effects of Mixtures of Cholesterol Oxidation Products on Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells and Human Monocytic U937 Cells. Int J Toxicol 2016; 24:173-9. [PMID: 16040570 DOI: 10.1080/10915810590952951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol oxidation products or oxysterols are of interest due to their hypothesized role in the development of atherosclerosis. The objective of the present study was to assess the cytotoxic effects of mixtures of oxysterols: 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC), 7 β-hydroxycholesterol (7 β-OHC), and cholesterol-5 β,6 β-epoxide ( β-epox) on two cell types associated with the atherosclerotic process, bovine aortic endothelial (BAE) cells and human monocytic U937 cells. Cells were exposed to 25-OHC, 7 β-OHC, or β-epox, or equimolar mixtures (30 μM) of 25-OHC and 7 β-OHC, 25-OHC and β-epox, or 7 β-OHC and β-epox for 48 h. Cell viability was assessed using the fluorescein diacetate/ethidium bromide (FDA/ EtBr) assay and nuclear morphology following staining with Hoechst 33342. 25-OHC was the least toxic of the oxysterols and did not induce apoptosis in either cell line. Both 7 β-OHC and β-epox treatments were cytotoxic and induced apoptosis in the cells. Cotreatment with 25-OHC did not alter the toxicity of 7 β-OHC and β-epox in U937 cells but did decrease the percentage apoptotic cell death. In contrast, in the BAE cells cotreatment with 25-OHC had a slight protective effect on 7 β-OHC and β-epox–induced toxicities and a marked decrease in apoptotic cell death. The 7 β-OHC and β-epox mixture induced a significant increase in apoptotic cell death in U937 cells but decreased this mode of cell death in the BAE cells. The effects of oxysterols on glutathione levels also differed between the cells with changes noted in U937 and not in BAE cells. Results demonstrate interactive effects when oxysterols are studied as mixtures rather than single compounds in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J O'sullivan
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland
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25
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Ryan L, O'Callaghan YC, O'Brien NM. Involvement of Calcium in 7β-Hydroxycholesterol and Cholesterol-5β,6β-Epoxide-Induced Apoptosis. Int J Toxicol 2016; 25:35-9. [PMID: 16510355 DOI: 10.1080/10915810500488387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is believed to play a central role in the development of atherosclerosis. The induction of apoptosis in cells of the arterial wall is a critical event in the development of atheroma. 7β-Hydroxycholesterol (7 β-OH) and cholesterol-5 β,6 β-epoxide ( β-epoxide) are components of oxLDL and have previously been shown to be potent inducers of apoptosis. The exact mechanism through which these oxysterols induce apoptosis remains to be fully elucidated. A perturbation of intra-cellular calcium homeostasis has been found to trigger apoptosis in many experimental systems. The aim of the present study was to determine the involvement of calcium signaling in 7 β-OH and β-epoxide–induced apoptosis. To this end, the authors employed the calcium channel blockers verapamil and nifedipine and inhibitors of calpain activation, ALLM and ALLN. Verapamil protected against the decrease in viability induced by 7 β-OH whereas nifedipine had a protective effect in both 7 β-OH and β-epoxide–treated cells, though these compounds did not restore viability to control levels. Verapamil, nifedipine, and ALLM prevented apoptosis induced by β-epoxide. None of the compounds employed in the current study protected against 7 β-OH–induced apoptosis. Our results implicate calcium signaling in the apoptotic pathway induced by β-epoxide and also highlight differences between apoptosis induced by 7 β-OH and β-epoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ryan
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland
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26
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Takabe W, Urano Y, Vo DKH, Shibuya K, Tanno M, Kitagishi H, Fujimoto T, Noguchi N. Esterification of 24S-OHC induces formation of atypical lipid droplet-like structures, leading to neuronal cell death. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:2005-2014. [PMID: 27647838 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m068775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), which plays an important role in maintaining brain cholesterol homeostasis, has been shown to possess neurotoxicity. We have previously reported that 24S-OHC esterification by ACAT1 and the resulting lipid droplet (LD) formation are responsible for 24S-OHC-induced cell death. In the present study, we investigate the functional roles of 24S-OHC esters and LD formation in 24S-OHC-induced cell death, and we identify four long-chain unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and DHA) with which 24S-OHC is esterified in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells treated with 24S-OHC. Here, we find that cotreatment of cells with 24S-OHC and each of these four unsaturated fatty acids increases prevalence of the corresponding 24S-OHC ester and exacerbates induction of cell death as compared with cell death induced by treatment with 24S-OHC alone. Using electron microscopy, we find in the present study that 24S-OHC induces formation of LD-like structures coupled with enlarged endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumina, and that these effects are suppressed by treatment with ACAT inhibitor. Collectively, these results illustrate that ACAT1-catalyzed esterification of 24S-OHC with long-chain unsaturated fatty acid followed by formation of atypical LD-like structures at the ER membrane is a critical requirement for 24S-OHC-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Takabe
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Urano
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Diep-Khanh Ho Vo
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Kimiyuki Shibuya
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Division, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo 189-0022, Japan
| | - Masaki Tanno
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kitagishi
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Toyoshi Fujimoto
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Noriko Noguchi
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
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27
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Rosa Fernandes L, Stern ACB, Cavaglieri RDC, Nogueira FCS, Domont G, Palmisano G, Bydlowski SP. 7-Ketocholesterol overcomes drug resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia cell lines beyond MDR1 mechanism. J Proteomics 2016; 151:12-23. [PMID: 27343758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disease with a characteristic BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase (TK) fusion protein. Despite the clinical efficacy accomplished by TKIs therapies, disease progression may affect patient response rate to these inhibitors due to a multitude of factors that could lead to development of a mechanism known as multidrug resistance (MDR). 7-Ketocholesterol (7KC) is an oxidized cholesterol derivative that has been extensively reported to cause cell death in a variety of cancer models. In this study, we showed the in vitro efficacy of 7KC against MDR leukemia cell line, Lucena. 7KC treatment induced reduction in cell viability, together with apoptosis-mediated cell death. Moreover, downregulation of MDR protein caused intracellular drug accumulation and 7KC co-incubation with either Daunorubicin or Vincristine reduced cell viability compared to the use of each drug alone. Additionally, quantitative label-free mass spectrometry-based protein quantification showed alteration of different molecular pathways involved in cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis and misfolded protein response. Conclusively, this study highlights the effect of 7KC as a sensitizing agent of multidrug resistance CML and elucidates its molecular mechanisms. SIGNIFICANCE CML patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have showed a 5-year estimated overall survival of 89%, with cumulative complete cytogenetic response of 87%. However, development of drug resistance is a common feature of the disease progression. This study aimed at showing the effect of 7KC as a cytotoxic and sensitizing agent of multidrug resistance CML cell lines. The cellular and molecular basis of this compound were elucidated using a comprehensive strategy based on quantitative proteomic and cell biology assays. We showed that 7KC induced cell death and overcomes drug resistance in CML through mechanisms that go beyond the classical MDR1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Rosa Fernandes
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology (LIM31), University of São Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Bassi Stern
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology (LIM31), University of São Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Cavaglieri
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology (LIM31), University of São Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gilberto Domont
- Proteomic Unit, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, ICB, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sérgio Paulo Bydlowski
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology (LIM31), University of São Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil.
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28
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Incani A, Serra G, Atzeri A, Melis MP, Serreli G, Bandino G, Sedda P, Campus M, Tuberoso CI, Deiana M. Extra virgin olive oil phenolic extracts counteract the pro-oxidant effect of dietary oxidized lipids in human intestinal cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 90:171-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Braconi D, Millucci L, Bernardini G, Santucci A. Oxidative stress and mechanisms of ochronosis in alkaptonuria. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:70-80. [PMID: 25733348 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alkaptonuria (AKU) is a rare metabolic disease due to a deficient activity of the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD), involved in Phe and Tyr catabolism. Due to such a deficiency, AKU patients undergo accumulation of the metabolite homogentisic acid (HGA), which is prone to oxidation/polymerization reactions causing the production of a melanin-like pigment. Once the pigment is deposited onto connective tissues (mainly in joints, spine, and cardiac valves), a classical bluish-brown discoloration is imparted, leading to a phenomenon known as "ochronosis", the hallmark of AKU. A clarification of the molecular mechanisms for the production and deposition of the ochronotic pigment in AKU started only recently with a range of in vitro and ex vivo human models used for the study of HGA-induced effects. Thanks to redox-proteomic analyses, it was found that HGA could induce significant oxidation of a number of serum and chondrocyte proteins. Further investigations allowed highlighting how HGA-induced proteome alteration, lipid peroxidation, thiol depletion, and amyloid production could contribute to oxidative stress generation and protein oxidation in AKU. This review briefly summarizes the most recent findings on HGA-induced oxidative stress in AKU, helping in the clarification of the molecular mechanisms of ochronosis and potentially providing the basis for its pharmacological treatment. Future work should be undertaken in order to validate in vivo the results so far obtained in in vitro AKU models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Braconi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lia Millucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy.
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30
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Zarrouk A, Nury T, Samadi M, O'Callaghan Y, Hammami M, O'Brien NM, Lizard G, Mackrill JJ. Effects of cholesterol oxides on cell death induction and calcium increase in human neuronal cells (SK-N-BE) and evaluation of the protective effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6 n-3). Steroids 2015; 99:238-47. [PMID: 25656786 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Some oxysterols are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Their lipotoxicity is characterized by an oxidative stress and induction of apoptosis. To evaluate the capacity of these molecules to trigger cellular modifications involved in neurodegeneration, human neuronal cells SK-N-BE were treated with 7-ketocholesterol, 7α- and 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 6α- and 6β-hydroxycholesterol, 4α- and 4β-hydroxycholesterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol (50-100μM, 24h) without or with docosahexaenoic acid (50μM). The effects of these compounds on mitochondrial activity, cell growth, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide anions (O2(-)), catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were determined. The ability of the oxysterols to induce increases in Ca(2+) was measured after 10min and 24h of treatment using fura-2 videomicroscopy and Von Kossa staining, respectively. Cholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, and 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (100μM) induced mitochondrial dysfunction, cell growth inhibition, ROS overproduction and cell death. A slight increase in the percentage of cells with condensed and/or fragmented nuclei, characteristic of apoptotic cells, was detected. With 27-hydroxycholesterol, a marked increase of O2(-) was observed. Increases in intracellular Ca(2+) were only found with 7-ketocholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol. Pre-treatment with docosahexaenoic acid showed some protective effects depending on the oxysterol considered. According to the present data, 7-ketocholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol could favor neurodegeneration by their abilities to induce mitochondrial dysfunctions, oxidative stress and/or cell death associated or not with increases in cytosolic calcium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Zarrouk
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, University of Bourgogne - Franche Comté, INSERM, Dijon, France; University of Monastir, Faculté de Médecine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Monastir, Tunisia; School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Physiology, University College Cork, BioSciences Institute, College Road, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Thomas Nury
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, University of Bourgogne - Franche Comté, INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Mohammad Samadi
- LCPMC-A2, ICPM, Département de Chimie, University of Lorraine, Metz, France
| | - Yvonne O'Callaghan
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mohamed Hammami
- University of Monastir, Faculté de Médecine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Nora M O'Brien
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, University of Bourgogne - Franche Comté, INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - John J Mackrill
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, BioSciences Institute, College Road, Cork, Ireland
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31
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Nury T, Zarrouk A, Mackrill JJ, Samadi M, Durand P, Riedinger JM, Doria M, Vejux A, Limagne E, Delmas D, Prost M, Moreau T, Hammami M, Delage-Mourroux R, O'Brien NM, Lizard G. Induction of oxiapoptophagy on 158N murine oligodendrocytes treated by 7-ketocholesterol-, 7β-hydroxycholesterol-, or 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol: Protective effects of α-tocopherol and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6 n-3). Steroids 2015; 99:194-203. [PMID: 25683890 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In demyelinating or non-demyelinating neurodegenerative diseases, increased levels of 7-ketocholesterol (7KC), 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OHC) and 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) can be observed in brain lesions. In 158N murine oligodendrocytes, 7KC triggers a complex mode of cell death defined as oxiapoptophagy, involving simultaneous oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy. In these cells, 7KC as well as 7β-OHC and 24S-OHC induce a decrease of cell proliferation evaluated by phase contrast microscopy, an alteration of mitochondrial activity quantified with the MTT test, an overproduction of reactive oxygen species revealed by staining with dihydroethidium and dihydrorhodamine 123, caspase-3 activation, PARP degradation, reduced expression of Bcl-2, and condensation and/or fragmentation of the nuclei which are typical criteria of oxidative stress and apoptosis. Moreover, 7KC, 7β-OHC and 24S-OHC promote conversion of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3-I) to LC3-II which is a characteristic of autophagy. Consequently, 7β-OHC and 24S-OHC, similarly to 7KC, can be considered as potent inducers of oxiapoptophagy. Furthermore, the different cytotoxic effects associated with 7KC, 7β-OHC and 24S-OHC-induced oxiapoptophagy are attenuated by vitamin E (VitE, α-tocopherol) and DHA which enhances VitE protective effects. In 158N murine oligodendrocytes, our data support the concept that oxiapoptophagy, which can be inhibited by VitE and DHA, could be a particular mode of cell death elicited by cytotoxic oxysterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nury
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France; University of Monastir, Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Monastir, Tunisia; Department of Physiology, University College Cork, BioSciences Institute, Cork, Ireland; School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John J Mackrill
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, BioSciences Institute, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mohammad Samadi
- LCPMC-A2, ICPM, Département de Chimie, Université de Lorraine, Metz, France
| | | | - Jean-Marc Riedinger
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer GF Leclerc, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, Dijon, France
| | - Margaux Doria
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Anne Vejux
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Emeric Limagne
- Centre de Recherche INSERM U866 - 'Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer', Dijon, France
| | - Dominique Delmas
- Centre de Recherche INSERM U866 - 'Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer', Dijon, France
| | | | | | - Mohamed Hammami
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Régis Delage-Mourroux
- UFR Sciences et Techniques EA3922/SFR IBCT FED 4234, University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Nora M O'Brien
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France.
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Apocynin attenuates cholesterol oxidation product-induced programmed cell death by suppressing NF-κB-mediated cell death process in differentiated PC12 cells. Neurochem Int 2015; 89:28-39. [PMID: 26122972 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol oxidation products are suggested to be involved in neuronal degeneration. Apocynin has demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. We assessed the effect of apocynin on the cholesterol oxidation product-induced programmed cell death in neuronal cells using differentiated PC12 cells in relation to NF-κB-mediated cell death process. 7-Ketocholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol decreased the levels of Bid and Bcl-2, increased the levels of Bax and p53, and induced loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, release of cytochrome c and activation of caspases (-8, -9 and -3). 7-Ketocholesterol caused an increase in the levels of cytosolic and nuclear NF-κB p65, cytosolic NF-κB p50 and cytosolic phospho-IκB-α, which was inhibited by the addition of 0.5 μM Bay11-7085 (an inhibitor of NF-κB activation). Apocynin attenuated the cholesterol oxidation product-induced changes in the programmed cell death-related protein levels, NF-κB activation, production of reactive oxygen species, and depletion of GSH. The results show that apocynin appears to attenuate the cholesterol oxidation product-induced programmed cell death in PC12 cells by suppressing the activation of the mitochondrial pathway and the caspase-8- and Bid-dependent pathways that are mediated by NF-κB activation. The preventive effect appears to be associated with the inhibitory effect on the production of reactive oxygen species and depletion of GSH.
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Lee DH, Nam YJ, Lee CS. Quercetin-3-O-(2″-galloyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside attenuates cholesterol oxidation product-induced apoptosis by suppressing NF-κB-mediated cell death process in differentiated PC12 cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 388:869-81. [PMID: 25845326 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol oxidation products are suggested to be involved in neuronal cell degeneration. We examined the preventive effect of quercetin-3-O-(2″-galloyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (QGR), a quercetin derivative, on the cholesterol oxidation product-induced neuronal cell death using differentiated PC12 cells in relation to nuclear factor (NF)-κB-mediated apoptotic process. 7-Ketocholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol induced a decrease in the levels of BH3 interacting-domain death agonist (Bid) and B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), increase in the levels of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and p53, loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, cytochrome c release, activation of caspases, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1). 7-Ketocholesterol induced increase in cytosolic and nuclear NF-κB p65, nuclear phospho-NF-κB p65, cytosolic NF-κB p50, and cytosolic phospho-IκB-α levels. The addition of QGR, N-acetyl cysteine, or Bay 11-7085 attenuated the cholesterol oxidation product-induced changes in the apoptosis-related protein levels, activation of NF-κB, formation of reactive oxygen species, depletion of glutathione (GSH), nuclear damage, and cell death. The results show that QGR may attenuate the cholesterol oxidation product-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells by suppressing the activation of the mitochondrial pathway and the caspase-8- and Bid-dependent pathways that is mediated by NF-κB activation. The preventive effect appears to be associated with the inhibitory effect on the formation of reactive oxygen species and depletion of GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Hee Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, and the BK21plus Skin Barrier Network Human Resources Development Team, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, South Korea
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Lee DH, Nam YJ, Lee MS, Sohn DS, Lee CS. Rotundarpene attenuates cholesterol oxidation product-induced apoptosis by suppressing the mitochondrial pathway and the caspase-8- and bid-dependent pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 749:39-48. [PMID: 25592323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The extract of from the barks of Ilex Rotunda Thunb has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. Nevertheless, the effect of rotundarpene (4-caffeoyl-3-methyl-but-2-ene-1,4-diol) on the neuronal cell death induced by cholesterol oxidation products is unclear. We assessed the preventive effect of rotundarpene on the cholesterol oxidation product-induced apoptosis in neuronal cells using differentiated PC12 cells. 7-Ketocholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol induced a decrease in Bid, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and survivin protein levels, increase in Bax levels, loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, cytochrome c release, activation of caspases (-8, -9 and -3), cleavage of PARP-1 and an increase in the tumor suppressor p53 levels. Rotundarpene attenuated the cholesterol oxidation product-induced changes in the apoptosis-related protein levels, formation of reactive oxygen species, depletion of GSH, nuclear damage and cell death. The results show that rotundarpene may attenuate the cholesterol oxidation product-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells by suppressing the activation of the mitochondrial pathway and the caspase-8- and Bid-dependent pathways. The preventive effect appears to be attributed to its inhibitory effect on the formation of reactive oxygen species and depletion of GSH. Rotundarpene appears to attenuate cholesterol-oxidation product-mediated neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Hee Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, and the BK21(plus) Skin Barrier Network Human Resources Development Team, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
| | - Yoon Jeong Nam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, and the BK21(plus) Skin Barrier Network Human Resources Development Team, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
| | - Min Sung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, SoonChunHyang University Hospital, Bucheon City, Kyung-Gi-Do 420-767, South Korea
| | - Dong Suep Sohn
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul 156-755, South Korea
| | - Chung Soo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, and the BK21(plus) Skin Barrier Network Human Resources Development Team, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, South Korea.
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Boumhras M, Ouafik S, Nury T, Gresti J, Athias A, Ragot K, Nasser B, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Lizard G. Determination of heavy metal content and lipid profiles in mussel extracts from two sites on the moroccan atlantic coast and evaluation of their biological activities on MIN6 pancreatic cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:1245-1261. [PMID: 23450722 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mussels may concentrate pollutants, with possibly significant side effects on human health. Therefore, mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from two sites of the Moroccan Atlantic coast (Jorf Lasfar [JL], an industrial site, and Oualidia [OL], a vegetable-growing area), were subjected to biochemical analyses to quantify the presence of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, and Pb) and to establish the lipid profile: fatty acid, cholesterol, oxysterol, phytosterol and phospholipid content. In addition, mussel lipid extracts known to accumulate numerous toxic components were tested on murine pancreatic β-cells (MIN6), and their biological activities were measured with various flow cytometric and biochemical methods to determine their impacts on cell death induction, organelle dysfunctions (mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes), oxidative stress and insulin secretion. The characteristics of JL and OL lipid extracts were compared with those of commercially available mussels from Spain (SP) used for human consumption. OL and JL contained heavy metals, high amounts of phospholipids, and high levels of oxysterols; the [(unsaturated fatty acids)/(saturated fatty acids)] ratio, which can be considered a sign of environmental stress leading to lipid peroxidation, was low. On MIN6 cells, JL and OL lipid extracts were able to trigger cell death. This event was associated with overproduction of H2 O2 , increased catalase activity, a decreased GSH level, lipid peroxidation and stimulation of insulin secretion. These effects were not observed with SP lipid extracts. These data suggest that some components from OL and JL lipid extracts might predispose to pancreatic dysfunctions. Epidemiological studies would be needed to assess the global risk on human health and the metabolic disease incidence in a context of regular seafood consumption from the OL and JL areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boumhras
- Equipe 'Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique' (EA 7270) / Université de Bourgogne / INSERM, Dijon, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Neurosciences, Equipe de Toxicologie Appliquée, Université Hassan 1er, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Settat, Maroc
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Sharma K, Sharma NK, Anand A. Why AMD is a disease of ageing and not of development: mechanisms and insights. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:151. [PMID: 25071560 PMCID: PMC4091411 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing disorders can be defined as the progressive and cumulative outcome of several defective cellular mechanisms as well as metabolic pathways, consequently resulting in degeneration. Environment plays an important role in its pathogenesis. In contrast, developmental disorders arise from inherited mutations and usually the role of environmental factors in development of disease is minimal. Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is one such retinal degenerative disorder which starts with the progression of age. Metabolism plays an important role in initiation of such diseases of ageing. Cholesterol metabolism and their oxidized products like 7-ketocholesterol have been shown to adversely impact retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. These molecules can initiate mitochondrial apoptotic processes and also influence the complements factors and expression of angiogenic proteins like VEGF etc. In this review we highlight why and how AMD is an ageing disorder and not a developmental disease substantiated by disrupted cholesterol metabolism common to several age related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushal Sharma
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India
| | - Neel Kamal Sharma
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India
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Induction of oxiapoptophagy, a mixed mode of cell death associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy, on 7-ketocholesterol-treated 158N murine oligodendrocytes: Impairment by α-tocopherol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:714-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jung EB, Kim YJ, Lee CS. Casein kinase 2 inhibition attenuates cholesterol oxidation product-induced apoptosis by suppressing the activation of the mitochondrial pathway and the caspase-8- and bid-dependent pathways. Neurochem Int 2014; 65:30-9. [PMID: 24398405 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein casein kinase 2 is involved in signal transduction, cell growth and apoptosis. However, it is unclear whether the cholesterol oxidation product-induced cell death is regulated by casein kinase 2. Therefore, in the respect of the cell death process, we assessed the regulatory effect of the casein kinase 2 on the cholesterol oxidation product-induced apoptosis in neuronal cells using differentiated PC12 cells. Casein kinase 2 inhibitors (4,5,6,7-tetrabromobezotriazole (TBB) and apigenin) which do not have toxic effects, reduced the 7-ketocholesterol or 25-hydroxycholesterol-induced cell death and nuclear damage in PC12 cells. Treatment with TBB inhibited the 7-ketocholesterol-induced decrease in Bid, Bcl-2 and survivin protein levels, increase in Bax levels, loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, cytochrome c release, activation of caspases (-8, -9 and -3), cleavage of PARP-1, and increase in the tumor suppressor p53 levels. The results showed that the casein kinase 2 inhibitor at the concentrations tested which does not induce toxic effects, may attenuate the cholesterol oxidation product-induced apoptosis in differentiated PC12 cells by suppressing the activation of the mitochondrial pathway and the caspase-8- and Bid-dependent pathways. The preventive effect appears to be ascribed to its inhibitory effect on the formation of reactive oxygen species and depletion of GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Byul Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, and the BK21(plus) Skin Barrier Network Human Resources Development Team, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, and the BK21(plus) Skin Barrier Network Human Resources Development Team, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
| | - Chung Soo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, and the BK21(plus) Skin Barrier Network Human Resources Development Team, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, South Korea.
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39
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Armiliato N, Ammar D, Nezzi L, Straliotto M, Muller YMR, Nazari EM. Changes in ultrastructure and expression of steroidogenic factor-1 in ovaries of zebrafish Danio rerio exposed to glyphosate. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:405-14. [PMID: 24617544 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.880393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum organophosphate (OP) herbicide, highly soluble in water, and when applied in terrestrial systems it penetrates into soil, eventually reaching the aquatic community and affecting nontarget organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of glyphosate on ovaries of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Ovaries (n = 18 per triplicate) were exposed to 65 μg/L of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] for 15 d. This concentration was determined according to Resolution 357/2005/CONAMA/Brazil, which establishes the permissible concentration of glyphosate in Brazilian inland waters. Nonexposed ovaries (n = 18 per triplicate) were used as control. Subsequently, morphology and expression of steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) of exposed and nonexposed ovaries was determined. No apparent changes were noted in general morphology of exposed and nonexposed ovaries. However, a significant increase in diameter of oocytes was observed after exposure to glyphosate. When ovarian ultrastructure was examined the presence of concentric membranes, appearing as myelin-like structures, associated with the external membranes of mitochondria and with yolk granules was found. After glyphosate exposure, immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting revealed greater expression of SF-1 in the oocytes, which suggests a relationship between oocyte growth and SF-1 expression. These subtle adverse effects of glyphosate on oocytes raised a potential concern for fish reproduction. These results contribute to understanding glyphosate-induced toxicity to nontarget organisms, showing subcellular and molecular impairments that may affect reproduction in +female fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neide Armiliato
- a Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil
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40
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Deng X, Shen C, Meng Q. Screening of herbal components for attenuating amiodarone-induced hepatotoxicity on gel-entrapped rat hepatocytes. Drug Chem Toxicol 2013; 37:100-6. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2013.834347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Serviddio G, Blonda M, Bellanti F, Villani R, Iuliano L, Vendemiale G. Oxysterols and redox signaling in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:881-93. [PMID: 24000796 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.835048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxidized species of cholesterol coming from exogenous (e.g. dietary) and endogenous (in vivo) sources. They play critical roles in normal physiologic functions such as regulation of cellular cholesterol homeostasis. Most of biological effects are mediated by interaction with nuclear receptor LXRα, highly expressed in the liver as well as in many other tissues. Such interaction participates in the regulation of whole-body cholesterol metabolism, by acting as "lipid sensors". Moreover, it seems that oxysterols are also suspected to play key roles in several pathologies, including cardiovascular and inflammatory disease, cancer, and neurodegeneration. Growing evidence suggests that oxysterols may contribute to liver injury in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The present review focuses on the current status of knowledge on oxysterols' biological role, with an emphasis on LXR signaling and oxysterols' physiopathological relevance in NAFLD, suggesting new pharmacological development that needs to be addressed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Serviddio
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Diseases Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia , Italy
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Ragot K, Mackrill JJ, Zarrouk A, Nury T, Aires V, Jacquin A, Athias A, Barros JPPD, Véjux A, Riedinger JM, Delmas D, Lizard G. Absence of correlation between oxysterol accumulation in lipid raft microdomains, calcium increase, and apoptosis induction on 158N murine oligodendrocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:67-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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He C, Zhu H, Zhang W, Okon I, Wang Q, Li H, Le YZ, Xie Z. 7-Ketocholesterol induces autophagy in vascular smooth muscle cells through Nox4 and Atg4B. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:626-37. [PMID: 23770348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized lipoproteins stimulate autophagy in advanced atherosclerotic plaques. However, the mechanisms underlying autophagy induction and the role of autophagy in atherogenesis remain to be determined. This study was designed to investigate the mechanisms by which 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC), a major component of oxidized lipoproteins, induces autophagy. This study was also designed to determine the effect of autophagy induction on apoptosis, a central event in the development of atherosclerosis. Exposure of human aortic smooth muscle cells to 7-KC increased autophagic flux. Autophagy induction was suppressed by treating the cells with either a reactive oxygen species scavenger or an antioxidant. Administration of 7-KC concomitantly up-regulated Nox4 expression, increased intracellular hydrogen peroxide levels, and inhibited autophagy-related gene 4B activity. Catalase overexpression to remove hydrogen peroxide or Nox4 knockdown with siRNA reduced intracellular hydrogen peroxide levels, restored autophagy-related gene 4B activity, and consequently attenuated 7-KC-induced autophagy. Moreover, inhibition of autophagy aggravated both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cell death in response to 7-KC. In contrast, up-regulation of autophagic activity by rapamycin had opposite effects. Finally, activation of autophagy by chronic rapamycin treatment attenuated ER stress, apoptosis, and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE(-/-)) mouse aortas. In conclusion, we demonstrate that up-regulation of autophagy is a cellular protective response that attenuates 7-KC-induced cell death in human aortic smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyong He
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
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Phytochemical indicaxanthin suppresses 7-ketocholesterol-induced THP-1 cell apoptosis by preventing cytosolic Ca(2+) increase and oxidative stress. Br J Nutr 2012; 110:230-40. [PMID: 23228674 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451200493x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
7-Ketocholesterol (7-KC)-induced apoptosis of macrophages is considered a key event in the development of human atheromas. In the present study, the effect of indicaxanthin (Ind), a bioactive pigment from cactus pear fruit, on 7-KC-induced apoptosis of human monocyte/macrophage THP-1 cells was investigated. A pathophysiological condition was simulated by using amounts of 7-KC that can be reached in human atheromatous plaque. Ind was assayed within a micromolar concentration range, consistent with its plasma level after dietary supplementation with cactus pear fruit. Pro-apoptotic effects of 7-KC were assessed by cell cycle arrest, exposure of phosphatidylserine at the plasma membrane, variation of nuclear morphology, decrease of mitochondrial trans-membrane potential, activation of Bcl-2 antagonist of cell death and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 cleavage. Kinetic measurements within 24 h showed early formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species over basal levels, preceding NADPH oxidase-4 (NOX-4) over-expression and elevation of cytosolic Ca²⁺, with progressive depletion of total thiols. 7-KC-dependent activation of the redox-sensitive NF-κB was observed. Co-incubation of 2·5 μm of Ind completely prevented 7-KC-induced pro-apoptotic events. The effects of Ind may be ascribed to inhibition of NOX-4 basal activity and over-expression, inhibition of NF-κB activation, maintaining cell redox balance and Ca homeostasis, with prevention of mitochondrial damage and consequently apoptosis. The findings suggest that Ind, a highly bioavailable dietary phytochemical, may exert protective effects against atherogenetic toxicity of 7-KC at a concentration of nutritional interest.
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Leonarduzzi G, Gamba P, Gargiulo S, Biasi F, Poli G. Inflammation-related gene expression by lipid oxidation-derived products in the progression of atherosclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:19-34. [PMID: 22037514 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vascular areas of atherosclerotic development persist in a state of inflammation, and any further inflammatory stimulus in the subintimal area elicits a proatherogenic response; this alters the behavior of the artery wall cells and recruits further inflammatory cells. In association with the inflammatory response, oxidative events are also involved in the development of atherosclerotic plaques. It is now unanimously recognized that lipid oxidation-derived products are key players in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Oxidized lipids, derived from oxidatively modified low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), which accumulate in the intima, strongly modulate inflammation-related gene expression, through involvement of various signaling pathways. In addition, considerable evidence supports a proatherogenic role of a large group of potent bioactive lipids called eicosanoids, which derive from oxidation of arachidonic acid, a component of membrane phospholipids. Of note, LDL lipid oxidation products might regulate eicosanoid production, modulating the enzymatic degradation of arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases; these enzymes might also directly contribute to LDL oxidation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on signal transduction pathways and inflammatory gene expression, modulated by lipid oxidation-derived products, in the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Jusakul A, Yongvanit P, Loilome W, Namwat N, Kuver R. Mechanisms of oxysterol-induced carcinogenesis. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:44. [PMID: 21388551 PMCID: PMC3061933 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxidation products of cholesterol that are generated by enzymatic reactions mediated by cytochrome P450 family enzymes or by non-enzymatic reactions involving reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Oxysterols play various regulatory roles in normal cellular processes such as cholesterol homeostasis by acting as intermediates in cholesterol catabolism. Pathological effects of oxysterols have also been described, and various reports have implicated oxysterols in several disease states, including atherosclerosis, neurological disease, and cancer. Numerous studies show that oxysterols are associated with various types of cancer, including cancers of the colon, lung, skin, breast and bile ducts. The molecular mechanisms whereby oxysterols contribute to the initiation and progression of cancer are an area of active investigation. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding the role of oxysterols in carcinogenesis. Mutagenicity of oxysterols has been described in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Certain oxysterols such as cholesterol-epoxide and cholestanetriol have been shown to be mutagenic and genotoxic. Oxysterols possess pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory properties that can contribute to carcinogenesis. Oxysterols can induce the production of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-8 and interleukin-1β. Certain oxysterols are also involved in the induction of cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression. Inflammatory effects can also be mediated through the activation of liver-X-receptor, a nuclear receptor for oxysterols. Thus, several distinct molecular mechanisms have been described showing that oxysterols contribute to the initiation and progression of cancers arising in various organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apinya Jusakul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Khaen, Thailand
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Jang ER, Lee CS. 7-ketocholesterol induces apoptosis in differentiated PC12 cells via reactive oxygen species-dependent activation of NF-κB and Akt pathways. Neurochem Int 2010; 58:52-9. [PMID: 21035514 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol oxidation products formed under the enhanced oxidative stress in the brain are suggested to induce neuronal cell death. However, it is still unknown whether oxysterol-induced apoptosis in neuronal cells is mediated by Akt and NF-κB pathways. We assessed the apoptotic effect of 7-ketocholesterol against differentiated PC12 cells in relation to activation of the reactive oxygen species-dependent nuclear factor (NF)-κB, which is mediated by the Akt pathway. 7-Ketocholesterol induced a decrease in cytosolic Bid and Bcl-2 levels, increase in cytosolic Bax levels, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation and upregulation of p53. 7-Ketocholesterol induced an increase in phosphorylated inhibitory κB-α, NF-κB p65 and NF-κB p50 levels, binding of NF-κB p65 to DNA, and activation of Akt. Treatment with Bay 11-7085 (an inhibitor of NF-κB activation) and oxidant scavengers, including N-acetylcysteine, prevented the 7-ketocholesterol-induced formation of reactive oxygen species, activation of NF-κB, Akt and apoptosis-related proteins, and cell death. Results from this study suggest that 7-ketocholesterol may exert an apoptotic effect against PC12 cells by inducing activation of the caspase-8-dependent pathway as well as activation of the mitochondria-mediated cell death pathway, leading to activation of caspases, via the reactive oxygen species-dependent activation of NF-κB, which is mediated by the Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ra Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
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Lemaire-Ewing S, Desrumaux C, Néel D, Lagrost L. Vitamin E transport, membrane incorporation and cell metabolism: Is alpha-tocopherol in lipid rafts an oar in the lifeboat? Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:631-40. [PMID: 20166147 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E is composed of closely related compounds, including tocopherols and tocotrienols. Studies of the last decade provide strong support for a specific role of alpha-tocopherol in cell signalling and the regulation of gene expression. It produces significant effects on inflammation, cell proliferation and apoptosis that are not shared by other vitamin E isomers with similar antioxidant properties. The different behaviours of vitamin E isomers might relate, at least in part, to the specific effects they exert at the plasma membrane. alpha-Tocopherol is not randomly distributed throughout the phospholipid bilayer of biological membranes, and as compared with other isomers, it shows a propensity to associate with lipid rafts. Distinct aspects of vitamin E transport and metabolism is discussed with emphasis on the interaction between alpha-tocopherol and lipid rafts and the consequences of these interactions on cell metabolism.
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Lahijani MS, Tehrani DM, Sabouri E. Histopathological and ultrastructural studies on the effects of electromagnetic fields on the liver of preincubated white Leghorn chicken embryo. Electromagn Biol Med 2010; 28:391-413. [PMID: 20017630 DOI: 10.3109/15368370903287689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There are several reports indicating a linkage between exposures to 50-60 Hz electromagnetic fields and abnormalities in the early stages of embryonic development of chicken embryos. The present study was designed to demonstrate whether electromagnetic fields could be an environmental factor invoking histopathological and ultra-structural changes in livers of preincubated chicken embryos exposed to EMFs. Following other researchers and our previous results from different groups of Developmental Biology at the Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid-Beheshti University, effects of most effective intensities (1.33, 2.66, 5.52, and 7.32 mT) of electromagnetic fields (EMFs, 50 Hz ) on livers of pre-incubated white leghorn chicken embryos were investigated . 150 healthy, fresh, and fertilized eggs (55-65 gr) were divided into 6 groups of experimental(1-4, n = 30), control (n = 60), and sham (n = 50). Experimental eggs (inside coil) were exposed to 4 different intensities (1.33, 2.66, 5.52, and 7.32 mT). Sham groups were located inside same coil, with no exposure, for 24 h before incubation. Control, sham, and experimental groups (1-4) were then incubated in an incubator (38 +/- 0.5 degrees C, 60% humidity) for 17 days. At the end of this period, livers of experimental, sham, and control groups were processed for light and transmission electrom microscopes (TEM and SEM) studies. So, livers of 17-day old chicken embryos were removed by C-sections, fixed in formalin 10%, stained with H&E and reticulin, and studied under light microscope. Others were prepared for electron microscopes (TEM and SEM) investigations. Morphological observations indicated exencephalic embryos, embryos with asymmetrical faces, crossed beak, shorter upper beak, deformed hind limbs, gastroschesis, anophthalmia, and microphthalmia. H&E and reticulin stainings, TEMS, and SEMs studies indicated EMFs would create hepato-cytes with fibrotic bands, severe steatohepatitis, vacuolizations, swollen and extremely electron-dense mitochondria, reduced invisible cristae, crystalized mitochondria with degenerated cristae, myelin-like figures, macrophages engulfing adjacent cells, dentated nuclei, nuclei with irregular envelopes, degenerated hepatocytes, abnormal lipid accumulations, lipid droplets pushing hepatocytes' nuclei to the corner of the cells, abundant cellular infiltrations cellular infiltrations inside sinusoid and around central veins, disrupted reticulin plexus, and release of chromatin into cytosol,, with partially regular water layers. An elevated oxyradical generation and, subsequently, cell membrane disruptions were the reasons for electromagnetic fields inducing cell damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shams Lahijani
- Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid-Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran.
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Methionine sulfoxide reductase B2 is highly expressed in the retina and protects retinal pigmented epithelium cells from oxidative damage. Exp Eye Res 2009; 90:420-8. [PMID: 20026324 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Methionine sulfoxide reductase B2 (MSRB2) is a mitochondrial enzyme that converts methionine sulfoxide (R) enantiomer back to methionine. This enzyme is suspected of functioning to protect mitochondrial proteins from oxidative damage. In this study we report that the retina is one of the human tissues with highest levels of MSRB2 mRNA expression. Other tissues with high expression were heart, kidney and skeletal muscle. Overexpression of an MSRB2-GFP fusion protein increased the MSR enzymatic activity three-fold in stably transfected cultured RPE cells. This overexpression augmented the resistance of these cells to the toxicity induced by 7-ketocholesterol, tert-butyl hydroperoxide and all-trans retinoic acid. By contrast, knockdown of MSRB2 by a miRNA in stably transfected cells did not convey increased sensitivity to the oxidative stress. In the monkey retina MSRB2 localized to the ganglion cell layer (GLC), the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). MSRB2 expression is most pronounced in the OPL of the macula and foveal regions suggesting an association with the cone synaptic mitochondria. Our data suggests that MSRB2 plays an important function in protecting cones from multiple type of oxidative stress and may be critical in preserving central vision.
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