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Delavari F, Sandini C, Kojovic N, Saccaro LF, Eliez S, Van De Ville D, Bolton TAW. Thalamic contributions to psychosis susceptibility: Evidence from co-activation patterns accounting for intra-seed spatial variability (μCAPs). Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26649. [PMID: 38520364 PMCID: PMC10960557 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The temporal variability of the thalamus in functional networks may provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. To address the complexity of the role of the thalamic nuclei in psychosis, we introduced micro-co-activation patterns (μCAPs) and employed this method on the human genetic model of schizophrenia 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). Participants underwent resting-state functional MRI and a data-driven iterative process resulting in the identification of six whole-brain μCAPs with specific activity patterns within the thalamus. Unlike conventional methods, μCAPs extract dynamic spatial patterns that reveal partially overlapping and non-mutually exclusive functional subparts. Thus, the μCAPs method detects finer foci of activity within the initial seed region, retaining valuable and clinically relevant temporal and spatial information. We found that a μCAP showing co-activation of the mediodorsal thalamus with brain-wide cortical regions was expressed significantly less frequently in patients with 22q11.2DS, and its occurrence negatively correlated with the severity of positive psychotic symptoms. Additionally, activity within the auditory-visual cortex and their respective geniculate nuclei was expressed in two different μCAPs. One of these auditory-visual μCAPs co-activated with salience areas, while the other co-activated with the default mode network (DMN). A significant shift of occurrence from the salience+visuo-auditory-thalamus to the DMN + visuo-auditory-thalamus μCAP was observed in patients with 22q11.2DS. Thus, our findings support existing research on the gatekeeping role of the thalamus for sensory information in the pathophysiology of psychosis and revisit the evidence of geniculate nuclei hyperconnectivity with the audio-visual cortex in 22q11.2DS in the context of dynamic functional connectivity, seen here as the specific hyper-occurrence of these circuits with the task-negative brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Delavari
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology LaboratoryUniversity of Geneva School of MedicineGenevaSwitzerland
- Neuro‐X InstituteÉcole Polytechnique FÉdÉrale de LausanneGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Corrado Sandini
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology LaboratoryUniversity of Geneva School of MedicineGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Nada Kojovic
- Autism Brain and Behavior Lab, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Luigi F. Saccaro
- Faculty of Medicine, Psychiatry DepartmentUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
- Psychiatry DepartmentGeneva University HospitalGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology LaboratoryUniversity of Geneva School of MedicineGenevaSwitzerland
- Department of Genetic Medicine and DevelopmentUniversity of Geneva School of MedicineGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Dimitri Van De Ville
- Neuro‐X InstituteÉcole Polytechnique FÉdÉrale de LausanneGenevaSwitzerland
- Department of Radiology and Medical InformaticsUniversity of Geneva (UNIGE)GenevaSwitzerland
| | - Thomas A. W. Bolton
- Neuro‐X InstituteÉcole Polytechnique FÉdÉrale de LausanneGenevaSwitzerland
- Connectomics Laboratory, Department of RadiologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)LausanneSwitzerland
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Shin W, Kutmon M, Mina E, van Amelsvoort T, Evelo CT, Ehrhart F. Exploring pathway interactions to detect molecular mechanisms of disease: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:335. [PMID: 37872602 PMCID: PMC10594698 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11DS) is a genetic disorder characterized by the deletion of adjacent genes at a location specified as q11.2 of chromosome 22, resulting in an array of clinical phenotypes including autistic spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, congenital heart defects, and immune deficiency. Many characteristics of the disorder are known, such as the phenotypic variability of the disease and the biological processes associated with it; however, the exact and systemic molecular mechanisms between the deleted area and its resulting clinical phenotypic expression, for example that of neuropsychiatric diseases, are not yet fully understood. RESULTS Using previously published transcriptomics data (GEO:GSE59216), we constructed two datasets: one set compares 22q11DS patients experiencing neuropsychiatric diseases versus healthy controls, and the other set 22q11DS patients without neuropsychiatric diseases versus healthy controls. We modified and applied the pathway interaction method, originally proposed by Kelder et al. (2011), on a network created using the WikiPathways pathway repository and the STRING protein-protein interaction database. We identified genes and biological processes that were exclusively associated with the development of neuropsychiatric diseases among the 22q11DS patients. Compared with the 22q11DS patients without neuropsychiatric diseases, patients experiencing neuropsychiatric diseases showed significant overrepresentation of regulated genes involving the natural killer cell function and the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, with affected genes being closely associated with downregulation of CRK like proto-oncogene adaptor protein. Both the pathway interaction and the pathway overrepresentation analysis observed the disruption of the same biological processes, even though the exact lists of genes collected by the two methods were different. CONCLUSIONS Using the pathway interaction method, we were able to detect a molecular network that could possibly explain the development of neuropsychiatric diseases among the 22q11DS patients. This way, our method was able to complement the pathway overrepresentation analysis, by filling the knowledge gaps on how the affected pathways are linked to the original deletion on chromosome 22. We expect our pathway interaction method could be used for problems with similar contexts, where complex genetic mechanisms need to be identified to explain the resulting phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woosub Shin
- Department of Bioinformatics - BiGCaT, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Kutmon
- Department of Bioinformatics - BiGCaT, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eleni Mina
- Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Chris T Evelo
- Department of Bioinformatics - BiGCaT, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Friederike Ehrhart
- Department of Bioinformatics - BiGCaT, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands.
- Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, MHeNs, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Francisco AA, Foxe JJ, Molholm S. Event-related potential (ERP) markers of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and associated psychosis. J Neurodev Disord 2023; 15:19. [PMID: 37328766 PMCID: PMC10273715 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-023-09487-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a multisystemic disorder characterized by a wide range of clinical features, ranging from life-threatening to less severe conditions. One-third of individuals with the deletion live with mild to moderate intellectual disability; approximately 60% meet criteria for at least one psychiatric condition.22q11.2DS has become an important model for several medical, developmental, and psychiatric disorders. We have been particularly interested in understanding the risk for psychosis in this population: Approximately 30% of the individuals with the deletion go on to develop schizophrenia. The characterization of cognitive and neural differences between those individuals who develop schizophrenia and those who do not, despite being at genetic risk, holds important promise in what pertains to the clarification of paths to disease and to the development of tools for early identification and intervention.Here, we review our previous event-related potential (ERP) findings as potential markers for 22q11.2DS and the associated risk for psychosis, while discussing others' work. We focus on auditory processing (auditory-evoked potentials, auditory adaptation, and auditory sensory memory), visual processing (visual-evoked potentials and visual adaptation), and inhibition and error monitoring.The findings discussed suggest basic mechanistic and disease process effects on neural processing in 22q11.2DS that are present in both early sensory and later cognitive processing, with possible implications for phenotype. In early sensory processes, both during auditory and visual processing, two mechanisms that impact neural responses in opposite ways seem to coexist-one related to the deletion, which increases brain responses; another linked to psychosis, decreasing neural activity. Later, higher-order cognitive processes may be equally relevant as markers for psychosis. More specifically, we argue that components related to error monitoring may hold particular promise in the study of risk for schizophrenia in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Francisco
- Department of Pediatrics, The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - John J Foxe
- Department of Pediatrics, The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Frederick J. and Marion A, Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Ernest J. Del Monde Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Molholm
- Department of Pediatrics, The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, The Frederick J. and Marion A, Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Ernest J. Del Monde Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Vysotskiy M, Weiss LA. Combinations of genes at the 16p11.2 and 22q11.2 CNVs contribute to neurobehavioral traits. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010780. [PMID: 37267418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The 16p11.2 and 22q11.2 copy number variants (CNVs) are associated with neurobehavioral traits including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obesity, and intellectual disability. Identifying specific genes contributing to each disorder and dissecting the architecture of CNV-trait association has been difficult, inspiring hypotheses of more complex models, such as multiple genes acting together. Using multi-tissue data from the GTEx consortium, we generated pairwise expression imputation models for CNV genes and then applied these elastic net models to GWAS for: ASD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, BMI (obesity), and IQ (intellectual disability). We compared the variance in these five traits explained by gene pairs with the variance explained by single genes and by traditional interaction models. We also modeled polygene region-wide effects using summed predicted expression ranks across many genes to create a regionwide score. We found that in all CNV-trait pairs except for bipolar disorder at 22q11.2, pairwise effects explain more variance than single genes. Pairwise model superiority was specific to the CNV region for all 16p11.2 traits and ASD at 22q11.2. We identified novel individual genes over-represented in top pairs that did not show single-gene signal. We also found that BMI and IQ have significant regionwide association with both CNV regions. Overall, we observe that genetic architecture differs by trait and region, but 9/10 CNV-trait combinations demonstrate evidence for multigene contribution, and for most of these, the importance of combinatorial models appears unique to CNV regions. Our results suggest that mechanistic insights for CNV pathology may require combinational models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Vysotskiy
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lauren A Weiss
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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5
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Pasternak M, Shirzadi Z, Mutsaerts HJMM, Boot E, Butcher NJ, MacIntosh BJ, Heung T, Bassett AS, Masellis M. Elevated regional cerebral blood flow in adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. World J Biol Psychiatry 2023; 24:260-265. [PMID: 35748435 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2022.2093969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recurrent chromosome 22q11.2 deletions cause 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a multisystem disorder associated with high rates of schizophrenia. Neuroanatomical changes on brain MRI have been reported in relation to 22q11DS. However, to date no 22q11DS neuroimaging studies have examined cerebral blood flow (CBF). This exploratory case-control study seeks to identify differences in regional cerebral blood flow between 22q11DS subjects and controls, and their association with psychotic symptoms. METHODS This study of 23 adults used arterial spin labelling MRI to investigate voxel-wise CBF in 22q11DS individuals compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls. RESULTS Four significant clusters, involving the right and left putamen, right fusiform gyrus and left middle temporal gyrus, delineated significantly elevated CBF in individuals with 22q11DS compared to controls. Post-hoc analysis determined that this elevation in CBF trended with psychotic symptom diagnosis within the 22q11DS group. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest possible relevance to schizophrenia risk and support further functional neuroimaging studies of 22q11DS with larger sample sizes to improve our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Pasternak
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zahra Shirzadi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
| | - Henk J M M Mutsaerts
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Boot
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Advisium's Heeren Loo Zorggroep, Amersfoort, The Netherlands.,Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nancy J Butcher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bradley J MacIntosh
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tracy Heung
- Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Campbell Family Research Institute Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Campbell Family Research Institute Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
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6
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Andreassen OA, Hindley GFL, Frei O, Smeland OB. New insights from the last decade of research in psychiatric genetics: discoveries, challenges and clinical implications. World Psychiatry 2023; 22:4-24. [PMID: 36640404 PMCID: PMC9840515 DOI: 10.1002/wps.21034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric genetics has made substantial progress in the last decade, providing new insights into the genetic etiology of psychiatric disorders, and paving the way for precision psychiatry, in which individual genetic profiles may be used to personalize risk assessment and inform clinical decision-making. Long recognized to be heritable, recent evidence shows that psychiatric disorders are influenced by thousands of genetic variants acting together. Most of these variants are commonly occurring, meaning that every individual has a genetic risk to each psychiatric disorder, from low to high. A series of large-scale genetic studies have discovered an increasing number of common and rare genetic variants robustly associated with major psychiatric disorders. The most convincing biological interpretation of the genetic findings implicates altered synaptic function in autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. However, the mechanistic understanding is still incomplete. In line with their extensive clinical and epidemiological overlap, psychiatric disorders appear to exist on genetic continua and share a large degree of genetic risk with one another. This provides further support to the notion that current psychiatric diagnoses do not represent distinct pathogenic entities, which may inform ongoing attempts to reconceptualize psychiatric nosology. Psychiatric disorders also share genetic influences with a range of behavioral and somatic traits and diseases, including brain structures, cognitive function, immunological phenotypes and cardiovascular disease, suggesting shared genetic etiology of potential clinical importance. Current polygenic risk score tools, which predict individual genetic susceptibility to illness, do not yet provide clinically actionable information. However, their precision is likely to improve in the coming years, and they may eventually become part of clinical practice, stressing the need to educate clinicians and patients about their potential use and misuse. This review discusses key recent insights from psychiatric genetics and their possible clinical applications, and suggests future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guy F L Hindley
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav B Smeland
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Fiksinski AM, Hoftman GD, Vorstman JAS, Bearden CE. A genetics-first approach to understanding autism and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:341-353. [PMID: 36192458 PMCID: PMC9812786 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently, increasing numbers of rare pathogenic genetic variants have been identified that are associated with variably elevated risks of a range of neurodevelopmental outcomes, notably including Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSD), and Intellectual Disability (ID). This review is organized along three main questions: First, how can we unify the exclusively descriptive basis of our current psychiatric diagnostic classification system with the recognition of an identifiable, highly penetrant genetic risk factor in an increasing proportion of patients with ASD or SSD? Second, what can be learned from studies of individuals with ASD or SSD who share a common genetic basis? And third, what accounts for the observed variable penetrance and pleiotropy of neuropsychiatric phenotypes in individuals with the same pathogenic variant? In this review, we focus on findings of clinical and preclinical studies of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). This particular variant is not only one of the most common among the increasing list of known rare pathogenic variants, but also one that benefits from a relatively long research history. Consequently, 22q11DS is an appealing model as it allows us to: (1) elucidate specific genotype-phenotype associations, (2) prospectively study behaviorally defined classifications, such as ASD or SSD, in the context of a known, well-characterized genetic basis, and (3) elucidate mechanisms underpinning variable penetrance and pleiotropy, phenomena with far-reaching ramifications for research and clinical practice. We discuss how findings from animal and in vitro studies relate to observations in human studies and can help elucidate factors, including genetic, environmental, and stochastic, that impact the expression of neuropsychiatric phenotypes in 22q11DS, and how this may inform mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental expression in the general population. We conclude with research priorities for the field, which may pave the way for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania M Fiksinski
- Department of Psychology and Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Division of Mental Health, MHeNS, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gil D Hoftman
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacob A S Vorstman
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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8
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Kołosowska KA, Schratt G, Winterer J. microRNA-dependent regulation of gene expression in GABAergic interneurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1188574. [PMID: 37213213 PMCID: PMC10196030 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1188574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Information processing within neuronal circuits relies on their proper development and a balanced interplay between principal and local inhibitory interneurons within those circuits. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibitory interneurons are a remarkably heterogeneous population, comprising subclasses based on their morphological, electrophysiological, and molecular features, with differential connectivity and activity patterns. microRNA (miRNA)-dependent post-transcriptional control of gene expression represents an important regulatory mechanism for neuronal development and plasticity. miRNAs are a large group of small non-coding RNAs (21-24 nucleotides) acting as negative regulators of mRNA translation and stability. However, while miRNA-dependent gene regulation in principal neurons has been described heretofore in several studies, an understanding of the role of miRNAs in inhibitory interneurons is only beginning to emerge. Recent research demonstrated that miRNAs are differentially expressed in interneuron subclasses, are vitally important for migration, maturation, and survival of interneurons during embryonic development and are crucial for cognitive function and memory formation. In this review, we discuss recent progress in understanding miRNA-dependent regulation of gene expression in interneuron development and function. We aim to shed light onto mechanisms by which miRNAs in GABAergic interneurons contribute to sculpting neuronal circuits, and how their dysregulation may underlie the emergence of numerous neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerhard Schratt
- Lab of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute for Neuroscience, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Winterer
- Lab of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute for Neuroscience, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Jochen Winterer,
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Schmitt JE, DeBevits JJ, Roalf DR, Ruparel K, Gallagher RS, Gur RC, Alexander-Bloch A, Eom TY, Alam S, Steinberg J, Akers W, Khairy K, Crowley TB, Emanuel B, Zakharenko SS, McDonald-McGinn DM, Gur RE. A Comprehensive Analysis of Cerebellar Volumes in the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2023; 8:79-90. [PMID: 34848384 PMCID: PMC9162086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of a 22q11.2 microdeletion (22q11.2 deletion syndrome [22q11DS]) ranks among the greatest known genetic risk factors for the development of psychotic disorders. There is emerging evidence that the cerebellum is important in the pathophysiology of psychosis. However, there is currently limited information on cerebellar neuroanatomy in 22q11DS specifically. METHODS High-resolution 3T magnetic resonance imaging was acquired in 79 individuals with 22q11DS and 70 typically developing control subjects (N = 149). Lobar and lobule-level cerebellar volumes were estimated using validated automated segmentation algorithms, and subsequently group differences were compared. Hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis, and graph theoretical models were used to explore intercerebellar relationships. Cerebrocerebellar structural connectivity with cortical thickness was examined via linear regression models. RESULTS Individuals with 22q11DS had, on average, 17.3% smaller total cerebellar volumes relative to typically developing subjects (p < .0001). The lobules of the superior posterior cerebellum (e.g., VII and VIII) were particularly affected in 22q11DS. However, all cerebellar lobules were significantly smaller, even after adjusting for total brain volumes (all cerebellar lobules p < .0002). The superior posterior lobule was disproportionately associated with cortical thickness in the frontal lobes and cingulate cortex, brain regions known be affected in 22q11DS. Exploratory analyses suggested that the superior posterior lobule, particularly Crus I, may be associated with psychotic symptoms in 22q11DS. CONCLUSIONS The cerebellum is a critical but understudied component of the 22q11DS neuroendophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Eric Schmitt
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - John J DeBevits
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David R Roalf
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - R Sean Gallagher
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Aaron Alexander-Bloch
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tae-Yeon Eom
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Shahinur Alam
- Center for Bioimage Informatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jeffrey Steinberg
- Center for Bioimage Informatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Walter Akers
- Center for Bioimage Informatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Khaled Khairy
- Center for In Vivo Imaging and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - T Blaine Crowley
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Beverly Emanuel
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stanislav S Zakharenko
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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10
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Alexander-Bloch A, Huguet G, Schultz LM, Huffnagle N, Jacquemont S, Seidlitz J, Saci Z, Moore TM, Bethlehem RAI, Mollon J, Knowles EK, Raznahan A, Merikangas A, Chaiyachati BH, Raman H, Schmitt JE, Barzilay R, Calkins ME, Shinohara RT, Satterthwaite TD, Gur RC, Glahn DC, Almasy L, Gur RE, Hakonarson H, Glessner J. Copy Number Variant Risk Scores Associated With Cognition, Psychopathology, and Brain Structure in Youths in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:699-709. [PMID: 35544191 PMCID: PMC9096695 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Importance Psychiatric and cognitive phenotypes have been associated with a range of specific, rare copy number variants (CNVs). Moreover, IQ is strongly associated with CNV risk scores that model the predicted risk of CNVs across the genome. But the utility of CNV risk scores for psychiatric phenotypes has been sparsely examined. Objective To determine how CNV risk scores, common genetic variation indexed by polygenic scores (PGSs), and environmental factors combine to associate with cognition and psychopathology in a community sample. Design, Setting, and Participants The Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort is a community-based study examining genetics, psychopathology, neurocognition, and neuroimaging. Participants were recruited through the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia pediatric network. Participants with stable health and fluency in English underwent genotypic and phenotypic characterization from November 5, 2009, through December 30, 2011. Data were analyzed from January 1 through July 30, 2021. Exposures The study examined (1) CNV risk scores derived from models of burden, predicted intolerance, and gene dosage sensitivity; (2) PGSs from genomewide association studies related to developmental outcomes; and (3) environmental factors, including trauma exposure and neighborhood socioeconomic status. Main Outcomes and Measures The study examined (1) neurocognition, with the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery; (2) psychopathology, with structured interviews based on the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children; and (3) brain volume, with magnetic resonance imaging. Results Participants included 9498 youths aged 8 to 21 years; 4906 (51.7%) were female, and the mean (SD) age was 14.2 (3.7) years. After quality control, 18 185 total CNVs greater than 50 kilobases (10 517 deletions and 7668 duplications) were identified in 7101 unrelated participants genotyped on Illumina arrays. In these participants, elevated CNV risk scores were associated with lower overall accuracy on cognitive tests (standardized β = 0.12; 95% CI, 0.10-0.14; P = 7.41 × 10-26); lower accuracy across a range of cognitive subdomains; increased overall psychopathology; increased psychosis-spectrum symptoms; and higher deviation from a normative developmental model of brain volume. Statistical models of developmental outcomes were significantly improved when CNV risk scores were combined with PGSs and environmental factors. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, elevated CNV risk scores were associated with lower cognitive ability, higher psychopathology including psychosis-spectrum symptoms, and greater deviations from normative magnetic resonance imaging models of brain development. Together, these results represent a step toward synthesizing rare genetic, common genetic, and environmental factors to understand clinically relevant outcomes in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Alexander-Bloch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura M. Schultz
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas Huffnagle
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Sebastien Jacquemont
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jakob Seidlitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Zohra Saci
- Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tyler M. Moore
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | - Josephine Mollon
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emma K. Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alison Merikangas
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Barbara H. Chaiyachati
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | - J. Eric Schmitt
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ran Barzilay
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Russel T. Shinohara
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Penn Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Theodore D. Satterthwaite
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - David C. Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura Almasy
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Joseph Glessner
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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11
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Francisco AA, Foxe JJ, Horsthuis DJ, Molholm S. Early visual processing and adaptation as markers of disease, not vulnerability: EEG evidence from 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, a population at high risk for schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 8:28. [PMID: 35314711 PMCID: PMC8938446 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigated visual processing and adaptation in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), a condition characterized by an increased risk for schizophrenia. Visual processing differences have been described in schizophrenia but remain understudied early in the disease course. Electrophysiology was recorded during a visual adaptation task with different interstimulus intervals to investigate visual processing and adaptation in 22q11.2DS (with (22q+) and without (22q−) psychotic symptoms), compared to control and idiopathic schizophrenia groups. Analyses focused on early windows of visual processing. While increased amplitudes were observed in 22q11.2DS in an earlier time window (90–140 ms), decreased responses were seen later (165–205 ms) in schizophrenia and 22q+. 22q11.2DS, and particularly 22q−, presented increased adaptation effects. We argue that while amplitude and adaptation in the earlier time window may reflect specific neurogenetic aspects associated with a deletion in chromosome 22, amplitude in the later window may be a marker of the presence of psychosis and/or of its chronicity/severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Francisco
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - John J Foxe
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, The Ernest J. Del Monde Institute for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Douwe J Horsthuis
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Molholm
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA. .,The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, The Ernest J. Del Monde Institute for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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12
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Kyzar EJ, Bohnsack JP, Pandey SC. Current and Future Perspectives of Noncoding RNAs in Brain Function and Neuropsychiatric Disease. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:183-193. [PMID: 34742545 PMCID: PMC8959010 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) represent the majority of the transcriptome and play important roles in regulating neuronal functions. ncRNAs are exceptionally diverse in both structure and function and include enhancer RNAs, long ncRNAs, and microRNAs, all of which demonstrate specific temporal and regional expression in the brain. Here, we review recent studies demonstrating that ncRNAs modulate chromatin structure, act as chaperone molecules, and contribute to synaptic remodeling and behavior. In addition, we discuss ncRNA function within the context of neuropsychiatric diseases, particularly focusing on addiction and schizophrenia, and the recent methodological developments that allow for better understanding of ncRNA function in the brain. Overall, ncRNAs represent an underrecognized molecular contributor to complex neuronal processes underlying neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Kyzar
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - John Peyton Bohnsack
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Subhash C Pandey
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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13
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Okuno H, Okano H. Modeling human congenital disorders with neural crest developmental defects using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Regen Ther 2021; 18:275-280. [PMID: 34504908 PMCID: PMC8390449 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest is said to be the fourth germ layer in addition to the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm because of its ability to differentiate into a variety of cells that contribute to the various tissues of the vertebrate body. Neural crest cells (NCCs) can be divided into three functional groups: cranial NCCs, cardiac NCCs and trunk NCCs. Defects related to NCCs can contribute to a broad spectrum of syndromes known as neurocristopathies. Studies on the neural crest have been carried out using animal models such as Xenopus, chicks, and mice. However, the precise control of human NCC development has not been elucidated in detail due to species differences. Using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, we developed an in vitro disease model of neurocristopathy by inducing the differentiation of patient-derived iPSCs into NCCs and/or neural crest derivatives. It is now possible to address complicated questions regarding the pathogenetic mechanisms of neurocristopathies by characterizing cellular biological features and transcriptomes and by transplanting patient-derived NCCs in vivo. Here, we provide some examples that elucidate the pathophysiology of neurocristopathies using disease modeling via iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Okuno
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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14
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Dinneen TJ, Ghrálaigh FN, Walsh R, Lopez LM, Gallagher L. How does genetic variation modify ND-CNV phenotypes? Trends Genet 2021; 38:140-151. [PMID: 34364706 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Rare copy-number variants (CNVs) associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), i.e., ND-CNVs, provide an insight into the neurobiology of NDDs and, potentially, a link between biology and clinical outcomes. However, ND-CNVs are characterised by incomplete penetrance resulting in heterogeneous carrier phenotypes, ranging from non-affected to multimorbid psychiatric, neurological, and physical phenotypes. Recent evidence indicates that other variants in the genome, or 'other hits', may partially explain the variable expressivity of ND-CNVs. These may be other rare variants or the aggregated effects of common variants that modify NDD risk. Here we discuss the recent findings, current questions, and future challenges relating to other hits research in the context of ND-CNVs and their potential for improved clinical diagnostics and therapeutics for ND-CNV carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Dinneen
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Fiana Ní Ghrálaigh
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Ruth Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorna M Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Louise Gallagher
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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15
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Zöller D, Sandini C, Schaer M, Eliez S, Bassett DS, Van De Ville D. Structural control energy of resting-state functional brain states reveals less cost-effective brain dynamics in psychosis vulnerability. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:2181-2200. [PMID: 33566395 PMCID: PMC8046160 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How the brain's white-matter anatomy constrains brain activity is an open question that might give insights into the mechanisms that underlie mental disorders such as schizophrenia. Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with an extremely high risk for psychosis providing a test case to study developmental aspects of schizophrenia. In this study, we used principles from network control theory to probe the implications of aberrant structural connectivity for the brain's functional dynamics in 22q11DS. We retrieved brain states from resting-state functional magnetic resonance images of 78 patients with 22q11DS and 85 healthy controls. Then, we compared them in terms of persistence control energy; that is, the control energy that would be required to persist in each of these states based on individual structural connectivity and a dynamic model. Persistence control energy was altered in a broad pattern of brain states including both energetically more demanding and less demanding brain states in 22q11DS. Further, we found a negative relationship between persistence control energy and resting-state activation time, which suggests that the brain reduces energy by spending less time in energetically demanding brain states. In patients with 22q11DS, this behavior was less pronounced, suggesting a deficiency in the ability to reduce energy through brain activation. In summary, our results provide initial insights into the functional implications of altered structural connectivity in 22q11DS, which might improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zöller
- Medical Image Processing LaboratoryInstitute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
- Department of Radiology and Medical InformaticsUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
- Institute of Neuromodulation and NeurotechnologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- Developmental Imaging an Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of PsychiatryUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Corrado Sandini
- Institute of Neuromodulation and NeurotechnologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Marie Schaer
- Institute of Neuromodulation and NeurotechnologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Institute of Neuromodulation and NeurotechnologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Danielle S. Bassett
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Electrical & Systems EngineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Physics & AstronomyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Dimitri Van De Ville
- Medical Image Processing LaboratoryInstitute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
- Department of Radiology and Medical InformaticsUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
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16
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Fiksinski AM, Schneider M, Zinkstok J, Baribeau D, Chawner SJRA, Vorstman JAS. Neurodevelopmental Trajectories and Psychiatric Morbidity: Lessons Learned From the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2021; 23:13. [PMID: 33625600 PMCID: PMC7904715 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-021-01225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is associated with a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental phenotypes and is the strongest known single genetic risk factor for schizophrenia. Compared to other rare structural pathogenic genetic variants, 22q11DS is relatively common and one of the most extensively studied. This review provides a state-of-the-art overview of current insights regarding associated neurodevelopmental phenotypes and potential implications for 22q11DS and beyond. RECENT FINDINGS We will first discuss recent findings with respect to neurodevelopmental phenotypic expression associated with 22q11DS, including psychotic disorders, intellectual functioning, autism spectrum disorders, as well as their interactions. Second, we will address considerations that are important in interpreting these data and propose potential implications for both the clinical care for and the empirical study of individuals with 22q11DS. Third, we will highlight variable penetrance and pleiotropy with respect to neurodevelopmental phenotypes in 22q11DS. We will discuss how these phenomena are consistently observed in the context of virtually all rare pathogenic variants and that they pose substantial challenges from both a clinical and a research perspective. We outline how 22q11DS could be viewed as a genetic model for studying neurodevelopmental phenotypes. In addition, we propose that 22q11DS research can help elucidate mechanisms underlying variable expression and pleiotropy of neurodevelopmental phenotypes, insights that are likely relevant for 22q11DS and beyond, including for individuals with other rare pathogenic genetic variants and for individuals with idiopathic neurodevelopmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania M. Fiksinski
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Maude Schneider
- Clinical Psychology Unit for Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Janneke Zinkstok
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle Baribeau
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Samuel J. R. A. Chawner
- Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jacob A. S. Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
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17
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Bagautdinova J, Zöller D, Schaer M, Padula MC, Mancini V, Schneider M, Eliez S. Altered cortical thickness development in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and association with psychotic symptoms. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7671-7678. [PMID: 34253864 PMCID: PMC8873018 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been extensively associated with reduced cortical thickness (CT), and its neurodevelopmental origin is increasingly acknowledged. However, the exact timing and extent of alterations occurring in preclinical phases remain unclear. With a high prevalence of psychosis, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a neurogenetic disorder that represents a unique opportunity to examine brain maturation in high-risk individuals. In this study, we quantified trajectories of CT maturation in 22q11DS and examined the association of CT development with the emergence of psychotic symptoms. Longitudinal structural MRI data with 1-6 time points were collected from 324 participants aged 5-35 years (N = 148 22q11DS, N = 176 controls), resulting in a total of 636 scans (N = 334 22q11DS, N = 302 controls). Mixed model regression analyses were used to compare CT trajectories between participants with 22q11DS and controls. Further, CT trajectories were compared between participants with 22q11DS who developed (N = 61, 146 scans), or remained exempt of (N = 47; 98 scans) positive psychotic symptoms during development. Compared to controls, participants with 22q11DS showed widespread increased CT, focal reductions in the posterior cingulate gyrus and superior temporal gyrus (STG), and accelerated cortical thinning during adolescence, mainly in frontotemporal regions. Within 22q11DS, individuals who developed psychotic symptoms showed exacerbated cortical thinning in the right STG. Together, these findings suggest that genetic predisposition for psychosis is associated with increased CT starting from childhood and altered maturational trajectories of CT during adolescence, affecting predominantly frontotemporal regions. In addition, accelerated thinning in the STG may represent an early biomarker associated with the emergence of psychotic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Bagautdinova
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Daniela Zöller
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland ,grid.5333.60000000121839049Medical Image Processing Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland ,grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Schaer
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Carmela Padula
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Mancini
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maude Schneider
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland ,grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Clinical Psychology Unit for Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Eliez
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Qin X, Chen J, Zhou T. 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and schizophrenia. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:1181-1190. [PMID: 33098288 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion is a common microdeletion that causes an array of developmental defects including 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) or DiGeorge syndrome and velocardiofacial syndrome. About 30% of patients with 22q11.2 deletion develop schizophrenia. Mice with deletion of the ortholog region in mouse chromosome 16qA13 exhibit schizophrenia-like abnormal behaviors. It is suggested that the genes deleted in 22q11DS are involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Among these genes, COMT, ZDHHC8, DGCR8, and PRODH have been identified as schizophrenia susceptibility genes. And DGCR2 is also found to be associated with schizophrenia. In this review, we focused on these five genes and reviewed their functions in the brain and the potential pathophysiological mechanisms in schizophrenia, which will give us a deeper understanding of the pathology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzheng Qin
- Queen Mary School of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Laboratory of Synaptic Development and Plasticity, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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19
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Polygenic risk scores for genetic counseling in psychiatry: Lessons learned from other fields of medicine. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 121:119-127. [PMID: 33301779 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) may aid in the identification of individuals at-risk for psychiatric disorders, treatment optimization, and increase in prognostic accuracy. PRS may also add significant value to genetic counseling. Thus far, integration of PRSs in genetic counseling sessions remains problematic because of uncertainties in risk prediction and other concerns. Here, we review the current utility of PRSs in the context of clinical psychiatry. By comprehensively appraising the literature in other fields of medicine including breast cancer, Alzheimer's Disease, and cardiovascular disease, we outline several lessons learned that could be applied to future studies and may thus benefit the incorporation of PRS in psychiatric genetic counseling. These include integrating PRS with environmental factors (e.g. lifestyle), setting up large-scale studies, and applying reproducible methods allowing for cross-validation between cohorts. We conclude that psychiatry may benefit from experiences in these fields. PRS may in future have a role in genetic counseling in clinical psychiatric practice, by advancing prevention strategies and treatment decision-making, thus promoting quality of life for (potentially) affected individuals.
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Davies RW, Fiksinski AM, Breetvelt EJ, Williams NM, Hooper SR, Monfeuga T, Bassett AS, Owen MJ, Gur RE, Morrow BE, McDonald-McGinn DM, Swillen A, Chow EWC, van den Bree M, Emanuel BS, Vermeesch JR, van Amelsvoort T, Arango C, Armando M, Campbell LE, Cubells JF, Eliez S, Garcia-Minaur S, Gothelf D, Kates WR, Murphy KC, Murphy CM, Murphy DG, Philip N, Repetto GM, Shashi V, Simon TJ, Suñer DH, Vicari S, Scherer SW, Bearden CE, Vorstman JAS. Using common genetic variation to examine phenotypic expression and risk prediction in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Nat Med 2020; 26:1912-1918. [PMID: 33169016 PMCID: PMC7975627 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-1103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is associated with a 20-25% risk of schizophrenia. In a cohort of 962 individuals with 22q11DS, we examined the shared genetic basis between schizophrenia and schizophrenia-related early trajectory phenotypes: sub-threshold symptoms of psychosis, low baseline intellectual functioning and cognitive decline. We studied the association of these phenotypes with two polygenic scores, derived for schizophrenia and intelligence, and evaluated their use for individual risk prediction in 22q11DS. Polygenic scores were not only associated with schizophrenia and baseline intelligence quotient (IQ), respectively, but schizophrenia polygenic score was also significantly associated with cognitive (verbal IQ) decline and nominally associated with sub-threshold psychosis. Furthermore, in comparing the tail-end deciles of the schizophrenia and IQ polygenic score distributions, 33% versus 9% of individuals with 22q11DS had schizophrenia, and 63% versus 24% of individuals had intellectual disability. Collectively, these data show a shared genetic basis for schizophrenia and schizophrenia-related phenotypes and also highlight the future potential of polygenic scores for risk stratification among individuals with highly, but incompletely, penetrant genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Davies
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology and The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ania M Fiksinski
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elemi J Breetvelt
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nigel M Williams
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephen R Hooper
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thomas Monfeuga
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry and Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine-CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Clinical Genetics Center, and Section of Genetic Counseling, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ann Swillen
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva W C Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marianne van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Clinical Genetics Center, and Section of Genetic Counseling, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Armando
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Linda E Campbell
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Joseph F Cubells
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Autism Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sixto Garcia-Minaur
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Doron Gothelf
- The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Wendy R Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Kieran C Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clodagh M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Declan G Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicole Philip
- Département de Génétique Médicale, APHM, CHU Timone Enfants, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, MMG, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Gabriela M Repetto
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tony J Simon
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Damiàn Heine Suñer
- Genomics of Health Group and Molecular Diagnostics and Clinical Genetics Unit (UDMGC), Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Catholic University; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacob A S Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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21
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Francisco AA, Horsthuis DJ, Popiel M, Foxe JJ, Molholm S. Atypical response inhibition and error processing in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome and schizophrenia: Towards neuromarkers of disease progression and risk. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2020; 27:102351. [PMID: 32731196 PMCID: PMC7390764 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (also known as DiGeorge syndrome or velo-cardio-facial syndrome) is characterized by increased vulnerability to neuropsychiatric symptoms, with approximately 30% of individuals with the deletion going on to develop schizophrenia. Clinically, deficits in executive function have been noted in this population, but the underlying neural processes are not well understood. Using a Go/No-Go response inhibition task in conjunction with high-density electrophysiological recordings (EEG), we sought to investigate the behavioral and neural dynamics of inhibition of a prepotent response (a critical component of executive function) in individuals with 22q11.2DS with and without psychotic symptoms, when compared to individuals with idiopathic schizophrenia and age-matched neurotypical controls. Twenty-eight participants diagnosed with 22q11.2DS (14-35 years old; 14 with at least one psychotic symptom), 15 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (18-63 years old) and two neurotypical control groups (one age-matched to the 22q11.2DS sample, the other age-matched to the schizophrenia sample) participated in this study. Analyses focused on the N2 and P3 no-go responses and error-related negativity (Ne) and positivity (Pe). Atypical inhibitory processing was shown behaviorally and by significantly reduced P3, Ne, and Pe responses in 22q11.2DS and schizophrenia. Interestingly, whereas P3 was only reduced in the presence of psychotic symptoms, Ne and Pe were equally reduced in schizophrenia and 22q11.2DS, regardless of the presence of symptoms. We argue that while P3 may be a marker of disease severity, Ne and Pe might be candidate markers of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Francisco
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Douwe J Horsthuis
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Maryann Popiel
- Department of Psychiatry, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - John J Foxe
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, The Ernest J. Del Monde Institute for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Molholm
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, The Ernest J. Del Monde Institute for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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22
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Schwab SG. Dissecting the molecular biology of schizophrenia: A call for emphasising genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity: commentary on Torrey and Yolken (this issue). Psychiatry Res 2020; 287:112430. [PMID: 31200949 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle G Schwab
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Australia.
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Gouvêa-Junqueira D, Falvella ACB, Antunes ASLM, Seabra G, Brandão-Teles C, Martins-de-Souza D, Crunfli F. Novel Treatment Strategies Targeting Myelin and Oligodendrocyte Dysfunction in Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:379. [PMID: 32425837 PMCID: PMC7203658 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the glial cells responsible for the formation of the myelin sheath around axons. During neurodevelopment, oligodendrocytes undergo maturation and differentiation, and later remyelination in adulthood. Abnormalities in these processes have been associated with behavioral and cognitive dysfunctions and the development of various mental illnesses like schizophrenia. Several studies have implicated oligodendrocyte dysfunction and myelin abnormalities in the disorder, together with altered expression of myelin-related genes such as Olig2, CNP, and NRG1. However, the molecular mechanisms subjacent of these alterations remain elusive. Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic psychiatric disorder affecting more than 23 million individuals worldwide and its symptoms usually appear at the beginning of adulthood. Currently, the major therapeutic strategy for schizophrenia relies on the use of antipsychotics. Despite their widespread use, the effects of antipsychotics on glial cells, especially oligodendrocytes, remain unclear. Thus, in this review we highlight the current knowledge regarding oligodendrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia, compiling data from (epi)genetic studies and up-to-date models to investigate the role of oligodendrocytes in the disorder. In addition, we examined potential targets currently investigated for the improvement of schizophrenia symptoms. Research in this area has been investigating potential beneficial compounds, including the D-amino acids D-aspartate and D-serine, that act as NMDA receptor agonists, modulating the glutamatergic signaling; the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, a precursor in the synthesis of glutathione, protecting against the redox imbalance; as well as lithium, an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) signaling, contributing to oligodendrocyte survival and functioning. In conclusion, there is strong evidence linking oligodendrocyte dysfunction to the development of schizophrenia. Hence, a better understanding of oligodendrocyte differentiation, as well as the effects of antipsychotic medication in these cells, could have potential implications for understanding the development of schizophrenia and finding new targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Gouvêa-Junqueira
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Brambilla Falvella
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - André Saraiva Leão Marcelo Antunes
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Seabra
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Caroline Brandão-Teles
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, São Paulo, Brazil
- D′Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Crunfli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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24
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Sun ZY, Wei J, Xie L, Shen Y, Liu SZ, Ju GZ, Shi JP, Yu YQ, Zhang X, Xu Q, Hemmings GP. The CLDN5 locus may be involved in the vulnerability to schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 19:354-7. [PMID: 15363474 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2003] [Revised: 01/05/2004] [Accepted: 03/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe present study was designed to detect three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located on 22q11 that was thought as being of particularly importance for genetic research into schizophrenia. We recruited a total of 176 Chinese family trios of Han descent, consisting of mothers, fathers and affected offspring with schizophrenia for the genetic analysis. The transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) showed that of three SNPs, rs10314 in the 3′-untranslated region of the CLDN5 locus was associated with schizophrenia (χ2= 4.75,P= 0.029). The other two SNPs, rs1548359 present in the CDC45L locus centromeric of rs10314 and rs739371 in the 5′-flanking region of the CLDN5 locus, did not show such an association. The global chi-square (χ2) test showed that the 3-SNP haplotype system was not associated with schizophrenia although the 1-df test for individual haplotypes showed that the rs1548359(C)-rs10314(G)-rs739371(C) haplotype was excessively non-transmitted (χ2= 5.32,P= 0.02). Because the claudin proteins are a major component for barrier-forming tight junctions that could play a crucial role in response to changing natural, physiological and pathological conditions, the CLDN5 association with schizophrenia may be an important clue leading to look into a meeting point of genetic and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-Y Sun
- Jilin University Research Center for Genomic Medicine, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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25
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HapMap tag-SNP analysis confirms a role for COMT in schizophrenia risk and reveals a novel association. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 27:372-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCatechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) encodes an enzyme involved in the metabolism of dopamine and maps to a commonly deleted region that increases schizophrenia risk. A non-synonymous polymorphism (rs4680) in COMT has been previously found to be associated with schizophrenia and results in altered activity levels of COMT. Using a haplotype block-based gene-tagging approach we conducted an association study of seven COMT single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 160 patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia and 250 controls in an Australian population. Two polymorphisms including rs4680 and rs165774 were found to be significantly associated with schizophrenia. The rs4680 results in a Val/Met substitution but the strongest association was shown by the novel SNP, rs165774, which may still be functional even though it is located in intron five. Individuals with schizophrenia were more than twice as likely to carry the GG genotype compared to the AA genotype for both the rs165774 and rs4680 SNPs. This association was slightly improved when males were analysed separately possibly indicating a degree of sexual dimorphism. Our results confirm that COMT is a good candidate for schizophrenia risk, by replicating the association with rs4680 and identifying a novel SNP association.
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Francisco AA, Foxe JJ, Horsthuis DJ, DeMaio D, Molholm S. Assessing auditory processing endophenotypes associated with Schizophrenia in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:85. [PMID: 32139692 PMCID: PMC7058163 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11.2DS) is the strongest known molecular risk factor for schizophrenia. Brain responses to auditory stimuli have been studied extensively in schizophrenia and described as potential biomarkers of vulnerability to psychosis. We sought to understand whether these responses might aid in differentiating individuals with 22q11.2DS as a function of psychotic symptoms, and ultimately serve as signals of risk for schizophrenia. A duration oddball paradigm and high-density electrophysiology were used to test auditory processing in 26 individuals with 22q11.2DS (13-35 years old, 17 females) with varying degrees of psychotic symptomatology and in 26 age- and sex-matched neurotypical controls (NT). Presentation rate varied across three levels, to examine the effect of increasing demands on memory and the integrity of sensory adaptation. We tested whether N1 and mismatch negativity (MMN), typically reduced in schizophrenia, related to clinical/cognitive measures, and how they were affected by presentation rate. N1 adaptation effects interacted with psychotic symptomatology: Compared to an NT group, individuals with 22q11.2DS but no psychotic symptomatology presented larger adaptation effects, whereas those with psychotic symptomatology presented smaller effects. In contrast, individuals with 22q11.2DS showed increased effects of presentation rate on MMN amplitude, regardless of the presence of symptoms. While IQ and working memory were lower in the 22q11.2DS group, these measures did not correlate with the electrophysiological data. These findings suggest the presence of two distinct mechanisms: One intrinsic to 22q11.2DS resulting in increased N1 and MMN responses; another related to psychosis leading to a decreased N1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Francisco
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - John J Foxe
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, The Ernest J. Del Monde Institute for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Douwe J Horsthuis
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Danielle DeMaio
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Molholm
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, The Ernest J. Del Monde Institute for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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27
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Al-Naama N, Mackeh R, Kino T. C 2H 2-Type Zinc Finger Proteins in Brain Development, Neurodevelopmental, and Other Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Systematic Literature-Based Analysis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:32. [PMID: 32117005 PMCID: PMC7034409 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are multifaceted pathologic conditions manifested with intellectual disability, autistic features, psychiatric problems, motor dysfunction, and/or genetic/chromosomal abnormalities. They are associated with skewed neurogenesis and brain development, in part through dysfunction of the neural stem cells (NSCs) where abnormal transcriptional regulation on key genes play significant roles. Recent accumulated evidence highlights C2H2-type zinc finger proteins (C2H2-ZNFs), the largest transcription factor family in humans, as important targets for the pathologic processes associated with NDDs. In this review, we identified their significant accumulation (74 C2H2-ZNFs: ~10% of all human member proteins) in brain physiology and pathology. Specifically, we discuss their physiologic contribution to brain development, particularly focusing on their actions in NSCs. We then explain their pathologic implications in various forms of NDDs, such as morphological brain abnormalities, intellectual disabilities, and psychiatric disorders. We found an important tendency that poly-ZNFs and KRAB-ZNFs tend to be involved in the diseases that compromise gross brain structure and human-specific higher-order functions, respectively. This may be consistent with their characteristic appearance in the course of species evolution and corresponding contribution to these brain activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njoud Al-Naama
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genomic Endocrinology, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rafah Mackeh
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genomic Endocrinology, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tomoshige Kino
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genomic Endocrinology, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
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28
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Eom TY, Han SB, Kim J, Blundon JA, Wang YD, Yu J, Anderson K, Kaminski DB, Sakurada SM, Pruett-Miller SM, Horner L, Wagner B, Robinson CG, Eicholtz M, Rose DC, Zakharenko SS. Schizophrenia-related microdeletion causes defective ciliary motility and brain ventricle enlargement via microRNA-dependent mechanisms in mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:912. [PMID: 32060266 PMCID: PMC7021727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive ventricular enlargement, a key feature of several neurologic and psychiatric diseases, is mediated by unknown mechanisms. Here, using murine models of 22q11-deletion syndrome (22q11DS), which is associated with schizophrenia in humans, we found progressive enlargement of lateral and third ventricles and deceleration of ciliary beating on ependymal cells lining the ventricular walls. The cilia-beating deficit observed in brain slices and in vivo is caused by elevated levels of dopamine receptors (Drd1), which are expressed in motile cilia. Haploinsufficiency of the microRNA-processing gene Dgcr8 results in Drd1 elevation, which is brought about by a reduction in Drd1-targeting microRNAs miR-382-3p and miR-674-3p. Replenishing either microRNA in 22q11DS mice normalizes ciliary beating and ventricular size. Knocking down the microRNAs or deleting their seed sites on Drd1 mimicked the cilia-beating and ventricular deficits. These results suggest that the Dgcr8-miR-382-3p/miR-674-3p-Drd1 mechanism contributes to deceleration of ciliary motility and age-dependent ventricular enlargement in 22q11DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yeon Eom
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Seung Baek Han
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jieun Kim
- Center for In Vivo Imaging and Therapeutics, Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jay A Blundon
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Kara Anderson
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Damian B Kaminski
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Sadie Miki Sakurada
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Linda Horner
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Ben Wagner
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Camenzind G Robinson
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Matthew Eicholtz
- Electrical and Electronics Systems Research Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Florida Southern College, Lakeland, FL, 33801, USA
| | - Derek C Rose
- Electrical and Electronics Systems Research Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Stanislav S Zakharenko
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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Polygenic Risk Scores for Subtyping of Schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2020; 2020:1638403. [PMID: 32774919 PMCID: PMC7396092 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1638403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex disorder with many comorbid conditions. In this study, we used polygenic risk scores (PRSs) from schizophrenia and comorbid traits to explore consistent cluster structure in schizophrenia patients. With 10 comorbid traits, we found a stable 4-cluster structure in two datasets (MGS and SSCCS). When the same traits and parameters were applied for the patients in a clinical trial of antipsychotics, the CATIE study, a 5-cluster structure was observed. One of the 4 clusters found in the MGS and SSCCS was further split into two clusters in CATIE, while the other 3 clusters remained unchanged. For the 5 CATIE clusters, we evaluated their association with the changes of clinical symptoms, neurocognitive functions, and laboratory tests between the enrollment baseline and the end of Phase I trial. Class I was found responsive to treatment, with significant reduction for the total, positive, and negative symptoms (p = 0.0001, 0.0099, and 0.0028, respectively), and improvement for cognitive functions (VIGILANCE, p = 0.0099; PROCESSING SPEED, p = 0.0006; WORKING MEMORY, p = 0.0023; and REASONING, p = 0.0015). Class II had modest reduction of positive symptoms (p = 0.0492) and better PROCESSING SPEED (p = 0.0071). Class IV had a specific reduction of negative symptoms (p = 0.0111) and modest cognitive improvement for all tested domains. Interestingly, Class IV was also associated with decreased lymphocyte counts and increased neutrophil counts, an indication of ongoing inflammation or immune dysfunction. In contrast, Classes III and V showed no symptom reduction but a higher level of phosphorus. Overall, our results suggest that PRSs from schizophrenia and comorbid traits can be utilized to classify patients into subtypes with distinctive clinical features. This genetic susceptibility based subtyping may be useful to facilitate more effective treatment and outcome prediction.
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Morrow BE, McDonald-McGinn DM, Emanuel BS, Vermeesch JR, Scambler PJ. Molecular genetics of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 176:2070-2081. [PMID: 30380194 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a congenital malformation and neuropsychiatric disorder caused by meiotic chromosome rearrangements. One of the goals of this review is to summarize the current state of basic research studies of 22q11.2DS. It highlights efforts to understand the mechanisms responsible for the 22q11.2 deletion that occurs in meiosis. This mechanism involves the four sets of low copy repeats (LCR22) that are dispersed in the 22q11.2 region and the deletion is mediated by nonallelic homologous recombination events. This review also highlights selected genes mapping to the 22q11.2 region that may contribute to the typical clinical findings associated with the disorder and explain that mutations in genes on the remaining allele can uncover rare recessive conditions. Another important aspect of 22q11.2DS is the existence of phenotypic heterogeneity. While some patients are mildly affected, others have severe medical, cognitive, and/or psychiatric challenges. Variability may be due in part to the presence of genetic modifiers. This review discusses current genome-wide efforts to identify such modifiers that could shed light on molecular pathways required for normal human development, cognition or behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter J Scambler
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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31
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Van L, Heung T, Graffi J, Ng E, Malecki S, Van Mil S, Boot E, Corral M, Chow EWC, Hodgkinson KA, Silversides C, Bassett AS. All-cause mortality and survival in adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Genet Med 2019; 21:2328-2335. [PMID: 30948858 PMCID: PMC6774995 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0509-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Given limited data available on long-term outcomes in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), we investigated mortality risk in adults with this microdeletion syndrome. METHODS We studied 309 well-characterized adults (age ≥17 years) with 22q11.2DS and their 1014 unaffected parents and siblings, using a prospective case-control design. We used Cox proportional hazards regression modeling and Kaplan-Meier curves to investigate effects of the 22q11.2 deletion and its associated features on all-cause mortality and survival. RESULTS The 22q11.2 deletion (hazard ratio [HR] 8.86, 95% CI 2.87-27.37) and major congenital heart disease (CHD; HR 5.03, 95% CI 2.27-11.17), but not intellectual disability or psychotic illness, were significant independent predictors of mortality for adults with 22q11.2DS compared with their siblings. Amongst those with 22q11.2DS, there were 31 deaths that occurred at a median age of 46.4 (range 18.1-68.6) years; a substantial minority had outlived both parents. Probability of survival to age 45 years was approximately 72% for those with major CHD, and 95% for those with no major CHD (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION For adults with 22q11.2DS, the 22q11.2 deletion and more severe forms of CHD both contribute to a lower life expectancy than family-based expectations. The results have implications for genetic counseling and anticipatory care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Van
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tracy Heung
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Justin Graffi
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Enoch Ng
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Malecki
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Spencer Van Mil
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erik Boot
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Corral
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eva W C Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kathleen A Hodgkinson
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, Canada
| | - Candice Silversides
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Congenital Cardiac Centre for Adults, and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Toronto Congenital Cardiac Centre for Adults, and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Toronto General Research Institute and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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32
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Zöller D, Sandini C, Karahanoğlu FI, Padula MC, Schaer M, Eliez S, Van De Ville D. Large-Scale Brain Network Dynamics Provide a Measure of Psychosis and Anxiety in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 4:881-892. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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33
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Khanna AD, Duca LM, Kay JD, Shore J, Kelly SL, Crume T. Prevalence of Mental Illness in Adolescents and Adults With Congenital Heart Disease from the Colorado Congenital Heart Defect Surveillance System. Am J Cardiol 2019; 124:618-626. [PMID: 31303246 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of the full spectrum of mental illness in adolescents (aged 11 to 17) and adults (aged 18 to 64) with congenital heart defects (CHDs) in the population-level Colorado Congenital Heart Disease Surveillance System. Further we sought to investigate whether severity of the defect, frequency of recent cardiac procedures or underlying genetic disorders influence these estimates. The cohort included patients in clinical care for CHDs between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2013, identified across multiple healthcare systems and insurance claims. Of 2,192 adolescents with CHDs, 20% were diagnosed with a mental illness with the most prevalent categories being developmental disorders (8%), anxiety disorders (6%), attention, conduct, behavior, impulse control disorders (6%), and mood disorders (5%). Of 6,924 adults with CHDs, 33% were diagnosed with a mental illness with the most prevalent categories being mood disorders (13%), anxiety disorders (13%), and substance-related disorders (6%). Greater lesion complexity was associated with a higher likelihood of anxiety and developmental disorders in both adolescents and adults. Adolescents and adults who had ≥2 cardiac procedures in the 3-year surveillance period had a 3- and 4.5-fold higher likelihood of a mental illness diagnosis, respectively, compared with those who had fewer than 2 cardiac procedures. Finally, patients with a genetic syndrome were more likely to have a mental illness diagnosis. In conclusion, mental illness is a prevalent co-morbidity in the adolescent and adult population with CHDs, thus comprehensive care should include mental health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber D Khanna
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Divisions of Cardiology, University of Colorado | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Lindsey M Duca
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Joseph D Kay
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Divisions of Cardiology, University of Colorado | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jay Shore
- Department of Psychiatry and Family Medicine, University of Colorado | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sarah L Kelly
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Colorado | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tessa Crume
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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34
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Validation du biais contre les indices infirmatoires chez un échantillon francophone de patients schizophrènes. Encephale 2019; 45:147-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Gao L, Tang SX, Yi JJ, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai EH, Emanuel BS, Gur RC, Calkins ME, Gur RE. Musical auditory processing, cognition, and psychopathology in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:765-773. [PMID: 30444066 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is associated with impairment in multiple domains of cognition and risk for several psychiatric disorders. Musical auditory processing is highly heritable, and is impaired in individuals with schizophrenia and other neurodevelopmental disorders, but has never been studied in 22q11DS, notwithstanding anecdotal evidence of its sparing. We aimed to characterize musical auditory processing in 22q11DS and explore potential relationships with other cognitive domains, musical engagement, and psychiatric disorders. The Distorted Tunes Task and Global Musical Sophistication Index were used to assess pitch discrimination and general musical engagement in 58 individuals with 22q11DS aged 8-29 years. Psychopathology was assessed with sections from the modified Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children and the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes. The Penn computerized neurocognitive battery (CNB) examined four domains of cognition (executive functioning, episodic memory, complex cognition, and social cognition). Significant musical auditory processing impairment and reduced musical engagement were found in individuals with 22q11DS. However, deficits in musical auditory processing were not associated with reduced musical engagement. After covarying for age and sex, episodic memory and overall CNB performance accuracy were significantly related to performance in musical auditory processing. There were no relationships between musical auditory processing and presence of any psychiatric diagnoses. Individuals with 22q11DS experience significant deficits in musical auditory processing and reduced musical engagement. Pitch discrimination is associated with overall cognitive ability, but appears to be largely independent of psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sunny X Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James J Yi
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elaine H Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Monica E Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Psychiatry, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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36
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Berry S, Weinmann O, Fritz AK, Rust R, Wolfer D, Schwab ME, Gerber U, Ster J. Loss of Nogo-A, encoded by the schizophrenia risk gene Rtn4, reduces mGlu3 expression and causes hyperexcitability in hippocampal CA3 circuits. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200896. [PMID: 30040841 PMCID: PMC6057643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations of Nogo-A, a well characterized protein inhibitor of neurite outgrowth in the brain, have revealed additional functions including a role in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Here we examined Nogo-A functions in mouse CA3 hippocampal circuitry. Patch clamp recordings showed that the absence of Nogo-A results in a hyperactive network. In addition, mGlu3 metabotropic glutamate receptors, which exhibit mutations in certain forms of schizophrenia, were downregulated specifically in the CA3 area. Furthermore, Nogo-A-/- mice showed disordered theta oscillations with decreased incidence and frequency, similar to those observed in mGlu3-/- mice. As disruptions in theta rhythmicity are associated with impaired spatial navigation, we tested mice using modified Morris water maze tasks. Mice lacking Nogo-A exhibited altered search strategies, displaying greater dependence on global as opposed to local reference frames. This link between Nogo-A and mGlu3 receptors may provide new insights into mechanisms underlying schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Berry
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Weinmann
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ruslan Rust
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Wolfer
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin E. Schwab
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Gerber
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeanne Ster
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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37
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Nuninga JO, Bohlken MM, Koops S, Fiksinski AM, Mandl RCW, Breetvelt EJ, Duijff SN, Kahn RS, Sommer IEC, Vorstman JAS. White matter abnormalities in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome patients showing cognitive decline. Psychol Med 2018; 48:1655-1663. [PMID: 29143717 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717003142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decline in cognitive functioning precedes the first psychotic episode in the course of schizophrenia and is considered a hallmark symptom of the disorder. Given the low incidence of schizophrenia, it remains a challenge to investigate whether cognitive decline coincides with disease-related changes in brain structure, such as white matter abnormalities. The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is an appealing model in this context, as 25% of patients develop psychosis. Furthermore, we recently showed that cognitive decline also precedes the onset of psychosis in individuals with 22q11DS. Here, we investigate whether the early cognitive decline in patients with 22q11DS is associated with alterations in white matter microstructure. METHODS We compared the fractional anisotropy (FA) of white matter in 22q11DS patients with cognitive decline [n = 16; -18.34 (15.8) VIQ percentile points over 6.80 (2.39) years] to 22q11DS patients without cognitive decline [n = 18; 17.71 (20.17) VIQ percentile points over 5.27 (2.03) years] by applying an atlas-based approach to diffusion-weighted imaging data. RESULTS FA was significantly increased (p < 0.05, FDR) in 22q11DS patients with a cognitive decline in the bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculus, the bilateral cingulum bundle, all subcomponents of the left internal capsule and the left superior frontal-occipital fasciculus as compared with 22q11DS patients without cognitive decline. CONCLUSIONS Within 22q11DS, the early cognitive decline is associated with microstructural differences in white matter. At the mean age of 17.8 years, these changes are reflected in increased FA in several tracts. We hypothesize that similar brain alterations associated with cognitive decline take place early in the trajectory of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Olivier Nuninga
- Department of Psychiatry,Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - Marc Marijn Bohlken
- Department of Psychiatry,Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Koops
- Department of Psychiatry,Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - Ania M Fiksinski
- Department of Psychiatry,Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - René C W Mandl
- Department of Psychiatry,Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - Elemi J Breetvelt
- Dalglish Family Hearts and Minds Clinic for 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network,Toronto, Ontario,Canada
| | - Sasja N Duijff
- Department of Psychiatry,Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry,Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - Iris E C Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry,Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - Jacob A S Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry,Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center,Utrecht,The Netherlands
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38
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Moberg PJ, Richman MJ, Roalf DR, Morse CL, Graefe AC, Brennan L, Vickers K, Tsering W, Kamath V, Turetsky BI, Gur RC, Gur RE. Neurocognitive Functioning in Patients with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: A Meta-Analytic Review. Behav Genet 2018; 48:259-270. [PMID: 29922984 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-018-9903-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a known risk factor for development of schizophrenia and is characterized by a complex neuropsychological profile. To date, a quantitative meta-analysis examining cognitive functioning in 22q11.2DS has not been conducted. A systematic review of cross-sectional studies comparing neuropsychological performance of individuals with 22q11.2DS with age-matched healthy typically developing and sibling comparison subjects was carried out. Potential moderators were analyzed. Analyses included 43 articles (282 effects) that met inclusion criteria. Very large and heterogeneous effects were seen for global cognition (d = - 1.21) and in specific neuropsychological domains (intellectual functioning, achievement, and executive function; d range = - 0.51 to - 2.43). Moderator analysis revealed a significant role for type of healthy comparison group used (typically developing or siblings), demographics (age, sex) and clinical factors (externalizing behavior). Results revealed significant differences between pediatric and adult samples, with isolated analysis within the pediatric sample yielding large effects in several neuropsychological domains (intellectual functioning, achievement, visual memory; d range = - 0.56 to - 2.50). Large cognitive deficits in intellectual functioning and specific neuropsychological variables in individuals with 22q11.2DS represent a robust finding, but these deficits are influenced by several factors, including type of comparison group utilized, age, sex, and clinical status. These findings highlight the clinical relevance of characterizing cognitive functioning in 22q11.2DS and the importance of considering demographic and clinical moderators in future analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Moberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital of The University of Pennsylvania, 10th Floor, Gates Pavilion, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Mara J Richman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Clinical Psychology and Addictology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - David R Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chelsea L Morse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna C Graefe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura Brennan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kayci Vickers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wangchen Tsering
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Earlham College, Richmond, IN, USA
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bruce I Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI), University of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI), University of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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39
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Farrell M, Lichtenstein M, Crowley JJ, Filmyer DM, Lázaro-Muñoz G, Shaughnessy RA, Mackenzie IR, Hirsch-Reinshagen V, Stowe R, Evans JP, Berg JS, Szatkiewicz J, Josiassen RC, Sullivan PF. Developmental Delay, Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, and Early-Onset Dementia in a Man With 22q11 Deletion Syndrome and Huntington's Disease. Am J Psychiatry 2018; 175:400-407. [PMID: 29712475 PMCID: PMC5935124 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17060638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martilias Farrell
- From the Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Neurology, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; Translational Neuroscience, Conshohocken, Pa.; the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - Maya Lichtenstein
- From the Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Neurology, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; Translational Neuroscience, Conshohocken, Pa.; the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - James J Crowley
- From the Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Neurology, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; Translational Neuroscience, Conshohocken, Pa.; the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - Dawn M Filmyer
- From the Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Neurology, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; Translational Neuroscience, Conshohocken, Pa.; the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - Gabriel Lázaro-Muñoz
- From the Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Neurology, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; Translational Neuroscience, Conshohocken, Pa.; the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - Rita A Shaughnessy
- From the Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Neurology, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; Translational Neuroscience, Conshohocken, Pa.; the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - Ian R Mackenzie
- From the Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Neurology, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; Translational Neuroscience, Conshohocken, Pa.; the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - Veronica Hirsch-Reinshagen
- From the Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Neurology, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; Translational Neuroscience, Conshohocken, Pa.; the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - Robert Stowe
- From the Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Neurology, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; Translational Neuroscience, Conshohocken, Pa.; the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - James P Evans
- From the Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Neurology, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; Translational Neuroscience, Conshohocken, Pa.; the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - Jonathan S Berg
- From the Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Neurology, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; Translational Neuroscience, Conshohocken, Pa.; the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - Jin Szatkiewicz
- From the Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Neurology, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; Translational Neuroscience, Conshohocken, Pa.; the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - Richard C Josiassen
- From the Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Neurology, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; Translational Neuroscience, Conshohocken, Pa.; the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- From the Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Neurology, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; Translational Neuroscience, Conshohocken, Pa.; the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
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Psychotic symptoms influence the development of anterior cingulate BOLD variability in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Schizophr Res 2018; 193:319-328. [PMID: 28803847 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with a broad phenotype of clinical, cognitive and psychiatric features. Due to the very high prevalence of schizophrenia (30-40%), the investigation of psychotic symptoms in the syndrome is promising to reveal biomarkers for the development of psychosis, also in the general population. Since schizophrenia is seen as a disorder of the dynamic interactions between brain networks, we here investigated brain dynamics, assessed by the variability of blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signals, in patients with psychotic symptoms. We included 28 patients with 22q11DS presenting higher positive psychotic symptoms, 29 patients with lower positive psychotic symptoms and 69 healthy controls between 10 and 30years old. To overcome limitations of mass-univariate approaches, we employed multivariate analysis, namely partial least squares correlation, combined with proper statistical testing, to analyze resting-state BOLD signal variability and its age-relationship in patients with positive psychotic symptoms. Our results revealed a missing positive age-relationship in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in patients with higher positive psychotic symptoms, leading to globally lower variability in the dACC in those patients. Patients without positive psychotic symptoms and healthy controls had the same developmental trajectory in this region. Alterations of brain structure and function in the ACC have been previously reported in 22q11DS and linked to psychotic symptoms. The present results support the implication of this region in the development of psychotic symptoms and suggest aberrant BOLD signal variability development as a potential biomarker for psychosis.
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Eom TY, Bayazitov IT, Anderson K, Yu J, Zakharenko SS. Schizophrenia-Related Microdeletion Impairs Emotional Memory through MicroRNA-Dependent Disruption of Thalamic Inputs to the Amygdala. Cell Rep 2018; 19:1532-1544. [PMID: 28538174 PMCID: PMC5457478 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) are at high risk of developing psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia. Individuals with 22q11DS and schizophrenia are impaired in emotional memory, anticipating, recalling, and assigning a correct context to emotions. The neuronal circuits responsible for these emotional memory deficits are unknown. Here, we show that 22q11DS mouse models have disrupted synaptic transmission at thalamic inputs to the lateral amygdala (thalamo-LA projections). This synaptic deficit is caused by haploinsufficiency of the 22q11DS gene Dgcr8, which is involved in microRNA processing, and is mediated by the increased dopamine receptor Drd2 levels in the thalamus and by reduced probability of glutamate release from thalamic inputs. This deficit in thalamo-LA synaptic transmission is sufficient to cause fear memory deficits. Our results suggest that dysregulation of the Dgcr8–Drd2 mechanism at thalamic inputs to the amygdala underlies emotional memory deficits in 22q11DS. Thalamic inputs to the lateral amygdala (LA) are impaired in 22q11DS mice Thalamo-LA disruption is sufficient to cause associative fear memory deficits Deficiency in microRNA-processing Dgcr8 causes thalamo-LA and fear memory deficits Fear memory deficits in 22q11DS mice are rescued by thalamic Drd2 inhibition
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yeon Eom
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ildar T Bayazitov
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kara Anderson
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stanislav S Zakharenko
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Gur RE, Bassett AS, McDonald-McGinn DM, Bearden CE, Chow E, Emanuel BS, Owen M, Swillen A, Van den Bree M, Vermeesch J, Vorstman JAS, Warren S, Lehner T, Morrow B. A neurogenetic model for the study of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: the International 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Brain Behavior Consortium. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:1664-1672. [PMID: 28761081 PMCID: PMC5935262 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rare copy number variants contribute significantly to the risk for schizophrenia, with the 22q11.2 locus consistently implicated. Individuals with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) have an estimated 25-fold increased risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, compared to individuals in the general population. The International 22q11DS Brain Behavior Consortium is examining this highly informative neurogenetic syndrome phenotypically and genomically. Here we detail the procedures of the effort to characterize the neuropsychiatric and neurobehavioral phenotypes associated with 22q11DS, focusing on schizophrenia and subthreshold expression of psychosis. The genomic approach includes a combination of whole-genome sequencing and genome-wide microarray technologies, allowing the investigation of all possible DNA variation and gene pathways influencing the schizophrenia-relevant phenotypic expression. A phenotypically rich data set provides a psychiatrically well-characterized sample of unprecedented size (n=1616) that informs the neurobehavioral developmental course of 22q11DS. This combined set of phenotypic and genomic data will enable hypothesis testing to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- RE Gur
- Perelman School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - AS Bassett
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto General Hospital and the University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - DM McDonald-McGinn
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - CE Bearden
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - E Chow
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto General Hospital and the University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - BS Emanuel
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - M Owen
- Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - A Swillen
- Katholieke University, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - JAS Vorstman
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S Warren
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - T Lehner
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B Morrow
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Allard L, Turck N, Burkhard PR, Walter N, Rosell A, Gex-Fabry M, Hochstrasser DF, Montaner J, Sanchez JC. Ubiquitin Fusion Degradation Protein 1 as a Blood Marker for the Early Diagnosis of Ischemic Stroke. Biomark Insights 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117727190700200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efficacy of thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke is strongly related to physician's ability to make an accurate diagnosis and to intervene within 3–6 h after event onset. In this context, the discovery and validation of very early blood markers have recently become an urgent, yet unmet, goal of stroke research. Ubiquitin fusion degradation protein 1 is increased in human postmortem CSF, a model of global brain insult, suggesting that its measurement in blood may prove useful as a biomarker of stroke. Methods Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure UFD1 in plasma and sera in three independent cohorts, European (Swiss and Spanish) and North-American retrospective analysis encompassing a total of 123 consecutive stroke and 90 control subjects. Results Highly significant increase of ubiquitin fusion degradation protein 1 (UFD1) was found in Swiss stroke patients with 71% sensitivity (95% CI, 52–85.8%), and 90% specificity (95% CI, 74.2–98%) ( N = 31, p < 0.0001). Significantly elevated concentration of this marker was then validated in Spanish ( N = 39, p < 0.0001, 95% sensitivity (95% CI, 82.7– 99.4%)), 76% specificity (95% CI, 56.5–89.7%)) and North-American stroke patients ( N = 53, 62% sensitivity (95% CI, 47.9–75.2%), 90% specificity (95% CI, 73.5–97.9%), p < 0.0001). Its concentration was increased within 3 h of stroke onset, on both the Swiss ( p < 0.0001) and Spanish ( p = 0.0004) cohorts. Conclusions UFD1 emerges as a reliable plasma biomarker for the early diagnosis of stroke, and in the future, might be used in conjunction with clinical assessments, neuroimaging and other blood markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Allard
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Medical University Center, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Natacha Turck
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Medical University Center, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Pierre R. Burkhard
- Neurology Department, Geneva University Hospital, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Walter
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Medical University Center, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Central Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Geneva University Hospital, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Anna Rosell
- Neurovas-cular Research Laboratory, Stroke Unit, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marianne Gex-Fabry
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, CH-1225 Chêne-Bourg, Switzerland
| | - Denis F. Hochstrasser
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Medical University Center, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Central Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Geneva University Hospital, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
- Pharmacy Section, Faculty of Sciences, Geneva University
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovas-cular Research Laboratory, Stroke Unit, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Charles Sanchez
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Medical University Center, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Demaerel W, Hestand MS, Vergaelen E, Swillen A, López-Sánchez M, Pérez-Jurado LA, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai E, Emanuel BS, Morrow BE, Breckpot J, Devriendt K, Vermeesch JR. Nested Inversion Polymorphisms Predispose Chromosome 22q11.2 to Meiotic Rearrangements. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 101:616-622. [PMID: 28965848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inversion polymorphisms between low-copy repeats (LCRs) might predispose chromosomes to meiotic non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) events and thus lead to genomic disorders. However, for the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), the most common genomic disorder, no such inversions have been uncovered as of yet. Using fiber-FISH, we demonstrate that parents transmitting the de novo 3 Mb LCR22A-D 22q11.2 deletion, the reciprocal duplication, and the smaller 1.5 Mb LCR22A-B 22q11.2 deletion carry inversions of LCR22B-D or LCR22C-D. Hence, the inversions predispose chromosome 22q11.2 to meiotic rearrangements and increase the individual risk for transmitting rearrangements. Interestingly, the inversions are nested or flanking rather than coinciding with the deletion or duplication sizes. This finding raises the possibility that inversions are a prerequisite not only for 22q11.2 rearrangements but also for all NAHR-mediated genomic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Demaerel
- Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew S Hestand
- Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elfi Vergaelen
- Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Swillen
- Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcos López-Sánchez
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis A Pérez-Jurado
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elaine Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jeroen Breckpot
- Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Devriendt
- Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Mihailov A, Padula MC, Scariati E, Schaer M, Schneider M, Eliez S. Morphological brain changes associated with negative symptoms in patients with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Schizophr Res 2017; 188:52-58. [PMID: 28139357 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 30% of individuals with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11DS) develop schizophrenia during adolescence/early adulthood, making this syndrome a model for the disorder. Furthermore, negative symptoms exist in up to 80% of patients diagnosed with 22q11DS. The present study aims to uncover morphological brain alterations associated with negative symptoms in a cohort of patients with 22q11DS who are at-risk for developing schizophrenia. A total of 71 patients with 22q11DS aged 12 to 35 (54% females) with no past or present diagnosis of a schizophrenia were included in the study. Psychotic symptom scores were used to divide patients into subgroups by means of a cluster analysis. Three major subgroups were evident: patients with low negative and positive symptoms; patients with high negative symptoms and low positive symptoms; and patients with high negative and positive symptoms. Cortical volume, thickness and gyrification were compared between subgroups using FreeSurfer software. Results showed that patients with high negative symptoms, compared to those with low negative symptoms, have decreased gyrification in the medial occipito-temporal (MOT) and lateral temporo-parietal (LTP) cortices of the left hemisphere, and in the medial temporal (MT)/posterior cingulate (PCC) cortices of the right hemisphere. These findings suggest that high negative symptoms are associated with gyrification reductions predominantly in medial occipital and temporal regions, which are areas implicated in social cognition and early visual processing. Furthermore, as cortical folding develops in utero and during the first years of life, reduced gyrification may represent an early biomarker predicting the development of negative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeline Mihailov
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Carmela Padula
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Elisa Scariati
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Schaer
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maude Schneider
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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46
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Addington D, Abidi S, Garcia-Ortega I, Honer WG, Ismail Z. Canadian Guidelines for the Assessment and Diagnosis of Patients with Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2017; 62:594-603. [PMID: 28730847 PMCID: PMC5593247 DOI: 10.1177/0706743717719899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this article is to identify best practices in the diagnosis and assessment of patients with schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. The diagnosis and assessment may occur in a range of situations from the emergency room to the outpatient clinic and at different stages of the disorder. The focus may be on acute exacerbations of illness, residual symptoms, levels of function, or changes in the response to treatment. METHODS A systematic search was conducted for guidelines published in the last 5 years for schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The guidelines were rated by at least 2 raters, and recommendations adopted on the diagnosis and assessment were primarily drawn from the American Psychiatric Association practice guidelines for the psychiatric evaluation of adults and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline on psychosis and schizophrenia in adults. A number of de novo recommendations were also developed. RESULTS Eleven recommendations were identified that cover a range of assessment situations from diagnosis to the involvement of families in assessments. CONCLUSIONS An accurate assessment establishes the baseline for treatment planning based on clinical decision making for both pharmacotherapy and psychosocial treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Addington
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Sabina Abidi
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - Iliana Garcia-Ortega
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | - William G Honer
- 3 Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Zahinoor Ismail
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
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Padula MC, Scariati E, Schaer M, Sandini C, Ottet MC, Schneider M, Van De Ville D, Eliez S. Altered structural network architecture is predictive of the presence of psychotic symptoms in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 16:142-150. [PMID: 28794975 PMCID: PMC5540832 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) represents a homogeneous model of schizophrenia particularly suitable for the search of neural biomarkers of psychosis. Impairments in structural connectivity related to the presence of psychotic symptoms have been reported in patients with 22q11DS. However, the relationships between connectivity changes in patients with different symptomatic profiles are still largely unknown and warrant further investigations. In this study, we used structural connectivity to discriminate patients with 22q11DS with (N = 31) and without (N = 31) attenuated positive psychotic symptoms. Different structural connectivity measures were used, including the number of streamlines connecting pairs of brain regions, graph theoretical measures, and diffusion measures. We used univariate group comparisons as well as predictive multivariate approaches. The univariate comparison of connectivity measures between patients with or without attenuated positive psychotic symptoms did not give significant results. However, the multivariate prediction revealed that altered structural network architecture discriminates patient subtypes (accuracy = 67.7%). Among the regions contributing to the classification we found the anterior cingulate cortex, which is known to be associated to the presence of psychotic symptoms in patients with 22q11DS. Furthermore, a significant discrimination (accuracy = 64%) was obtained with fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity in the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus and the right cingulate gyrus. Our results point to alterations in structural network architecture and white matter microstructure in patients with 22q11DS with attenuated positive symptoms, mainly involving connections of the limbic system. These alterations may therefore represent a potential biomarker for an increased risk of psychosis that should be further tested in longitudinal studies. Altered network architecture discriminates psychotic patients with 22q11DS; Altered diffusivity measures are evident in psychotic patients with 22q11DS; White matter alterations associated to psychosis are located in limbic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Padula
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Scariati
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Schaer
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Corrado Sandini
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Christine Ottet
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maude Schneider
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dimitri Van De Ville
- Medical Image Processing Lab, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva School of medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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Disentangling resting-state BOLD variability and PCC functional connectivity in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Neuroimage 2017; 149:85-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Zwarts L, Vulsteke V, Buhl E, Hodge JJL, Callaerts P. SlgA, encoded by the homolog of the human schizophrenia-associated gene PRODH, acts in clock neurons to regulate Drosophila aggression. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:705-716. [PMID: 28331058 PMCID: PMC5483002 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.027151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the proline dehydrogenase gene PRODH are linked to behavioral alterations in schizophrenia and as part of DiGeorge and velo-cardio-facial syndromes, but the role of PRODH in their etiology remains unclear. Here, we establish a Drosophila model to study the role of PRODH in behavioral disorders. We determine the distribution of the Drosophila PRODH homolog slgA in the brain and show that knockdown and overexpression of human PRODH and slgA in the lateral neurons ventral (LNv) lead to altered aggressive behavior. SlgA acts in an isoform-specific manner and is regulated by casein kinase II (CkII). Our data suggest that these effects are, at least partially, due to effects on mitochondrial function. We thus show that precise regulation of proline metabolism is essential to drive normal behavior and we identify Drosophila aggression as a model behavior relevant for the study of the mechanisms that are impaired in neuropsychiatric disorders. Editors' choice: A Drosophila model to study the role of PRODH, a schizophrenia-associated gene, in behavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Zwarts
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Leuven B-3000, Belgium.,VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Veerle Vulsteke
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Leuven B-3000, Belgium.,VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Edgar Buhl
- University of Bristol, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - James J L Hodge
- University of Bristol, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Patrick Callaerts
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Leuven B-3000, Belgium .,VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
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Radoeva PD, Bansal R, Antshel KM, Fremont W, Peterson BS, Kates WR. Longitudinal study of cerebral surface morphology in youth with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, and association with positive symptoms of psychosis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:305-314. [PMID: 27786353 PMCID: PMC5340081 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a genetic disorder that greatly increases risk of developing schizophrenia. We previously characterized cerebral surface morphology trajectories from late childhood to mid adolescence in a cohort of youth with 22q11DS. Herein, we extend the study period into early adulthood, and describe further the trajectories associated with severe psychiatric symptoms in this cohort. METHODS Participants included 76 youth with 22q11DS and 30 unaffected siblings, assessed at three timepoints, during which high resolution, anatomic magnetic resonance images were acquired. High-dimensional, nonlinear warping algorithms were applied to images in order to derive characteristics of cerebral surface morphology for each participant at each timepoint. Repeated-measures, linear regressions using a mixed model were conducted, while covarying for age and sex. RESULTS Alterations in cerebral surface morphology during late adolescence/early adulthood in individuals with 22q11DS were observed in the lateral frontal, orbitofrontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, and cerebellar regions. An Age x Diagnosis interaction revealed that relative to unaffected siblings, individuals with 22q11DS showed age-related surface protrusions in the prefrontal cortex (which remained stable or increased during early adulthood), and surface indentations in posterior regions (which seemed to level off during late adolescence). Symptoms of psychosis were associated with a trajectory of surface indentations in the orbitofrontal and parietal regions. CONCLUSIONS These results advance our understanding of cerebral maturation in individuals with 22q11DS, and provide clinically relevant information about the psychiatric phenotype associated with the longitudinal trajectory of cortical surface morphology in youth with this genetic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petya D. Radoeva
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Ravi Bansal
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kevin M. Antshel
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Wanda Fremont
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Bradley S. Peterson
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Wendy R. Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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