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Limcharoensuk T, Chusuth P, Utaisincharoen P, Auesukaree C. Protein quality control systems in the endoplasmic reticulum and the cytosol coordinately prevent alachlor-induced proteotoxic stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134270. [PMID: 38640676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Alachlor, a widely used chloroacetanilide herbicide for controlling annual grasses in crops, has been reported to rapidly trigger protein denaturation and aggregation in the eukaryotic model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Therefore, this study aimed to uncover cellular mechanisms involved in preventing alachlor-induced proteotoxicity. The findings reveal that the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a crucial role in eliminating alachlor-denatured proteins by tagging them with polyubiquitin for subsequent proteasomal degradation. Exposure to alachlor rapidly induced an inhibition of proteasome activity by 90 % within 30 min. The molecular docking analysis suggests that this inhibition likely results from the binding of alachlor to β subunits within the catalytic core of the proteasome. Notably, our data suggest that nascent proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are the primary targets of alachlor. Consequently, the unfolded protein response (UPR), responsible for coping with aberrant proteins in the ER, becomes activated within 1 h of alachlor treatment, leading to the splicing of HAC1 mRNA into the active transcription activator Hac1p and the upregulation of UPR gene expression. These findings underscore the critical roles of the protein quality control systems UPS and UPR in mitigating alachlor-induced proteotoxicity by degrading alachlor-denatured proteins and enhancing the protein folding capacity of the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tossapol Limcharoensuk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Mahidol University-Osaka University Collaborative Research Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology (MU-OU:CRC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Phakawat Chusuth
- Mahidol University-Osaka University Collaborative Research Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology (MU-OU:CRC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pongsak Utaisincharoen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Choowong Auesukaree
- Mahidol University-Osaka University Collaborative Research Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology (MU-OU:CRC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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2
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Kim M, An G, Lim W, Song G. Alachlor breaks down intracellular calcium homeostasis and leads to cell cycle arrest through JNK/MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling mechanisms in bovine mammary gland epithelial cells. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 184:105063. [PMID: 35715071 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alachlor is a widely used herbicide for the cultivation of various grains employed as food for cattle. The mechanisms leading to the toxic effects of alachlor on epithelial cells of the bovine mammary gland are not well known. Thus, this study was conducted to clarify the toxicological effects of alachlor on the immortalized epithelial cell line of the bovine mammary gland (MAC-T) cells. After treatment, many factors related to cell viability, proliferation, and cellular homeostasis were evaluated. Alachlor arrested cell cycle progression by blocking the expression of cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinases, and induced the breakdown of Ca2+ homeostasis. The cytosolic and mitochondrial levels of Ca2+ were also abnormally increased after the treatment of cells with alachlor, ultimately leading to the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential in MAC-T cells. The signaling cascade was found to be dysregulated by the abnormal phosphorylation of signaling molecules involved in PI3K/AKT (AKT, p70S6K, and S6) and MAPK/JNK (JNK and c-Jun) pathways. In these mechanisms, exposure to alachlor led to a reduction in the viability and proliferation of MAC-T cells. Altogether, the toxic effects of alachlor can lead to abnormal conditions in epithelial cells of the bovine mammary gland, which might hinder these cells from performing their main role, such as producing milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miji Kim
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Garam An
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Pereira SP, Santos SMA, Fernandes MAS, Deus CM, Martins JD, Pedroso de Lima MC, Vicente JAF, Videira RA, Jurado AS. Improving pollutants environmental risk assessment using a multi model toxicity determination with in vitro, bacterial, animal and plant model systems: The case of the herbicide alachlor. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117239. [PMID: 33990048 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Several environmental pollutants, including pesticides, herbicides and persistent organic pollutants play an important role in the development of chronic diseases. However, most studies have examined environmental pollutants toxicity in target organisms or using a specific toxicological test, losing the real effect throughout the ecosystem. In this sense an integrative environmental risk of pollutants assessment, using different model organisms is necessary to predict the real impact in the ecosystem and implications for target and non-target organisms. The objective of this study was to use alachlor, a chloroacetanilide herbicide responsible for chronic toxicity, to understand its impact in target and non-target organisms and at different levels of biological organization by using several model organisms, including membranes of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), rat liver mitochondria, bacterial (Bacillus stearothermophilus), plant (Lemna gibba) and mammalian cell lines (HeLa and neuro2a). Our results demonstrated that alachlor strongly interacted with membranes of DPPC and interfered with mitochondrial bioenergetics by reducing the respiratory control ratio and the transmembrane potential. Moreover, alachlor also decreased the growth of B. stearothermophilus and its respiratory activity, as well as decreased the viability of both mammalian cell lines. The values of TC50 increased in the following order: Lemna gibba < neuro2a < HeLa cells < Bacillus stearothermophilus. Together, the results suggest that biological membranes constitute a putative target for the toxic action of this lipophilic herbicide and point out the risks of its dissemination on environment, compromising ecosystem equilibrium and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana P Pereira
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Sandra M A Santos
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | | | - Cláudia M Deus
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - João D Martins
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Maria C Pedroso de Lima
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | | | - Romeu A Videira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Amália S Jurado
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Nykiel-Szymańska J, Różalska S, Bernat P, Słaba M. Assessment of oxidative stress and phospholipids alterations in chloroacetanilides-degrading Trichoderma spp. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 184:109629. [PMID: 31509783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the induction of oxidative stress and antioxidant response in the chloroacetanilides-degrading Trichoderma spp. under alachlor and metolachlor exposure, a comparative analysis using popular biomarkers was employed. An increased intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS; especially superoxide anion [O2-]) as well as products of lipid and protein oxidation after 24 h incubation with the herbicides confirmed chloroacetanilide-induced oxidative stress in tested Trichoderma strains. However, the considerable decline in the ROS levels and the carbonyl group content (biomarkers of protein peroxidation) in a time-dependent manner and changes in the antioxidant enzyme activities indicated an active response against chloroacetanilide-induced oxidative stress and the mechanism of tolerance in tested fungi. Moreover, the tested herbicides clearly modified the phospholipids (PLs) content in Trichoderma spp. in the stationary phase of growth, which was manifested through the difference in phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholines (PC) levels. Despite enhanced lipid peroxidation and changes in PLs in most tested fungi, only a slight modification in membrane integrity of Trichoderma spp. under chloroacetanilides exposure was noted. The obtained results suggest that the alterations in the antioxidant system and the PLs profile of Trichoderma spp. might be useful biomarkers of chloroacetanilide-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Nykiel-Szymańska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Różalska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Przemysław Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mirosława Słaba
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
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Hou X, Huang X, Ai Z, Zhao J, Zhang L. Ascorbic acid induced atrazine degradation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 327:71-78. [PMID: 28043044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we systematically investigated the degradation efficiency and the degradation mechanism of atrazine in the presence of ascorbic acid at different pH values. Although atrazine could be degraded by ascorbic acid in a wide pH range from 4 to 12, its degradation under either acidic (pH≤4) or alkaline (pH≥12) condition was more efficient than under neutral condition (pH=7). This pH dependent atrazine degradation was related to the reactive characteristic of atrazine and the reductive activity of ascorbic acid. The ascorbic acid induced atrazine degradation pathways at different pH were investigated by comparing the atrazine degradation intermediates with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography and ion chromatography. It was found that more products were detected in presence of ascorbic acid at alkaline condition. The appearance of chloride ions confirmed the dechlorination of atrazine by ascorbic acid in the absence of molecular oxygen, while its dechlorination efficiency reached highest at pH 12. These results can shed light on the application of AA for the organic pollutant remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Hou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Zhihui Ai
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
| | - Jincai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
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6
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Huang X, Hou X, Jia F, Song F, Zhao J, Zhang L. Ascorbate-Promoted Surface Iron Cycle for Efficient Heterogeneous Fenton Alachlor Degradation with Hematite Nanocrystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:8751-8758. [PMID: 28240850 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the H2O2 activation with different hematite nanocrystals and ascorbate ions for the herbicide alachlor degradation at pH 5. We found that hematite nanoplates (HNPs) exposed with {001} facets exhibited better catalytic performance than hematite nanocubes (HNCs) exposed with {012} facets, which was attributed to the formation of inner-sphere iron-ascorbate complexes on the hematite facets. The 3-fold undercoordination Fe cations of {001} facet favors the formation of inner-sphere iron-ascorbate complexes, while the 5-fold undercoordination Fe cations of {012} facet has stereo-hindrance effect, disfavoring the complex formation. The surface area normalized alachlor degradation rate constant (23.3 × 10-4 min-1 L m-2) of HNPs-ascorbate Fenton system was about 2.6 times that (9.1 × 10-4 min-1 L m-2) of HNCs-ascorbate counterpart. Meanwhile, the 89.0% of dechlorination and 30.0% of denitrification in the HNPs-ascorbate Fenton system were also significantly higher than those (60.9% and 13.1%) of the HNCs-ascorbate one. More importantly, the reductive dissolution of hematite by ascorbate was strongly coupled with the subsequent H2O2 decomposition by surface bound ferrous ions through surface iron cycle on the hematite facets in the hematite-ascorbate Fenton systems. This coupling could significantly inhibit the conversion of surface bound ferrous ions to dissolved ones, and thus account for the stability of hematite nanocrystals. This work sheds light on the internal relationship between iron geochemical cycling and contaminants degradation, and also inspires us to utilize surface iron cycle of widely existent hematite for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Hou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Falong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Fahui Song
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Jincai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
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7
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Hou X, Huang X, Ai Z, Zhao J, Zhang L. Ascorbic acid/Fe@Fe2O3: A highly efficient combined Fenton reagent to remove organic contaminants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 310:170-178. [PMID: 26921510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that the combination of ascorbic acid and Fe@Fe2O3 core-shell nanowires (AA/Fe@Fe2O3) offers a highly efficient Fenton reagent. This combined Fenton reagent exhibited extremely high activity on the decomposition of H2O2 to produce OH for the degradation of various organic contaminants, including rhodamine B, methylene blue, alachlor, atrazine, siduron, lincomycin, and chloroamphenicol. The contaminant degradation constants in the AA/Fe@Fe2O3/H2O2 Fenton systems were 38-53 times higher than those in the conventional homogeneous Fenton system (Fe(II)/H2O2) at pH 3.8. Moreover, the OH generation rate constant in the AA/Fe@Fe2O3/H2O2 Fenton system was 1-3 orders of magnitudes greater than those of heterogeneous Fenton systems developed with other iron-containing materials (α-FeOOH, α-Fe2O3, FeOCl, and so on). The high activity of AA/Fe@Fe2O3 was attributed to the effective Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle and the iron-ascorbate complex formation to stabilize ferrous ions with desirable and steady concentrations. During the AA/Fe@Fe2O3/H2O2 Fenton process, ascorbic acid served as a reducing and complexing reagent, enabling the reuse of Fe@Fe2O3 nanowires. We systematically investigated the alachlor and ascorbic acid degradation and found that they could be effectively degraded in the AA/Fe@Fe2O3/H2O2 system, accompanying with 100% of dechlorination and 92% of denitrification. This study sheds light on the importance of Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle for the design of high efficient Fenton system and provides an alternative pathway for the organic contaminants removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Hou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Zhihui Ai
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
| | - Jincai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
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8
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Li L, Zhang Y, Hao J, Liu J, Yu P, Ma F, Mao L. Online electrochemical system as an in vivo method to study dynamic changes of ascorbate in rat brain during 3-methylindole-induced olfactory dysfunction. Analyst 2016; 141:2199-207. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00064a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the application of an OECS as an in vivo method to investigate the dynamic change of ascorbate in the olfactory bulb of rats during the acute period of olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
- Peking University Third Hospital
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Yinghong Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
- Peking University Third Hospital
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Jie Hao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems
- Institute of Chemistry
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Junxiu Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
- Peking University Third Hospital
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems
- Institute of Chemistry
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Furong Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
- Peking University Third Hospital
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems
- Institute of Chemistry
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
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9
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Rattanawong K, Kerdsomboon K, Auesukaree C. Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and glutathione are involved in response to oxidative stress induced by protein denaturing effect of alachlor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:963-71. [PMID: 26518674 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.10.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alachlor is a widely used pre-emergent chloroacetanilide herbicide which has been shown to have many harmful ecological and environmental effects. However, the mechanism of alachlor-induced oxidative stress is poorly understood. We found that, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide anions were increased only after long-term exposure to alachlor, suggesting that alachlor is not a pro-oxidant. It is likely that alachlor-induced oxidative stress may result from protein denaturation because alachlor rapidly induced an increased protein aggregation, leading to upregulation of SSA4 and HSP82 genes encoding heat shock proteins (Hsp) of Hsp70 and Hsp90 family, respectively. Although only SOD1 encoding Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), but not SOD2 encoding Mn-SOD, is essential for alachlor tolerance, both SODs play a crucial role in reducing alachlor-induced ROS. We found that, after alachlor exposure, glutathione production was inhibited while its utilization was increased, suggesting the role of glutathione in protecting cells against alachlor, which becomes more important when lacking Cu/Zn-SOD. Based on our results, it seems that alachlor primarily causes damages to cellular macromolecules such as proteins, leading to an induction of endogenous oxidative stress, of which intracellular antioxidant defense systems are required for elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasidit Rattanawong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Thailand
| | - Kittikhun Kerdsomboon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Thailand
| | - Choowong Auesukaree
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Thailand.
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10
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Słaba M, Różalska S, Bernat P, Szewczyk R, Piątek MA, Długoński J. Efficient alachlor degradation by the filamentous fungus Paecilomyces marquandii with simultaneous oxidative stress reduction. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 197:404-409. [PMID: 26356111 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The acceleration of alachlor degradation by Paecilomyces marquandii under controlled and optimized conditions of fungal cultivation in liquid batches was observed (by ca. 20% in comparison to the flask cultures). Acidic environment and oxygen limitation resulted in deterioration of herbicide elimination. Efficient xenobiotic degradation did not correlate with free radicals formation, but some conditions of bioreactor cultivation such as neutral pH and oxygen enriched atmosphere (pO2⩾30%) caused a decrease in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in mycelia. The changes in the glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (AA) levels, also in the dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities showed active response of the tested fungus against alachlor induced oxidative stress. These results will contribute to the improvement of chloroacetanilides elimination by fungi and extend the knowledge concerning oxidative stress induction and fungal cellular defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Słaba
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Sylwia Różalska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Przemysław Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Rafał Szewczyk
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Milena A Piątek
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Jerzy Długoński
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland.
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11
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Rahman MM, Sharma HM, Park JH, Abd El-Aty AM, Choi JH, Nahar N, Shim JH. Determination of alachlor residues in pepper and pepper leaf using gas chromatography and confirmed via mass spectrometry with matrix protection. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:924-930. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Musfiqur Rahman
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Institute; Chonnam National University; 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - Hiron Moy Sharma
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Institute; Chonnam National University; 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry; University of Dhaka; Dhaka 1000 Bangladesh
| | - Jong-Hyouk Park
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Institute; Chonnam National University; 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - A. M. Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Cairo University; 12211 Giza Egypt
| | - Jeong-Heui Choi
- Institute of Environmental Research, Faculty of Chemistry; Dortmund University of Technology; 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Nilufar Nahar
- Department of Chemistry; University of Dhaka; Dhaka 1000 Bangladesh
| | - Jae-Han Shim
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Institute; Chonnam National University; 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
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Seok SJ, Choi SC, Gil HW, Yang JO, Lee EY, Song HY, Hong SY. Acute oral poisoning due to chloracetanilide herbicides. J Korean Med Sci 2012; 27:111-4. [PMID: 22323855 PMCID: PMC3271281 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2012.27.2.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloracetanilide herbicides (alachlor, butachlor, metachlor) are used widely. Although there are much data about chronic low dose exposure to chloracetanilide in humans and animals, there are few data about acute chloracetanilide poisoning in humans. This study investigated the clinical feature of patients following acute oral exposure to chloracetanilide. We retrospectively reviewed the data on the patients who were admitted to two university hospitals from January 2006 to December 2010. Thirty-five patients were enrolled. Among them, 28, 5, and 2 cases of acute alachlor, metachlor, butachlor poisoning were included. The mean age was 49.8 ± 15.4 yr. The poison severity score (PSS) was 17 (48.6%), 10 (28.6%), 5 (14.3%), 2 (5.7%), and 1 (2.9%) patients with a PSS of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The age was higher for the symptomatic patients (1-4 PSS) than that for the asymptomatic patients (0 PSS) (43.6 ± 15.2 vs 55.7 ± 13.5). The arterial blood HCO₃⁻ was lower in the symptomatic patients (1-4 PSS) than that in the asymptomatic patients (0 PSS). Three patients were a comatous. One patient died 24 hr after the exposure. In conclusion, although chloracetanilide poisoning is usually of low toxicity, elder patients with central nervous system symptoms should be closely monitored and cared after oral exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Seok
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sang-Cheon Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyo-Wook Gil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Eun-Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ho-Yeon Song
- Department of Microbiology, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sae-Yong Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
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Martin MT, Dix DJ, Judson RS, Kavlock RJ, Reif DM, Richard AM, Rotroff DM, Romanov S, Medvedev A, Poltoratskaya N, Gambarian M, Moeser M, Makarov SS, Houck KA. Impact of environmental chemicals on key transcription regulators and correlation to toxicity end points within EPA's ToxCast program. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:578-90. [PMID: 20143881 DOI: 10.1021/tx900325g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental chemicals adds to the burden of disease in humans and wildlife to a degree that is difficult to estimate and, thus, mitigate. The ability to assess the impact of existing chemicals for which little to no toxicity data are available or to foresee such effects during early stages of chemical development and use, and before potential exposure occurs, is a pressing need. However, the capacity of the current toxicity evaluation approaches to meet this demand is limited by low throughput and high costs. In the context of EPA's ToxCast project, we have evaluated a novel cellular biosensor system (Factorial (1) ) that enables rapid, high-content assessment of a compound's impact on gene regulatory networks. The Factorial biosensors combined libraries of cis- and trans-regulated transcription factor reporter constructs with a highly homogeneous method of detection enabling simultaneous evaluation of multiplexed transcription factor activities. Here, we demonstrate the application of the technology toward determining bioactivity profiles by quantitatively evaluating the effects of 309 environmental chemicals on 25 nuclear receptors and 48 transcription factor response elements. We demonstrate coherent transcription factor activity across nuclear receptors and their response elements and that Nrf2 activity, a marker of oxidative stress, is highly correlated to the overall promiscuity of a chemical. Additionally, as part of the ToxCast program, we identify molecular targets that associate with in vivo end points and represent modes of action that can serve as potential toxicity pathway biomarkers and inputs for predictive modeling of in vivo toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Martin
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
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14
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Gender-linked haematopoietic and metabolic disturbances induced by a pesticide mixture administered at low dose to mice. Toxicology 2010; 267:80-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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15
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Comparison of rat olfactory mucosal responses to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chloracetanilides. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1051-7. [PMID: 19425180 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alachlor and butachlor are chloracetanilide herbicides that induce olfactory tumors in rats, whereas propachlor does not. The mechanism by which alachlor induces tumors is distinct from many other nasal carcinogens, in that alachlor induces a gradual de-differentiation of the olfactory mucosa (OM) to a more respiratory-like epithelium, in contrast to other agents that induce cytotoxicity, followed by an aberrant regenerative response. We studied biochemical and genomic effects of these compounds to identify processes that occur in common between alachlor- and butachlor-treated rats. Because we have previously shown that matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) is activated in OM by alachlor, in the present studies we evaluated both MMP2 activation and changes in OM gene expression in response to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chloracetanilide treatments. All three chloracetanilides activated MMP2, and >300 genes were significantly up- or downregulated between control and alachlor-treated rats. The most significantly regulated gene was vomeromodulin, which was dramatically upregulated by alachlor and butachlor treatment (>60-fold), but not by propachlor treatment. Except for similar gene responses in alachlor- and butachlor-treated rats, we did not identify clear-cut differences that would predict OM carcinogenicity in this study.
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Yi X, Ding H, Lu Y, Liu H, Zhang M, Jiang W. Effects of long-term alachlor exposure on hepatic antioxidant defense and detoxifying enzyme activities in crucian carp (Carassius auratus). CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 68:1576-81. [PMID: 17433409 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2006] [Revised: 01/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Alachlor has been widely used in agriculture all over the world. It is suggested that it may be a carcinogen and also an environmental estrogen. In this paper, the physiological and biochemical perturbations of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) exposed to alachlor at different concentrations over 60 days were investigated. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were measured. The activity of hepatic antioxidant defense and detoxifying enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) and the content of glutathione (GSH) were determined and compared with the control group. The result showed that GSI and HSI decreased significantly (P<0.05) in almost all treatments. The activities of SOD, CAT and GST were induced continuously (P<0.05), while the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) was inhibited on the whole. These changes reflect that the antioxidant systems of the tested fishes were affected. The possible defense mechanistic implications about the changes were thus discussed. Furthermore, hepatic SOD and GST were sensitive to alachlor at low concentration, indicating that they might be potential biomarkers in early detection of alachlor contamination in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xionghai Yi
- Department of Resource and Environment Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2678 Qi Xin Road, Shanghai 201101, People's Republic of China
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Grizard G, Ouchchane L, Roddier H, Artonne C, Sion B, Vasson MP, Janny L. In vitro alachlor effects on reactive oxygen species generation, motility patterns and apoptosis markers in human spermatozoa. Reprod Toxicol 2006; 23:55-62. [PMID: 17049205 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to its extensive production and application, the toxicity of chloracetanilide herbicide alachlor[2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)-acetanilide] should be evaluated to establish minimum effects. In this study, we have examined the in vitro effects of alachlor on human sperm motion using a computer-assisted sperm analyser (CASA). An evaluation of both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and markers of apoptosis was also performed to investigate the mechanism by which alachlor modifies the sperm movement. After exposure up to 2 h to alachlor (0, 0.18, 0.37, 0.90 and 1.85 mM), the percentage of viable, motile spermatozoa and sperm velocities were concentration and/or time dependently decreased. The most sensitive parameters were progressive motility, mean average path velocity and mean straight velocity. Alachlor (1.85 mM) induced an increase in ROS production. A decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)), an increase of both phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization and DNA fragmentation, which were concentration and/or time dependent, were also observed. It is possible that toxic effects of alachlor result in an oxidative stress which could act as a mediator of apoptosis. Alachlor could also contribute to some hypofertility cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Grizard
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Biologie de la Reproduction, Hôtel Dieu, F 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Genter MB, Warner BM, Krell HW, Bolon B. Reduction of alachlor-induced olfactory mucosal neoplasms by the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor Ro 28-2653. Toxicol Pathol 2006; 33:593-9. [PMID: 16178123 DOI: 10.1080/01926230500244522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to the chloracetanilide herbicide alachlor has been shown to cause olfactory mucosal neoplasms. Genomic analysis of olfactory mucosa from rats given alachlor (126 mg/kg/d) for from 1 day to 18 mo suggested that matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 were upregulated in the month following initiation of treatment. The present studies were designed to confirm this latter finding and to explore the potential role of MMPs in alachlor-induced olfactory carcinogenesis. Zymographic analysis of olfactory mucosal extracts confirmed that MMP-2 activity is higher in the olfactory mucosa of alachlor-treated rats. Therefore, rats were fed alachlor (126 mg/kg/d in the diet for 1 year) either with or without the MMP-2/MMP-9 inhibitor Ro 28-2653 (100 mg/kg daily by gavage for the first 2 months of alachlor treatment). The number of olfactory mucosal neoplasms was reduced by 25% after 1 year of alachlor treatment in rats that received both alachlor and Ro 28-2653. The morphology of alachlor-induced olfactory tumors was similar whether or not Ro 28-2653 had been given; the MMP inhibitor itself had no impact on olfactory mucosal histology. These data confirm that olfactory mucosal MMP-2 activity is increased following short-term alachlor exposure and show that administration of an MMP-2/9 inhibitor reduced the incidence of olfactory neoplasms in alachlor-treated rats, thereby implicating MMP-2 activity as a mediator of alachlor-induced carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Genter
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0056, USA.
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Plant protection products and their residues (PPR) related to the evaluation of alachlor in the context of Council Directive 91/414/EEC. EFSA J 2004. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2004.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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