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Palepšienė R, Muralidharan A, Maciulevičius M, Ruzgys P, Chopra S, Boukany PE, Šatkauskas S. New insights into the mechanism of electrotransfer of small nucleic acids. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 158:108696. [PMID: 38583283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2024.108696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful and rapidly developing technology that enables precise silencing of genes of interest. However, the clinical development of RNAi is hampered by the limited cellular uptake and stability of the transferred molecules. Electroporation (EP) is an efficient and versatile technique for the transfer of both RNA and DNA. Although the mechanism of electrotransfer of small nucleic acids has been studied previously, too little is known about the potential effects of significantly larger pDNA on this process. Here we present a fundamental study of the mechanism of electrotransfer of oligonucleotides and siRNA that occur independently and simultaneously with pDNA by employing confocal fluorescence microscopy. In contrast to the conditional understanding of the mechanism, we have shown that the electrotransfer of oligonucleotides and siRNA is driven by both electrophoretic forces and diffusion after EP, followed by subsequent entry into the nucleus within 5 min after treatment. The study also revealed that the efficiency of siRNA electrotransfer decreases in response to an increase in pDNA concentration. Overall, the study provides new insights into the mechanism of electrotransfer of small nucleic acids which may have broader implications for the future application of RNAi-based strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rūta Palepšienė
- Research Institute of Natural Sciences and Technology, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto str. 10, Akademija, Kaunas district LT-53361, Lithuania.
| | - Aswin Muralidharan
- Department of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands; Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands.
| | - Martynas Maciulevičius
- Research Institute of Natural Sciences and Technology, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto str. 10, Akademija, Kaunas district LT-53361, Lithuania.
| | - Paulius Ruzgys
- Research Institute of Natural Sciences and Technology, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto str. 10, Akademija, Kaunas district LT-53361, Lithuania.
| | - Sonam Chopra
- Research Institute of Natural Sciences and Technology, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto str. 10, Akademija, Kaunas district LT-53361, Lithuania.
| | - Pouyan E Boukany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands.
| | - Saulius Šatkauskas
- Research Institute of Natural Sciences and Technology, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto str. 10, Akademija, Kaunas district LT-53361, Lithuania.
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Pavlin M, Škorja Milić N, Kandušer M, Pirkmajer S. Importance of the electrophoresis and pulse energy for siRNA-mediated gene silencing by electroporation in differentiated primary human myotubes. Biomed Eng Online 2024; 23:47. [PMID: 38750477 PMCID: PMC11097476 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-024-01239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrotransfection is based on application of high-voltage pulses that transiently increase membrane permeability, which enables delivery of DNA and RNA in vitro and in vivo. Its advantage in applications such as gene therapy and vaccination is that it does not use viral vectors. Skeletal muscles are among the most commonly used target tissues. While siRNA delivery into undifferentiated myoblasts is very efficient, electrotransfection of siRNA into differentiated myotubes presents a challenge. Our aim was to develop efficient protocol for electroporation-based siRNA delivery in cultured primary human myotubes and to identify crucial mechanisms and parameters that would enable faster optimization of electrotransfection in various cell lines. RESULTS We established optimal electroporation parameters for efficient siRNA delivery in cultured myotubes and achieved efficient knock-down of HIF-1α while preserving cells viability. The results show that electropermeabilization is a crucial step for siRNA electrotransfection in myotubes. Decrease in viability was observed for higher electric energy of the pulses, conversely lower pulse energy enabled higher electrotransfection silencing yield. Experimental data together with the theoretical analysis demonstrate that siRNA electrotransfer is a complex process where electropermeabilization, electrophoresis, siRNA translocation, and viability are all functions of pulsing parameters. However, despite this complexity, we demonstrated that pulse parameters for efficient delivery of small molecule such as PI, can be used as a starting point for optimization of electroporation parameters for siRNA delivery into cells in vitro if viability is preserved. CONCLUSIONS The optimized experimental protocol provides the basis for application of electrotransfer for silencing of various target genes in cultured human myotubes and more broadly for electrotransfection of various primary cell and cell lines. Together with the theoretical analysis our data offer new insights into mechanisms that underlie electroporation-based delivery of short RNA molecules, which can aid to faster optimisation of the pulse parameters in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Pavlin
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Group for Nano and Biotechnological Applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nives Škorja Milić
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maša Kandušer
- Group for Nano and Biotechnological Applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Pharmacy Institute, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sergej Pirkmajer
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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3
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Rezaei F, Bolhassani A, Sadat SM, Arashkia A, Fotouhi F, Milani A, Pordanjani PM. Development of novel HPV therapeutic vaccine constructs based on engineered exosomes and tumor cell lysates. Life Sci 2024; 340:122456. [PMID: 38266814 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are highly prevalent globally. While preventive HPV vaccines exist, therapeutic vaccines are needed to treat existing HPV lesions and malignancies. This study evaluated the immunostimulatory and anti-tumor effects of three therapeutic vaccine candidates based on the recombinant protein, tumor cell lysate (TCL), and engineered exosome (Exo) harboring the heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27)-E7 fusion construct in mouse model. MAIN METHODS At first, the recombinant Hsp27-E7 protein was generated in E. coli expression system. Then, tumor cell lysates-based and engineered exosomes-based vaccine constructs harboring green fluorescent protein (GFP) and Hsp27-E7 were produced using lentiviral system. Finally, their immunological and antitumor effects were investigated in both prophylactic and therapeutic experiments. KEY FINDINGS Our data showed that the recombinant Hsp27-E7 protein, TCL-Hsp27-E7 and Exo-Hsp27-E7 regimens can induce the highest level of IFN-γ, TNF-α and Granzyme B, respectively. The percentage of tumor-free mice was identical for three vaccine strategies (survival rate: 75 %) in both prophylactic and therapeutic experiments. Generally, the TCL-Hsp27-E7, Exo-Hsp27-E7 and recombinant Hsp27-E7 protein regimens induced effective immune responses toward Th1 and CTL activity, and subsequently antitumor effects in mouse model. SIGNIFICANCE Regarding to higher Granzyme B secretion, lower tumor growth and more safety, the Exo-Hsp27-E7 regimen can be considered as the most promising HPV vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rezaei
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mehdi Sadat
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fotouhi
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Milani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Iranian Comprehensive Hemophilia Care Center, Tehran, Iran
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VanderBurgh JA, Corso GT, Levy SL, Craighead HG. A multiplexed microfluidic continuous-flow electroporation system for efficient cell transfection. Biomed Microdevices 2024; 26:10. [PMID: 38194117 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-023-00692-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Cellular therapies have the potential to advance treatment for a broad array of diseases but rely on viruses for genetic reprogramming. The time and cost required to produce viruses has created a bottleneck that constricts development of and access to cellular therapies. Electroporation is a non-viral alternative for genetic reprogramming that bypasses these bottlenecks, but current electroporation technology suffers from low throughput, tedious optimization, and difficulty scaling to large-scale cell manufacturing. Here, we present an adaptable microfluidic electroporation platform with the capability for rapid, multiplexed optimization with 96-well plates. Once parameters are optimized using small volumes of cells, transfection can be seamlessly scaled to high-volume cell manufacturing without re-optimization. We demonstrate optimizing transfection of plasmid DNA to Jurkat cells, screening hundreds of different electrical waveforms of varying shapes at a speed of ~3 s per waveform using ~20 µL of cells per waveform. We selected an optimal set of transfection parameters using a low-volume flow cell. These parameters were then used in a separate high-volume flow cell where we obtained similar transfection performance by design. This demonstrates an alternative non-viral and economical transfection method for scaling to the volume required for producing a cell therapy without sacrificing performance. Importantly, this transfection method is disease-agnostic with broad applications beyond cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grant T Corso
- CyteQuest, Inc, 95 Brown Road, Box 1011, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Stephen L Levy
- CyteQuest, Inc, 95 Brown Road, Box 1011, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
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VanderBurgh JA, Corso GT, Levy SL, Craighead HG. A multiplexed microfluidic continuous-flow electroporation system for efficient cell transfection. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3538613. [PMID: 37986928 PMCID: PMC10659555 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3538613/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Cellular therapies have the potential to advance treatment for a broad array of diseases but rely on viruses for genetic reprogramming. The time and cost required to produce viruses has created a bottleneck that constricts development of and access to cellular therapies. Electroporation is a non-viral approach for genetic reprogramming that bypasses these bottlenecks, but current electroporation technology suffers from low throughput, tedious optimization, and difficulty scaling to large-scale cell manufacturing. Here, we present an adaptable microfluidic electroporation platform with the capability for rapid, multiplexed optimization with 96-well plates. Once parameters are optimized using small volumes of cells, transfection can be seamlessly scaled to high-volume cell manufacturing without re-optimization. We demonstrate optimizing transfection of plasmid DNA to Jurkat cells, screening hundreds of different electrical waveforms of varying shapes at a speed of ~3 s per waveform using ~ 20 μL of cells per waveform. We selected an optimal set of transfection parameters using a low-volume flow cell. These parameters were then used in a separate high-volume flow cell where we obtained similar transfection performance by design. This demonstrates an economical method for scaling to the volume required for producing a cell therapy without sacrificing performance.
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6
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VanderBurgh JA, Corso TN, Levy SL, Craighead HG. Scalable continuous-flow electroporation platform enabling T cell transfection for cellular therapy manufacturing. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6857. [PMID: 37185305 PMCID: PMC10133335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors represent a bottleneck in the manufacturing of cellular therapies. Electroporation has emerged as an approach for non-viral transfection of primary cells, but standard cuvette-based approaches suffer from low throughput, difficult optimization, and incompatibility with large-scale cell manufacturing. Here, we present a novel electroporation platform capable of rapid and reproducible electroporation that can efficiently transfect small volumes of cells for research and process optimization and scale to volumes required for applications in cellular therapy. We demonstrate delivery of plasmid DNA and mRNA to primary human T cells with high efficiency and viability, such as > 95% transfection efficiency for mRNA delivery with < 2% loss of cell viability compared to control cells. We present methods for scaling delivery that achieve an experimental throughput of 256 million cells/min. Finally, we demonstrate a therapeutically relevant modification of primary T cells using CRISPR/Cas9 to knockdown T cell receptor (TCR) expression. This study displays the capabilities of our system to address unmet needs for efficient, non-viral engineering of T cells for cell manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas N Corso
- CyteQuest, Inc, 95 Brown Road, Box 1011, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Stephen L Levy
- CyteQuest, Inc, 95 Brown Road, Box 1011, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
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7
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Enhancing electroporation-induced liposomal drug release in suspension and solid phases. Int J Pharm 2023; 635:122744. [PMID: 36804522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
When exposed to an external electric field, lipid bilayer membranes are subject to increased permeability through the generation of pores. Combining this phenomenon, known as electroporation, with liposomal drug delivery offers the added benefit of on-demand release of the liposomal cargo. In previous studies, the maximum percent drug release when exposing liposomes to a pulsed electric field has not surpassed 30%, indicating most of the drug is still retained in the liposomes. Here we showed that by modulating the fluidity of the liposome membrane through appropriate selection of the primary lipid, as well as the addition of other fluidity modulating components such as cholesterol and biotinylated lipid, the electroporation-induced percent release could be increased to over 50%. In addition to improved induced release from liposomes in suspension, biomaterial scaffold-bound liposomes were developed. Electroporation-induced protein release from this solid phase was verified after performing further optimization of the liposome formulation to achieve increased stability at physiological temperatures. Collectively, this work advances the ability to achieve efficient electroporation-induced liposomal drug delivery, which has the potential to be used in concert with other clinical applications of electroporation, such as gene electrotransfer and irreversible electroporation (IRE), in order to synergistically increase treatment efficacy.
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8
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Tsurusaki Y, Watanabe Y, Numano R, Shibata T, Kurita H. Influence of DNA characteristics on cell membrane damage stimulated by electrical short-circuiting via a low-conductive aqueous droplet in dielectric oil. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285444. [PMID: 37146039 PMCID: PMC10162562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated gene electrotransfer using electrical short-circuiting via a cell suspension droplet in dielectric oil. An aqueous droplet of a few microliters placed between a pair of electrodes can be deformed by an intense DC electric field depending on the electric field intensity. When a droplet containing suspended cells and plasmid DNA elongates during deformation and connects the electrodes, the resulting short circuit can cause successful gene electrotransfection into various mammalian cells. We also investigated the influence of the electroporation medium on membrane permeabilization and the mechanisms of gene electrotransfection using short-circuiting via an aqueous droplet. One aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the conductivity of electroporation medium on gene electrotransfer stimulated by short-circuiting. It was found that low-conductivity medium with plasmid DNA resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability compared to the high-conductivity medium with plasmid DNA. Therefore, we demonstrated the influence of exogenous DNA on membrane damage stimulated by droplet electroporation using a low-conductivity medium. Thus, electrical stimulation with the combination of plasmid DNA and the low-conductivity medium resulted in tremendous membrane damage. Linearized plasmid DNA stimulated more significant membrane damage than circular DNA. However, the size of linear DNA did not influence the efflux of small intracellular molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshino Tsurusaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuki Watanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Rika Numano
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan
- The Electronics-Inspired Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shibata
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kurita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan
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9
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Potočnik T, Maček Lebar A, Kos Š, Reberšek M, Pirc E, Serša G, Miklavčič D. Effect of Experimental Electrical and Biological Parameters on Gene Transfer by Electroporation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122700. [PMID: 36559197 PMCID: PMC9786189 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact mechanisms of nucleic acid (NA) delivery with gene electrotransfer (GET) are still unknown, which represents a limitation for its broader use. Further, not knowing the effects that different experimental electrical and biological parameters have on GET additionally hinders GET optimization, resulting in the majority of research being performed using a trial-and-error approach. To explore the current state of knowledge, we conducted a systematic literature review of GET papers in in vitro conditions and performed meta-analyses of the reported GET efficiency. For now, there is no universal GET strategy that would be appropriate for all experimental aims. Apart from the availability of the required electroporation device and electrodes, the choice of an optimal GET approach depends on parameters such as the electroporation medium; type and origin of cells; and the size, concentration, promoter, and type of the NA to be transfected. Equally important are appropriate controls and the measurement or evaluation of the output pulses to allow a fair and unbiased evaluation of the experimental results. Since many experimental electrical and biological parameters can affect GET, it is important that all used parameters are adequately reported to enable the comparison of results, as well as potentially faster and more efficient experiment planning and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaša Potočnik
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Maček Lebar
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Kos
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Reberšek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Pirc
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Serša
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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Lv Y, Liu H, Feng Z, Zhang J, Chen G, Yao C. The Enlargement of Ablation Area by Electrolytic Irreversible Electroporation (E-IRE) Using Pulsed Field with Bias DC Field. Ann Biomed Eng 2022; 50:1964-1973. [PMID: 35852648 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-03017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Irreversible electroporation (IRE) by high-strength electric pulses is a biomedical technique that has been effectively used for minimally invasive tumor therapy while maintaining the functionality of adjacent important tissues, such as blood vessels and nerves. In general, pulse delivery using needle electrodes can create a reversible electroporation region beyond both the ablation area and the vicinity of the needle electrodes, limiting enlargement of the ablation area. Electrochemical therapy (EChT) can also be used to ablate a tumor near electrodes by electrolysis using a direct field with a constant current or voltage (DC field). Recently, reversible electroporated cells have been shown to be susceptible to electrolysis at relatively low doses. Reversible electroporation can also be combined with electrolysis for tissue ablation. Therefore, the objective of this study is to use electrolysis to remove the reversible electroporation area and thereby enlarge the ablation area in potato slices in vitro using a pulsed field with a bias DC field (constant voltage). We call this protocol electrolytic irreversible electroporation (E-IRE). The area over which the electrolytic effect induced a pH change was also measured. The results show that decreasing the pulse frequency using IRE alone is found to enlarge the ablation area. The ablation area generated by E-IRE is significantly larger than that generated by using IRE or EChT alone. The ablation area generated by E-IRE at 1 Hz is 109.5% larger than that generated by IRE, showing that the reversible electroporation region is transformed into an ablation region by electrolysis. The area with a pH change produced by E-IRE is larger than that produced by EChT alone. Decreasing the pulse frequency in the E-IRE protocol can further enlarge the ablation area. The results of this study are a preliminary indication that the E-IRE protocol can effectively enlarge the ablation area and enhance the efficacy of traditional IRE for use in ablating large tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Lv
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Heqing Liu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhikui Feng
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Genyong Chen
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chenguo Yao
- School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
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Huang W, Sakuma S, Tottori N, Sugano SS, Yamanishi Y. Viscosity-aided electromechanical poration of cells for transfecting molecules. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4276-4291. [PMID: 36263697 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00628f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cell poration technologies offer opportunities not only to understand the activities of biological molecules but also to investigate genetic manipulation possibilities. Unfortunately, transferring large molecules that can carry huge genomic information is challenging. Here, we demonstrate electromechanical poration using a core-shell-structured microbubble generator, consisting of a fine microelectrode covered with a dielectric material. By introducing a microcavity at its tip, we could concentrate the electrical field with the application of electric pulses and generate microbubbles for electromechanical stimulation of cells. Specifically, the technology enables transfection with molecules that are thousands of kDa even into osteoblasts and Chlamydomonas, which are generally considered to be difficult to inject. Notably, we found that the transfection efficiency can be enhanced by adjusting the viscosity of the cell suspension, which was presumably achieved by remodeling of the membrane cytoskeleton. The applicability of the approach to a variety of cell types opens up numerous emerging gene engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Shinya Sakuma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Naotomo Tottori
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Shigeo S Sugano
- Bioproduction Research Institute, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Yoko Yamanishi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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12
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Gurunian A, Dean DA. Modeling and simulation of current-clamp electroporation. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 147:108162. [PMID: 35691267 PMCID: PMC10084880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Current-Clamp electroporation refers to the application of a constant current across a membrane which results in voltage fluctuations due to the creation of electropores. This method allows for the measurement of electroporation across a long timescale (minutes) and facilitates the comparison between experimental and theoretical studies. Of particular interest is the claim in the literature that current-clamp electroporation results in the creation of a single pore. We simulated current-clamp electroporation using the Smoluchowski and Langevin equations and identified two possible mechanisms to explain the observed voltage fluctuations. The voltage fluctuations may be due to a single pore or a few pores growing and shrinking via a negative feedback mechanism or the opening and closing of pores in a larger population of pores. Our results suggest that current-clamp conditions do not necessarily result in the creation of a single pore. Additionally, we showed that the Langevin model is more accurate than the Smoluchowski model under conditions where there are only a few pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Gurunian
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - David A Dean
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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13
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Yamashiro K, Ikegaya Y, Matsumoto N. In Utero Electroporation for Manipulation of Specific Neuronal Populations. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050513. [PMID: 35629839 PMCID: PMC9147339 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of brain functions is supported by the heterogeneity of brain tissue and millisecond-scale information processing. Understanding how complex neural circuits control animal behavior requires the precise manipulation of specific neuronal subtypes at high spatiotemporal resolution. In utero electroporation, when combined with optogenetics, is a powerful method for precisely controlling the activity of specific neurons. Optogenetics allows for the control of cellular membrane potentials through light-sensitive ion channels artificially expressed in the plasma membrane of neurons. Here, we first review the basic mechanisms and characteristics of in utero electroporation. Then, we discuss recent applications of in utero electroporation combined with optogenetics to investigate the functions and characteristics of specific regions, layers, and cell types. These techniques will pave the way for further advances in understanding the complex neuronal and circuit mechanisms that underlie behavioral outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Yamashiro
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (K.Y.); (Y.I.)
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (K.Y.); (Y.I.)
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (K.Y.); (Y.I.)
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Correspondence:
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14
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Hughes DC, Hardee JP, Waddell DS, Goodman CA. CORP: Gene delivery into murine skeletal muscle using in vivo electroporation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:41-59. [PMID: 35511722 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00088.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The strategy of gene delivery into skeletal muscles has provided exciting avenues in identifying new potential therapeutics towards muscular disorders and addressing basic research questions in muscle physiology through overexpression and knockdown studies. In vivo electroporation methodology offers a simple, rapidly effective technique for the delivery of plasmid DNA into post-mitotic skeletal muscle fibers and the ability to easily explore the molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle plasticity. The purpose of this review is to describe how to robustly electroporate plasmid DNA into different hindlimb muscles of rodent models. Further, key parameters (e.g., voltage, hyaluronidase, plasmid concentration) which contribute to the successful introduction of plasmid DNA into skeletal muscle fibers will be discussed. In addition, details on processing tissue for immunohistochemistry and fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) analysis will be outlined. The overall goal of this review is to provide the basic and necessary information needed for successful implementation of in vivo electroporation of plasmid DNA and thus open new avenues of discovery research in skeletal muscle physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Hughes
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Justin P Hardee
- Centre for Muscle Research (CMR), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David S Waddell
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Craig A Goodman
- Centre for Muscle Research (CMR), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Chen N, He Y, Zang M, Zhang Y, Lu H, Zhao Q, Wang S, Gao Y. Approaches and materials for endocytosis-independent intracellular delivery of proteins. Biomaterials 2022; 286:121567. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Sachdev S, Potočnik T, Rems L, Miklavčič D. Revisiting the role of pulsed electric fields in overcoming the barriers to in vivo gene electrotransfer. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 144:107994. [PMID: 34930678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapies are revolutionizing medicine by providing a way to cure hitherto incurable diseases. The scientific and technological advances have enabled the first gene therapies to become clinically approved. In addition, with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we are witnessing record speeds in the development and distribution of gene-based vaccines. For gene therapy to take effect, the therapeutic nucleic acids (RNA or DNA) need to overcome several barriers before they can execute their function of producing a protein or silencing a defective or overexpressing gene. This includes the barriers of the interstitium, the cell membrane, the cytoplasmic barriers and (in case of DNA) the nuclear envelope. Gene electrotransfer (GET), i.e., transfection by means of pulsed electric fields, is a non-viral technique that can overcome these barriers in a safe and effective manner. GET has reached the clinical stage of investigations where it is currently being evaluated for its therapeutic benefits across a wide variety of indications. In this review, we formalize our current understanding of GET from a biophysical perspective and critically discuss the mechanisms by which electric field can aid in overcoming the barriers. We also identify the gaps in knowledge that are hindering optimization of GET in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaurya Sachdev
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tjaša Potočnik
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lea Rems
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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17
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Aghaamoo M, Chen Y, Li X, Garg N, Jiang R, Yun JT, Lee AP. High-Throughput and Dosage-Controlled Intracellular Delivery of Large Cargos by an Acoustic-Electric Micro-Vortices Platform. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102021. [PMID: 34716688 PMCID: PMC8728830 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A high-throughput non-viral intracellular delivery platform is introduced for the transfection of large cargos with dosage-control. This platform, termed Acoustic-Electric Shear Orbiting Poration (AESOP), optimizes the delivery of intended cargo sizes with poration of the cell membranes via mechanical shear followed by the modulated expansion of these nanopores via electric field. Furthermore, AESOP utilizes acoustic microstreaming vortices wherein up to millions of cells are trapped and mixed uniformly with exogenous cargos, enabling the delivery of cargos into cells with targeted dosages. Intracellular delivery of a wide range of molecule sizes (<1 kDa to 2 MDa) with high efficiency (>90%), cell viability (>80%), and uniform dosages (<60% coefficient of variation (CV)) simultaneously into 1 million cells min-1 per single chip is demonstrated. AESOP is successfully applied to two gene editing applications that require the delivery of large plasmids: i) enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) plasmid (6.1 kbp) transfection, and ii) clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9-mediated gene knockout using a 9.3 kbp plasmid DNA encoding Cas9 protein and single guide RNA (sgRNA). Compared to alternative platforms, this platform offers dosage-controlled intracellular delivery of large plasmids simultaneously to large populations of cells while maintaining cell viability at comparable delivery efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aghaamoo
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM)University of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Yu‐Hsi Chen
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM)University of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM)University of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM)University of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Ruoyu Jiang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM)University of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Jeremy Tian‐Hao Yun
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Palo Alto Senior High SchoolPalo AltoCA94301USA
| | - Abraham Phillip Lee
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM)University of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
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18
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Wu Y, Fu A, Yossifon G. Micromotor-based localized electroporation and gene transfection of mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2106353118. [PMID: 34531322 PMCID: PMC8463876 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106353118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we studied localized electroporation and gene transfection of mammalian cells using a metallodielectric hybrid micromotor that is magnetically and electrically powered. Much like nanochannel-based, local electroporation of single cells, the presented micromotor was expected to increase reversible electroporation yield, relative to standard electroporation, as only a small portion of the cell's membrane (in contact with the micromotor) is affected. In contrast to methods in which the entire membrane of all cells within the sample are electroporated, the presented micromotor can perform, via magnetic steering, localized, spatially precise electroporation of the target cells that it traps and transports. In order to minimize nonselective electrical lysis of all cells within the chamber, resulting from extended exposure to an electrical field, magnetic propulsion was used to approach the immediate vicinity of the targeted cell, after which short-duration, electric-driven propulsion was activated to enable contact with the cell, followed by electroporation. In addition to local injection of fluorescent dye molecules, we demonstrated that the micromotor can enhance the introduction of plasmids into the suspension cells because of the dielectrophoretic accumulation of the plasmids in between the Janus particle and the attached cell prior to the electroporation step. Here, we chose a different strategy involving the simultaneous operation of many micromotors that are self-propelling, without external steering, and pair with cells in an autonomic manner. The locally electroporated suspension cells that are considered to be very difficult to transfect were shown to express the transfected gene, which is of significant importance for molecular biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro-, and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Afu Fu
- Technion Rappaport Integrated Cancer Center, the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Gilad Yossifon
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro-, and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel;
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Karal MAS, Ahamed MK, Ahmed M, Mahbub ZB. Recent developments in the kinetics of ruptures of giant vesicles under constant tension. RSC Adv 2021; 11:29598-29619. [PMID: 35479542 PMCID: PMC9040846 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04647k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
External tension in membranes plays a vital role in numerous physiological and physicochemical phenomena. In this review, recent developments in the constant electric- and mechanical-tension-induced rupture of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are considered. We summarize the results relating to the kinetics of GUV rupture as a function of membrane surface charge, ions in the bathing solution, lipid composition, cholesterol content in the membrane, and osmotic pressure. The mechanical stability and line tension of the membrane under these conditions are discussed. The membrane tension due to osmotic pressure and the critical tension of rupture for various membrane compositions are also discussed. The results and their analysis provide a biophysical description of the kinetics of rupture, along with insight into biological processes. Future directions and possible developments in this research area are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abu Sayem Karal
- Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Dhaka-1000 Bangladesh +880-2-58613046 +880-2-9665613
| | - Md Kabir Ahamed
- Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Dhaka-1000 Bangladesh +880-2-58613046 +880-2-9665613
| | - Marzuk Ahmed
- Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Dhaka-1000 Bangladesh +880-2-58613046 +880-2-9665613
| | - Zaid Bin Mahbub
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, North South University Dhaka-1229 Bangladesh
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20
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Meglič SH, Pavlin M. The impact of impaired DNA mobility on gene electrotransfer efficiency: analysis in 3D model. Biomed Eng Online 2021; 20:85. [PMID: 34419072 PMCID: PMC8379608 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-021-00922-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene electrotransfer is an established method that enables transfer of DNA into cells with electric pulses. Several studies analyzed and optimized different parameters of gene electrotransfer, however, one of main obstacles toward efficient electrotransfection in vivo is relatively poor DNA mobility in tissues. Our aim was to analyze the effect of impaired mobility on gene electrotransfer efficiency experimentally and theoretically. We applied electric pulses with different durations on plated cells, cells grown on collagen layer and cells embedded in collagen gel (3D model) and analyzed gene electrotransfer efficiency. In order to analyze the effect of impaired mobility on gene electrotransfer efficiency, we applied electric pulses with different durations on plated cells, cells grown on collagen layer and cells embedded in collagen gel (3D model) and analyzed gene electrotransfer efficiency. Results We obtained the highest transfection in plated cells, while transfection efficiency of embedded cells in 3D model was lowest, similarly as in in vivo. To further analyze DNA diffusion in 3D model, we applied DNA on top or injected it into 3D model and showed, that for the former gene electrotransfer efficiency was similarly as in in vivo. The experimental results are explained with theoretical analysis of DNA diffusion and electromobility. Conclusion We show, empirically and theoretically that DNA has impaired electromobility and especially diffusion in collagen environment, where the latter crucially limits electrotransfection. Our model enables optimization of gene electrotransfer in in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Haberl Meglič
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Laboratory of Biocybernetics, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Pavlin
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biophysics, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Group for Nano and Biotechnological Applications, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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21
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Hur J, Chung AJ. Microfluidic and Nanofluidic Intracellular Delivery. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2004595. [PMID: 34096197 PMCID: PMC8336510 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Innate cell function can be artificially engineered and reprogrammed by introducing biomolecules, such as DNAs, RNAs, plasmid DNAs, proteins, or nanomaterials, into the cytosol or nucleus. This process of delivering exogenous cargos into living cells is referred to as intracellular delivery. For instance, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 gene editing begins with internalizing Cas9 protein and guide RNA into cells, and chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cells are prepared by delivering CAR genes into T lymphocytes for cancer immunotherapies. To deliver external biomolecules into cells, tools, including viral vectors, and electroporation have been traditionally used; however, they are suboptimal for achieving high levels of intracellular delivery while preserving cell viability, phenotype, and function. Notably, as emerging solutions, microfluidic and nanofluidic approaches have shown remarkable potential for addressing this open challenge. This review provides an overview of recent advances in microfluidic and nanofluidic intracellular delivery strategies and discusses new opportunities and challenges for clinical applications. Furthermore, key considerations for future efforts to develop microfluidics- and nanofluidics-enabled next-generation intracellular delivery platforms are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsoo Hur
- School of Biomedical EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Aram J. Chung
- School of Biomedical EngineeringInterdisciplinary Program in Precision Public HealthKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
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22
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Sarkar MK, Karal MAS, Ahmed M, Ahamed MK, Ahammed S, Sharmin S, Shibly SUA. Effects of osmotic pressure on the irreversible electroporation in giant lipid vesicles. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251690. [PMID: 33989363 PMCID: PMC8121316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a nonthermal tumor/cell ablation technique in which a series of high-voltage short pulses are used. As a new approach, we aimed to investigate the rupture of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) using the IRE technique under different osmotic pressures (Π), and estimated the membrane tension due to Π. Two categories of GUVs were used in this study. One was prepared with a mixture of dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and cholesterol (chol) for obtaining more biological relevance while other with a mixture of DOPG and DOPC, with specific molar ratios. We determined the rate constant (kp) of rupture of DOPG/DOPC/chol (46/39/15)-GUVs and DOPG/DOPC (40/60)-GUVs induced by constant electric tension (σc) under different Π. The σc dependent kp values were fitted with a theoretical equation, and the corresponding membrane tension (σoseq) at swelling equilibrium under Π was estimated. The estimated membrane tension agreed well with the theoretical calculation within the experimental error. Interestingly, the values of σoseq were almost same for both types of synthesized GUVs under same osmotic pressure. We also examined the sucrose leakage, due to large osmotic pressure-induced pore formation, from the inside of DOPG/DOPC/chol(46/39/15)-GUVs. The estimated membrane tension due to large Π at which sucrose leaked out was very similar to the electric tension at which GUVs were ruptured without Π. We explained the σc and Π induced pore formation in the lipid membranes of GUVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malay Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Arts and Sciences, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Abu Sayem Karal
- Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
| | - Marzuk Ahmed
- Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Kabir Ahamed
- Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shareef Ahammed
- Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sabrina Sharmin
- Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Arts and Sciences, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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23
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Latiyan S, Suneet K, Jain S. Magneto-conducting multifunctional Janus microbots for intracellular delivery of biomolecules. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 15:625-633. [PMID: 33847076 DOI: 10.1002/term.3199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although several advances have been made in the field of medicine during the last few decades, yet targeted delivery of biomolecules is still a significant challenge. Thus, the present study illustrates the fabrication of dual nature magneto-conducting Fe3 O4 -SU8 derived carbon-based Janus microbots that could deliver biomolecules efficiently inside cells. These microsystems possess dual properties, that is, the half part is magneto-conducting, and another half is only conducting for sufficing the therapeutic payloads efficiently under electromagnetic stimulations. These microbots are intrinsically fluorescent, which can help to trace them intracellularly without using any dye. UV photolithography was employed to design these low aspect ratio microbots (feature size ∼2.5 μm diameter and 3.7 μm length) for attaining better control over locomotion with minimum magnetic field intensity. Interestingly, Janus microbots achieved a higher speed in the electric field (44 µm/s) as compared to the magnetic field (18 µm/s). Moreover, in vitro studies show a higher microbots uptake by HeLa cells in the presence of an external electric field as compared to without electrical field stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Latiyan
- Centre Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kaushik Suneet
- Centre Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Shilpee Jain
- Centre Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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24
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Lin JC, Van Eenennaam AL. Electroporation-Mediated Genome Editing of Livestock Zygotes. Front Genet 2021; 12:648482. [PMID: 33927751 PMCID: PMC8078910 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.648482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of genome editing reagents into mammalian zygotes has traditionally been accomplished by cytoplasmic or pronuclear microinjection. This time-consuming procedure requires expensive equipment and a high level of skill. Electroporation of zygotes offers a simplified and more streamlined approach to transfect mammalian zygotes. There are a number of studies examining the parameters used in electroporation of mouse and rat zygotes. Here, we review the electroporation conditions, timing, and success rates that have been reported for mice and rats, in addition to the few reports about livestock zygotes, specifically pigs and cattle. The introduction of editing reagents at, or soon after, fertilization can help reduce the rate of mosaicism, the presence of two of more genotypes in the cells of an individual; as can the introduction of nuclease proteins rather than mRNA encoding nucleases. Mosaicism is particularly problematic in large livestock species with long generation intervals as it can take years to obtain non-mosaic, homozygous offspring through breeding. Gene knockouts accomplished via the non-homologous end joining pathway have been more widely reported and successfully accomplished using electroporation than have gene knock-ins. Delivering large DNA plasmids into the zygote is hindered by the zona pellucida (ZP), and the majority of gene knock-ins accomplished by electroporation have been using short single stranded DNA (ssDNA) repair templates, typically less than 1 kb. The most promising approach to deliver larger donor repair templates of up to 4.9 kb along with genome editing reagents into zygotes, without using cytoplasmic injection, is to use recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) in combination with electroporation. However, similar to other methods used to deliver clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat (CRISPR) genome-editing reagents, this approach is also associated with high levels of mosaicism. Recent developments complementing germline ablated individuals with edited germline-competent cells offer an approach to avoid mosaicism in the germline of genome edited founder lines. Even with electroporation-mediated delivery of genome editing reagents to mammalian zygotes, there remain additional chokepoints in the genome editing pipeline that currently hinder the scalable production of non-mosaic genome edited livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Lin
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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25
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Camargo LSA, Owen JR, Van Eenennaam AL, Ross PJ. Efficient One-Step Knockout by Electroporation of Ribonucleoproteins Into Zona-Intact Bovine Embryos. Front Genet 2020; 11:570069. [PMID: 33133156 PMCID: PMC7504904 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.570069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer or cytoplasm microinjection have been used to generate genome-edited farm animals; however, these methods have several drawbacks that reduce their efficiency. This study aimed to develop electroporation conditions that allow delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 system to bovine zygotes for efficient gene knock-out. We optimized electroporation conditions to deliver Cas9:sgRNA ribonucleoproteins to bovine zygotes without compromising embryo development. Higher electroporation pulse voltage resulted in increased membrane permeability; however, voltages above 15 V/mm decreased embryo developmental potential. The zona pellucida of bovine embryos was not a barrier to efficient RNP electroporation. Using parameters optimized for maximal membrane permeability while maintaining developmental competence we achieved high rates of gene editing when targeting bovine OCT4, which resulted in absence of OCT4 protein in 100% of the evaluated embryos and the expected arrest of embryonic development at the morula stage. In conclusion, Cas9:sgRNA ribonucleoproteins can be delivered efficiently by electroporation to zona-intact bovine zygotes, resulting in efficient gene knockouts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph R Owen
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Pablo Juan Ross
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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26
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Investigation of Plasmid DNA Delivery and Cell Viability Dynamics for Optimal Cell Electrotransfection In Vitro. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10176070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Electroporation is an effective method for delivering plasmid DNA molecules into cells. The efficiency of gene electrotransfer depends on several factors. To achieve high transfection efficiency while maintaining cell viability is a tedious task in electroporation. Here, we present a combined study in which the dynamics of both evaluation types of transfection efficiency and the cell viability were evaluated in dependence of plasmid concentration as well as at the different number of high voltage (HV) electric pulses. The results of this study reveal a quantitative sigmoidal (R2 > 0.95) dependence of the transfection efficiency and cell viability on the distance between the cell membrane and the nearest plasmid. We propose this distance value as a new, more accurate output parameter that could be used in further optimization studies as a predictor and a measure of electrotransfection efficiency.
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27
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Slikboer E, Sobota A, Garcia-Caurel E, Guaitella O. In-situ monitoring of an organic sample with electric field determination during cold plasma jet exposure. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13580. [PMID: 32788628 PMCID: PMC7423608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70452-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pockels-based Mueller polarimetry is presented as a novel diagnostic technique for studying time and space-resolved and in-situ the interaction between an organic sample (a layer of onion cells) and non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma. The effect of plasma is complex, as it delivers electric field, radicals, (UV) radiation, non-uniform in time nor in space. This work shows for the first time that the plasma-surface interaction can be characterized through the induced electric field in an electro-optic crystal (birefringence caused by the Pockels effect) while at the same moment the surface evolution of the targeted sample is monitored (depolarization) which is attached to the crystal. As Mueller polarimetry allows for separate detection of depolarization and birefringence, it is possible to decouple the entangled effects of the plasma. In the sample three spatial regions are identified where the surface evolution of the sample differs. This directly relates to the spatial in-homogeneity of the plasma at the surface characterized through the detected electric field. The method can be applied in the future to investigate plasma-surface interactions for various targets ranging from bio-films, to catalytic surfaces and plastics/polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmar Slikboer
- LPP, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Sorbonne Universite, IP-Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France.,Department of Applied Physics, EPG, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,LPICM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP-Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Ana Sobota
- Department of Applied Physics, EPG, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Olivier Guaitella
- LPP, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Sorbonne Universite, IP-Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France.
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An D, Thiyagarajan S, Antipov E, Alcott B, O’shaughnessy B. Membrane pore energetics and the pathways to membrane rupture.. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.29.178988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
AbstractBiological membranes owe their strength and low permeability to the phospholipid bilayers at their core. Membrane strength is determined by the energetics and dynamics of membrane pores, whose tension-dependent nucleation and growth leads to rupture. Creation of nanoscale membrane pores is central to exocytosis, trafficking and other processes fundamental to life that require breaching of secure plasma or organelle membranes, and is the basis for biotechnologies using drug delivery, delivery of genetic material for gene editing and antimicrobial peptides. A prevailing view from seminal electroporation and membrane rupture studies is that pore growth and bilayer rupture are controlled by macroscopically long-lived metastable defect states that precede fully developed pores. It was argued that defect nucleation becomes rate-limiting at high tensions, explaining the exponential tension-dependence of rupture times [E. Evans et al., Biophys. J. 85, 2342-2350 (2003)]. Here we measured membrane pore free energies and bilayer rupture using highly coarse-grained simulations that probe very long time scales. We find no evidence of metastable pore states. At lower tensions, small hydrophobic pores mature into large hydrophilic pores on the pathway to rupture, with classical tension dependence of rupture times. Above a critical tension membranes rupture directly from a small hydrophobic pore, and rupture times depend exponentially on tension. Thus, we recover the experimentally reported regimes, but the origin of the high tension exponential regime is unrelated to macroscopically long-lived pre-pore defects. It arises because hydrophilic pores cannot exist above a critical tension, leading to radically altered pore dynamics and rupture kinetics.
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Karal MAS, Ahamed MK, Mokta NA, Ahmed M, Ahammed S. Influence of cholesterol on electroporation in lipid membranes of giant vesicles. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2020; 49:361-370. [PMID: 32535676 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-020-01443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is primarily a nonthermal ablative technology that uses a series of high-voltage and ultra-short pulses with high-frequency electrical energy to induce cell death. This paper presents the influence of cholesterol on the IRE-induced probability of pore formation and the rate constant of pore formation in giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). The GUVs are prepared by a mixture of dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and cholesterol using the natural swelling method. An IRE signal of frequency 1.1 kHz is applied to the membranes of GUVs. The probability of pore formation and the rate constant of pore formation events are obtained using statistical analysis from several single GUVs. The time-dependent fraction of intact GUVs among all those examined is fitted to a single exponential decay function from where the rate constant of pore formation is calculated. The probability of pore formation and the rate constant of pore formation decreases with an increase in cholesterol content in the membranes of GUVs. Theoretical equations are fitted to the tension-dependent rate constant of pore formation and to the probability of pore formation, which allows us to obtain the line tension of membranes. The obtained line tension increases with an increase in cholesterol in the membranes. The increase in the energy barrier of the prepore state, due to the increase of cholesterol in membranes, is the main factor explaining the decrease in the rate constant of pore formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abu Sayem Karal
- Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Kabir Ahamed
- Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Nadia Akter Mokta
- Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Marzuk Ahmed
- Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Shareef Ahammed
- Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
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Kinetics of irreversible pore formation under constant electrical tension in giant unilamellar vesicles. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2020; 49:371-381. [PMID: 32494845 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-020-01440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stretching in the plasma membranes of cells and lipid membranes of vesicles plays important roles in various physiological and physicochemical phenomena. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a minimally invasive non-thermal tumor ablation technique where a series of short electrical energy pulses with high frequency is applied to destabilize the cell membranes. IRE also induces lateral tension due to stretching in the membranes of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). Here, the kinetics of irreversible pore formation under constant electrical tension in GUVs has been investigated. The GUVs are prepared by a mixture of dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine using the natural swelling method. An IRE signal of frequency 1.1 kHz is applied to the GUVs through a gold-coated electrode system. Stochastic pore formation is observed for several 'single GUVs' at a particular constant tension. The time course of the fraction of intact GUVs among all the examined GUVs is fitted with a single-exponential decay function from which the rate constant of pore formation in the vesicle, kp, is calculated. The value of kp increases with an increase of membrane tension. An increase in the proportion of negatively charged lipids in a membrane gives a higher kp. Theoretical equations are fitted to the tension-dependent kp and to the probability of pore formation, which allows us to obtain the line tension of the membranes. The decrease in the energy barrier for formation of the nano-size nascent or prepore state, due to the increase in electrical tension, is the main factor explaining the increase of kp.
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31
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Recent advances in micro/nanoscale intracellular delivery. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.npe.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Kant R, Bhatt G, Patel VK, Ganguli A, Singh D, Nayak M, Mishra K, Gupta A, Gangopadhyay K, Gangopadhyay S, Ramanathan G, Bhattacharya S. Synchronized Electromechanical Shock Wave-Induced Bacterial Transformation. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:8512-8521. [PMID: 31459941 PMCID: PMC6648450 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple device that generates synchronized mechanical and electrical pressure waves for carrying out bacterial transformation. The mechanical pressure waves are produced by igniting a confined nanoenergetic composite material that provides ultrahigh pressure. Further, this device has an arrangement through which a synchronized electric field (of a time-varying nature) is initiated at a delay of ≈85 μs at the full width half-maxima point of the pressure pulse. The pressure waves so generated are incident to a thin aluminum-polydimethylsiloxane membrane that partitions the ignition chamber from the column of the mixture containing bacterial cells (Escherichia coli BL21) and 4 kb transforming DNA. A combination of mechanical and electrical pressure pulse created through the above arrangement ensures that the transforming DNA transports across the cell membrane into the cell, leading to a transformation event. This unique device has been successfully operated for efficient gene (∼4 kb) transfer into cells. The transformation efficacy of this device is found comparable to the other standard methods and protocols for carrying out the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Kant
- Microsystems
Fabrication Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of
Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Geeta Bhatt
- Microsystems
Fabrication Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of
Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Patel
- Microsystems
Fabrication Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of
Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anurup Ganguli
- Microsystems
Fabrication Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of
Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Singh
- Microsystems
Fabrication Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of
Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monalisha Nayak
- Microsystems
Fabrication Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of
Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Keerti Mishra
- Microsystems
Fabrication Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of
Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ankur Gupta
- Microsystems
Fabrication Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of
Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Keshab Gangopadhyay
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Shubhra Gangopadhyay
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Gurunath Ramanathan
- Microsystems
Fabrication Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of
Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shantanu Bhattacharya
- Microsystems
Fabrication Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of
Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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33
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Enhancement of drug electrotransfer by extracellular plasmid DNA. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 666:156-160. [PMID: 30543787 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Electroporation is a widely established method for molecular delivery across electric field perturbed plasma membrane. It can be used as a non-viral DNA transfection method, or as a way to achieve small molecule delivery to or extraction from cells. We examined the possibility of combining the DNA delivery to the cells with small molecule transport across electroporated plasma membrane. The results show that the presence of DNA in electroporation medium increases the extraction of fluorescent dye calcein from calcein-AM loaded cells as well as the delivery of small-molecule drug bleomycin to the cells. We propose that these results may have implications in enhanced drug delivery using electroporation both in vivo and in clinics.
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Wang L, Miller SE, Yuan F. Ultrastructural Analysis of Vesicular Transport in Electrotransfection. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2018; 24:553-563. [PMID: 30334512 PMCID: PMC6196718 DOI: 10.1017/s143192761801509x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence from various studies indicates that plasmid DNA (pDNA) is internalized by cells through an endocytosis-like process when it is used for electrotransfection. To provide morphological evidence of the process, we investigated ultrastructures in cells that were associated with the electrotransfected pDNA, using immunoelectron microscopy. The results demonstrate that four endocytic pathways are involved in the uptake of the pDNA, including caveolae- and clathrin-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and the clathrin-independent carrier/glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein-enriched early endosomal compartment (CLIC/GEEC) pathway. Among them, macropinocytosis is the most common pathway utilized by cells having various pDNA uptake capacities, and the CLIC/GEEC pathway is observed primarily in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Quantitatively, the endocytic pathways are more active in easy-to-transfect cells than in hard-to-transfect ones. Taken together, our data provide ultrastructural evidence showing that endocytosis plays an important role in cellular uptake and intracellular transport of electrotransfected pDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangli Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Sara E. Miller
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Fan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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35
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Stewart MP, Langer R, Jensen KF. Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7409-7531. [PMID: 30052023 PMCID: PMC6763210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is a key step in biological research and has enabled decades of biomedical discoveries. It is also becoming increasingly important in industrial and medical applications ranging from biomanufacture to cell-based therapies. Here, we review techniques for membrane disruption-based intracellular delivery from 1911 until the present. These methods achieve rapid, direct, and universal delivery of almost any cargo molecule or material that can be dispersed in solution. We start by covering the motivations for intracellular delivery and the challenges associated with the different cargo types-small molecules, proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, synthetic nanomaterials, and large cargo. The review then presents a broad comparison of delivery strategies followed by an analysis of membrane disruption mechanisms and the biology of the cell response. We cover mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical strategies of membrane disruption with a particular emphasis on their applications and challenges to implementation. Throughout, we highlight specific mechanisms of membrane disruption and suggest areas in need of further experimentation. We hope the concepts discussed in our review inspire scientists and engineers with further ideas to improve intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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36
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Meacham JM, Durvasula K, Degertekin FL, Fedorov AG. Enhanced intracellular delivery via coordinated acoustically driven shear mechanoporation and electrophoretic insertion. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3727. [PMID: 29487375 PMCID: PMC5829135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of large and structurally complex target molecules into cells is vital to the emerging areas of cellular modification and molecular therapy. Inadequacy of prevailing in vivo (viral) and in vitro (liposomal) gene transfer methods for delivery of proteins and a growing diversity of synthetic nanomaterials has encouraged development of alternative physical approaches. Efficacy of injury/diffusion-based delivery via shear mechanoporation is largely insensitive to cell type and target molecule; however, enhanced flexibility is typically accompanied by reduced gene transfer effectiveness. We detail a method to improve transfection efficiency through coordinated mechanical disruption of the cell membrane and electrophoretic insertion of DNA to the cell interior. An array of micromachined nozzles focuses ultrasonic pressure waves, creating a high-shear environment that promotes transient pore formation in membranes of transmitted cells. Acoustic Shear Poration (ASP) allows passive cytoplasmic delivery of small to large nongene macromolecules into established and primary cells at greater than 75% efficiency. Addition of an electrophoretic action enables active transport of target DNA molecules to substantially augment transfection efficiency of passive mechanoporation/diffusive delivery without affecting viability. This two-stage poration/insertion method preserves the compelling flexibility of shear-based delivery, yet substantially enhances capabilities for active transport and transfection of plasmid DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mark Meacham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | | | - F Levent Degertekin
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Andrei G Fedorov
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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37
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Ramon AL, Bertrand JR, Malvy C. Delivery of Small Interfering RNA. A Review and an Example of Application to a Junction Oncogene. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 94:254-63. [DOI: 10.1177/030089160809400218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference strategies using small interfering RNA is one of the most important discoveries in biology in recent years. This technology alongside antisense oligonucleotides is very promising and our group has focused its work on the targeting of junction oncogenes with these molecules. We have taken, as first example, papillary thyroid carcinoma. But there is a great need in delivery methods for these molecules in the treatment of cancers. Indeed, many studies have shown that small interfering RNA and antisense oligonucleotides are made efficient by various innovative delivery methods and, under these conditions, offer a powerful new therapeutic tool in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Ramon
- CNRS UMR 8121, Université Paris-Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Rémi Bertrand
- CNRS UMR 8121, Université Paris-Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Claude Malvy
- CNRS UMR 8121, Université Paris-Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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38
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Norris DM, Geddes TA, James DE, Fazakerley DJ, Burchfield JG. Glucose Transport: Methods for Interrogating GLUT4 Trafficking in Adipocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1713:193-215. [PMID: 29218527 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7507-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter we detail methods for the systematic dissection of GLUT4 trafficking. The methods described have been optimized for cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, but can be readily adapted to other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dougall M Norris
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Tom A Geddes
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - David E James
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel J Fazakerley
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - James G Burchfield
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia.
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39
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Akimov SA, Volynsky PE, Galimzyanov TR, Kuzmin PI, Pavlov KV, Batishchev OV. Pore formation in lipid membrane II: Energy landscape under external stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12509. [PMID: 28970526 PMCID: PMC5624950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid membranes are extremely stable envelopes allowing cells to survive in various environments and to maintain desired internal composition. Membrane permeation through formation of transversal pores requires substantial external stress. Practically, pores are usually formed by application of lateral tension or transmembrane voltage. Using the same approach as was used for obtaining continuous trajectory of pore formation in the stress-less membrane in the previous article, we now consider the process of pore formation under the external stress. The waiting time to pore formation proved a non-monotonous function of the lateral tension, dropping from infinity at zero tension to a minimum at the tension of several millinewtons per meter. Transmembrane voltage, on the contrary, caused the waiting time to decrease monotonously. Analysis of pore formation trajectories for several lipid species with different spontaneous curvatures and elastic moduli under various external conditions provided instrumental insights into the mechanisms underlying some experimentally observed phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Akimov
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow, 119071, Russia. .,National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", 4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow, 119049, Russia.
| | - Pavel E Volynsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Timur R Galimzyanov
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow, 119071, Russia.,National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", 4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - Peter I Kuzmin
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Konstantin V Pavlov
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow, 119071, Russia.,Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Oleg V Batishchev
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow, 119071, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutsky lane 9, 141700, Dolgoprudniy, Russia
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40
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Akimov SA, Volynsky PE, Galimzyanov TR, Kuzmin PI, Pavlov KV, Batishchev OV. Pore formation in lipid membrane I: Continuous reversible trajectory from intact bilayer through hydrophobic defect to transversal pore. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12152. [PMID: 28939906 PMCID: PMC5610326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid membranes serve as effective barriers allowing cells to maintain internal composition differing from that of extracellular medium. Membrane permeation, both natural and artificial, can take place via appearance of transversal pores. The rearrangements of lipids leading to pore formation in the intact membrane are not yet understood in details. We applied continuum elasticity theory to obtain continuous trajectory of pore formation and closure, and analyzed molecular dynamics trajectories of pre-formed pore reseal. We hypothesized that a transversal pore is preceded by a hydrophobic defect: intermediate structure spanning through the membrane, the side walls of which are partially aligned by lipid tails. This prediction was confirmed by our molecular dynamics simulations. Conversion of the hydrophobic defect into the hydrophilic pore required surmounting some energy barrier. A metastable state was found for the hydrophilic pore at the radius of a few nanometers. The dependence of the energy on radius was approximately quadratic for hydrophobic defect and small hydrophilic pore, while for large radii it depended on the radius linearly. The pore energy related to its perimeter, line tension, thus depends of the pore radius. Calculated values of the line tension for large pores were in quantitative agreement with available experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Akimov
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow, 119071, Russia. .,National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", 4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow, 119049, Russia.
| | - Pavel E Volynsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Timur R Galimzyanov
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow, 119071, Russia.,National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", 4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - Peter I Kuzmin
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Konstantin V Pavlov
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow, 119071, Russia.,Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Oleg V Batishchev
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow, 119071, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky lane, 141700, Dolgoprudniy, Russia
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41
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Ye H. Kinematic difference between a biological cell and an artificial vesicle in a strong DC electric field – a “shell” membrane model study. BMC BIOPHYSICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s13628-017-0038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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42
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Physical Methods for Drug and Gene Delivery Through the Cell Plasma Membrane. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY 2017; 227:73-92. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56895-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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43
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Draz MS, Wang YJ, Chen FF, Xu Y, Shafiee H. Electrically Oscillating Plasmonic Nanoparticles for Enhanced DNA Vaccination against Hepatitis C Virus. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2017; 27:1604139. [PMID: 29180949 PMCID: PMC5701658 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201604139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The promise of DNA vaccines is far-reaching. However, the development of potent immunization methods remains a key challenge for its use in clinical applications. Here, an approach for in vivo DNA vaccination by electrically activated plasmonic Au nanoparticles is reported. The electrical excitation of plasmonic nanoparticles can drive vibrational and dipole-like oscillations that are able to disrupt nearby cell membranes. In combination with their intrinsic ability to focus and magnify the electric field on the surface of cells, Au nanoparticles allow enhanced cell poration and facilitate the uptake of DNA vaccine. Mice immunized with this approach showed up to 100-fold higher gene expression compared to control treatments (without nanoparticles) and exhibited significantly increased levels of both antibody and cellular immune responses against a model hepatitis C virus DNA vaccine. This approach can be tuned to establish controlled and targeted delivery of different types of therapeutic molecules into cells and live animals as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Shehata Draz
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Faculty of Science Tanta University Tanta 31527, Egypt. State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
| | - Frank Fanqing Chen
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Mailstop 977, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yuhong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Hadi Shafiee
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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44
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Towhidi L, Khodadadi D, Maimari N, Pedrigi RM, Ip H, Kis Z, Kwak BR, Petrova TW, Delorenzi M, Krams R. Comparison between direct and reverse electroporation of cells in situ: a simulation study. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/6/e12673. [PMID: 27009275 PMCID: PMC4814886 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the human genome has unveiled new fields of genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, which has produced paradigm shifts on how to study disease mechanisms, wherein a current central focus is the understanding of how gene signatures and gene networks interact within cells. These gene function studies require manipulating genes either through activation or inhibition, which can be achieved by temporarily permeabilizing the cell membrane through transfection to deliver cDNA or RNAi. An efficient transfection technique is electroporation, which applies an optimized electric pulse to permeabilize the cells of interest. When the molecules are applied on top of seeded cells, it is called “direct” transfection and when the nucleic acids are printed on the substrate and the cells are seeded on top of them, it is termed “reverse” transfection. Direct transfection has been successfully applied in previous studies, whereas reverse transfection has recently gained more attention in the context of high‐throughput experiments. Despite the emerging importance, studies comparing the efficiency of the two methods are lacking. In this study, a model for electroporation of cells in situ is developed to address this deficiency. The results indicate that reverse transfection is less efficient than direct transfection. However, the model also predicts that by increasing the concentration of deliverable molecules by a factor of 2 or increasing the applied voltage by 20%, reverse transfection can be approximately as efficient as direct transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Towhidi
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Delaram Khodadadi
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nataly Maimari
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan M Pedrigi
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Ip
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zoltan Kis
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Department of Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana W Petrova
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rob Krams
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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45
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Technical difficulties and solutions of direct transesterification process of microbial oil for biodiesel synthesis. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 39:13-23. [PMID: 27659031 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Microbial oils are considered as alternative to vegetable oils or animal fats as biodiesel feedstock. Microalgae and oleaginous yeast are the main candidates of microbial oil producers' community. However, biodiesel synthesis from these sources is associated with high cost and process complexity. The traditional transesterification method includes several steps such as biomass drying, cell disruption, oil extraction and solvent recovery. Therefore, direct transesterification or in situ transesterification, which combines all the steps in a single reactor, has been suggested to make the process cost effective. Nevertheless, the process is not applicable for large-scale biodiesel production having some difficulties such as high water content of biomass that makes the reaction rate slower and hurdles of cell disruption makes the efficiency of oil extraction lower. Additionally, it requires high heating energy in the solvent extraction and recovery stage. To resolve these difficulties, this review suggests the application of antimicrobial peptides and high electric fields to foster the microbial cell wall disruption.
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46
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Diener Y, Bosio A, Bissels U. Delivery of RNA-based molecules to human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells for modulation of gene expression. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:991-1001. [PMID: 27576131 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gene modulation of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) harbors great potential for therapeutic application of these cells and presents a versatile tool in basic research to enhance our understanding of HSPC biology. However, stable genetic modification might be adverse, particularly in clinical settings. Here, we review a broad range of approaches to transient, nonviral modulation of protein expression with a focus on RNA-based methods. We compare different delivery methods and describe the usefulness of RNA molecules for overexpression as well as downregulation of proteins in HSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ute Bissels
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany.
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47
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Pasquet L, Bellard E, Rols MP, Golzio M, Teissie J. Post-pulse addition of trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diol improves electrotransfer mediated gene expression in mammalian cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:287-294. [PMID: 28955917 PMCID: PMC5613639 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Electric field mediated gene transfer is facing a problem in expression yield due to the poor transfer across the nuclear envelope. Trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diol (TCHD) was shown to significantly increase chemically mediated transfection by collapsing the permeability barrier of the nuclear pore complex. We indeed observed a significant increase in expression by electrotransfer when cells are treated post pulse by a low non toxic concentration of TCHD. This was obtained for different pulsing conditions, cell strains and plasmid constructs. An interesting improvement in cell viability can be obtained. This can significantly enhance the non-viral gene electrical delivery. Trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diol (TCHD) collapses the permeability barrier of the nuclear pore complex. TCHD improves expression in gene electrotransfer. Post pulse TCHD addition is the most effective protocol. TCHD does not affect the cell viability when coupled to electrotransfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pasquet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, BP64182, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - E Bellard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, BP64182, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - M P Rols
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, BP64182, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - M Golzio
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, BP64182, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - J Teissie
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, BP64182, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
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48
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Tamošiūnas M, Kadikis R, Saknite I, Baltušnikas J, Kilikevičius A, Lihachev A, Petrovska R, Jakovels D, Šatkauskas S. Noninvasive optical diagnostics of enhanced green fluorescent protein expression in skeletal muscle for comparison of electroporation and sonoporation efficiencies. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:45003. [PMID: 27129126 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.4.045003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We highlight the options available for noninvasive optical diagnostics of reporter gene expression in mouse tibialis cranialis muscle. An in vivo multispectral imaging technique combined with fluorescence spectroscopy point measurements has been used for the transcutaneous detection of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression, providing information on location and duration of EGFP expression and allowing quantification of EGFP expression levels. For EGFP coding plasmid (pEGFP-Nuc Vector, 10 μg/50 ml 10 μg/50 ml ) transfection, we used electroporation or ultrasound enhanced microbubble cavitation [sonoporation (SP)]. The transcutaneous EGFP fluorescence in live mice was monitored over a period of one year using the described parameters: area of EGFP positive fibers, integral intensity, and mean intensity of EGFP fluorescence. The most efficient transfection of EGFP coding plasmid was achieved, when one high voltage and four low voltage electric pulses were applied. This protocol resulted in the highest short-term and long-term EGFP expression. Other electric pulse protocols as well as SP resulted in lower fluorescence intensities of EGFP in the transfected area. We conclude that noninvasive multispectral imaging technique combined with fluorescence spectroscopy point measurements is a suitable method to estimate the dynamics and efficiency of reporter gene transfection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindaugas Tamošiūnas
- Vytautas Magnus University, Biophysical Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vileikos 8, Kaunas LT-44404, LithuaniabVytautas Magnus University, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vileikos 8, Kaunas LT-44404, Lithuania
| | - Roberts Kadikis
- Institute of Electronics and Computer Science, 14 Dzerbenes Street, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Inga Saknite
- University of Latvia, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, 19 Rainis Boulevard, Riga LV-1586, Latvia
| | - Juozas Baltušnikas
- Lithuanian Sports University, Institute of Sports Sciences and Innovation, Sporto 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Audrius Kilikevičius
- Lithuanian Sports University, Institute of Sports Sciences and Innovation, Sporto 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Alexey Lihachev
- University of Latvia, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, 19 Rainis Boulevard, Riga LV-1586, Latvia
| | - Ramona Petrovska
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Dainis Jakovels
- University of Latvia, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, 19 Rainis Boulevard, Riga LV-1586, Latvia
| | - Saulius Šatkauskas
- Vytautas Magnus University, Biophysical Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vileikos 8, Kaunas LT-44404, Lithuania
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49
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Lesueur LL, Mir LM, André FM. Overcoming the Specific Toxicity of Large Plasmids Electrotransfer in Primary Cells In Vitro. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e291. [PMID: 27111417 PMCID: PMC5014460 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Gene electrotransfer is a safe and efficient nonviral technique for the transfer of nucleic acids of all sizes. Using a small reporter plasmid (3.5 kbp), electrotransfer of more than 90% of the cells, with ~70% viability, can be routinely achieved even in primary cells like mesenchymal stem cells. However, under the same experimental conditions, electrotransfer of larger plasmids (from 6 to 16 kbp) results in very low viability and transfection efficacy. Here, we show that these strong decreases are directly linked to the physical size of the plasmid molecule. Moreover, large plasmids are toxic only when the cells are exposed to electrotransfer pulses. This specific toxicity of large plasmids during electrotransfer is not due to transgene expression and occurs within less than 45 minutes. Indeed, postpulses recovery times of up to 45 minutes are able to entirely abolish the specific toxicity of large plasmid electrotransfer, resulting in a survival and transfection efficacy identical to that of small plasmids. Finally, electrotransfer of small and large plasmids can reach 90–99% of transfection with 60–90% survival considering the findings here reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa L Lesueur
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Lluis M Mir
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Franck M André
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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50
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Sungailaitė S, Ruzgys P, Šatkauskienė I, Čepurnienė K, Šatkauskas S. The dependence of efficiency of transmembrane molecular transfer using electroporation on medium viscosity. J Gene Med 2016; 17:80-6. [PMID: 25761762 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the efficiency of drug and gene electrotransfer into cells in vitro depending on medium viscosity. METHODS Experiments were performed using Chinese hamster ovary cells. Efficiency of molecular electrotransfer depending of medium viscosity was evaluated using two different electroporation conditions: a high-voltage (HV) pulse and a combination of a high-voltage pulse and a low-voltage pulse (HV + LV). To evaluate the efficiency of molecular electrotransfer, anticancer drug bleomycin and two different plasmids coding for green fluorescent protein and luciferase were used. RESULTS We found that a slight increase in medium viscosity from 1.3-1.4 mPa·s significantly decreased the transfection efficiency, both in terms of transfected cells and total protein production, which was abolished completely with an increase in medium viscosity to 6.1 mPa·s. Notably, at this medium viscosity, electrotransfer of the small anticancer drug was still efficient. Using HV and HV + LV pulse combinations, we showed that a decrease of DNA electrotransfer, especially at lower medium viscosities, can be compensated for by the LV pulse to some extent. On the other hand, the addition of the LV pulse after the HV pulse did not have any positive effect on the efficiency of bleomycin electrotransfer. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that transfection is very susceptible to medium viscosity and highlights the importance of the electrophoretic component in experiments when a considerable transfection level is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sungailaitė
- Biophysical Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Emergency Department, Southampton General Hospital, University Hospital Southampton Foundation Trust (UHS), Southampton, UK
| | - Paulius Ruzgys
- Biophysical Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ingrida Šatkauskienė
- Biophysical Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Karolina Čepurnienė
- Biophysical Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Saulius Šatkauskas
- Biophysical Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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