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Supekar K, de Los Angeles C, Ryali S, Kushan L, Schleifer C, Repetto G, Crossley NA, Simon T, Bearden CE, Menon V. Robust and replicable functional brain signatures of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and associated psychosis: a deep neural network-based multi-cohort study. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02495-8. [PMID: 38605171 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02495-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
A major genetic risk factor for psychosis is 22q11.2 deletion (22q11.2DS). However, robust and replicable functional brain signatures of 22q11.2DS and 22q11.2DS-associated psychosis remain elusive due to small sample sizes and a focus on small single-site cohorts. Here, we identify functional brain signatures of 22q11.2DS and 22q11.2DS-associated psychosis, and their links with idiopathic early psychosis, using one of the largest multi-cohort data to date. We obtained multi-cohort clinical phenotypic and task-free fMRI data from 856 participants (101 22q11.2DS, 120 idiopathic early psychosis, 101 idiopathic autism, 123 idiopathic ADHD, and 411 healthy controls) in a case-control design. A novel spatiotemporal deep neural network (stDNN)-based analysis was applied to the multi-cohort data to identify functional brain signatures of 22q11.2DS and 22q11.2DS-associated psychosis. Next, stDNN was used to test the hypothesis that the functional brain signatures of 22q11.2DS-associated psychosis overlap with idiopathic early psychosis but not with autism and ADHD. stDNN-derived brain signatures distinguished 22q11.2DS from controls, and 22q11.2DS-associated psychosis with very high accuracies (86-94%) in the primary cohort and two fully independent cohorts without additional training. Robust distinguishing features of 22q11.2DS-associated psychosis emerged in the anterior insula node of the salience network and the striatum node of the dopaminergic reward pathway. These features also distinguished individuals with idiopathic early psychosis from controls, but not idiopathic autism or ADHD. Our results reveal that individuals with 22q11.2DS exhibit a highly distinct functional brain organization compared to controls. Additionally, the brain signatures of 22q11.2DS-associated psychosis overlap with those of idiopathic early psychosis in the salience network and dopaminergic reward pathway, providing substantial empirical support for the theoretical aberrant salience-based model of psychosis. Collectively, our findings, replicated across multiple independent cohorts, advance the understanding of 22q11.2DS and associated psychosis, underscoring the value of 22q11.2DS as a genetic model for probing the neurobiological underpinnings of psychosis and its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustubh Supekar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Carlo de Los Angeles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Srikanth Ryali
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Leila Kushan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charlie Schleifer
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gabriela Repetto
- Center for Genetics and Genomics, Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolas A Crossley
- Department of Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tony Simon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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2
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Campbell PD, Lee I, Thyme S, Granato M. Mitochondrial proteins encoded by the 22q11.2 neurodevelopmental locus regulate neural stem and progenitor cell proliferation. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3769-3781. [PMID: 37794116 PMCID: PMC10730408 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Microdeletion of a 3Mb region encompassing 45 protein-coding genes at chromosome 22q11.2 (22q11.2DS) predisposes individuals to multiple neurodevelopmental disorders and is one of the greatest genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. Defective mitochondrial function has been hypothesized to contribute to 22q11.2DS pathogenesis; however, which of the six mitochondrial genes contribute to neurodevelopmental phenotypes and their underlying mechanisms remain unresolved. To systematically test 22q11.2DS genes for functional roles in neurodevelopment and behavior, we generated genetic mutants for each of the 37 conserved zebrafish orthologs and performed high throughput behavioral phenotyping using seven behavioral assays. Through this unbiased approach, we identified five single-gene mutants with partially overlapping behavioral phenotypes. Two of these genes, mrpl40 and prodha, encode for mitochondrial proteins and, similar to what we observed in mrpl40 and prodha mutants, pharmacologic inhibition of mitochondrial function during development results in microcephaly. Single mutant analysis shows that both mrpl40 and prodha mutants display aberrant neural stem and progenitor cell proliferation, with each gene regulating distinct cell populations. Finally, double mutants for both mrpl40 and prodha display aggravated behavioral phenotypes and neural stem and progenitor cell analysis reveals a previously unrecognized partially redundant role for mrpl40 and prodha in regulating radial glia-like cell proliferation. Combined, our results demonstrate a critical role for mitochondrial function in neural stem and progenitor cell populations in the developing vertebrate brain and provide compelling evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction during neurodevelopment is linked to brain volume and behavioral phenotypes observed in models of 22q11.2DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Isaiah Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Summer Thyme
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Michael Granato
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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3
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Hamadelseed O, Chan MKS, Wong MBF, Skutella T. Distinct neuroanatomical and neuropsychological features of Down syndrome compared to related neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1225228. [PMID: 37600012 PMCID: PMC10436105 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1225228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives We critically review research findings on the unique changes in brain structure and cognitive function characteristic of Down syndrome (DS) and summarize the similarities and differences with other neurodevelopmental disorders such as Williams syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, and fragile X syndrome. Methods We conducted a meta-analysis and systematic literature review of 84 studies identified by searching PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science from 1977 to October 2022. This review focuses on the following issues: (1) specific neuroanatomic and histopathological features of DS as revealed by autopsy and modern neuroimaging modalities, (2) language and memory deficits in DS, (3) the relationships between these neuroanatomical and neuropsychological features, and (4) neuroanatomic and neuropsychological differences between DS and related neurodevelopmental syndromes. Results Numerous post-mortem and morphometric neuroimaging investigations of individuals with DS have reported complex changes in regional brain volumes, most notably in the hippocampal formation, temporal lobe, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and cerebellum. Moreover, neuropsychological assessments have revealed deficits in language development, emotional regulation, and memory that reflect these structural changes and are more severe than expected from general cognitive dysfunction. Individuals with DS also show relative preservation of multiple cognitive, linguistic, and social domains compared to normally developed controls and individuals with other neurodevelopmental disorders. However, all these neurodevelopment disorders exhibit substantial heterogeneity among individuals. Conclusion People with Down syndrome demonstrate unique neurodevelopmental abnormalities but cannot be regarded as a homogenous group. A comprehensive evaluation of individual intellectual skills is essential for all individuals with neurodevelopment disorders to develop personalized care programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Hamadelseed
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mike K. S. Chan
- EW European Wellness Academy GmbH, Edenkoben, Germany
- Baden R&D Laboratories GmbH, Edenkoben, Germany
| | - Michelle B. F. Wong
- EW European Wellness Academy GmbH, Edenkoben, Germany
- Baden R&D Laboratories GmbH, Edenkoben, Germany
- Stellar Biomolecular Research GmbH, Edenkoben, Germany
| | - Thomas Skutella
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Campbell PD, Lee I, Thyme S, Granato M. Mitochondrial genes in the 22q11.2 deleted region regulate neural stem and progenitor cell proliferation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.03.522615. [PMID: 36711666 PMCID: PMC9881859 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.03.522615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microdeletion of a 3Mbp region encompassing 45 protein-coding genes at chromosome 22q11.2 (22q11.2DS) predisposes to multiple neurodevelopmental disorders and is one of the greatest genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. Defective mitochondrial function has been hypothesized to contribute to 22q11.2DS pathogenesis; however, which of the six mitochondrial genes contribute to neurodevelopmental phenotypes and their underlying mechanisms remain unresolved. To systematically test 22q11.2DS genes for functional roles in neurodevelopment and behavior, we generated genetic mutants for each of the 37 conserved zebrafish orthologs and performed high throughput behavioral phenotyping using seven behavioral assays. Through this unbiased approach, we identified five single-gene mutants with partially overlapping behavioral phenotypes. Two of these genes, mrpl40 and prodha , encode for mitochondrial proteins and, similar to what we observed in mrpl40 and prodha mutants, pharmacologic inhibition of mitochondrial function during development results in microcephaly. Finally, we show that both mrpl40 and prodha mutants display neural stem and progenitor cell phenotypes, with each gene regulating different neural stem cell populations. Combined, our results demonstrate a critical role for mitochondrial function in neural stem and progenitor cell populations in the developing vertebrate brain and provide compelling evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction during neurodevelopment is linked to brain volume and behavioral phenotypes observed in models of 22q11.2DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D. Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Isaiah Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Summer Thyme
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA, 35294
| | - Michael Granato
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
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Smaller subcortical volumes and enlarged lateral ventricles are associated with higher global functioning in young adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome with prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2021; 301:113979. [PMID: 33993037 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a developmental genetic syndrome associated with a 30% risk for developing schizophrenia. Lateral ventricles and subcortical structures are abnormal in this syndrome as well as in schizophrenia. Here, we investigated whether these structures are related in young adults with 22q11DS with and without prodromal symptoms (PS) for schizophrenia and whether abnormalities in volumes are associated with global functioning. MR images were acquired on a 3T scanner from 51 individuals with 22q11DS and 30 healthy controls (mean age: 21±2 years). Correlations were performed to evaluate the relationship between ventricular and subcortical volumes, with Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS) in each group. Lateral ventricular volumes correlated negatively with subcortical volumes in individuals with 22q11DS. In individuals with 22q11DS with PS only, GAF correlated positively with volumes of the lateral ventricles and negatively with subcortical volumes. PAS correlated negatively with lateral ventricle volumes, and positively with volumes of subcortical structures. The results suggest a common neurodevelopmental mechanism related to the growth of these brain structures. Further, the ratio between the volumes and clinical measures could potentially be used to characterize individuals with 22q11DS and those from the general population for the risk of the development of schizophrenia.
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6
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Sun D, Ching CRK, Lin A, Forsyth JK, Kushan L, Vajdi A, Jalbrzikowski M, Hansen L, Villalon-Reina JE, Qu X, Jonas RK, van Amelsvoort T, Bakker G, Kates WR, Antshel KM, Fremont W, Campbell LE, McCabe KL, Daly E, Gudbrandsen M, Murphy CM, Murphy D, Craig M, Vorstman J, Fiksinski A, Koops S, Ruparel K, Roalf DR, Gur RE, Schmitt JE, Simon TJ, Goodrich-Hunsaker NJ, Durdle CA, Bassett AS, Chow EWC, Butcher NJ, Vila-Rodriguez F, Doherty J, Cunningham A, van den Bree MB, Linden DEJ, Moss H, Owen MJ, Murphy KC, McDonald-McGinn DM, Emanuel B, van Erp TGM, Turner JA, Thompson PM, Bearden CE. Large-scale mapping of cortical alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: Convergence with idiopathic psychosis and effects of deletion size. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:1822-1834. [PMID: 29895892 PMCID: PMC6292748 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion (22q11DS) is a common chromosomal microdeletion and a potent risk factor for psychotic illness. Prior studies reported widespread cortical changes in 22q11DS, but were generally underpowered to characterize neuroanatomic abnormalities associated with psychosis in 22q11DS, and/or neuroanatomic effects of variability in deletion size. To address these issues, we developed the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics Through Meta-Analysis) 22q11.2 Working Group, representing the largest analysis of brain structural alterations in 22q11DS to date. The imaging data were collected from 10 centers worldwide, including 474 subjects with 22q11DS (age = 18.2 ± 8.6; 46.9% female) and 315 typically developing, matched controls (age = 18.0 ± 9.2; 45.9% female). Compared to controls, 22q11DS individuals showed thicker cortical gray matter overall (left/right hemispheres: Cohen's d = 0.61/0.65), but focal thickness reduction in temporal and cingulate cortex. Cortical surface area (SA), however, showed pervasive reductions in 22q11DS (left/right hemispheres: d = -1.01/-1.02). 22q11DS cases vs. controls were classified with 93.8% accuracy based on these neuroanatomic patterns. Comparison of 22q11DS-psychosis to idiopathic schizophrenia (ENIGMA-Schizophrenia Working Group) revealed significant convergence of affected brain regions, particularly in fronto-temporal cortex. Finally, cortical SA was significantly greater in 22q11DS cases with smaller 1.5 Mb deletions, relative to those with typical 3 Mb deletions. We found a robust neuroanatomic signature of 22q11DS, and the first evidence that deletion size impacts brain structure. Psychotic illness in this highly penetrant deletion was associated with similar neuroanatomic abnormalities to idiopathic schizophrenia. These consistent cross-site findings highlight the homogeneity of this single genetic etiology, and support the suitability of 22q11DS as a biological model of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqiang Sun
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,0000 0001 0384 5381grid.417119.bDepartment of Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Christopher R. K. Ching
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,0000 0001 2156 6853grid.42505.36Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA USA ,0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eInterdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Amy Lin
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eInterdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Jennifer K. Forsyth
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Leila Kushan
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Ariana Vajdi
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Maria Jalbrzikowski
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Laura Hansen
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Julio E. Villalon-Reina
- 0000 0001 2156 6853grid.42505.36Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA USA
| | - Xiaoping Qu
- 0000 0001 2156 6853grid.42505.36Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA USA
| | - Rachel K. Jonas
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eInterdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- 0000 0001 0481 6099grid.5012.6Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Geor Bakker
- 0000 0001 0481 6099grid.5012.6Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Wendy R. Kates
- 0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Kevin M. Antshel
- 0000 0001 2189 1568grid.264484.8Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Wanda Fremont
- 0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Linda E. Campbell
- 0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cPRC GrowUpWell, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia ,0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cSchool of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Kathryn L. McCabe
- 0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cSchool of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia ,0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bUC Davis MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Davis, CA USA
| | - Eileen Daly
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cSackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Maria Gudbrandsen
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cSackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Clodagh M. Murphy
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cSackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK ,0000 0004 0581 2008grid.451052.7Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism Service, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Declan Murphy
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cSackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK ,0000 0004 0581 2008grid.451052.7Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism Service, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael Craig
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cSackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK ,0000 0004 0581 2008grid.451052.7National Autism Unit, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jacob Vorstman
- 0000 0004 0473 9646grid.42327.30Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000000090126352grid.7692.aDepartment of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Ania Fiksinski
- 0000 0004 0473 9646grid.42327.30Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bClinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0004 0474 0428grid.231844.8The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bCampbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Sanne Koops
- 0000000090126352grid.7692.aDepartment of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- 0000 0001 0680 8770grid.239552.aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - David R. Roalf
- 0000 0001 0680 8770grid.239552.aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- 0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ,0000 0001 0680 8770grid.239552.aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - J. Eric Schmitt
- 0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ,0000 0001 0680 8770grid.239552.aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Tony J. Simon
- 0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bUC Davis MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Davis, CA USA
| | - Naomi J. Goodrich-Hunsaker
- 0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bUC Davis MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Davis, CA USA ,0000 0004 1936 9115grid.253294.bDepartment of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT USA
| | - Courtney A. Durdle
- 0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bUC Davis MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Davis, CA USA
| | - Anne S. Bassett
- 0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bClinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0004 0474 0428grid.231844.8The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bCampbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Eva W. C. Chow
- 0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bClinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Nancy J. Butcher
- 0000 0004 0473 9646grid.42327.30Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bClinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Fidel Vila-Rodriguez
- 0000 0001 2288 9830grid.17091.3eDepartment of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - Joanne Doherty
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Adam Cunningham
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marianne B.M. van den Bree
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David E. J. Linden
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Hayley Moss
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J. Owen
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kieran C. Murphy
- 0000 0004 0488 7120grid.4912.eDepartment of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donna M. McDonald-McGinn
- 0000 0001 0680 8770grid.239552.aDivision of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA ,0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA ,0000 0001 0680 8770grid.239552.aDivision of Clinical Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Beverly Emanuel
- 0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA ,0000 0001 0680 8770grid.239552.aDivision of Clinical Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Theo G. M. van Erp
- 0000 0001 0668 7243grid.266093.8Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Jessica A. Turner
- 0000 0004 1936 7400grid.256304.6Imaging Genetics and Neuroinformatics Lab, Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA ,0000 0004 0409 4614grid.280503.cMind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- 0000 0001 2156 6853grid.42505.36Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA USA ,0000 0001 2156 6853grid.42505.36Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Radiology, Engineering, Pediatrics and Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, California, CA USA
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
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7
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Eom TY, Han SB, Kim J, Blundon JA, Wang YD, Yu J, Anderson K, Kaminski DB, Sakurada SM, Pruett-Miller SM, Horner L, Wagner B, Robinson CG, Eicholtz M, Rose DC, Zakharenko SS. Schizophrenia-related microdeletion causes defective ciliary motility and brain ventricle enlargement via microRNA-dependent mechanisms in mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:912. [PMID: 32060266 PMCID: PMC7021727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive ventricular enlargement, a key feature of several neurologic and psychiatric diseases, is mediated by unknown mechanisms. Here, using murine models of 22q11-deletion syndrome (22q11DS), which is associated with schizophrenia in humans, we found progressive enlargement of lateral and third ventricles and deceleration of ciliary beating on ependymal cells lining the ventricular walls. The cilia-beating deficit observed in brain slices and in vivo is caused by elevated levels of dopamine receptors (Drd1), which are expressed in motile cilia. Haploinsufficiency of the microRNA-processing gene Dgcr8 results in Drd1 elevation, which is brought about by a reduction in Drd1-targeting microRNAs miR-382-3p and miR-674-3p. Replenishing either microRNA in 22q11DS mice normalizes ciliary beating and ventricular size. Knocking down the microRNAs or deleting their seed sites on Drd1 mimicked the cilia-beating and ventricular deficits. These results suggest that the Dgcr8-miR-382-3p/miR-674-3p-Drd1 mechanism contributes to deceleration of ciliary motility and age-dependent ventricular enlargement in 22q11DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yeon Eom
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Seung Baek Han
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jieun Kim
- Center for In Vivo Imaging and Therapeutics, Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jay A Blundon
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Kara Anderson
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Damian B Kaminski
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Sadie Miki Sakurada
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Linda Horner
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Ben Wagner
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Camenzind G Robinson
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Matthew Eicholtz
- Electrical and Electronics Systems Research Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Florida Southern College, Lakeland, FL, 33801, USA
| | - Derek C Rose
- Electrical and Electronics Systems Research Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Stanislav S Zakharenko
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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8
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Proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) gene polymorphisms and the risk of schizophrenia in Iranian populations. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj92.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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9
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Rogdaki M, Gudbrandsen M, McCutcheon RA, Blackmore CE, Brugger S, Ecker C, Craig MC, Daly E, Murphy DGM, Howes O. Magnitude and heterogeneity of brain structural abnormalities in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:1704-1717. [PMID: 31925327 PMCID: PMC7387301 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with a number of volumetric brain abnormalities. The syndrome is also associated with an increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. An earlier meta-analysis showed reduced grey and white matter volumes in individuals with 22q11.2DS. Since this analysis was conducted, the number of studies has increased markedly, permitting more precise estimates of effects and more regions to be examined. Although 22q11.2DS is clinically heterogeneous, it is not known to what extent this heterogeneity is mirrored in neuroanatomy. The aim of this study was thus to investigate differences in mean brain volume and structural variability within regions, between 22q11.2DS and typically developing controls. We examined studies that reported measures of brain volume using MRI in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and PsycINFO from inception to 1 May 2019. Data were extracted from studies in order to calculate effect sizes representing case-control difference in mean volume, and in the variability of volume (as measured using the log variability ratio (lnVR) and coefficient of variation ratio (CVR)). We found significant overall decreases in mean volume in 22q11.2DS compared with control for: total brain (g = -0.96; p < 0.001); total grey matter (g = -0.81, p < 0.001); and total white matter (g = -0.81; p < 0.001). There was also a significant overall reduction of mean volume in 22q11.2DS subjects compared with controls in frontal lobe (g = -0.47; p < 0.001), temporal lobe (g = -0.84; p < 0.001), parietal lobe (g = -0.73; p = 0.053), cerebellum (g = -1.25; p < 0.001) and hippocampus (g = -0.90; p < 0.001). Significantly increased variability in 22q11.2DS individuals compared with controls was found only for the hippocampus (VR, 1.14; p = 0.036; CVR, 1.30; p < 0.001), and lateral ventricles (VR, 1.56; p = 0.004). The results support the notion that structural abnormalities in 22q11.2DS and schizophrenia are convergent, and also to some degree with findings in autism spectrum disorder. Finally, the increased variability seen in the hippocampus in 22q11.2DS may underlie some of the heterogeneity observed in the neuropsychiatric phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rogdaki
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK. .,Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Maria Gudbrandsen
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Robert A McCutcheon
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Charlotte E Blackmore
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Stefan Brugger
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College, London, W12 0NN UK ,0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF24 4HQ UK ,0000000121901201grid.83440.3bDivision of Psychiatry, UCL, Maple House, London, W1T 7NF UK
| | - Christine Ecker
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, SE5 8AF UK ,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael C Craig
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, SE5 8AF UK ,0000 0001 2324 5535grid.415717.1National Autism Unit, Bethlem Royal Hospital, London, UK
| | - Eileen Daly
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Declan G M Murphy
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, SE5 8AF UK ,0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cMRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver Howes
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF UK ,0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College, London, W12 0NN UK
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10
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Domínguez-Iturza N, Lo AC, Shah D, Armendáriz M, Vannelli A, Mercaldo V, Trusel M, Li KW, Gastaldo D, Santos AR, Callaerts-Vegh Z, D'Hooge R, Mameli M, Van der Linden A, Smit AB, Achsel T, Bagni C. The autism- and schizophrenia-associated protein CYFIP1 regulates bilateral brain connectivity and behaviour. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3454. [PMID: 31371726 PMCID: PMC6672001 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy-number variants of the CYFIP1 gene in humans have been linked to autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCZ), two neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by defects in brain connectivity. Here, we show that CYFIP1 plays an important role in brain functional connectivity and callosal functions. We find that Cyfip1-heterozygous mice have reduced functional connectivity and defects in white matter architecture, similar to phenotypes found in patients with ASD, SCZ and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Cyfip1-deficient mice also present decreased myelination in the callosal axons, altered presynaptic function, and impaired bilateral connectivity. Finally, Cyfip1 deficiency leads to abnormalities in motor coordination, sensorimotor gating and sensory perception, which are also known neuropsychiatric disorder-related symptoms. These results show that Cyfip1 haploinsufficiency compromises brain connectivity and function, which might explain its genetic association to neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Domínguez-Iturza
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian C Lo
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Disha Shah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Bio-Imaging Laboratory, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neuroscience KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcelo Armendáriz
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Vannelli
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Mercaldo
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Trusel
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ka Wan Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, 1081, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Denise Gastaldo
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ana Rita Santos
- Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Discovery Sciences, Bioincubator, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Zsuzsanna Callaerts-Vegh
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Laboratory of Biological Psychology, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Laboratory of Biological Psychology, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuel Mameli
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Annemie Van der Linden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Bio-Imaging Laboratory, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - August B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, 1081, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tilmann Achsel
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claudia Bagni
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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11
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Manley W, Moreau MP, Azaro M, Siecinski SK, Davis G, Buyske S, Vieland V, Bassett AS, Brzustowicz L. Validation of a microRNA target site polymorphism in H3F3B that is potentially associated with a broad schizophrenia phenotype. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29529098 PMCID: PMC5847241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite much progress, few genetic findings for schizophrenia have been assessed by functional validation experiments at the molecular level. We previously reported evidence for genetic linkage of broadly defined schizophrenia to chromosome 17q25 in a sample of 24 multiplex families. 2,002 SNPs under this linkage peak were analyzed for evidence of linkage disequilibrium using the posterior probability of linkage (PPL) framework. SNP rs1060120 produced the strongest evidence for association, with a PPLD|L score of 0.21. This SNP is located within the 3'UTR of the histone gene H3F3B and colocalizes with potential gene target miR-616. A custom miRNA target prediction program predicted that the binding of miR-616 to H3F3B transcripts would be altered by the allelic variants of rs1060120. We used dual luciferase assays to experimentally validate this interaction. The rs1060120 A allele significantly reduced luciferase expression, indicating a stronger interaction with miR-616 than the G allele (p = 0.000412). These results provide functional validation that this SNP could alter schizophrenia epigenetic mechanisms thereby contributing to schizophrenia-related disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Manley
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Moreau
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Marco Azaro
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Stephen K. Siecinski
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Gillian Davis
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Steven Buyske
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
- Department of Statistics & Biostatistics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Veronica Vieland
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Anne S. Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Linda Brzustowicz
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Thompson CA, Karelis J, Middleton FA, Gentile K, Coman IL, Radoeva PD, Mehta R, Fremont WP, Antshel KM, Faraone SV, Kates WR. Associations between neurodevelopmental genes, neuroanatomy, and ultra high risk symptoms of psychosis in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:295-314. [PMID: 28139055 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a neurogenetic disorder resulting in the deletion of over 40 genes. Up to 40% of individuals with 22q11.2DS develop schizophrenia, though little is known about the underlying mechanisms. We hypothesized that allelic variation in functional polymorphisms in seven genes unique to the deleted region would affect lobar brain volumes, which would predict risk for psychosis in youth with 22q11.2DS. Participants included 56 individuals (30 males) with 22q11.2DS. Anatomic MR images were collected and processed using Freesurfer. Participants were genotyped for 10 SNPs in the COMT, DGCR8, GNB1L, PIK4CA, PRODH, RTN4R, and ZDHHC8 genes. All subjects were assessed for ultra high risk symptoms of psychosis. Allelic variation of the rs701428 SNP of RTN4R was significantly associated with volumetric differences in gray matter of the lingual gyrus and cuneus of the occipital lobe. Moreover, occipital gray matter volumes were robustly associated with ultra high risk symptoms of psychosis in the presence of the G allele of rs701428. Our results suggest that RTN4R, a relatively under-studied gene at the 22q11 locus, constitutes a susceptibility gene for psychosis in individuals with this syndrome through its alteration of the architecture of the brain. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlie A Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Jason Karelis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Frank A Middleton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,Department of Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Karen Gentile
- Department of Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Ioana L Coman
- Department of Computer Science, SUNY Oswego, Oswego, New York
| | - Petya D Radoeva
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Rashi Mehta
- Department of Radiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Wanda P Fremont
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Kevin M Antshel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Wendy R Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
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13
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System-based proteomic and metabonomic analysis of the Df(16)A +/- mouse identifies potential miR-185 targets and molecular pathway alterations. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:384-395. [PMID: 27001617 PMCID: PMC5322275 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Deletions on chromosome 22q11.2 are a strong genetic risk factor for development of schizophrenia and cognitive dysfunction. We employed shotgun liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) proteomic and metabonomic profiling approaches on prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampal (HPC) tissue from Df(16)A+/- mice, a model of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Proteomic results were compared with previous transcriptomic profiling studies of the same brain regions. The aim was to investigate how the combined effect of the 22q11.2 deletion and the corresponding miRNA dysregulation affects the cell biology at the systems level. The proteomic brain profiling analysis revealed PFC and HPC changes in various molecular pathways associated with chromatin remodelling and RNA transcription, indicative of an epigenetic component of the 22q11.2DS. Further, alterations in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, mitochondrial function and lipid biosynthesis were identified. Metabonomic profiling substantiated the proteomic findings by identifying changes in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS)-related pathways, such as changes in ceramide phosphoethanolamines, sphingomyelin, carnitines, tyrosine derivates and panthothenic acid. The proteomic findings were confirmed using selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry, validating decreased levels of several proteins encoded on 22q11.2, increased levels of the computationally predicted putative miR-185 targets UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-peptide N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 110 kDa subunit (OGT1) and kinesin heavy chain isoform 5A and alterations in the non-miR-185 targets serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform, neurofilament light chain and vesicular glutamate transporter 1. Furthermore, alterations in the proteins associated with mammalian target of rapamycin signalling were detected in the PFC and with glutamatergic signalling in the hippocampus. Based on the proteomic and metabonomic findings, we were able to develop a schematic model summarizing the most prominent molecular network findings in the Df(16)A+/- mouse. Interestingly, the implicated pathways can be linked to one of the most consistent and strongest proteomic candidates, (OGT1), which is a predicted miR-185 target. Our results provide novel insights into system-biological mechanisms associated with the 22q11DS, which may be linked to cognitive dysfunction and an increased risk to develop schizophrenia. Further investigation of these pathways could help to identify novel drug targets for the treatment of schizophrenia.
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14
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Bakker G, Caan MWA, Vingerhoets WAM, da Silva- Alves F, de Koning M, Boot E, Nieman DH, de Haan L, Bloemen OJ, Booij J, van Amelsvoort TAMJ. Cortical Morphology Differences in Subjects at Increased Vulnerability for Developing a Psychotic Disorder: A Comparison between Subjects with Ultra-High Risk and 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159928. [PMID: 27828960 PMCID: PMC5102447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Subjects with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) and subjects with ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR) share a risk of approximately 30% to develop a psychotic disorder. Studying these groups helps identify biological markers of pathophysiological processes involved in the development of psychosis. Total cortical surface area (cSA), total cortical grey matter volume (cGMV), cortical thickness (CT), and local gyrification index (LGI) of the cortical structure have a distinct neurodevelopmental origin making them important target markers to study in relation to the development of psychosis. Materials and Methods Structural T1-weighted high resolution images were acquired using a 3 Tesla Intera MRI system in 18 UHR subjects, 18 22q11DS subjects, and 24 matched healthy control (HC) subjects. Total cSA, total cGMV, mean CT, and regional vertex-wise differences in CT and LGI were assessed using FreeSurfer software. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale was used to assess psychotic symptom severity in UHR and 22q11DS subjects at time of scanning. Results 22q11DS subjects had lower total cSA and total cGMV compared to UHR and HC subjects. The 22q11DS subjects showed bilateral lower LGI in the i) prefrontal cortex, ii) precuneus, iii) precentral gyrus and iv) cuneus compared to UHR subjects. Additionally, lower LGI was found in the left i) fusiform gyrus and right i) pars opercularis, ii) superior, and iii) inferior temporal gyrus in 22q11DS subjects compared to HC. In comparison to 22q11DS subjects, the UHR subjects had lower CT of the insula. For both risk groups, positive symptom severity was negatively correlated to rostral middle frontal gyrus CT. Conclusion A shared negative correlation between positive symptom severity and rostral middle frontal gyrus CT in UHR and 22q11DS may be related to their increased vulnerability to develop a psychotic disorder. 22q11DS subjects were characterised by widespread lower degree of cortical gyrification linked to early and postnatal neurodevelopmental pathology. No implications for early neurodevelopmental pathology were found for the UHR subjects, although they did have distinctively lower insula CT which may have arisen from defective pruning processes during adolescence. Implications of these findings in relation to development of psychotic disorders are in need of further investigation in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geor Bakker
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthan W. A. Caan
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelmina A. M. Vingerhoets
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabiana da Silva- Alves
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Erik Boot
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dorien H. Nieman
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oswald J. Bloemen
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- GGZ Centraal, Center for Mental Health Care Innova, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Booij
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thérèse A. M. J. van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van Duin EDA, Goossens L, Hernaus D, da Silva Alves F, Schmitz N, Schruers K, van Amelsvoort T. Neural correlates of reward processing in adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome. J Neurodev Disord 2016; 8:25. [PMID: 27429661 PMCID: PMC4946156 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-016-9158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is caused by a microdeletion on chromosome 22q11.2 and associated with an increased risk to develop psychosis. The gene coding for catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) is located at the deleted region, resulting in disrupted dopaminergic neurotransmission in 22q11DS, which may contribute to the increased vulnerability for psychosis. A dysfunctional motivational reward system is considered one of the salient features in psychosis and thought to be related to abnormal dopaminergic neurotransmission. The functional anatomy of the brain reward circuitry has not yet been investigated in 22q11DS. METHODS This study aims to investigate neural activity during anticipation of reward and loss in adult patients with 22q11DS. We measured blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) activity in 16 patients with 22q11DS and 12 healthy controls during a monetary incentive delay task using a 3T Philips Intera MRI system. Data were analysed using SPM8. RESULTS During anticipation of reward, the 22q11DS group alone displayed significant activation in bilateral middle frontal and temporal brain regions. Compared to healthy controls, significantly less activation in bilateral cingulate gyrus extending to premotor, primary motor and somatosensory areas was found. During anticipation of loss, the 22q11DS group displayed activity in the left middle frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex, and relative to controls, they showed reduced brain activation in bilateral (pre)cuneus and left posterior cingulate. Within the 22q11DS group, COMT Val hemizygotes displayed more activation compared to Met hemizygotes in right posterior cingulate and bilateral parietal regions during anticipation of reward. During anticipation of loss, COMT Met hemizygotes compared to Val hemizygotes showed more activation in bilateral insula, striatum and left anterior cingulate. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to investigate reward processing in 22q11DS. Our preliminary results suggest that people with 22q11DS engage a fronto-temporal neural network. Compared to healthy controls, people with 22q11DS primarily displayed reduced activity in medial frontal regions during reward anticipation. COMT hemizygosity affects responsivity of the reward system in this condition. Alterations in reward processing partly underlain by the dopamine system may play a role in susceptibility for psychosis in 22q11DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther D. A. van Duin
- />Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbet Goossens
- />Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Hernaus
- />Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fabiana da Silva Alves
- />Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Schmitz
- />Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Schruers
- />Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- />Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Muraki K, Tanigaki K. Neuronal migration abnormalities and its possible implications for schizophrenia. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:74. [PMID: 25805966 PMCID: PMC4354421 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder that displays behavioral deficits such as decreased sensory gating, reduced social interaction and working memory deficits. The neurodevelopmental model is one of the widely accepted hypotheses of the etiology of schizophrenia. Subtle developmental abnormalities of the brain which stated long before the onset of clinical symptoms are thought to lead to the emergence of illness. Schizophrenia has strong genetic components but its underlying molecular pathogenesis is still poorly understood. Genetic linkage and association studies have identified several genes involved in neuronal migrations as candidate susceptibility genes for schizophrenia, although their effect size is small. Recent progress in copy number variation studies also has identified much higher risk loci such as 22q11. Based on these genetic findings, we are now able to utilize genetically-defined animal models. Here we summarize the results of neurodevelopmental and behavioral analysis of genetically-defined animal models. Furthermore, animal model experiments have demonstrated that embryonic and perinatal neurodevelopmental insults in neurogenesis and neuronal migrations cause neuronal functional and behavioral deficits in affected adult animals, which are similar to those of schizophrenic patients. However, these findings do not establish causative relationship. Genetically-defined animal models are a critical approach to explore the relationship between neuronal migration abnormalities and behavioral abnormalities relevant to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Muraki
- Shiga Medical Center, Research Institute Moriyama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kenji Tanigaki
- Shiga Medical Center, Research Institute Moriyama, Shiga, Japan
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Abstract
The 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is the most common microdeletion syndrome in humans and presents with a complex and variable psychiatric phenotype. Patients show cognitive impairment and have a higher probability of psychiatric disorders. As much as 30% of patients with 22q11DS suffer from schizophrenia, the strongest association between any mutation and the disease. Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disease that affects multiple brain regions, giving rise to a constellation of seemingly unrelated symptoms including hallucinations, social withdrawal, and memory deficits. Synaptic or neuronal malfunctions within certain physiological circuits appear to be at the core of these symptoms. Understanding disease at the synaptic level requires genetic model systems where intact neural circuits can be interrogated for functional deficits. Because of the overlap between 22q11DS and schizophrenia, models of 22q11DS may be key genetic tools for investigating both diseases. Here we discuss the advantages of using a synaptic function approach to studying mouse models of 22q11DS, review recent findings, and discuss them in the broader context of 22q11DS and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie R Earls
- Department of Development Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stanislav S Zakharenko
- Department of Development Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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18
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Montojo C, Ibrahim A, Karlsgodt K, Chow C, Hilton A, Jonas R, Vesagas T, Bearden C. Disrupted working memory circuitry and psychotic symptoms in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Neuroimage Clin 2014; 4:392-402. [PMID: 24567911 PMCID: PMC3930118 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a recurrent genetic mutation that is highly penetrant for psychosis. Behavioral research suggests that 22q11DS patients exhibit a characteristic neurocognitive phenotype that includes differential impairment in spatial working memory (WM). Notably, spatial WM has also been proposed as an endophenotype for idiopathic psychotic disorder, yet little is known about the neurobiological substrates of WM in 22q11DS. In order to investigate the neural systems engaged during spatial WM in 22q11DS patients, we collected functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data while 41 participants (16 22q11DS patients, 25 demographically matched controls) performed a spatial capacity WM task that included manipulations of delay length and load level. Relative to controls, 22q11DS patients showed reduced neural activation during task performance in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and superior frontal sulcus (SFS). In addition, the typical increases in neural activity within spatial WM-relevant regions with greater memory load were not observed in 22q11DS. We further investigated whether neural dysfunction during WM was associated with behavioral WM performance, assessed via the University of Maryland letter-number sequencing (LNS) task, and positive psychotic symptoms, assessed via the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes (SIPS), in 22q11DS patients. WM load activity within IPS and SFS was positively correlated with LNS task performance; moreover, WM load activity within IPS was inversely correlated with the severity of unusual thought content and delusional ideas, indicating that decreased recruitment of working memory-associated neural circuitry is associated with more severe positive symptoms. These results suggest that 22q11DS patients show reduced neural recruitment of brain regions critical for spatial WM function, which may be related to characteristic behavioral manifestations of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.A. Montojo
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 760 Westwood Plaza, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Psychology, 1285 Franz Hall, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - A. Ibrahim
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 760 Westwood Plaza, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - K.H. Karlsgodt
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-LIJ Health System, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - C. Chow
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 760 Westwood Plaza, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - A.E. Hilton
- Department of Psychology, 1285 Franz Hall, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - R.K. Jonas
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 760 Westwood Plaza, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - T.K. Vesagas
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 760 Westwood Plaza, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - C.E. Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 760 Westwood Plaza, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Psychology, 1285 Franz Hall, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Brain Research Institute, 695 Charles E Young Drive S, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Ellegood J, Markx S, Lerch J, Steadman P, Genç C, Provenzano F, Kushner S, Henkelman R, Karayiorgou M, Gogos J. Neuroanatomical phenotypes in a mouse model of the 22q11.2 microdeletion. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:99-107. [PMID: 23999526 PMCID: PMC3872255 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent deletions at the 22q11.2 locus have been established as a strong genetic risk factor for the development of schizophrenia and cognitive dysfunction. Individuals with 22q11.2 deletions have a range of well-defined volumetric abnormalities in a number of critical brain structures. A mouse model of the 22q11.2 deletion (Df(16)A(+/-)) has previously been utilized to characterize disease-associated abnormalities on synaptic, cellular, neurocircuitry, and behavioral levels. We performed a high-resolution MRI analysis of mutant mice compared with wild-type littermates. Our analysis revealed a striking similarity in the specific volumetric changes of Df(16)A(+/-) mice compared with human 22q11.2 deletion carriers, including in cortico-cerebellar, cortico-striatal and cortico-limbic circuits. In addition, higher resolution magnetic resonance imaging compared with neuroimaging in human subjects allowed the detection of previously unknown subtle local differences. The cerebellar findings in Df(16)A(+/-) mice are particularly instructive as they are localized to specific areas within both the deep cerebellar nuclei and the cerebellar cortex. Our study indicates that the Df(16)A(+/-)mouse model recapitulates most of the hallmark neuroanatomical changes observed in 22q11.2 deletion carriers. Our findings will help guide the design and interpretation of additional complementary studies and thereby advance our understanding of the abnormal brain development underlying the emergence of 22q11.2 deletion-associated psychiatric and cognitive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Ellegood
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. Markx
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - J.P. Lerch
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - P.E. Steadman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - C. Genç
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - F Provenzano
- Department of Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - S.A. Kushner
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - R.M. Henkelman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - M. Karayiorgou
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - J.A. Gogos
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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20
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Jalbrzikowski M, Jonas R, Senturk D, Patel A, Chow C, Green MF, Bearden CE. Structural abnormalities in cortical volume, thickness, and surface area in 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome: Relationship with psychotic symptoms. Neuroimage Clin 2013; 3:405-15. [PMID: 24273724 PMCID: PMC3814944 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) represents one of the largest known genetic risk factors for psychosis, yet the neurobiological mechanisms underlying symptom development are not well understood. Here we conducted a cross-sectional study of 22q11DS to decompose cortical volume into its constituent parts, cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA), which are believed to have distinct neurodevelopmental origins. METHODS High-resolution T1-weighted scans were collected on 65 participants (31 22q11DS, 34 demographically comparable typically developing controls, 10-25 years old). Measures of cortical volume, CT, and SA were extracted from regions of interest using the FreeSurfer image analysis suite. Group differences and age-related trajectories in these structures, as well as their association with psychotic symptomatology, were assessed. RESULTS Relative to controls, 22q11DS participants showed bilateral volumetric reductions in the inferior temporal cortex, fusiform gyrus, anterior cingulate, superior parietal cortex, and cuneus, which were driven by decreased SA in these regions. 22q11DS participants also had increased volumes, driven by increased CT, in bilateral insula regions. 22q11DS youth had increased CT in frontal regions, particularly middle frontal and medial orbitofrontal cortices. A pattern of age-associated cortical thinning was observed in typically developing controls in brain regions associated with visual and sensory information-processing (i.e., left pericalcarine cortex and fusiform gyrus, right lingual and postcentral cortices). However, this relationship was disrupted in 22q11DS participants. Finally, correlational analyses revealed that increased CT in right medial orbitofrontal cortex was associated with increased positive symptom severity in 22q11DS. CONCLUSION Differential disruptions of CT and SA in distinct cortical regions in 22q11DS may indicate abnormalities in distinct developmental neural processes. Further, neuroanatomic abnormalities in medial frontal brain structures disproportionately affected in idiopathic schizophrenia were associated with psychotic symptom severity in 22q11DS youth, suggesting that disrupted biological processes in these cortical regions may underlie development of psychotic symptoms, both in 22q11DS and in the broader population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jalbrzikowski
- Department of Psychology, University of California, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rachel Jonas
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Damla Senturk
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arati Patel
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Carolyn Chow
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael F. Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, VISN22 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Department of Psychology, University of California, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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21
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Schreiner MJ, Lazaro MT, Jalbrzikowski M, Bearden CE. Converging levels of analysis on a genomic hotspot for psychosis: insights from 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Neuropharmacology 2013; 68:157-73. [PMID: 23098994 PMCID: PMC3677073 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder that, despite extensive research, still poses a considerable challenge to attempts to unravel its heterogeneity, and the complex biochemical mechanisms by which it arises. While the majority of cases are of unknown etiology, accumulating evidence suggests that rare genetic mutations, such as 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22qDS), can play a significant role in predisposition to the illness. Up to 25% of individuals with 22qDS eventually develop schizophrenia; conversely, this deletion is estimated to account for 1-2% of schizophrenia cases overall. This locus of Chromosome 22q11.2 contains genes that encode for proteins and enzymes involved in regulating neurotransmission, neuronal development, myelination, microRNA processing, and post-translational protein modifications. As a consequence of the deletion, affected individuals exhibit cognitive dysfunction, structural and functional brain abnormalities, and neurodevelopmental anomalies that parallel many of the phenotypic characteristics of schizophrenia. As an illustration of the value of rare, highly penetrant genetic subtypes for elucidating pathological mechanisms of complex neuropsychiatric disorders, we provide here an overview of the cellular, network, and systems-level anomalies found in 22qDS, and review the intriguing evidence for this disorder's association with schizophrenia. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neurodevelopmental Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Schreiner
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Maria T. Lazaro
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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22
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Xu B, Hsu PK, Stark KL, Karayiorgou M, Gogos JA. Derepression of a neuronal inhibitor due to miRNA dysregulation in a schizophrenia-related microdeletion. Cell 2013; 152:262-75. [PMID: 23332760 PMCID: PMC3556818 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
22q11.2 microdeletions result in specific cognitive deficits and schizophrenia. Analysis of Df(16)A(+/-) mice, which model this microdeletion, revealed abnormalities in the formation of neuronal dendrites and spines, as well as altered brain microRNAs. Here, we show a drastic reduction of miR-185, which resides within the 22q11.2 locus, to levels more than expected by a hemizygous deletion, and we demonstrate that this reduction alters dendritic and spine development. miR-185 represses, through an evolutionarily conserved target site, a previously unknown inhibitor of these processes that resides in the Golgi apparatus and shows higher prenatal brain expression. Sustained derepression of this inhibitor after birth represents the most robust transcriptional disturbance in the brains of Df(16)A(+/-) mice and results in structural alterations in the hippocampus. Reduction of miR-185 also has milder age- and region-specific effects on the expression of some Golgi-related genes. Our findings illuminate the contribution of microRNAs in psychiatric disorders and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
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23
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Sinderberry B, Brown S, Hammond P, Stevens AF, Schall U, Murphy DGM, Murphy KC, Campbell LE. Subtypes in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome associated with behaviour and neurofacial morphology. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:116-125. [PMID: 22940165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) has a complex phenotype with more than 180 characteristics, including cardiac anomalies, cleft palate, intellectual disabilities, a typical facial morphology, and mental health problems. However, the variable phenotype makes it difficult to predict clinical outcome, such as the high prevalence of psychosis among adults with 22q11DS (~25-30% vs. ~1% in the general population). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether subtypes exist among people with 22q11DS, with a similar phenotype and an increased risk of developing mental health problems. Physical, cognitive and behavioural data from 50 children and adolescents with 22q11DS were included in a k-means cluster analysis. Two distinct phenotypes were identified: Type-1 presented with a more severe phenotype including significantly impaired verbal memory, lower intellectual and academic ability, as well as statistically significant reduced total brain volume. In addition, we identified a trend effect for reduced temporal grey matter. Type-1 also presented with autism-spectrum traits, whereas Type-2 could be described as having more 22q11DS-typical face morphology, being predominately affected by executive function deficits, but otherwise being relatively high functioning with regard to cognition and behaviour. The confirmation of well-defined subtypes in 22q11DS can lead to better prognostic information enabling early identification of people with 22q11DS at high risk of psychiatric disorders. The identification of subtypes in a group of people with a relatively homogenous genetic deletion such as 22q11DS is also valuable to understand clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Sinderberry
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
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A cross-sectional study of the development of volitional control of spatial attention in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. J Neurodev Disord 2012; 4:5. [PMID: 22958432 PMCID: PMC3374293 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-4-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) results from a 1.5- to 3-megabase deletion on the long arm of chromosome 22 and occurs in approximately 1 in 4000 live births. Previous studies indicate that children with 22q11.2DS are impaired on tasks involving spatial attention. However, the degree to which these impairments are due to volitionally generated (endogenous) or reflexive (exogenous) orienting of attention is unclear. Additionally, the efficacy of these component attention processes throughout child development in 22q11.2DS has yet to be examined. Methods Here we compared the performance of a wide age range (7 to 14 years) of children with 22q11.2DS to typically developing (TD) children on a comprehensive visual cueing paradigm to dissociate the contributions of endogenous and exogenous attentional impairments. Paired and two-sample t-tests were used to compare outcome measures within a group or between groups. Additionally, repeated measures regression models were fit to the data in order to examine effects of age on performance. Results We found that children with 22q11.2DS were impaired on a cueing task with an endogenous cue, but not on the same task with an exogenous cue. Additionally, it was younger children exclusively who were impaired on endogenous cueing when compared to age-matched TD children. Older children with 22q11.2DS performed comparably to age-matched TD peers on the endogenous cueing task. Conclusions These results suggest that endogenous but not exogenous orienting of attention is selectively impaired in children with 22q11.2DS. Additionally, the age effect on cueing in children with 22q11.2DS suggests a possible altered developmental trajectory of endogenous cueing.
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Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are multifactorial in nature with complex genetic architecture. A number of recent studies, building upon earlier findings of copy number variants (CNVs) at the 22q11.2 locus, suggest that rare CNVs represent an important component of genetic heterogeneity in the etiology of complex psychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia. De novo CNVs are found with higher frequency among sporadic cases, whereas inherited CNVs are enriched among familial cases. Despite substantial progress, a number of challenges remain, such as pinpointing causative relationships between specific gene(s) affected by CNVs and disease phenotypes as well as distinguishing abnormal structural mutations from neutral polymorphisms and establishing a clear association between individual pathogenic CNV and disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Levy
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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26
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Chow EW, Ho A, Wei C, Voormolen EH, Crawley AP, Bassett AS. Association of schizophrenia in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and gray matter volumetric deficits in the superior temporal gyrus. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168:522-9. [PMID: 21362743 PMCID: PMC3283577 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10081230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome are known to be at high risk of developing schizophrenia. Previous imaging studies have provided limited data on the relation of schizophrenia expression in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome to specific regional brain volumetric changes. The authors hypothesized that the main structural brain finding associated with schizophrenia expression in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, as for schizophrenia in the general population, would be gray matter volumetric deficits, especially in the temporal lobes. METHOD MR brain images from 29 patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and schizophrenia and 34 comparison subjects with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and no history of psychosis were analyzed using a voxel-based morphometry method that also yielded volumes for related region-of-interest analyses. The authors compared data from the two groups using an analysis of covariance model correcting for total intracranial volume, age, sex, IQ, and history of congenital cardiac defects. The false discovery rate threshold was set at 0.05 to account for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Voxel-based morphometry analyses identified significant gray matter reductions in the left superior temporal gyrus (Brodmann's area 22) in the schizophrenia group. There were no significant between-group differences in white matter or CSF volumes. Region-of-interest analyses showed significant bilateral gray matter volume reductions in the temporal lobes and superior temporal gyri in the schizophrenia group. CONCLUSIONS The structural brain expression of schizophrenia associated with the highly penetrant 22q11.2 deletion involves lower gray matter volumes in temporal lobe regions. These structural MRI findings in a 22q11.2 deletion syndrome form of schizophrenia are consistent with those from studies involving schizophrenia samples from the general population. The results provide further support for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome as a genetic subtype and as a useful neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia.
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Drew LJ, Crabtree GW, Markx S, Stark KL, Chaverneff F, Xu B, Mukai J, Fenelon K, Hsu PK, Gogos JA, Karayiorgou M. The 22q11.2 microdeletion: fifteen years of insights into the genetic and neural complexity of psychiatric disorders. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:259-81. [PMID: 20920576 PMCID: PMC3074020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last fifteen years it has become established that 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a true genetic risk factor for schizophrenia. Carriers of deletions in chromosome 22q11.2 develop schizophrenia at rate of 25-30% and such deletions account for as many as 1-2% of cases of sporadic schizophrenia in the general population. Access to a relatively homogeneous population of individuals that suffer from schizophrenia as the result of a shared etiological factor and the potential to generate etiologically valid mouse models provides an immense opportunity to better understand the pathobiology of this disease. In this review we survey the clinical literature associated with the 22q11.2 microdeletions with a focus on neuroanatomical changes. Then, we highlight results from work modeling this structural mutation in animals. The key biological pathways disrupted by the mutation are discussed and how these changes impact the structure and function of neural circuits is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J. Drew
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Gregg W. Crabtree
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Sander Markx
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Kimberly L. Stark
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Florence Chaverneff
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Jun Mukai
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Karine Fenelon
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Pei-Ken Hsu
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biophysical Studies, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Joseph A. Gogos
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Maria Karayiorgou
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Baker K, Chaddock CA, Baldeweg T, Skuse D. Neuroanatomy in adolescents and young adults with 22q11 Deletion Syndrome: Comparison to an IQ-matched group. Neuroimage 2011; 55:491-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Dysregulation of presynaptic calcium and synaptic plasticity in a mouse model of 22q11 deletion syndrome. J Neurosci 2010; 30:15843-55. [PMID: 21106823 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1425-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is characterized by cognitive decline and increased risk of psychiatric disorders, mainly schizophrenia. The molecular mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction in cognitive symptoms of 22q11DS are poorly understood. Here, we report that a mouse model of 22q11DS, the Df(16)1/+ mouse, exhibits substantially enhanced short- and long-term synaptic plasticity at hippocampal CA3-CA1 synapses, which coincides with deficits in hippocampus-dependent spatial memory. These changes are evident in mature but not young animals. Electrophysiological, two-photon imaging and glutamate uncaging, and electron microscopic assays in acute brain slices showed that enhanced neurotransmitter release but not altered postsynaptic function or structure caused these changes. Enhanced neurotransmitter release in Df(16)1/+ mice coincided with altered calcium kinetics in CA3 presynaptic terminals and upregulated sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase type 2 (SERCA2). SERCA inhibitors rescued synaptic phenotypes of Df(16)1/+ mice. Thus, presynaptic SERCA2 upregulation may be a pathogenic event contributing to the cognitive symptoms of 22q11DS.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Within the last decade or so, there has been an acceleration of research attempting to connect specific genetic lesions to the patterns of brain structure and activation. This article comments on observations that have been made based on these recent data and discusses their importance for the field of investigations into developmental disorders. METHODS In making these observations, the authors focus on one specific genomic lesion, the well-studied, yet still incompletely understood, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. RESULTS The authors demonstrate the degree of variability in the phenotype that occurs at both the brain and behavioral levels of genomic disorders and describe how this variability is, on close inspection, represented at the genomic level. CONCLUSION The authors emphasize the importance of combining genetic/genomic analyses and neuroimaging for research and for future clinical diagnostic purposes and for the purposes of developing individualized, patient-tailored treatment and remediation approaches.
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Karayiorgou M, Simon TJ, Gogos JA. 22q11.2 microdeletions: linking DNA structural variation to brain dysfunction and schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci 2010; 11:402-16. [PMID: 20485365 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies are beginning to paint a clear and consistent picture of the impairments in psychological and cognitive competencies that are associated with microdeletions in chromosome 22q11.2. These studies have highlighted a strong link between this genetic lesion and schizophrenia. Parallel studies in humans and animal models are starting to uncover the complex genetic and neural substrates altered by the microdeletion. In addition to offering a deeper understanding of the effects of this genetic lesion, these findings may guide analysis of other copy-number variants associated with cognitive dysfunction and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karayiorgou
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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Eisenberg DP, Jabbi M, Berman KF. Bridging the gene-behavior divide through neuroimaging deletion syndromes: Velocardiofacial (22q11.2 Deletion) and Williams (7q11.23 Deletion) syndromes. Neuroimage 2010; 53:857-69. [PMID: 20206275 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating the relationship between genes and the neural substrates of complex human behavior promises to provide essential insight into the pathophysiology of mental disorders. One approach to this inquiry is through neuroimaging of individuals with microdeletion syndromes that manifest in specific neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Both Velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) and Williams syndrome (WS) involve haploinsufficiency of a relatively small set of identified genes on the one hand and association with distinct, clinically relevant behavioral and cognitive profiles on the other hand. In VCFS, there is a deletion in chromosomal region 22q11.2 and a resultant predilection toward psychosis, poor arithmetic proficiency, and low performance intelligence quotients. In WS, there is a deletion in chromosomal region 7q11.23 and a resultant predilection toward hypersociability, non-social anxiety, impaired visuospatial construction, and often intellectual impairment. Structural and functional neuroimaging studies have begun not only to map these well-defined genetic alterations to systems-level brain abnormalities, but also to identify relationships between neural phenotypes and particular genes within the critical deletion regions. Though neuroimaging of both VCFS and WS presents specific, formidable methodological challenges, including comparison subject selection and accounting for neuroanatomical and vascular anomalies in patients, and many questions remain, the literature to date on these syndromes, reviewed herein, constitutes a fruitful "bottom-up" approach to defining gene-brain relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Paul Eisenberg
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Intramural Research Program, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-1365, USA
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Shashi V, Kwapil TR, Kaczorowski J, Berry MN, Santos CS, Howard TD, Goradia D, Prasad K, Vaibhav D, Rajarethinam R, Spence E, Keshavan MS. Evidence of gray matter reduction and dysfunction in chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Psychiatry Res 2010; 181:1-8. [PMID: 19962860 PMCID: PMC2794985 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is associated with cognitive deficits and morphometric brain abnormalities in childhood and a markedly elevated risk of schizophrenia in adolescence/early adulthood. Determining the relationship between neurocognition and neuroimaging findings would yield crucial information about childhood neurodevelopment and provide a basis for the study of the trajectory that occurs on the pathway to psychosis. We compared morphometric brain findings between non-psychotic children with 22q11DS (n = 22) and healthy controls (n = 16), and examined the association between neurocognitive functioning and morphometric brain findings. Volumetric regional gray matter differences between the 22q11DS and control subjects were measured, and correlations of the regional gray matter volumes and neurocognition were performed. Children with 22q11DS demonstrated reductions in gray matter in several brain regions, chiefly the frontal cortices, the cingulate gyrus and the cerebellum. The volumetric reductions in these salient areas were associated with poor performance in sustained attention, executive function and verbal memory; however, the relation of brain volume with cognitive performance did not differ between the patient and control groups. Thus, children with 22q11DS demonstrate gray matter reductions in multiple brain regions that are thought to be relevant to schizophrenia. The correlation of these volumetric reductions with poor neurocognition indicates that these brain regions may mediate higher neurocognitive functions implicated in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Shashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Thomas R. Kwapil
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC 27402
| | - Jessica Kaczorowski
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC 27402
| | - Margaret N. Berry
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Cesar S. Santos
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Timothy D. Howard
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Dhruman Goradia
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatry Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Konasale Prasad
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatry Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Diwadkar Vaibhav
- Department of Psychiatry, Wayne State University, Detroit MI 48202
| | | | - Edward Spence
- Department of Pediatrics, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28203
| | - Matcheri S. Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Wayne State University, Detroit MI 48202,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02215
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Crespi B, Stead P, Elliot M. Evolution in health and medicine Sackler colloquium: Comparative genomics of autism and schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107 Suppl 1:1736-41. [PMID: 19955444 PMCID: PMC2868282 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0906080106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We used data from studies of copy-number variants (CNVs), single-gene associations, growth-signaling pathways, and intermediate phenotypes associated with brain growth to evaluate four alternative hypotheses for the genomic and developmental relationships between autism and schizophrenia: (i) autism subsumed in schizophrenia, (ii) independence, (iii) diametric, and (iv) partial overlap. Data from CNVs provides statistical support for the hypothesis that autism and schizophrenia are associated with reciprocal variants, such that at four loci, deletions predispose to one disorder, whereas duplications predispose to the other. Data from single-gene studies are inconsistent with a hypothesis based on independence, in that autism and schizophrenia share associated genes more often than expected by chance. However, differentiation between the partial overlap and diametric hypotheses using these data is precluded by limited overlap in the specific genetic markers analyzed in both autism and schizophrenia. Evidence from the effects of risk variants on growth-signaling pathways shows that autism-spectrum conditions tend to be associated with up-regulation of pathways due to loss of function mutations in negative regulators, whereas schizophrenia is associated with reduced pathway activation. Finally, data from studies of head and brain size phenotypes indicate that autism is commonly associated with developmentally-enhanced brain growth, whereas schizophrenia is characterized, on average, by reduced brain growth. These convergent lines of evidence appear most compatible with the hypothesis that autism and schizophrenia represent diametric conditions with regard to their genomic underpinnings, neurodevelopmental bases, and phenotypic manifestations as reflecting under-development versus dysregulated over-development of the human social brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Crespi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
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35
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Tan GM, Arnone D, McIntosh AM, Ebmeier KP. Meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies in chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (velocardiofacial syndrome). Schizophr Res 2009; 115:173-81. [PMID: 19819113 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), also known as velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) or DiGeorge Syndrome, is a genetic disorder due to a micro deletion on chromosome 22q11.2. VCFS is associated with abnormalities in brain structure and with an increased risk of psychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia. The aim of this review was to statistically summarize the structural imaging literature on VCFS which due to the relatively rarity of the disorder tends to consider small sample sizes. METHOD A systematic review and meta-analysis of region of interest (ROI) studies comparing VCFS with healthy controls was carried out. Significant heterogeneity was explored using meta-regression. RESULTS Subjects with VCFS were characterised by global brain volumetric reduction including several cortical regions, cerebellum and hippocampus. The area of the corpus callosum was increased. CONCLUSIONS Many regions extensively studied in schizophrenia were not covered in the existing VCFS literature. However, the studies considered support volumetric abnormalities which may help explain why VCFS is associated with a greatly increased risk of psychosis and other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles M Tan
- Section of Brain Maturation, Division of Psychological Medicine & Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry at the Maudsley, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom.
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White T, Su S, Schmidt M, Kao CY, Sapiro G. The development of gyrification in childhood and adolescence. Brain Cogn 2009; 72:36-45. [PMID: 19942335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gyrification is the process by which the brain undergoes changes in surface morphology to create sulcal and gyral regions. The period of greatest development of brain gyrification is during the third trimester of pregnancy, a period of time in which the brain undergoes considerable growth. Little is known about changes in gyrification during childhood and adolescence, although considering the changes in gray matter volume and thickness during this time period, it is conceivable that alterations in the brain surface morphology could also occur during this period of development. The formation of gyri and sulci in the brain allows for compact wiring that promotes and enhances efficient neural processing. If cerebral function and form are linked through the organization of neural connectivity, then alterations in neural connectivity, i.e., synaptic pruning, may also alter the gyral and sulcal patterns of the brain. This paper reviews developmental theories of gyrification, computational techniques for measuring gyrification, and the potential interaction between gyrification and neuronal connectivity. We also present recent findings involving alterations in gyrification during childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Husted JA, Lim S, Chow EWC, Greenwood C, Bassett AS. Heritability of neurocognitive traits in familial schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:845-53. [PMID: 19180565 PMCID: PMC3130778 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Neurocognitive deficits are considered promising endophenotypes for gene discovery in schizophrenia. Understanding the heritability and genetic inter-relationships of neurocognitive traits could support their use as alternatives to diagnosis. Participants were 85 adults from 17 multiplex Canadian families with familial schizophrenia linked to 1q23 who had neurocognitive testing results available. Heritability of 13 standard measures assessing motor skills, processing speed, verbal, and visuospatial memory, attention/working memory, executive functioning, and IQ was estimated using variance component models and SOLAR software. We then investigated bivariate relationships between those variables found to be heritable. IQ showed the highest heritability (h(2) = 0.64-0.74) and seven other neurocognitive measures, reflecting immediate and delayed verbal memory, attention/working memory, delayed visual memory, processing speed and motor skills, showed significant heritability (h(2) = 0.31-0.62) under one or more of the models assessed. A schizophrenia diagnostic covariate was significant (P < 0.0001) for all heritable variables. Bivariate analyses suggested that memory-IQ and visuomotor-processing speed formed two groups of heritable traits. The results provide further evidence of the heritability of selected neurocognitive measures, and their relationship to schizophrenia and underlying genetic architecture. Composite measures of memory or processing speed may be heritable phenotypes useful for studies of neurocognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice A Husted
- Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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Voormolen EHJ, Wei C, Chow EWC, Bassett AS, Mikulis DJ, Crawley AP. Voxel-based morphometry and automated lobar volumetry: the trade-off between spatial scale and statistical correction. Neuroimage 2009; 49:587-96. [PMID: 19619660 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and automated lobar region of interest (ROI) volumetry are comprehensive and fast methods to detect differences in overall brain anatomy on magnetic resonance images. However, VBM and automated lobar ROI volumetry have detected dissimilar gray matter differences within identical image sets in our own experience and in previous reports. To gain more insight into how diverging results arise and to attempt to establish whether one method is superior to the other, we investigated how differences in spatial scale and in the need to statistically correct for multiple spatial comparisons influence the relative sensitivity of either technique to group differences in gray matter volumes. We assessed the performance of both techniques on a small dataset containing simulated gray matter deficits and additionally on a dataset of 22q11-deletion syndrome patients with schizophrenia (22q11DS-SZ) vs. matched controls. VBM was more sensitive to simulated focal deficits compared to automated ROI volumetry, and could detect global cortical deficits equally well. Moreover, theoretical calculations of VBM and ROI detection sensitivities to focal deficits showed that at increasing ROI size, ROI volumetry suffers more from loss in sensitivity than VBM. Furthermore, VBM and automated ROI found corresponding GM deficits in 22q11DS-SZ patients, except in the parietal lobe. Here, automated lobar ROI volumetry found a significant deficit only after a smaller sub-region of interest was employed. Thus, sensitivity to focal differences is impaired relatively more by averaging over larger volumes in automated ROI methods than by the correction for multiple comparisons in VBM. These findings indicate that VBM is to be preferred over automated lobar-scale ROI volumetry for assessing gray matter volume differences between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard H J Voormolen
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Bearden CE, van Erp TGM, Dutton RA, Lee AD, Simon TJ, Cannon TD, Emanuel BS, McDonald-McGinn D, Zackai EH, Thompson PM. Alterations in midline cortical thickness and gyrification patterns mapped in children with 22q11.2 deletions. Cereb Cortex 2009; 19:115-26. [PMID: 18483006 PMCID: PMC2733329 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (velocardiofacial/DiGeorge syndrome) is a neurogenetic condition associated with visuospatial deficits, as well as elevated rates of attentional disturbance, mood disorder, and psychosis. Previously, we detected pronounced cortical thinning in superior parietal and right parieto-occipital cortices in patients with this syndrome, regions critical for visuospatial processing. Here we applied cortical pattern-matching algorithms to structural magnetic resonance images obtained from 21 children with confirmed 22q11.2 deletions (ages 8-17) and 13 demographically matched comparison subjects, in order to map cortical thickness across the medial hemispheric surfaces. In addition, cortical models were remeshed in frequency space to compute their surface complexity. Cortical maps revealed a pattern of localized thinning in the ventromedial occipital-temporal cortex, critical for visuospatial representation, and the anterior cingulate, a key area for attentional control. However, children with 22q11.2DS showed significantly increased gyral complexity bilaterally in occipital cortex. Regional gray matter volumes, particularly in medial frontal cortex, were strongly correlated with both verbal and nonverbal cognitive functions. These findings suggest that aberrant parieto-occipital brain development, as evidenced by both increased complexity and cortical thinning in these regions, may be a neural substrate for the deficits in visuospatial and numerical understanding characteristic of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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Gothelf D, Schaer M, Eliez S. Genes, brain development and psychiatric phenotypes in velo-cardio-facial syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 14:59-68. [PMID: 18636637 DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) has been in the focus of intensive research over the last 15 years. The syndrome represents a homogeneous model for studying the effect of a decreased dosage of genes on the development of brain structure and function and, consequently, on the emergence of schizophrenia-like psychotic disorder. In this review, we describe the psychiatric phenotype of children, adolescents, and young adults with VCFS. We redefine the concept of "behavioral phenotype" and suggest that psychosis fulfills the criteria of a behavioral phenotype of the syndrome. Identifying the risk factors for the emergence of psychosis in VCFS is a major goal of several large-scale longitudinal studies that are currently underway. We review the knowledge gained so far about risk factors for psychosis in VCFS, including early neuropsychiatric symptoms, development of brain structure and function, and the effect of a reduced dosage of genes from the 22q11 deletion region. Although the brain structure in subjects with VCFS is not drastically different from typically developing controls, newer imaging modalities that measure white matter tracts, cortical thickness, and cortical gyrification are likely to identify more subtle and specific neuroanatomical substrates of the syndrome. Among the 24 genes within the deletion region, the role of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) on the VCFS phenotype has been investigated in depth. The findings suggest that because of haploinsufficiency of the COMT gene individuals with VCFS are exposed to a high level of prefrontal dopamine, and this interferes with their prefrontal cognitive functioning and may contribute to their high rate of psychosis and other psychiatric disorders. The other genes and environmental factors that shape the unique neuropsychiatric phenotype of VCFS are yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Gothelf
- Feinberg Department of Child Psychiatry, The Behavioral Neurogenetics Center, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tiqwa, Israel.
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Dufour F, Schaer M, Debbané M, Farhoumand R, Glaser B, Eliez S. Cingulate gyral reductions are related to low executive functioning and psychotic symptoms in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46:2986-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Hercher L, Bruenner G. Living with a child at risk for psychotic illness: the experience of parents coping with 22q11 deletion syndrome: an exploratory study. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:2355-60. [PMID: 18698620 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Patients with 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) have a 25-30% risk of developing schizophrenia, as well as an increased risk for other psychiatric illnesses including bipolar and schizo-affective disease. As a result, their families may be informed of a risk for psychotic illness years or even decades before the likely age of onset. We performed an exploratory study, surveying 41 caretakers of individuals with 22q11DS, and found that information about the association between 22q11DS and psychiatric disease was omitted at diagnosis a majority of the time and rarely addressed subsequently by pediatricians or other medical specialists, including medical geneticists. Families frequently received their information only from non-medical sources, principally the Internet. Individuals with 22q11DS often have many medical issues, but a majority of parents indicated that the risk of psychotic illness was their greatest source of anxiety. Looking at how predictive information affects those who receive it is an important adjunct to the development of genetic testing; the experience of these families suggests that in order to use the information to improve outcomes or modify risk it is necessary to receive it in the context of ongoing support and access to resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hercher
- Sarah Lawrence College, Joan H. Marks Program in Human Genetics, Bronxville, New York 10708, USA.
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Kiehl TR, Chow EWC, Mikulis DJ, George SR, Bassett AS. Neuropathologic Features in Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Cereb Cortex 2008; 19:153-64. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Boot E, Booij J, Zinkstok J, Abeling N, de Haan L, Baas F, Linszen D, van Amelsvoort T. Disrupted dopaminergic neurotransmission in 22q11 deletion syndrome. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33:1252-8. [PMID: 17653112 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
22q11 Deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is associated with chromosome 22q11 microdeletions and high rates of psychiatric disorders. Susceptibility for these disorders could be explained by haploinsufficiency of the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene, which encodes an enzyme involved in dopamine (DA) breakdown. It is unknown how dopaminergic neurotransmission is affected in people with 22q11DS. To date, there have been no controlled studies investigating dopaminergic neurotransmission in people with 22q11DS. We report the results of a challenge study in high-functioning adults with 22q11DS and age- and gender-matched controls using neuro-endocrine and peripheral dopaminergic markers. At baseline, 22q11DS subjects compared to controls had higher urine DA levels and lower plasma levels of the predominant DA metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA). Following DA depletion, 22q11DS subjects showed lower urine and plasma HVA levels and a lower prolactin response than controls. The ratio of DA/HVA, a rough index of DA turnover, was significantly higher in the 22q11DS subjects at baseline and after DA depletion. Our results suggest that adults with 22q11DS have disrupted dopaminergic neurotransmission, which might explain their susceptibility for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Boot
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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45
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Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22qDS) is a genetic syndrome associated with a chromosome 22q11.2 deletion and variable phenotypic expression that commonly includes schizophrenia. Approximately 1% of patients with schizophrenia have 22qDS. The schizophrenia in 22qDS appears broadly similar to that found in the general population with respect to core signs and symptoms, treatment response, neurocognitive profile, and MRI brain anomalies. However, individuals with a 22qDS form of schizophrenia typically have distinguishable physical features, have a lower IQ, and may differ in auxiliary clinical features. IQ, length of 22q11.2 deletions, and COMT functional allele do not appear to be major risk factors for schizophrenia in 22qDS. Ascertainment biases and small sample sizes are limitations of most studies. Larger studies over the lifespan and continuing education about this underrecognized condition are needed. 22qDS-schizophrenia is an important genetic subtype and a valuable model of neurodevelopmental mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Bearden CE, Glahn DC, Lee AD, Chiang MC, van Erp TGM, Cannon TD, Reiss AL, Toga AW, Thompson PM. Neural phenotypes of common and rare genetic variants. Biol Psychol 2008; 79:43-57. [PMID: 18395317 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging methods offer a powerful way to bridge the gaps between genes, neurobiology and behavior. Such investigations may be further empowered by complementary strategies involving chromosomal abnormalities associated with particular neurobehavioral phenotypes, which can help to localize causative genes and better understand the genetics of complex traits in the general population. Here we review the evidence from studies using these convergent approaches to investigate genetic influences on brain structure: (1) studies of common genetic variations associated with particular neuroanatomic phenotypes, and (2) studies of possible 'genetic subtypes' of neuropsychiatric disorders with very high penetrance, with a focus on neuroimaging studies using novel computational brain mapping algorithms. Finally, we discuss the contribution of behavioral neurogenetics research to our understanding of the genetic basis of neuropsychiatric disorders in the broader population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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47
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Andersson F, Glaser B, Spiridon M, Debbané M, Vuilleumier P, Eliez S. Impaired activation of face processing networks revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63:49-57. [PMID: 17651704 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a neurogenetic syndrome associated with a high rate of psychiatric disorders. Previous research has revealed distinctive cognitive deficits, including impaired face processing. However, the neuro-functional substrates underlying these deficits have not been explored. Our aim was to investigate facial and emotional processing in 22q11DS. METHODS During event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, 15 individuals with 22q11DS were compared with age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects on a simple visual categorization task (faces or houses). Each stimulus was presented twice, and faces had either neutral or emotional (fearful) expressions. RESULTS Abnormal responses to faces were observed in 22q11DS, including a lack of normal face-selectivity in fusiform gyrus. By contrast, responses to houses were comparable across groups, with preserved selectivity in parahippocampal gyrus. Results also revealed a repetition-suppression effect for fearful faces in the right amygdala, which arose in healthy control subjects only, suggesting a lack of amygdala modulation by fear expression in 22q11DS. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate selective anomalies in several brain regions critically implicated in visual and social function in 22q11DS. These findings suggest important new avenues for studying emotional processing and social deficits frequently observed in psychotic patients and establishing their relation to specific phenotypic manifestations in 22q11DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Andersson
- Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital and Department of Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Gothelf D, Penniman L, Gu E, Eliez S, Reiss AL. Developmental trajectories of brain structure in adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a longitudinal study. Schizophr Res 2007; 96:72-81. [PMID: 17804201 PMCID: PMC2642803 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is associated with very high rates of schizophrenia-like psychosis and cognitive deficits. Here we report the results of the first longitudinal study assessing brain development in individuals with 22q11.2DS. Twenty-nine children with 22q11.2DS and 29 age and gender matched controls were first assessed during childhood or early adolescence; Nineteen subjects with 22q11.2DS and 18 controls underwent follow-up during late adolescence-early adulthood. The 22q11.2DS subjects showed greater longitudinal increase in cranial and cerebellar white matter, superior temporal gyrus, and caudate nucleus volumes. They also had a more robust decrease in amygdala volume. Verbal IQ (VIQ) scores of the 22q11.2DS group that developed psychotic disorders declined significantly between assessments. Decline in VIQ in 22q11.2DS was associated with more robust reduction of left cortical grey matter volume. No volumetric differences were detected between psychotic and nonpsychotic subjects with 22q11.2DS. Brain maturation associated with verbal cognitive development in 22q11.2DS varies from that observed in healthy controls. Further longitudinal studies are likely to elucidate brain developmental trajectories in 22q11.2DS and their association to psychotic disorders and cognitive deficits in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Gothelf
- The Behavioral Neurogenetics Center, Child Psychiatry Department, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tiqwa, Israel.
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49
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Deboer T, Wu Z, Lee A, Simon TJ. Hippocampal volume reduction in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is associated with cognitive impairment. Behav Brain Funct 2007; 3:54. [PMID: 17956622 PMCID: PMC2173902 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-3-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous investigations of individuals with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DS22q11.2) have reported alterations in both brain anatomy and cognitive function. Neuroanatomical studies have reported multiple abnormalities including changes in both gray and white matter in the temporal lobe, including the amygdala and hippocampus. Separate investigations of cognitive abilities have established the prevalence of general intellectual impairment, although the actual extent to which a single individual is affected varies greatly within the population. The present study was designed to examine structures within the temporal lobe and assess their functional significance in terms of cognition in children with DS22q11.2. Method A total of 72 children (ages 7–14 years) participated in the investigation: 36 children (19 female, 17 male) tested FISH positive for chromosome 22q11.2 deletion (Mean age = 10 years 9 months, ± 2 yr 4 mo) and 36 were age-matched typically developing controls (13 female, 23 male; Mean age = 10 years 6 months, ± 1 yr 11 mo). For each subject, a three-dimensional high-resolution (1 mm isotropic) T1-weighted structural MRI was acquired. Neuroanatomical guidelines were used to define borders of the amygdala and hippocampus bilaterally and volumes were calculated based on manual tracings of the regions. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) was also administered. Results Volumetric reductions in total gray matter, white matter, and both the amygdala and hippocampus bilaterally were observed in children with DS22q11.2. Reductions in the left hippocampus were disproportionate to decreases in gray matter after statistically controlling for group differences in total gray matter, age, and data collection site. This specific reduction in hippocampal volume was significantly correlated with performance on standardized measures of intelligence, whereas the other neuroanatomical measures were not (gray/white matter, CSF, and amygdala). Conclusion Results from this study not only contribute to the understanding of the neuroanatomical variation in DS22q11.2, but also provide insight into the nature and source of the cognitive impairments associated with the syndrome. Specifically, we report that decreases in hippocampal volume may serve as an index of severity for cognitive impairments in children with DS22q11.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Deboer
- M,I,N,D, Institute, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA.
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50
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Schaer M, Eliez S. From genes to brain: understanding brain development in neurogenetic disorders using neuroimaging techniques. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2007; 16:557-79. [PMID: 17562579 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For almost two decades, a considerable amount of work has been devoted to the accurate delineation of normal and abnormal brain development using cerebral MRI. In the broad field of neuroimaging research, specific genetic conditions associated with impaired cognitive performances or with psychiatric symptoms have received increased attention because of their potential for revealing insight on the biologic correlates of behavior. First delineated by volumetric measurements of cerebral lobes or regions of interest, new image processing techniques are currently defining cerebral phenotypes associated with neurogenetic disorders with increasing precision. In this article the authors review the contribution of structural brain imaging in advancing our understanding of the pathogenic processes underlying altered brain development in Down, fragile X, and velocardiofacial (22q11DS) syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Schaer
- Service-Médico-Pédagogique, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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