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Surve CR, To JY, Malik S, Kim M, Smrcka AV. Dynamic regulation of neutrophil polarity and migration by the heterotrimeric G protein subunits Gαi-GTP and Gβγ. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra22. [PMID: 26905427 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad8163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the Gi family of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) releases βγ subunits, which are the major transducers of chemotactic G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-dependent cell migration. The small molecule 12155 binds directly to Gβγ and activates Gβγ signaling without activating the Gαi subunit in the Gi heterotrimer. We used 12155 to examine the relative roles of Gαi and Gβγ activation in the migration of neutrophils on surfaces coated with the integrin ligand intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). We found that 12155 suppressed basal migration by inhibiting the polarization of neutrophils and increasing their adhesion to ICAM-1-coated surfaces. GPCR-independent activation of endogenous Gαi and Gβγ with the mastoparan analog Mas7 resulted in normal migration. Furthermore, 12155-treated cells expressing a constitutively active form of Gαi1 became polarized and migrated. The extent and duration of signaling by the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) were enhanced by 12155. Inhibiting the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) restored the polarity of 12155-treated cells but did not decrease their adhesion to ICAM-1 and failed to restore migration. Together, these data provide evidence for a direct role of activated Gαi in promoting cell polarization through a cAMP-dependent mechanism and in inhibiting adhesion through a cAMP-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay R Surve
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jesi Y To
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Sundeep Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Alan V Smrcka
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Park DW, Jiang S, Tadie JM, Stigler WS, Gao Y, Deshane J, Abraham E, Zmijewski JW. Activation of AMPK enhances neutrophil chemotaxis and bacterial killing. Mol Med 2013; 19:387-98. [PMID: 24091934 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2013.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An inability of neutrophils to eliminate invading microorganisms is frequently associated with severe infection and may contribute to the high mortality rates associated with sepsis. In the present studies, we examined whether metformin and other 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators affect neutrophil motility, phagocytosis and bacterial killing. We found that activation of AMPK enhanced neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro and in vivo, and also counteracted the inhibition of chemotaxis induced by exposure of neutrophils to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In contrast, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of AMPKα1 or blockade of AMPK activation through treatment of neutrophils with the AMPK inhibitor compound C diminished neutrophil chemotaxis. In addition to their effects on chemotaxis, treatment of neutrophils with metformin or aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) improved phagocytosis and bacterial killing, including more efficient eradication of bacteria in a mouse model of peritonitis-induced sepsis. Immunocytochemistry showed that, in contrast to LPS, metformin or AICAR induced robust actin polymerization and distinct formation of neutrophil leading edges. Although LPS diminished AMPK phosphorylation, metformin or AICAR was able to partially decrease the effects of LPS/toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) engagement on downstream signaling events, particularly LPS-induced IκBα degradation. The IκB kinase (IKK) inhibitor PS-1145 diminished IκBα degradation and also prevented LPS-induced inhibition of chemotaxis. These results suggest that AMPK activation with clinically approved agents, such as metformin, may facilitate bacterial eradication in sepsis and other inflammatory conditions associated with inhibition of neutrophil activation and chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Won Park
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America Division of Infectious Diseases, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Shaoning Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jean-Marc Tadie
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Rennes, France
| | - William S Stigler
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Yong Gao
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jessy Deshane
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Edward Abraham
- Office of the Dean, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jaroslaw W Zmijewski
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
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Zhang J, Li B, Zhang Y, Li A, Yu X, Huang Q, Fan C, Cai X. Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence analysis of biodistribution and pulmonary toxicity of nanoscale titanium dioxide in mice. Analyst 2013; 138:6511-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01267k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Strande JL, Routhu KV, Hsu A, Nicolosi AC, Baker JE. Gadolinium decreases inflammation related to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2009; 6:34. [PMID: 20003243 PMCID: PMC2799407 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-6-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lanthanide cation, gadolinium (GdCl3) protects the myocardium against infarction following ischemia and reperfusion. Neutrophils and macrophages are the main leukocytes responsible for infarct expansion after reperfusion. GdCl3 interferes with macrophage and neutrophil function in the liver by decreasing macrophage secretion of inflammatory cytokines and neutrophil infiltration. We hypothesized that GdCl3 protects against ischemia and reperfusion injury by decreasing inflammation. We determined the impact of GdCl3 treatment for reperfusion injury on 1) circulating monoctye and neutrophil counts, 2) secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and 3) influx of monocytes and neutrophils into the myocardium. METHODS Rats (n = 3-6/gp) were treated with saline or GdCl3 (20 mumol/kg) 15 min prior to a 30 min period of regional ischemia and 120 min reperfusion. Sham rats were not subject to ischemia. Blood was collected either after 30 min ischemia or 120 min reperfusion and hearts were harvested at 120 min reperfusion for tissue analysis. Blood was analyzed for leukocytes counts and cytokines. Tissue was analyzed for cytokines and markers of neutrophil and monocyte infiltration by measuring myeloperoxidase (MPO) and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE). RESULTS GdCl3 did not affect the number of circulating neutrophils prior to ischemia. Two hours reperfusion resulted in a 2- and 3- fold increase in circulating monocytes and neutrophils, respectively. GdCl3 decreased the number of circulating monocytes and neutrophils during reperfusion to levels below those present prior to ischemia. Furthermore, after 120 min of reperfusion, GdCl3 decreased ANAE and MPO activity in the myocardium by 1.9-fold and 6.5-fold respectively. GdCl3 decreased MPO activity to levels below those measured in the Sham group. Serum levels of the major neutrophil chemoattractant cytokine, IL-8 were increased from pre-ischemic levels during ischemia and reperfusion in both control and GdCl3 treated rats. Likewise, IL-8 levels increased throughout the 3 hour time period in the Sham group. There was no difference in IL-8 detected in the myocardium after 120 min reperfusion between groups. In contrast, after 120 min reperfusion GdCl3 decreased the myocardial tissue levels of macrophage secreted cytokines, GM-CSF and IL-1. CONCLUSION GdCl3 treatment prior to ischemia and reperfusion injury decreased circulating monocytes and neutrophils, macrophage secreted cytokines, and leukocyte infiltration into injured myocardium. These results suggest GdCl3 decreased monoctye and neutrophil migration and activation and may be a novel treatment for inflammation during ischemia and reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Strande
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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Inhaled milrinone attenuates experimental acute lung injury. Intensive Care Med 2008; 35:171-8. [PMID: 18972099 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-008-1344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test whether inhalation of the phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor milrinone may attenuate experimental acute lung injury (ALI). METHODS In rats, ALI was induced by infusion of oleic acid (OA). After 30 min, milrinone was inhaled either as single dose, or repeatedly in 30 min intervals. In mice, ALI was induced by intratracheal instillation of hydrochloric acid, followed by a single milrinone inhalation. RESULTS Four hours after OA infusion, ALI was evident as lung inflammation, protein-rich edema and hypoxemia. A single inhalation of milrinone attenuated the increase in lung wet-to-dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase activity, and reduced protein concentration, neutrophil counts and TNF-alpha levels in bronchoalveolar lavage. This effect was further pronounced when milrinone was repeatedly inhaled. In mice with acid-induced ALI, milrinone attenuated hypoxemia and prevented the increase in lung myeloperoxidase activity. CONCLUSIONS Inhalation of aerosolized milrinone may present a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ALI.
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Calabrese EJ. Hormetic Dose-Response Relationships in Immunology: Occurrence, Quantitative Features of the Dose Response, Mechanistic Foundations, and Clinical Implications. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 35:89-295. [PMID: 15839378 DOI: 10.1080/10408440590917044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This article provides an assessment of the occurrence of immune-system-related hormetic-like biphasic dose-response relationships. Such dose-response relationships are extensive, with over 90 different immune response-related endpoints reported, induced by over 70 endogenous agonists, over 100 drugs, and over 40 environmental contaminants. Such hormetic responses were reported in over 30 animal models, over a dozen mammalian and human cell lines. These findings demonstrate that immune-system-related hormetic-like biphasic dose-response relationships are common and highly generalizable according to model, endpoint, and chemical class. The quantitative features of the dose response are generally consistent with previously published examples of hormetic dose responses for other biological endpoints. These findings were generally recognized and explicitly discussed by the original authors, often with consideration given to possible mechanistic foundations as well as numerous clinical implications. Despite the recognition by individual authors of the hormetic nature of these observed responses, the overall widespread nature of immune-related hormetic responses has been only little appreciated, with a general lack of insight into the highly generalizable nature of this phenomenon as well as the complex regulatory networks affecting biological switching mechanisms that result in the hormetic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Environmental Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
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Dal-Secco D, Cunha TM, Freitas A, Alves-Filho JC, Souto FO, Fukada SY, Grespan R, Alencar NMN, Neto AF, Rossi MA, Ferreira SH, Hothersall JS, Cunha FQ. Hydrogen Sulfide Augments Neutrophil Migration through Enhancement of Adhesion Molecule Expression and Prevention of CXCR2 Internalization: Role of ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4287-98. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.6.4287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Canalli AA, Franco-Penteado CF, Traina F, Saad STO, Costa FF, Conran N. Role for cAMP-protein kinase A signalling in augmented neutrophil adhesion and chemotaxis in sickle cell disease. Eur J Haematol 2007; 79:330-7. [PMID: 17680813 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2007.00926.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The significance of the leukocyte in sickle cell disease (SCD) pathophysiology is becoming increasingly recognised; we sought to examine whether the chemotactic properties of neutrophils of SCD individuals may be altered and, further, to better understand the signalling events that mediate altered SCD neutrophil function. Adhesion to immobilised fibronectin (FN) and chemotaxis of control and SCD neutrophils were assessed using in vitro static adhesion assays and 96-well chemotaxis chamber assays. Adhesion assays confirmed a significantly higher basal adhesion of SCD neutrophils to FN, compared with control neutrophils. Chemotaxis assays established, for the first time, that SCD neutrophils demonstrate greater spontaneous migration and, also, augmented migration in response to IL-8, when compared with control neutrophils. Co-incubation of SCD neutrophils with KT5720 (an inhibitor of PKA) abrogated increased basal SCD neutrophil adhesion, spontaneous chemotaxis and IL-8-stimulated chemotaxis. Stimulation of SCD neutrophils with IL-8 also significantly augmented SCD neutrophil adhesion to FN with a concomitant increase in cAMP levels and this increase in adhesion was abolished by KT5720. Interestingly, the adhesive properties of neutrophils from SCD individuals on hydroxyurea therapy were not significantly altered and results indicate that a reduction in intracellular cAMP may contribute to lower the adhesive properties of these cells. Data indicate that up-regulated cAMP signalling plays a significant role in the altered adhesive and migratory properties in SCD neutrophils. Such alterations may have important implications for the pathophysiology of the disease and the cAMP-PKA pathway may represent a therapeutic target for the abrogation of altered leukocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia A Canalli
- The Haematology and Haemotherapy Centre, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Lorenowicz MJ, Fernandez-Borja M, Hordijk PL. cAMP signaling in leukocyte transendothelial migration. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:1014-22. [PMID: 17347487 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.106.132282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The migration of leukocytes across the vascular endothelium is crucial for immunosurveillance as well as for inflammatory responses. Uncontrolled leukocyte transendothelial migration results in pathologies such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and atherosclerosis. The molecular mechanisms that regulate leukocyte transendothelial migration involve signaling downstream of intracellular messengers such as cAMP, calcium, phosphoinositol lipids, or reactive oxygen species. Among these, cAMP is particularly intriguing because it is generated in both leukocytes and endothelial cells and regulates leukocyte chemotaxis as well as endothelial barrier function. In addition, physiological stimuli that induce cAMP production generate both pro- and antiinflammatory signals, underscoring the complexity of cAMP-driven signaling. This review discusses our current knowledge of the control of leukocyte transendothelial migration by two main cAMP effectors: protein kinase A and the Rap exchange factor Epac (Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena J Lorenowicz
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Nilsson O, Fowler CJ, Jacobsson SO. The cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 inhibits TNF-α-induced neutrophil transmigration across ECV304 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 547:165-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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11
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Pompermayer K, Souza DG, Lara GG, Silveira KD, Cassali GD, Andrade AA, Bonjardim CA, Passaglio KT, Assreuy J, Cunha FQ, Vieira MAR, Teixeira MM. The ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker glibenclamide prevents renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Kidney Int 2005; 67:1785-96. [PMID: 15840025 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a complex neutrophil-mediated syndrome. Adenosine-triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels are involved in neutrophil migration in vivo. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of glibenclamide, a K(ATP) channel blocker, in renal I/R injury in rats. METHODS The left kidney of the rats was excised through a flank incision and ischemia was performed in the contralateral kidney by total interruption of renal artery flow for 45 minutes. Renal perfusion was reestablished, and the kidney and lungs were removed for analysis of vascular permeability, neutrophil accumulation, and content of cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-10] 4 and 24 hours later. Renal function was assessed by measuring creatinine, Na(+), and K(+) levels in the plasma and by determination of creatinine clearance. Drugs were administered subcutaneously after the onset of ischemia. RESULTS Reperfusion of the ischemic kidney induced local (kidney) and remote (lung) inflammatory injury and marked renal dysfunction. Glibenclamide (20 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the reperfusion-associated increase in vascular permeability, neutrophil accumulation, increase in TNF-alpha levels and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) translocation. These inhibitory effects were noticed in the kidney and lungs. Moreover, glibenclamide markedly ameliorated the renal dysfunction at 4 and 24 hours. CONCLUSION Treatment with glibenclamide is associated with inhibition of neutrophil recruitment and amelioration of renal dysfunction following renal I/R. Glibenclamide may have a therapeutic role in the treatment of renal I/R injury, such as after renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenia Pompermayer
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Lang K, Hatt H, Niggemann B, Zaenker KS, Entschladen F. A novel function for chemokines: downregulation of neutrophil migration. Scand J Immunol 2003; 57:350-61. [PMID: 12662298 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Migration is a key function of stem cells during ontogenesis, of fibroblasts in wound healing and of immune cells in host defence. The signals that initiate migration are as important as signals that terminate migration, once the destination has been reached. We now show that formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced migration of neutrophils was inhibited by increasing concentrations of interleukin-8 (IL-8). IL-8 dose dependently increased the frequency and the duration of stop-periods, whereas the percentage of cells of a population that was locomotory active remained constant. The stop-signal delivered by IL-8 was intracellularly transduced by a dichotomic pathway: (i) the activation of the adenylyl cyclase leads to an increase of cytosolic cyclic adenosine monophosphate, which results in an activation of the sarcoplasmatic/endoplasmatic reticulum calcium ATPase pump and a calcium sequestration; (ii) the activation of the phospholipase Cbeta (PLCbeta) generates inositol-1,4,5-phosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG), which results in IP3-mediated release of intracellularly stored calcium in the endoplasmatic reticulum and DAG-mediated activation of protein kinase C. Thus, we show for the first time that a chemokine, IL-8, in concert with fMLP, downregulates the neutrophil migration through the regulation of the intracellular calcium concentration via the adenylyl cyclase and the PLCbeta2.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lang
- Institute for Immunology, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Strasse 10, 58448 Witten, Germany
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Wiedermann FJ, Kaneider N, Egger P, Tiefenthaler W, Wiedermann CJ, Lindner KH, Schobersberger W. Migration of human monocytes in response to procalcitonin. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:1112-7. [PMID: 12006810 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200205000-00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circulating serum levels of procalcitonin rise significantly during bacterial infection. Because calcitonin is known to be a monocyte chemoattractant, we investigated whether procalcitonin, a prohormone of calcitonin, also affects leukocyte migration. DESIGN Prospective, controlled in vitro study. SETTING University research laboratories. INTERVENTIONS Forearm venous blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils and monocytes were isolated from healthy human donors. Cell migration was assessed in a blindwell chemotaxis chamber. The distance of migration into filter micropores was measured. To biochemically confirm functional data on cell migration, effects of procalcitonin on cellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Both procalcitonin and calcitonin elicited dose-dependent migration of monocytes at concentrations from the femtomolar to the micromolar range. Neutrophils did not migrate toward procalcitonin or calcitonin, nor was their oxygen free radical release affected as measured fluorimetrically. Checkerboard analysis of monocyte locomotion revealed procalcitonin-induced migration as true chemotaxis. Pretreatment of monocytes with procalcitonin or calcitonin rapidly deactivated their migratory response to formyl-Met-Leu-Phe, and both also induced homologous deactivation of migration. Procalcitonin elevated levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in monocytes. CONCLUSIONS In vitro procalcitonin is a monocyte chemoattractant that deactivates chemotaxis in the presence of additional inflammatory mediators. Procalcitonin stimulates cyclic adenosine monophosphate production in monocytes, suggesting that its action may be specific and comparable with calcitonin, which exerts similar functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz J Wiedermann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Da Silva-Santos JE, Santos-Silva MC, Cunha FDQ, Assreuy J. The role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in neutrophil migration and plasma exudation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 300:946-51. [PMID: 11861802 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.300.3.946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil activation and migration during an inflammatory response is preceded or accompanied by plasma membrane electrical changes. Besides changes in calcium currents, neutrophils have a high permeability to potassium, mainly through potassium channels. However, the significance of potassium channels in neutrophil physiology is still unclear. Here, we show that the treatment of rats with the ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker glibenclamide (4, 20, or 40 micromol/kg) dose dependently decreased carrageenan-, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-, and lipopolysaccharide-induced neutrophil influx and fluid leakage into the interpleural space. On the other hand, minoxidil (an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener; 25, 50, and 100 micromol/kg) increased both neutrophil influx and fluid leakage induced by a submaximal dose of carrageenan. In addition, in vitro human neutrophil chemotaxis induced by leukotriene B4 or fMLP (both 1 microM) was fully blocked by glibenclamide (10, 30, and 100 microM) or tetraethylammonium (a nonselective potassium channel blocker; 1, 3, and 10 mM). Thus, our results disclose the possibility that ATP-sensitive potassium channels may have a role in neutrophil migration and chemotaxis and plasma exudation in the inflammatory response.
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15
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Neumann Andersen G, Nagaeva O, Mandrika I, Petrovska R, Muceniece R, Mincheva-Nilsson L, Wikberg JE. MC(1) receptors are constitutively expressed on leucocyte subpopulations with antigen presenting and cytotoxic functions. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 126:441-6. [PMID: 11737060 PMCID: PMC1906236 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of melanocortin MC(1) receptors on human peripheral lymphocyte subsets was analysed by flow cytometry using rabbit antibodies selective for the human MC(1) receptor and a panel of monoclonal antibodies against lymphocyte differentiation markers. The MC(1) receptor was found to be constitutively expressed on monocytes/macrophages, B-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells and a subset of cytotoxic T-cells. Interestingly T-helper cells appeared to be essentially devoid of MC(1) receptors. The results were confirmed by RT-PCR which indicated strong expression of MC(1) receptor mRNA in CD14(+), CD19(+) and CD56(+) cells. However, only a faint RT-PCR signal was seen in CD3(+) cells, in line with the immuno-staining results that indicated that only part of the CD3(+) cells (i.e. some of the CD8(+) cells) expressed the MC(1) receptor. The MC(1) receptors' constitutive expression on immune cells with antigen-presenting and cytotoxic functions implies important roles for the melanocortic system in the modulation of immune responses.
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Loike JD, Cao L, Budhu S, Hoffman S, Silverstein SC. Blockade of alpha 5 beta 1 integrins reverses the inhibitory effect of tenascin on chemotaxis of human monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes through three-dimensional gels of extracellular matrix proteins. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:7534-42. [PMID: 11390508 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.12.7534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin is an extracellular matrix protein found in adults in T cell-dependent areas of lymphoid tissues, sites of inflammation, and tumors. We report here that it inhibited chemotaxis of chemoattractant-stimulated human monocytes and chemoattractant-stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) through three-dimensional gels composed of collagen I or Matrigel, and chemotaxis of leukotriene B4-stimulated PMN through fibrin gels. The inhibitory effect of tenascin on monocyte or PMN chemotaxis through these matrices was reversed by Abs directed against alpha5beta1 integrins or by a peptide (GRGDSP) that binds to beta1 integrins. Tenascin did not affect leukotriene B4- or fMLP-stimulated expression of beta1 or beta2 integrins, but did exert a small inhibitory effect on PMN adhesion and closeness of apposition to fibrin(ogen)-containing surfaces. Thus, alpha5beta1 integrins mediate the inhibitory effect of tenascin on monocyte and PMN chemotaxis, without promoting close apposition between these leukocytes and surfaces coated with tenascin alone or with tenascin bound to other matrix proteins. This contrasts with the role played by alpha5beta1 integrins in promoting close apposition between fMLP-stimulated PMN and fibrin containing surfaces, thereby inhibiting chemotaxis of fMLP-stimulated PMN through fibrin gels. Thus, chemoattractants and matrix proteins regulate chemotaxis of phagocytic leukocytes by at least two different mechanisms: one in which specific chemoattractants promote very tight adhesion of leukocytes to specific matrix proteins and another in which specific matrix proteins signal cessation of migration without markedly affecting strength of leukocyte adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Loike
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Patel L, Charlton SJ, Chambers JK, Macphee CH. Expression and functional analysis of chemokine receptors in human peripheral blood leukocyte populations. Cytokine 2001; 14:27-36. [PMID: 11298490 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2000.0851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that chemokine receptor expression patterns are critical in determining the spectrum of action of the chemokines. We have analysed the expression patterns of 17 chemokine receptors and two orphan chemokine receptor-like genes in various freshly prepared human peripheral blood leucocyte populations, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, and naïve and differentiated monocytes using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (TaqMan). This is the first comprehensive study of chemokine receptor expression in such a wide variety of cell types. Human peripheral blood leukocyte populations were found to express a wide range of chemokine receptors that varies depending on cell type and differentiation state. Novel expression patterns of certain chemokine receptors were seen during our analysis. For example, the orphan chemokine receptor HCR was expressed at very high levels by both primary neutrophils and primary monocytes, and was further upregulated on neutrophil activation and during monocyte to macrophage differentiation. When neutrophil calcium transients were measured in response to a panel of 30 different chemokines the results clearly correlated with the chemokine receptor expression profile. For example strong calcium responses were seen in neutrophils following stimulation with the CXCR1 and CXCR2 ligands, interleukin (IL-)8, GCP-2 and Gro-beta. These data have implications for the study of the functional responses of leukocytes to external stimuli and will aid in our understanding of general leukocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Patel
- Department of Vascular Biology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Harlow, Essex, CM19 5AW, UK.
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Si-Tahar M, Sitaraman S, Shibahara T, Madara JL. Negative regulation of epithelium-neutrophil interactions via activation of CD44. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001; 280:C423-32. [PMID: 11171560 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2001.280.3.c423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) migration across epithelia is a common feature of active inflammation. Given the suggested role of carbohydrates in this process, we examined the receptor CD44. The standard CD44 isoform was expressed at the cell surface of PMN. PMN migration across model polarized intestinal epithelia was reduced (by 60%) if the CD44 receptor was activated by either a specific antibody (clone IM7) or the natural soluble ligand, hyaluronic acid. This inhibitory effect following receptor activation occurred with both basolateral-to-apical- and apical-to-basolateral-directed migration. The anti-CD44 antibody similarly reduced PMN migration through filters in the absence of epithelia, while preincubation of the antibody with the epithelium did not alter subsequent PMN transepithelial migration. These data suggest that PMN, rather than epithelial, CD44 is responsible for these effects. A similar inhibitory effect of anti-CD44 antibody was also observed on migration of intraepithelial lymphocytes. The molecular mechanism involved in such negative signaling following CD44 activation may include modulation of outside-in cell signaling. While neither the anti-CD44 antibody nor CD44 ligand affected PMN mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+), both led to increased adenylate cyclase activity, an inhibitory signal for PMN migration. Together, these results suggest that CD44 of PMN may potentially serve as a negative regulator of leukocyte migration across biological surfaces such as columnar epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Si-Tahar
- Epithelial Pathobiology Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Human granulocytes are characterized by a variety of specific effector functions involved in host defense. Several widely expressed protein kinases have been implicated in the regulation of these effector functions. A polymerase chain reaction–based strategy was used to identify novel granulocyte-specific kinases. A novel protein kinase complementary DNA with an open reading frame of 357 amino acids was identified with homology to calcium-calmodulin–dependent kinase I (CaMKI). This has been termed CaMKI-like kinase (CKLiK). Analysis of CKLiK messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in hematopoietic cells demonstrated an almost exclusive expression in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Up-regulation of CKLiK mRNA occurs during neutrophilic differentiation of CD34+ stem cells. CKLiK kinase activity was dependent on Ca++ and calmodulin as analyzed by in vitro phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate responsive element modulator (CREM). Furthermore, CKLiK- transfected cells treated with ionomycin demonstrated an induction of CRE- binding protein (CREB) transcriptional activity compared to control cells. Additionally, CaMK-kinaseα enhanced CKLiK activity. In vivo activation of CKLiK was shown by addition of interleukin (IL)-8 to a myeloid cell line stably expressing CKLiK. Furthermore inducible activation of CKLiK was sufficient to induce extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity. These data identify a novel Ca++/calmodulin-dependent PMN- specific kinase that may play a role in Ca++-mediated regulation of human granulocyte functions.
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20
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Wikberg JE, Muceniece R, Mandrika I, Prusis P, Lindblom J, Post C, Skottner A. New aspects on the melanocortins and their receptors. Pharmacol Res 2000; 42:393-420. [PMID: 11023702 DOI: 10.1006/phrs.2000.0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of melanocortins and their receptors has increased tremendously over the last few years. The cloning of five melanocortin receptors, and the discovery of two endogenous antagonists for these receptors, agouti and agouti-related peptide, have sparked intense interest in the field. Here we give a comprehensive review of the pharmacology, physiology and molecular biology of the melanocortins and their receptors. In particular, we review the roles of the melanocortins in the immune system, behaviour, feeding, the cardiovascular system and melanoma. Moreover, evidence is discussed suggesting that while many of the actions of the melanocortins are mediated via melanocortin receptors, some appear to be mediated via mechanisms distinct from melanocortin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Wikberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Box 591 BMC, SE751 24, Sweden.
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21
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Identification and characterization of CKLiK, a novel granulocyte Ca++/calmodulin-dependent kinase. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.9.3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHuman granulocytes are characterized by a variety of specific effector functions involved in host defense. Several widely expressed protein kinases have been implicated in the regulation of these effector functions. A polymerase chain reaction–based strategy was used to identify novel granulocyte-specific kinases. A novel protein kinase complementary DNA with an open reading frame of 357 amino acids was identified with homology to calcium-calmodulin–dependent kinase I (CaMKI). This has been termed CaMKI-like kinase (CKLiK). Analysis of CKLiK messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in hematopoietic cells demonstrated an almost exclusive expression in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Up-regulation of CKLiK mRNA occurs during neutrophilic differentiation of CD34+ stem cells. CKLiK kinase activity was dependent on Ca++ and calmodulin as analyzed by in vitro phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate responsive element modulator (CREM). Furthermore, CKLiK- transfected cells treated with ionomycin demonstrated an induction of CRE- binding protein (CREB) transcriptional activity compared to control cells. Additionally, CaMK-kinaseα enhanced CKLiK activity. In vivo activation of CKLiK was shown by addition of interleukin (IL)-8 to a myeloid cell line stably expressing CKLiK. Furthermore inducible activation of CKLiK was sufficient to induce extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity. These data identify a novel Ca++/calmodulin-dependent PMN- specific kinase that may play a role in Ca++-mediated regulation of human granulocyte functions.
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