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Bin JM, Suminaite D, Benito-Kwiecinski SK, Kegel L, Rubio-Brotons M, Early JJ, Soong D, Livesey MR, Poole RJ, Lyons DA. Importin 13-dependent axon diameter growth regulates conduction speeds along myelinated CNS axons. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1790. [PMID: 38413580 PMCID: PMC10899189 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45908-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Axon diameter influences the conduction properties of myelinated axons, both directly, and indirectly through effects on myelin. However, we have limited understanding of mechanisms controlling axon diameter growth in the central nervous system, preventing systematic dissection of how manipulating diameter affects myelination and conduction along individual axons. Here we establish zebrafish to study axon diameter. We find that importin 13b is required for axon diameter growth, but does not affect cell body size or axon length. Using neuron-specific ipo13b mutants, we assess how reduced axon diameter affects myelination and conduction, and find no changes to myelin thickness, precision of action potential propagation, or ability to sustain high frequency firing. However, increases in conduction speed that occur along single myelinated axons with development are tightly linked to their growth in diameter. This suggests that axon diameter growth is a major driver of increases in conduction speeds along myelinated axons over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenea M Bin
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
| | - Daumante Suminaite
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | | | - Linde Kegel
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Maria Rubio-Brotons
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jason J Early
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Daniel Soong
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Matthew R Livesey
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Richard J Poole
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David A Lyons
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
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2
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Lucarini E, Micheli L, Rajagopalan R, Ciampi C, Branca JJ, Pacini A, Leandri M, Rajagopalan P, Ghelardini C, Di Cesare Mannelli L. Broad-spectrum neuroprotection exerted by DDD-028 in a mouse model of chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. Pain 2023; 164:2581-2595. [PMID: 37556385 PMCID: PMC10578426 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Neurotoxicity of chemotherapeutics involves peculiar alterations in the structure and function, including abnormal nerve signal transmission, of both the peripheral and central nervous system. The lack of effective pharmacological approaches to prevent chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity necessitates the identification of innovative therapies. Recent evidence suggests that repeated treatment with the pentacyclic pyridoindole derivative DDD-028 can exert both pain-relieving and glial modulatory effects in mice with paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. This work is aimed at assessing whether DDD-028 is a disease-modifying agent by protecting the peripheral nervous tissues from chemotherapy-induced damage. Neuropathy was induced in animals by paclitaxel injection (2.0 mg kg -1 i.p). DDD-028 (10 mg kg -1 ) and the reference drug, pregabalin (30 mg kg -1 ), were administered per os daily starting concomitantly with the first injection of paclitaxel and continuing 10 days after the end of paclitaxel treatment. The behavioural tests confirmed the antihyperalgesic efficacy of DDD-028 on paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain. Furthermore, the electrophysiological analysis revealed the capacity of DDD-028 to restore near-normal sensory nerve conduction in paclitaxel-treated animals. Histopathology evidence indicated that DDD-028 was able to counteract effectively paclitaxel-induced peripheral neurotoxicity by protecting against the loss of intraepidermal nerve fibers, restoring physiological levels of neurofilament in nerve tissue and plasma, and preventing morphological alterations occurring in the sciatic nerves and dorsal root ganglia. Overall, DDD-028 is more effective than pregabalin in preventing chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity. Thus, based on its potent antihyperalgesic and neuroprotective efficacy, DDD-028 seems to be a viable prophylactic medication to limit the development of neuropathies consequent to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lucarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Micheli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Clara Ciampi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Jacopo J.V. Branca
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pacini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Leandri
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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3
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Fang T, Yue L, Longlong Z, Longda M, Fang H, Yehui L, Yang L, Yiwu Z. Peripherin: A proposed biomarker of traumatic axonal injury triggered by mechanical force. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:3206-3225. [PMID: 37574217 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic axonal injury (TAI) is one of the most common pathological features of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Our previous study using proteomics suggested that peripherin (PRPH) should be a potential candidate as a biomarker for TAI diagnosis. This study is to further elucidate the role and association of PRPH with TAI. In the animal study, we performed immunohistochemistry, ELISA and morphological analysis to evaluate PRPH level and distribution following a severe impact. PRPH-positive regions were widely distributed in the axonal tract throughout the whole brain. Axonal injuries with PRPH inclusion were observed post-TBI. Besides, PRPH was significantly increased in both cerebral spinal fluid and plasma at the early phase post-TBI. Colocalization analysis based on microscopy revealed that PRPH represents an immunohistological biomarker in the neuropathological diagnosis of TAI. Brain samples from patients with TBI were included to further test whether PRPH is feasible in the real practice of neuropathology. Immunohistochemistry of PRPH, NFH, APP and NFL on human brain tissues further confirmed PRPH as an immunohistological biomarker that could be applied in practice. Collectively, we conclude that PRPH mirrors the cytoskeleton injury of axons and could represent a neuropathological biomarker for TAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Fang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Wound Prevention and Treatment, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Fundamental Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Yue
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhu Longlong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ma Longda
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huang Fang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lv Yehui
- Institute of Wound Prevention and Treatment, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, School of Fundamental Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Yiwu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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4
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Ronchi G, Fregnan F, Muratori L, Gambarotta G, Raimondo S. Morphological Methods to Evaluate Peripheral Nerve Fiber Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031818. [PMID: 36768142 PMCID: PMC9915436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of damaged peripheral nerves remains one of the main challenges of neurosurgery and regenerative medicine, a nerve functionality is rarely restored, especially after severe injuries. Researchers are constantly looking for innovative strategies for tackling this problem, with the development of advanced tissue-engineered nerve conduits and new pharmacological and physical interventions, with the aim of improving patients' life quality. Different evaluation methods can be used to study the effectiveness of a new treatment, including functional tests, morphological assessment of regenerated nerve fibers and biomolecular analyses of key factors necessary for good regeneration. The number and diversity of protocols and methods, as well as the availability of innovative technologies which are used to assess nerve regeneration after experimental interventions, often makes it difficult to compare results obtained in different labs. The purpose of the current review is to describe the main morphological approaches used to evaluate the degree of nerve fiber regeneration in terms of their usefulness and limitations.
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5
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Yuan A, Nixon RA. Posttranscriptional regulation of neurofilament proteins and tau in health and disease. Brain Res Bull 2023; 192:115-127. [PMID: 36441047 PMCID: PMC9907725 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurofilament and tau proteins are neuron-specific cytoskeletal proteins that are enriched in axons, regulated by many of the same protein kinases, interact physically, and are the principal constituents of neurofibrillary lesions in major adult-onset dementias. Both proteins share functions related to the modulation of stability and functions of the microtubule network in axons, axonal transport and scaffolding of organelles, long-term synaptic potentiation, and learning and memory. Expression of these proteins is regulated not only at the transcriptional level but also through posttranscriptional control of pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA stability, transport, localization, local translation and degradation. Current evidence suggests that posttranscriptional determinants of their levels are usually regulated by RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs primarily through 3'-untranslated regions of neurofilament and tau mRNAs. Dysregulations of neurofilament and tau expression caused by mutations or pathologies of RNA-binding proteins such as TDP43, FUS and microRNAs are increasingly recognized in association with varied neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of posttranscriptional control of neurofilament and tau by examining the posttranscriptional regulation of neurofilament and tau by RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs implicated in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidong Yuan
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA; NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Ralph A. Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA,Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA,NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA,Correspondence to: Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA, (A. Yuan), (R.A. Nixon)
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6
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Metzner K, Darawsha O, Wang M, Gaur N, Cheng Y, Rödiger A, Frahm C, Witte OW, Perocchi F, Axer H, Grosskreutz J, Brill MS. Age-dependent increase of cytoskeletal components in sensory axons in human skin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:965382. [PMID: 36393849 PMCID: PMC9664158 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.965382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex process characterized by several molecular and cellular imbalances. The composition and stability of the neuronal cytoskeleton is essential for the maintenance of homeostasis, especially in long neurites. Using human skin biopsies containing sensory axons from a cohort of healthy individuals, we investigate alterations in cytoskeletal content and sensory axon caliber during aging via quantitative immunostainings. Cytoskeletal components show an increase with aging in both sexes, while elevation in axon diameter is only evident in males. Transcriptomic data from aging males illustrate various patterns in gene expression during aging. Together, the data suggest gender-specific changes during aging in peripheral sensory axons, possibly influencing cytoskeletal functionality and axonal caliber. These changes may cumulatively increase susceptibility of aged individuals to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Metzner
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany,Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Omar Darawsha
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mengzhe Wang
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nayana Gaur
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany,Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yiming Cheng
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Christiane Frahm
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W. Witte
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Fabiana Perocchi
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany,Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Munich, Germany,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Hubertus Axer
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Julian Grosskreutz
- Precision Neurology of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany,PMI Cluster, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Monika S. Brill
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany,*Correspondence: Monika S. Brill,
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7
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Molotsky E, Liu Y, Lieberman AP, Merry DE. Neuromuscular junction pathology is correlated with differential motor unit vulnerability in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:97. [PMID: 35791011 PMCID: PMC9258097 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is an X-linked, neuromuscular neurodegenerative disease for which there is no cure. The disease is characterized by a selective decrease in fast-muscle power (e.g., tongue pressure, grip strength) accompanied by a selective loss of fast-twitch muscle fibers. However, the relationship between neuromuscular junction (NMJ) pathology and fast-twitch motor unit vulnerability has yet to be explored. In this study, we used a cross-model comparison of two mouse models of SBMA to evaluate neuromuscular junction pathology, glycolytic-to-oxidative fiber-type switching, and cytoskeletal alterations in pre- and postsynaptic termini of tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius, and soleus hindlimb muscles. We observed significantly increased NMJ and myofiber pathology in fast-twitch, glycolytic motor units of the TA and gastrocnemius compared to slow-twitch, oxidative motor units of the soleus, as seen by decreased pre- and post-synaptic membrane area, decreased pre- and post-synaptic membrane colocalization, increased acetylcholine receptor compactness, a decrease in endplate area and complexity, and deficits in neurofilament heavy chain. Our data also show evidence for metabolic dysregulation and myofiber atrophy that correlate with severity of NMJ pathology. We propose a model in which the dynamic communicative relationship between the motor neuron and muscle, along with the developmental subtype of the muscle, promotes motor unit subtype specific vulnerability, metabolic alterations, and NMJ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elana Molotsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Alumni Hall, Rm. 411E, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Alumni Hall, Rm. 411E, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Andrew P Lieberman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Diane E Merry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Alumni Hall, Rm. 411E, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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8
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Sainio MT, Rasila T, Molchanova SM, Järvilehto J, Torregrosa-Muñumer R, Harjuhaahto S, Pennonen J, Huber N, Herukka SK, Haapasalo A, Zetterberg H, Taira T, Palmio J, Ylikallio E, Tyynismaa H. Neurofilament Light Regulates Axon Caliber, Synaptic Activity, and Organelle Trafficking in Cultured Human Motor Neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:820105. [PMID: 35237613 PMCID: PMC8883324 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.820105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofilament light (NFL) is one of the proteins forming multimeric neuron-specific intermediate filaments, neurofilaments, which fill the axonal cytoplasm, establish caliber growth, and provide structural support. Dominant missense mutations and recessive nonsense mutations in the neurofilament light gene (NEFL) are among the causes of Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) neuropathy, which affects the peripheral nerves with the longest axons. We previously demonstrated that a neuropathy-causing homozygous nonsense mutation in NEFL led to the absence of NFL in patient-specific neurons. To understand the disease-causing mechanisms, we investigate here the functional effects of NFL loss in human motor neurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). We used genome editing to generate NEFL knockouts and compared them to patient-specific nonsense mutants and isogenic controls. iPSC lacking NFL differentiated efficiently into motor neurons with normal axon growth and regrowth after mechanical axotomy and contained neurofilaments. Electrophysiological analysis revealed that motor neurons without NFL fired spontaneous and evoked action potentials with similar characteristics as controls. However, we found that, in the absence of NFL, human motor neurons 1) had reduced axonal caliber, 2) the amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSC) was decreased, 3) neurofilament heavy (NFH) levels were reduced and no compensatory increases in other filament subunits were observed, and 4) the movement of mitochondria and to a lesser extent lysosomes was increased. Our findings elaborate the functional roles of NFL in human motor neurons. NFL is not only a structural protein forming neurofilaments and filling the axonal cytoplasm, but our study supports the role of NFL in the regulation of synaptic transmission and organelle trafficking. To rescue the NFL deficiency in the patient-specific nonsense mutant motor neurons, we used three drugs, amlexanox, ataluren (PTC-124), and gentamicin to induce translational read-through or inhibit nonsense-mediated decay. However, the drugs failed to increase the amount of NFL protein to detectable levels and were toxic to iPSC-derived motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus T Sainio
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Rasila
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Svetlana M Molchanova
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julius Järvilehto
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rubén Torregrosa-Muñumer
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sandra Harjuhaahto
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jana Pennonen
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nadine Huber
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tomi Taira
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences for Electrophysiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Palmio
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Emil Ylikallio
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henna Tyynismaa
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Microglia Influence Neurofilament Deposition in ALS iPSC-Derived Motor Neurons. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020241. [PMID: 35205286 PMCID: PMC8871895 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease in which upper and lower motor neuron loss is the primary phenotype, leading to muscle weakness and wasting, respiratory failure, and death. Although a portion of ALS cases are linked to one of over 50 unique genes, the vast majority of cases are sporadic in nature. However, the mechanisms underlying the motor neuron loss in either familial or sporadic ALS are not entirely clear. Here, we used induced pluripotent stem cells derived from a set of identical twin brothers discordant for ALS to assess the role of astrocytes and microglia on the expression and accumulation of neurofilament proteins in motor neurons. We found that motor neurons derived from the affected twin which exhibited increased transcript levels of all three neurofilament isoforms and increased expression of phosphorylated neurofilament puncta. We further found that treatment of the motor neurons with astrocyte-conditioned medium and microglial-conditioned medium significantly impacted neurofilament deposition. Together, these data suggest that glial-secreted factors can alter neurofilament pathology in ALS iPSC-derived motor neurons.
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10
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Yuan A, Nixon RA. Neurofilament Proteins as Biomarkers to Monitor Neurological Diseases and the Efficacy of Therapies. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:689938. [PMID: 34646114 PMCID: PMC8503617 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.689938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers of neurodegeneration and neuronal injury have the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy, disease monitoring, prognosis, and measure treatment efficacy. Neurofilament proteins (NfPs) are well suited as biomarkers in these contexts because they are major neuron-specific components that maintain structural integrity and are sensitive to neurodegeneration and neuronal injury across a wide range of neurologic diseases. Low levels of NfPs are constantly released from neurons into the extracellular space and ultimately reach the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood under physiological conditions throughout normal brain development, maturation, and aging. NfP levels in CSF and blood rise above normal in response to neuronal injury and neurodegeneration independently of cause. NfPs in CSF measured by lumbar puncture are about 40-fold more concentrated than in blood in healthy individuals. New ultra-sensitive methods now allow minimally invasive measurement of these low levels of NfPs in serum or plasma to track disease onset and progression in neurological disorders or nervous system injury and assess responses to therapeutic interventions. Any of the five Nf subunits - neurofilament light chain (NfL), neurofilament medium chain (NfM), neurofilament heavy chain (NfH), alpha-internexin (INA) and peripherin (PRPH) may be altered in a given neuropathological condition. In familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), plasma NfL levels may rise as early as 22 years before clinical onset in familial AD and 10 years before sporadic AD. The major determinants of elevated levels of NfPs and degradation fragments in CSF and blood are the magnitude of damaged or degenerating axons of fiber tracks, the affected axon caliber sizes and the rate of release of NfP and fragments at different stages of a given neurological disease or condition directly or indirectly affecting central nervous system (CNS) and/or peripheral nervous system (PNS). NfPs are rapidly emerging as transformative blood biomarkers in neurology providing novel insights into a wide range of neurological diseases and advancing clinical trials. Here we summarize the current understanding of intracellular NfP physiology, pathophysiology and extracellular kinetics of NfPs in biofluids and review the value and limitations of NfPs and degradation fragments as biomarkers of neurodegeneration and neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidong Yuan
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ralph A. Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, (NYU), Neuroscience Institute, New York, NY, United States
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11
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He L, de Souto Barreto P, Giudici KV, Aggarwal G, Nguyen AD, Morley JE, Li Y, Bateman RJ, Vellas B. Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations Between Plasma Neurodegenerative Biomarkers and Physical Performance Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:1874-1881. [PMID: 33186456 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma amyloid-beta (Aβ), neurofilament light chain (NfL), and progranulin (PGRN) have been related to multiple neurodegenerative conditions that might affect physical performance. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between these plasma neurodegenerative markers and physical performance among community-dwelling older adults. METHODS Five hundred and seven older adults (aged 76 ± 5 years) previously recruited in the Multidomain Alzheimer's Preventive Trial, and had received blood and physical performance tests, were included in this study. Plasma Aβ (Aβ 42/Aβ 40 ratio), NfL, and PGRN levels were measured. Physical performance was assessed by handgrip strength and the Short Physical Performance Battery (combining gait speed, chair stands, and balance tests). Physical performance measured at the same time point and after the blood tests were used. Mixed-effect linear models were performed with age, sex, allocation to Multidomain Alzheimer's Preventive Trial group, body mass index, and Mini-Mental State Examination score as covariates. RESULTS The mean values of Aβ 42/Aβ 40 ratio, NfL, and PGRN were 0.11, 84.06 pg/mL, and 45.43 ng/mL, respectively. At the cross-sectional level, higher plasma NfL was associated with a lower Short Physical Performance Battery score (β = -0.004, 95% CI [-0.007, -0.001]). At the longitudinal level, higher PGRN levels were associated with decreasing handgrip strength over time (β = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.04, -0.007]). All the other associations were statistically nonsignificant. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest the possibility of using plasma NfL and PGRN as markers of physical performance in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao He
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Philipe de Souto Barreto
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, France.,UPS/Inserm UMR1027, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Kelly V Giudici
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Geetika Aggarwal
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri.,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, Missouri
| | - Andrew D Nguyen
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri.,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, Missouri
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, France.,UPS/Inserm UMR1027, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
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12
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Studying Neuronal Biology Using Spinning Disc Confocal Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34028722 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1402-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytoskeletal integrity is essential for neuronal complexity and functionality. Certain inherited neurological diseases are associated with mutated genes that directly or indirectly compromise cytoskeletal stability. While the large size and complexity of the neurons grown in culture poses certain challenges for imaging, live-cell imaging is an excellent approach to determine the morphological consequences of such mutants. This protocol details the use of spinning disk confocal microscopy and image analysis tools to evaluate branching and neurite length of healthy iPSC-derived glutamatergic neurons that express specific fluorescent proteins. The protocols can be adapted to neuronal cell lines of choice by the investigator.
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13
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Mages B, Fuhs T, Aleithe S, Blietz A, Hobusch C, Härtig W, Schob S, Krueger M, Michalski D. The Cytoskeletal Elements MAP2 and NF-L Show Substantial Alterations in Different Stroke Models While Elevated Serum Levels Highlight Especially MAP2 as a Sensitive Biomarker in Stroke Patients. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4051-4069. [PMID: 33931805 PMCID: PMC8280005 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the setting of ischemic stroke, the neurofilament subunit NF-L and the microtubule-associated protein MAP2 have proven to be exceptionally ischemia-sensitive elements of the neuronal cytoskeleton. Since alterations of the cytoskeleton have been linked to the transition from reversible to irreversible tissue damage, the present study investigates underlying time- and region-specific alterations of NF-L and MAP2 in different animal models of focal cerebral ischemia. Although NF-L is increasingly established as a clinical stroke biomarker, MAP2 serum measurements after stroke are still lacking. Therefore, the present study further compares serum levels of MAP2 with NF-L in stroke patients. In the applied animal models, MAP2-related immunofluorescence intensities were decreased in ischemic areas, whereas the abundance of NF-L degradation products accounted for an increase of NF-L-related immunofluorescence intensity. Accordingly, Western blot analyses of ischemic areas revealed decreased protein levels of both MAP2 and NF-L. The cytoskeletal alterations are further reflected at an ultrastructural level as indicated by a significant reduction of detectable neurofilaments in cortical axons of ischemia-affected areas. Moreover, atomic force microscopy measurements confirmed altered mechanical properties as indicated by a decreased elastic strength in ischemia-affected tissue. In addition to the results from the animal models, stroke patients exhibited significantly elevated serum levels of MAP2, which increased with infarct size, whereas serum levels of NF-L did not differ significantly. Thus, MAP2 appears to be a more sensitive stroke biomarker than NF-L, especially for early neuronal damage. This perspective is strengthened by the results from the animal models, showing MAP2-related alterations at earlier time points compared to NF-L. The profound ischemia-induced alterations further qualify both cytoskeletal elements as promising targets for neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Mages
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Thomas Fuhs
- Section of Soft Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics and Geosciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Aleithe
- Department of Neurology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Schob
- Department of Neuroradiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Prokop A. Cytoskeletal organization of axons in vertebrates and invertebrates. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151734. [PMID: 32369543 PMCID: PMC7337489 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201912081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of axons for the lifetime of an organism requires an axonal cytoskeleton that is robust but also flexible to adapt to mechanical challenges and to support plastic changes of axon morphology. Furthermore, cytoskeletal organization has to adapt to axons of dramatically different dimensions, and to their compartment-specific requirements in the axon initial segment, in the axon shaft, at synapses or in growth cones. To understand how the cytoskeleton caters to these different demands, this review summarizes five decades of electron microscopic studies. It focuses on the organization of microtubules and neurofilaments in axon shafts in both vertebrate and invertebrate neurons, as well as the axon initial segments of vertebrate motor- and interneurons. Findings from these ultrastructural studies are being interpreted here on the basis of our contemporary molecular understanding. They strongly suggest that axon architecture in animals as diverse as arthropods and vertebrates is dependent on loosely cross-linked bundles of microtubules running all along axons, with only minor roles played by neurofilaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Prokop
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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15
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Gafson AR, Barthélemy NR, Bomont P, Carare RO, Durham HD, Julien JP, Kuhle J, Leppert D, Nixon RA, Weller RO, Zetterberg H, Matthews PM. Neurofilaments: neurobiological foundations for biomarker applications. Brain 2020; 143:1975-1998. [PMID: 32408345 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in neurofilaments has risen sharply in recent years with recognition of their potential as biomarkers of brain injury or neurodegeneration in CSF and blood. This is in the context of a growing appreciation for the complexity of the neurobiology of neurofilaments, new recognition of specialized roles for neurofilaments in synapses and a developing understanding of mechanisms responsible for their turnover. Here we will review the neurobiology of neurofilament proteins, describing current understanding of their structure and function, including recently discovered evidence for their roles in synapses. We will explore emerging understanding of the mechanisms of neurofilament degradation and clearance and review new methods for future elucidation of the kinetics of their turnover in humans. Primary roles of neurofilaments in the pathogenesis of human diseases will be described. With this background, we then will review critically evidence supporting use of neurofilament concentration measures as biomarkers of neuronal injury or degeneration. Finally, we will reflect on major challenges for studies of the neurobiology of intermediate filaments with specific attention to identifying what needs to be learned for more precise use and confident interpretation of neurofilament measures as biomarkers of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie R Gafson
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Nicolas R Barthélemy
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pascale Bomont
- ATIP-Avenir team, INM, INSERM, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Roxana O Carare
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Heather D Durham
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Julien
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Quebec, Canada.,CERVO Brain Research Center, 2601 Chemin de la Canardière, Québec, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Leppert
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Roy O Weller
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Paul M Matthews
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College, London
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16
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Cao Y, Liu T, Li Z, Yang J, Ma L, Mi X, Yang N, Qi A, Guo X, Wang A. Neurofilament degradation is involved in laparotomy-induced cognitive dysfunction in aged rats. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:25643-25657. [PMID: 33232265 PMCID: PMC7803518 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Excessive neuroinflammatory responses play important roles in the development of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Neurofilaments (NFs) were essential to the structure of axon and nerve conduction; and the abnormal degradation of NFs were always accompanied with degenerative diseases, which were also characterized by excessive neuroinflammatory responses in brain. However, it is still unclear whether the NFs were involved in the POCD. In this study, the LC-MS/MS method was used to explore the neuroinflammatory response and NFs of POCD in aged rats. Moreover, trichostatin A (TSA), an inflammation-related drug, was selected to test whether it could improve the surgery-induced cognitive dysfunction, inflammatory responses and NFs. Evident cognitive dysfunction, excessive microglia activation, neuroinflammatory responses and upregulated NFs in hippocampus were observed in the POCD group. TSA pretreatment could significantly mitigate these changes. The KEGG analysis revealed that nine pathways were enriched in the TSA + surgery group (versus the surgery group). Among them, two signaling pathways were closely related with the changes of NFs proteins. In conclusion, surgery could impair the cognitive function and aggravate neuroinflammation and NFs. The TSA could significantly improve these changes which might be related to the activation of the “focal adhesion” and “ECM-receptor interaction” pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Taotao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhengqian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sixth People’s Hospital East Campus Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Lijun Ma
- Department of Medical Imaging, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Xinning Mi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Aihua Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiangyang Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Aizhong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
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17
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Raftopoulos R, Kuhle J, Grant D, Hickman SJ, Altmann DR, Leppert D, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Kapoor R, Giovannoni G, Gnanapavan S. Neurofilament results for the phase II neuroprotection study of phenytoin in optic neuritis. Eur J Neurol 2020; 28:587-594. [PMID: 33058438 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A randomized trial of phenytoin in acute optic neuritis (ON) demonstrated a 30% reduction in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) loss with phenytoin versus placebo. Here we present the corresponding serum neurofilament analyses. METHODS Eighty-six acute ON cases were randomized to receive phenytoin (4-6 mg/kg/day) or placebo for 3 months, and followed up for 6 months. Serum was collected at baseline, 3 and 6 months for analysis of neurofilament heavy chain (NfH) and neurofilament light chain (NfL). RESULTS Sixty-four patients had blood sampling. Of these, 58 and 56 were available at 3 months, and 55 and 54 were available at 6 months for NfH and NfL, respectively. There was no significant correlation between serum NfH and NfL at the time points tested. For NfH, the difference in mean placebo - phenytoin was -44 pg/ml at 3 months (P = 0.019) and -27 pg/ml at 6 months (P = 0.234). For NfL, the difference was 1.4 pg/ml at 3 months (P = 0.726) and -1.6 pg/ml at 6 months (P = 0.766). CONCLUSIONS At 3 months, there was a reduction in NfH, but not NFL, in the phenytoin versus placebo group, while differences at 6 months were not statistically significant. This suggests a potential neuroprotective role for phenytoin in acute ON, with the lower NfH at 3 months, when levels secondary to degeneration of the anterior visual pathway are still elevated, but not at 6 months, when levels have normalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Raftopoulos
- University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - J Kuhle
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - D Grant
- University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - S J Hickman
- Department of Neurology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - D R Altmann
- Medical Statistics Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - D Leppert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - K Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - H Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - R Kapoor
- University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - G Giovannoni
- Department of Neuroscience & Trauma, QMUL, London, UK
| | - S Gnanapavan
- Department of Neuroscience & Trauma, QMUL, London, UK
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18
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Alvarsson A, Jimenez-Gonzalez M, Li R, Rosselot C, Tzavaras N, Wu Z, Stewart AF, Garcia-Ocaña A, Stanley SA. A 3D atlas of the dynamic and regional variation of pancreatic innervation in diabetes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/41/eaaz9124. [PMID: 33036983 PMCID: PMC7557000 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz9124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the detailed anatomy of the endocrine pancreas, its innervation, and the remodeling that occurs in diabetes can provide new insights into metabolic disease. Using tissue clearing and whole-organ imaging, we identified the 3D associations between islets and innervation. This technique provided detailed quantification of α and β cell volumes and pancreatic nerve fibers, their distribution and heterogeneity in healthy tissue, canonical mouse models of diabetes, and samples from normal and diabetic human pancreata. Innervation was highly enriched in the mouse endocrine pancreas, with regional differences. Islet nerve density was increased in nonobese diabetic mice, in mice treated with streptozotocin, and in pancreata of human donors with type 2 diabetes. Nerve contacts with β cells were preserved in diabetic mice and humans. In summary, our whole-organ assessment allows comprehensive examination of islet characteristics and their innervation and reveals dynamic regulation of islet innervation in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Alvarsson
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Maria Jimenez-Gonzalez
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rosemary Li
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Carolina Rosselot
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nikolaos Tzavaras
- The Microscopy CoRE and Advanced Bioimaging Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zhuhao Wu
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Regenerative Biology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrew F Stewart
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sarah A Stanley
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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19
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Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Neural Substructure Development during Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor Treatment of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144867. [PMID: 32660142 PMCID: PMC7402296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are highly important in biology due to their unique innate ability to self-renew and differentiate into other specialised cells. In a neurological context, treating major injuries such as traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury and stroke is a strong basis for research in this area. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are a strong candidate because of their accessibility, compatibility if autologous, high yield and multipotency with a potential to generate neural cells. With the use of small-molecule chemicals, the neural induction of stem cells may occur within minutes or hours. Isobutylmethyl xanthine (IBMX) has been widely used in cocktails to induce neural differentiation. However, the key molecular mechanisms it instigates in the process are largely unknown. In this study we showed that IBMX-treated mesenchymal stem cells induced differentiation within 24 h with the unique expression of several key proteins such as Adapter protein crk, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, DNA topoisomerase 2-beta and Cell division protein kinase 5 (CDK5), vital in linking signalling pathways. Furthermore, the increased expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in treated cells promotes phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades and GTPase–Hras interactions. Bioinformatic and pathway analyses revealed upregulation in expression and an increase in the number of proteins with biological ontologies related to neural development and substructure formation. These findings enhance the understanding of the utility of IBMX in MSC neural differentiation and its involvement in neurite substructure development.
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20
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Demy DL, Campanari ML, Munoz-Ruiz R, Durham HD, Gentil BJ, Kabashi E. Functional Characterization of Neurofilament Light Splicing and Misbalance in Zebrafish. Cells 2020; 9:E1238. [PMID: 32429483 PMCID: PMC7291018 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofilaments (NFs), a major cytoskeletal component of motor neurons, play a key role in the differentiation, establishment and maintenance of their morphology and mechanical strength. The de novo assembly of these neuronal intermediate filaments requires the presence of the neurofilament light subunit (NEFL), whose expression is reduced in motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This study used zebrafish as a model to characterize the NEFL homologue neflb, which encodes two different isoforms via a splicing of the primary transcript (neflbE4 and neflbE3). In vivo imaging showed that neflb is crucial for proper neuronal development, and that disrupting the balance between its two isoforms specifically affects the NF assembly and motor axon growth, with resultant motor deficits. This equilibrium is also disrupted upon the partial depletion of TDP-43 (TAR DNA-binding protein 43), an RNA-binding protein encoded by the gene TARDBP that is mislocalized into cytoplasmic inclusions in ALS. The study supports the interaction of the NEFL expression and splicing with TDP-43 in a common pathway, both biologically and pathogenetically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Lou Demy
- Institut Imagine, UMR-1163 INSERM et Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, 24, boulevard du Montparnasse, 75015 Paris, France; (D.L.D.); (M.L.C.); (R.M.-R.)
- Sorbonne Universités Paris VI, UMR INSERM U 1127, CNRS 1127 UPMC, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière—ICM, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Maria Letizia Campanari
- Institut Imagine, UMR-1163 INSERM et Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, 24, boulevard du Montparnasse, 75015 Paris, France; (D.L.D.); (M.L.C.); (R.M.-R.)
- Sorbonne Universités Paris VI, UMR INSERM U 1127, CNRS 1127 UPMC, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière—ICM, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Raphael Munoz-Ruiz
- Institut Imagine, UMR-1163 INSERM et Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, 24, boulevard du Montparnasse, 75015 Paris, France; (D.L.D.); (M.L.C.); (R.M.-R.)
- Sorbonne Universités Paris VI, UMR INSERM U 1127, CNRS 1127 UPMC, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière—ICM, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Heather D. Durham
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (H.D.D.); (B.J.G.)
| | - Benoit J. Gentil
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (H.D.D.); (B.J.G.)
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Edor Kabashi
- Institut Imagine, UMR-1163 INSERM et Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, 24, boulevard du Montparnasse, 75015 Paris, France; (D.L.D.); (M.L.C.); (R.M.-R.)
- Sorbonne Universités Paris VI, UMR INSERM U 1127, CNRS 1127 UPMC, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière—ICM, 75015 Paris, France
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21
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22
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Bott CJ, Winckler B. Intermediate filaments in developing neurons: Beyond structure. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2020; 77:110-128. [PMID: 31970897 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal development relies on a highly choreographed progression of dynamic cellular processes by which newborn neurons migrate, extend axons and dendrites, innervate their targets, and make functional synapses. Many of these dynamic processes require coordinated changes in morphology, powered by the cell's cytoskeleton. Intermediate filaments (IFs) are the third major cytoskeletal elements in vertebrate cells, but are rarely considered when it comes to understanding axon and dendrite growth, pathfinding and synapse formation. In this review, we first introduce the many new and exciting concepts of IF function, discovered mostly in non-neuronal cells. These roles include dynamic rearrangements, crosstalk with microtubules and actin filaments, mechano-sensing and -transduction, and regulation of signaling cascades. We then discuss the understudied roles of neuronally expressed IFs, with a particular focus on IFs expressed during development, such as nestin, vimentin and α-internexin. Lastly, we illustrate how signaling modulation by the unconventional IF nestin shapes neuronal morphogenesis in unexpected and novel ways. Even though the first IF knockout mice were made over 20 years ago, the study of the cell biological functions of IFs in the brain still has much room for exciting new discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Bott
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Bettina Winckler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Much More Than a Scaffold: Cytoskeletal Proteins in Neurological Disorders. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020358. [PMID: 32033020 PMCID: PMC7072452 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent observations related to the structure of the cytoskeleton in neurons and novel cytoskeletal abnormalities involved in the pathophysiology of some neurological diseases are changing our view on the function of the cytoskeletal proteins in the nervous system. These efforts allow a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying neurological diseases and allow us to see beyond our current knowledge for the development of new treatments. The neuronal cytoskeleton can be described as an organelle formed by the three-dimensional lattice of the three main families of filaments: actin filaments, microtubules, and neurofilaments. This organelle organizes well-defined structures within neurons (cell bodies and axons), which allow their proper development and function through life. Here, we will provide an overview of both the basic and novel concepts related to those cytoskeletal proteins, which are emerging as potential targets in the study of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying neurological disorders.
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24
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Klymkowsky MW. Filaments and phenotypes: cellular roles and orphan effects associated with mutations in cytoplasmic intermediate filament proteins. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31602295 PMCID: PMC6774051 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19950.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic intermediate filaments (IFs) surround the nucleus and are often anchored at membrane sites to form effectively transcellular networks. Mutations in IF proteins (IFps) have revealed mechanical roles in epidermis, muscle, liver, and neurons. At the same time, there have been phenotypic surprises, illustrated by the ability to generate viable and fertile mice null for a number of IFp-encoding genes, including vimentin. Yet in humans, the vimentin ( VIM) gene displays a high probability of intolerance to loss-of-function mutations, indicating an essential role. A number of subtle and not so subtle IF-associated phenotypes have been identified, often linked to mechanical or metabolic stresses, some of which have been found to be ameliorated by the over-expression of molecular chaperones, suggesting that such phenotypes arise from what might be termed "orphan" effects as opposed to the absence of the IF network per se, an idea originally suggested by Toivola et al. and Pekny and Lane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Klymkowsky
- Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
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25
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Wurster CD, Steinacker P, Günther R, Koch JC, Lingor P, Uzelac Z, Witzel S, Wollinsky K, Winter B, Osmanovic A, Schreiber-Katz O, Al Shweiki R, Ludolph AC, Petri S, Hermann A, Otto M. Neurofilament light chain in serum of adolescent and adult SMA patients under treatment with nusinersen. J Neurol 2019; 267:36-44. [PMID: 31552549 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the diagnostic and monitoring value of serum neurofilament light chain (NfL) in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). METHODS We measured serum NfL in 46 SMA patients at baseline and over 14 months of treatment with the antisense-oligonucleotide (ASO) nusinersen using the ultrasensitive single molecule array (Simoa) technology. Serum NfL levels of SMA patients were compared to controls and related to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) NfL, blood-CSF barrier function quantified by the albumin blood/CSF ratio (Qalb) and motor scores (Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded, HFMSE; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised, ALSFRS-R). RESULTS Serum NfL levels of SMA patients were in the range of controls (p = 0.316) and did not correlate with CSF NfL (ρ = 0.302, p = 0.142) or Qalb (ρ = - 0.160, p = 0.293). During therapy, serum NfL levels were relatively stable with notable concentration changes in single SMA patients, however, within the control range. Higher NfL levels were associated with worse motor performance in SMA (baseline: HFMSE ρ = - 0.330, p = 0.025, ALSFRS-R ρ = - 0.403, p = 0.005; after 10 months: HFMSE ρ = - 0.525, p = 0.008, ALSFRS-R ρ = - 0.537, p = 0.007), but changes in motor scores did not correlate with changes in serum NfL. CONCLUSION Diagnostic and monitoring performance of serum NfL measurement seems to differ between SMA subtypes. Unlike to SMA type 1, in adolescent and adult SMA type 2 and 3 patients, neurodegeneration is not reflected by increased NfL levels and short-term therapeutic effects cannot be observed. Long-term follow-up has to be performed to see if even low levels of NfL might be good prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia D Wurster
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Petra Steinacker
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - René Günther
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan C Koch
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Zeljko Uzelac
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simon Witzel
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kurt Wollinsky
- Department of Anesthesiology, RKU, University and Rehabilitation Clinics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Alma Osmanovic
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Rami Al Shweiki
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Albert C Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht-Kossel", Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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26
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Malacrida A, Meregalli C, Rodriguez-Menendez V, Nicolini G. Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy and Changes in Cytoskeleton. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092287. [PMID: 31075828 PMCID: PMC6540147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the different antineoplastic mechanisms of action, peripheral neurotoxicity induced by all chemotherapy drugs (anti-tubulin agents, platinum compounds, proteasome inhibitors, thalidomide) is associated with neuron morphological changes ascribable to cytoskeleton modifications. The “dying back” degeneration of distal terminals (sensory nerves) of dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons, observed in animal models, in in vitro cultures and biopsies of patients is the most evident hallmark of the perturbation of the cytoskeleton. On the other hand, in highly polarized cells like neurons, the cytoskeleton carries out its role not only in axons but also has a fundamental role in dendrite plasticity and in the organization of soma. In the literature, there are many studies focused on the antineoplastic-induced alteration of microtubule organization (and consequently, fast axonal transport defects) while very few studies have investigated the effect of the different classes of drugs on microfilaments, intermediate filaments and associated proteins. Therefore, in this review, we will focus on: (1) Highlighting the fundamental role of the crosstalk among the three filamentous subsystems and (2) investigating pivotal cytoskeleton-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Malacrida
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Experimental Neurology Unit and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, MB, Italy.
| | - Cristina Meregalli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Experimental Neurology Unit and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, MB, Italy.
| | - Virginia Rodriguez-Menendez
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Experimental Neurology Unit and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, MB, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Nicolini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Experimental Neurology Unit and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, MB, Italy.
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27
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Shin KM, Ko IG, Kim SE, Jin JJ, Hwang L, Kim SH, Seo JH, Kim BK, Na YG. Low-frequency electroacupncture improves locomotor function after sciatic crushed nerve injury in rats. J Exerc Rehabil 2019; 14:927-933. [PMID: 30656150 PMCID: PMC6323326 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836594.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sciatic crushed nerve injury (SCI) causes pain-related gait and swelling in the affected limb. Electroacupuncture (EA) is a modified acupuncture technique, and analgesic effect of EA on different types of pain has been documented. Scientific functional index (SFI) is a mathematical formula to represent parameters of normal and experimental footprints. We investigated the effect of low-frequency EA on functional recovery following SCI in rats. For this study, immunohistochemistry for c-Fos in the ventral lateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and western blot for neurofilament (NF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the sciatic nerve were conducted. To induce crush injury on the sciatic nerve, sciatic nerve was crushed for 30 sec using a surgical clip. The rats in the acupuncture groups received acupuncture bilaterally at respective site, once a day for 14 days. The rats in the EA group received 100-Hz electrical stimulation for 10 min once a day during 14 days. SCI decreased SFI value, in contrast, EA increased SFI value. c-Fos expression in the vlPAG and PVN was increased following SCI, in contrast, EA suppressed c-Fos expression. NF expression in the sciatic nerve was decreased by SCI, in contrast, EA increased NF expression. BDNF expression in the sciatic nerve was increased by SCI, in contrast, EA suppressed BDNF expression. In the present study, EA showed effectiveness on functional recovery from SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Key-Moon Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il-Gyu Ko
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Jang Jin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lakkyong Hwang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Sport & Health Science, College of Natural Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Seo
- Department of Adaptive Physical Education, Baekseok University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Bo-Kyun Kim
- Department of Emergency Technology, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yong Gil Na
- Department of Urology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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28
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How minimal variations in neuronal cytoskeletal integrity modulate cognitive control. Neuroimage 2019; 185:129-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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29
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Wang S, Ji D, Yang Q, Li M, Ma Z, Zhang S, Li H. NEFLb impairs early nervous system development via regulation of neuron apoptosis in zebrafish. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:11208-11218. [PMID: 30569449 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurofilament light chain (NEFL), a subunit of neurofilament, has been shown to play an important role in pathogenic neurodegenerative disease and in radial axonal growth. However, information remains largely lacking regarding the function of NEFL in early development to date. In this study, we demonstrated the presence of two nefl genes, nefla and neflb, in zebrafish, generated by fish-specific third round genome duplication. These duplicated nefl genes were predominantly expressed in the nervous system with an overlapping and distinct expression pattern. Both gene knockdown and rescue experiments show that it was neflb rather than nefla that played an indispensable role in nervous system development. It was also found that neflb knockdown resulted in striking apoptosis of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to morphological defects such as brain structure disorder and trunk bending. Thus, we report a previously uncharacterized role of NEFL that NEFLb impairs the early development of zebrafish nervous system via regulation of the neuron apoptosis in the brain and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Wang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Dongrui Ji
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingyun Yang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zengyu Ma
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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30
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Costa AR, Pinto-Costa R, Sousa SC, Sousa MM. The Regulation of Axon Diameter: From Axonal Circumferential Contractility to Activity-Dependent Axon Swelling. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:319. [PMID: 30233318 PMCID: PMC6131297 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the adult nervous system axon caliber varies widely amongst different tracts. When considering a given axon, its diameter can further fluctuate in space and time, according to processes including the distribution of organelles and activity-dependent mechanisms. In addition, evidence is emerging supporting that in axons circumferential tension/contractility is present. Axonal diameter is generically regarded as being regulated by neurofilaments. When neurofilaments are absent or low, microtubule-dependent mechanisms can also contribute to the regulation of axon caliber. Despite this knowledge, the fine-tune mechanisms controlling diameter and circumferential tension throughout the lifetime of an axon, remain largely elusive. Recent data supports the role of the actin-spectrin-based membrane periodic skeleton and of non-muscle myosin II in the control of axon diameter. However, the cytoskeletal arrangement that underlies circumferential axonal contraction and expansion is still to be discovered. Here, we discuss in a critical viewpoint the existing knowledge on the regulation of axon diameter, with a specific focus on the possible role played by the axonal actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Costa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Pinto-Costa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Castro Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica Mendes Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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31
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Lancaster E, Li J, Hanania T, Liem R, Scheideler MA, Scherer SS. Myelinated axons fail to develop properly in a genetically authentic mouse model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2E. Exp Neurol 2018; 308:13-25. [PMID: 29940160 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed a mouse model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 2E (CMT2E) harboring a heterozygous p.Asn98Ser (p.N98S) Nefl mutation, whose human counterpart results in a severe, early-onset neuropathy. Behavioral, electrophysiological, and pathological analyses were done on separate cohorts of NeflN98S/+ mutant mice and their wild type Nefl+/+ littermates between 8 and 48 weeks of age. The motor performance of NeflN98S/+ mice, as evidenced by altered balance and gait measures, was impaired at every age examined (from 6 to 25 weeks of age). At all times examined, myelinated axons were smaller and contained markedly fewer neurofilaments in NeflN98S/+ mice, in all examined aspects of the PNS, from the nerve roots to the distal ends of the sciatic and caudal nerves. Similarly, the myelinated axons in the various tracts of the spinal cord and in the optic nerves were smaller and contained fewer neurofilaments in mutant mice. The myelinated axons in both the PNS and the CNS of mutant mice had relatively thicker myelin sheaths. The amplitude and the nerve conduction velocity of the caudal nerves were reduced in proportion with the diminished sizes of myelinated axons. Conspicuous aggregations of neurofilaments were only seen in primary sensory and motor neurons, and were largely confined to the cell bodies and proximal axons. There was evidence of axonal degeneration and regeneration of myelinated axons, mostly in distal nerves. In summary, the p.N98S mutation causes a profound reduction of neurofilaments in the myelinated axons of the PNS and CNS, resulting in substantially reduced axonal diameters, particularly of large myelinated axons, and distal axon loss in the PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjoo Lancaster
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Taleen Hanania
- Psychogenics Inc 215 College Road Paramus, NJ 07652, United States
| | - Ronald Liem
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | | | - Steven S Scherer
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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32
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Yuan Y, Xu XY, Lao J, Zhao X. Proteomic analysis of trans-hemispheric motor cortex reorganization following contralateral C 7 nerve transfer. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:331-339. [PMID: 29557385 PMCID: PMC5879907 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.226429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve transfer is the most common treatment for total brachial plexus avulsion injury. After nerve transfer, the movement of the injured limb may be activated by certain movements of the healthy limb at the early stage of recovery, i.e., trans-hemispheric reorganization. Previous studies have focused on functional magnetic resonance imaging and changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and growth associated protein 43, but there have been no proteomics studies. In this study, we designed a rat model of total brachial plexus avulsion injury involving contralateral C7 nerve transfer. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation and western blot assay were then used to screen differentially expressed proteins in bilateral motor cortices. We found that most differentially expressed proteins in both cortices of upper limb were associated with nervous system development and function (including neuron differentiation and development, axonogenesis, and guidance), microtubule and cytoskeleton organization, synapse plasticity, and transmission of nerve impulses. Two key differentially expressed proteins, neurofilament light (NFL) and Thy-1, were identified. In contralateral cortex, the NFL level was upregulated 2 weeks after transfer and downregulated at 1 and 5 months. The Thy-1 level was upregulated from 1 to 5 months. In the affected cortex, the NFL level increased gradually from 1 to 5 months. Western blot results of key differentially expressed proteins were consistent with the proteomic findings. These results indicate that NFL and Thy-1 play an important role in trans-hemispheric organization following total brachial plexus root avulsion and contralateral C7 nerve transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yuan
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Health; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve & Microsurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu-Yue Xu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Health; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve & Microsurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Lao
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Health; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve & Microsurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Health; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve & Microsurgery, Shanghai, China
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33
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Uversky VN. Paradoxes and wonders of intrinsic disorder: Stability of instability. INTRINSICALLY DISORDERED PROTEINS 2017; 5:e1327757. [PMID: 30250771 DOI: 10.1080/21690707.2017.1327757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This article continues a series of short comments on the paradoxes and wonders of the protein intrinsic disorder phenomenon by introducing the "stability of instability" paradox. Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are characterized by the lack of stable 3D-structure, and, as a result, have an exceptional ability to sustain exposure to extremely harsh environmental conditions (an illustration of the "you cannot break what is already broken" principle). Extended IDPs are known to possess extreme thermal and acid stability and are able either to keep their functionality under these extreme conditions or to rapidly regain their functionality after returning to the normal conditions. Furthermore, sturdiness of intrinsic disorder and its capability to "ignore" harsh conditions provides some interesting and important advantages to its carriers, at the molecular (e.g., the cell wall-anchored accumulation-associated protein playing a crucial role in intercellular adhesion within the biofilm of Staphylococcus epidermidis), supramolecular (e.g., protein complexes, biologic liquid-liquid phase transitions, and proteinaceous membrane-less organelles), and organismal levels (e.g., the recently popularized case of the microscopic animals, tardigrades, or water bears, that use intrinsically disordered proteins to survive desiccation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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34
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Malka-Gibor E, Kornreich M, Laser-Azogui A, Doron O, Zingerman-Koladko I, Harapin J, Medalia O, Beck R. Phosphorylation-Induced Mechanical Regulation of Intrinsically Disordered Neurofilament Proteins. Biophys J 2017; 112:892-900. [PMID: 28297648 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological function of protein assemblies has been conventionally equated with a unique three-dimensional protein structure and protein-specific interactions. However, in the past 20 years it has been found that some assemblies contain long flexible regions that adopt multiple structural conformations. These include neurofilament proteins that constitute the stress-responsive supportive network of neurons. Herein, we show that the macroscopic properties of neurofilament networks are tuned by enzymatic regulation of the charge found on the flexible protein regions. The results reveal an enzymatic (phosphorylation) regulation of macroscopic properties such as orientation, stress response, and expansion in flexible protein assemblies. Using a model that explains the attractive electrostatic interactions induced by enzymatically added charges, we demonstrate that phosphorylation regulation is far richer and versatile than previously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eti Malka-Gibor
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Micha Kornreich
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adi Laser-Azogui
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofer Doron
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Irena Zingerman-Koladko
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Jan Harapin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ohad Medalia
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roy Beck
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Brureau A, Blanchard-Bregeon V, Pech C, Hamon S, Chaillou P, Guillemot JC, Barneoud P, Bertrand P, Pradier L, Rooney T, Schussler N. NF-L in cerebrospinal fluid and serum is a biomarker of neuronal damage in an inducible mouse model of neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 104:73-84. [PMID: 28392472 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of neurofilaments (NFs), the major constituents of the neuronal cytoskeleton, is a distinctive feature of neurological diseases and several studies have shown that soluble NFs can be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Here we have used an inducible transgenic mouse model of neurodegeneration, CamKII-TetOp25 mice, to evaluate whether NF-L levels in CSF or blood can be used as a biochemical biomarker of neurodegeneration. Induction of p25 transgene brain expression led to increase in CSF and serum NF-L levels that correlated with ongoing neurodegeneration. Switching off p25 prevented further increases in both CSF and serum NF-L levels and concomitantly stopped the progression of neurodegeneration. The levels of CSF NF-L detected in p25 mice are about 4-fold higher than the CSF levels detected in patients with chronic neurodegenerative diseases, such as symptomatic FTD (bvFTD). In addition, our data indicate that the NF-L detected in CSF is most likely a cleaved form of NF-L. These results suggest that CSF and serum NF-L are of interest to be further explored as potential translational dynamic biomarkers of neurodegeneration or as pharmacodynamics biomarkers at least in preclinical animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Brureau
- Sanofi R&D, Neuroscience Research Therapeutic Area, Neurodegeneration Cluster, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly Mazarin, 91380, France; Pharnext, 11 rue des Peupliers, 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | | | - Catherine Pech
- Evotec, 19 route d'Espagne, - BP13669-31036 Toulouse Cedex 1, France
| | - Stéphanie Hamon
- Sanofi R&D, Translational Sciences Unit, Chilly Mazarin, 91380, France
| | - Pascal Chaillou
- Sanofi R&D, Translational Sciences Unit, Chilly Mazarin, 91380, France
| | | | - Pascal Barneoud
- Sanofi R&D, Neuroscience Research Therapeutic Area, Neurodegeneration Cluster, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly Mazarin, 91380, France
| | - Philippe Bertrand
- Sanofi R&D, Neuroscience Research Therapeutic Area, Neurodegeneration Cluster, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly Mazarin, 91380, France
| | - Laurent Pradier
- Sanofi R&D, Neuroscience Research Therapeutic Area, Neurodegeneration Cluster, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly Mazarin, 91380, France
| | - Thomas Rooney
- Sanofi R&D, Neuroscience Research Therapeutic Area, Neurodegeneration Cluster, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly Mazarin, 91380, France
| | - Nathalie Schussler
- Sanofi R&D, Neuroscience Research Therapeutic Area, Neurodegeneration Cluster, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly Mazarin, 91380, France.
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Yuan A, Rao MV, Veeranna, Nixon RA. Neurofilaments and Neurofilament Proteins in Health and Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:9/4/a018309. [PMID: 28373358 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYNeurofilaments (NFs) are unique among tissue-specific classes of intermediate filaments (IFs) in being heteropolymers composed of four subunits (NF-L [neurofilament light]; NF-M [neurofilament middle]; NF-H [neurofilament heavy]; and α-internexin or peripherin), each having different domain structures and functions. Here, we review how NFs provide structural support for the highly asymmetric geometries of neurons and, especially, for the marked radial expansion of myelinated axons crucial for effective nerve conduction velocity. NFs in axons extensively cross-bridge and interconnect with other non-IF components of the cytoskeleton, including microtubules, actin filaments, and other fibrous cytoskeletal elements, to establish a regionally specialized network that undergoes exceptionally slow local turnover and serves as a docking platform to organize other organelles and proteins. We also discuss how a small pool of oligomeric and short filamentous precursors in the slow phase of axonal transport maintains this network. A complex pattern of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events on each subunit modulates filament assembly, turnover, and organization within the axonal cytoskeleton. Multiple factors, and especially turnover rate, determine the size of the network, which can vary substantially along the axon. NF gene mutations cause several neuroaxonal disorders characterized by disrupted subunit assembly and NF aggregation. Additional NF alterations are associated with varied neuropsychiatric disorders. New evidence that subunits of NFs exist within postsynaptic terminal boutons and influence neurotransmission suggests how NF proteins might contribute to normal synaptic function and neuropsychiatric disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidong Yuan
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York 10962.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Mala V Rao
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York 10962.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Veeranna
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York 10962.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York 10962.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016.,Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
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Voelzmann A, Hahn I, Pearce SP, Sánchez-Soriano N, Prokop A. A conceptual view at microtubule plus end dynamics in neuronal axons. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:226-237. [PMID: 27530065 PMCID: PMC5090033 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Axons are the cable-like protrusions of neurons which wire up the nervous system. Polar bundles of microtubules (MTs) constitute their structural backbones and are highways for life-sustaining transport between proximal cell bodies and distal synapses. Any morphogenetic changes of axons during development, plastic rearrangement, regeneration or degeneration depend on dynamic changes of these MT bundles. A key mechanism for implementing such changes is the coordinated polymerisation and depolymerisation at the plus ends of MTs within these bundles. To gain an understanding of how such regulation can be achieved at the cellular level, we provide here an integrated overview of the extensive knowledge we have about the molecular mechanisms regulating MT de/polymerisation. We first summarise insights gained from work in vitro, then describe the machinery which supplies the essential tubulin building blocks, the protein complexes associating with MT plus ends, and MT shaft-based mechanisms that influence plus end dynamics. We briefly summarise the contribution of MT plus end dynamics to important cellular functions in axons, and conclude by discussing the challenges and potential strategies of integrating the existing molecular knowledge into conceptual understanding at the level of axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Voelzmann
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ines Hahn
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon P Pearce
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; The University of Manchester, School of Mathematics, Alan Turing Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Natalia Sánchez-Soriano
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Andreas Prokop
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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Villalón E, Dale JM, Jones M, Shen H, Garcia ML. Exacerbation of Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2E neuropathy following traumatic nerve injury. Brain Res 2015; 1627:143-53. [PMID: 26423936 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most commonly inherited peripheral neuropathy. CMT disease signs include distal limb neuropathy, abnormal gait, sensory defects, and deafness. We generated a novel line of CMT2E mice expressing hNF-L(E397K), which displayed muscle atrophy of the lower limbs without denervation, proximal reduction in large caliber axons, and decreased nerve conduction velocity. In this study, we challenged wild type, hNF-L and hNF-L(E397K) mice with crush injury to the sciatic nerve. We analyzed functional recovery by measuring toe spread and analyzed gait using the Catwalk system. hNF-L(E397K) mice demonstrated reduced recovery from nerve injury consistent with increased susceptibility to neuropathy observed in CMT patients. In addition, hNF-L(E397K) developed a permanent reduction in their ability to weight bear, increased mechanical allodynia, and premature gait shift in the injured limb, which led to increasingly disrupted interlimb coordination in hNF-L(E397K). Exacerbation of neuropathy after injury and identification of gait alterations in combination with previously described pathology suggests that hNF-L(E397K) mice recapitulate many of clinical signs associated with CMT2. Therefore, hNF-L(E397K) mice provide a model for determining the efficacy of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Villalón
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Dale
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Maria Jones
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Hailian Shen
- CurRenji-Medx Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Michael L Garcia
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Wang X, Krebbers J, Charalambous P, Machado V, Schober A, Bosse F, Müller HW, Unsicker K. Growth/differentiation factor-15 and its role in peripheral nervous system lesion and regeneration. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 362:317-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Laser-Azogui A, Kornreich M, Malka-Gibor E, Beck R. Neurofilament assembly and function during neuronal development. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 32:92-101. [PMID: 25635910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the assembly of neuronal intermediate filaments (IFs) date back to the early work of Alzheimer. Developing neurons express a series of IF proteins, sequentially, at distinct stages of mammalian cell differentiation. This correlates with altered morphologies during the neuronal development, including axon outgrowth, guidance and conductivity. Importantly, neuronal IFs that fail to properly assemble into a filamentous network are a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's disease. Traditional structural methodologies fail to fully describe neuronal IF assembly, interactions and resulting function due to IFs structural plasticity, particularly in their C-terminal domains. We review here current progress in the field of neuronal-specific IFs, a dominant component affecting the cytoskeletal structure and function of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Laser-Azogui
- The Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Micha Kornreich
- The Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Eti Malka-Gibor
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Roy Beck
- The Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Liang W, Zhang W, Zhao S, Li Q, Liang H, Ceng R. Altered expression of neurofilament 200 and amyloid-β peptide (1-40) in a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Neurol Sci 2014; 36:707-12. [PMID: 25452168 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-2014-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is damaging to white matter in the brain. So far few studies have investigated long-term axonal damage following CCH. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of neurofilament 200 (NF200) and amyloid-β (1-40) [Aβ (1-40)] in the pathological mechanism for neuronal damage, and to quantify changes in their expression over time in a rat model of CCH. A rat model of CCH was established using partial bilateral ligation of the common carotid arteries. The extent of stenosis was verified by measuring the changes in cerebral blood flow after surgery. Histology was used to assess hippocampal neuronal pathology, and immunohistochemistry was used to quantify the expression of NF200 and Aβ (1-40) at 2, 4, and 12 weeks after surgery. The cerebral blood flow reduced to 33.89 ± 5.48 % at 2 weeks, 36.83 ± 4.63 % at 4 weeks and 51.44 ± 4.90 % at 12 weeks. Immunofluorescence staining of neuronal perikarya sections revealed a marked decrease in the population of surviving pyramidal cells in the hippocampal CA1 region, a significant up-regulation in the expression of Aβ (1-40), and a significant reduction in the expression of NF200 following CCH surgery. Moreover, this trend was increasingly obvious over time. Our data demonstrate that CCH leads to axonal damage over time. We also confirmed that the expression of Aβ (1-40) and NF200 may be useful biomarkers of axonal damage following CCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Liang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, No. 183 Xinqiao Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China,
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Croall ID, Cowie CJA, He J, Peel A, Wood J, Aribisala BS, Mitchell P, Mendelow AD, Smith FE, Millar D, Kelly T, Blamire AM. White matter correlates of cognitive dysfunction after mild traumatic brain injury. Neurology 2014; 83:494-501. [PMID: 25031282 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To relate neurophysiologic changes after mild/moderate traumatic brain injury to cognitive deficit in a longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging investigation. METHODS Fifty-three patients were scanned an average of 6 days postinjury (range = 1-14 days). Twenty-three patients were rescanned 1 year later. Thirty-three matched control subjects were recruited. At the time of scanning, participants completed cognitive testing. Tract-Based Spatial Statistics was used to conduct voxel-wise analysis on diffusion changes and to explore regressions between diffusion metrics and cognitive performance. RESULTS Acutely, increased axial diffusivity drove a fractional anisotropy (FA) increase, while decreased radial diffusivity drove a negative regression between FA and Verbal Letter Fluency across widespread white matter regions, but particularly in the ascending fibers of the corpus callosum. Raised FA is hypothesized to be caused by astrogliosis and compaction of axonal neurofilament, which would also affect cognitive functioning. Chronically, FA was decreased, suggesting myelin sheath disintegration, but still regressed negatively with Verbal Letter Fluency in the anterior forceps. CONCLUSIONS Acute mild/moderate traumatic brain injury is characterized by increased tissue FA, which represents a clear neurobiological link between cognitive dysfunction and white matter injury after mild/moderate injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain D Croall
- From the Institute of Cellular Medicine & Newcastle MR Centre (I.D.C., C.J.A.C., J.W., F.E.S., A.M.B.), Newcastle University; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.J.A.C., P.M., A.D.M.) and Neuropsychology (T.K.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre (J.H.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen; Department of Psychology (A.P.), Durham University; Brain Research Imaging Centre (B.S.A.), Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh; and NeuroCog (D.M.), John Buddle Village, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Christopher J A Cowie
- From the Institute of Cellular Medicine & Newcastle MR Centre (I.D.C., C.J.A.C., J.W., F.E.S., A.M.B.), Newcastle University; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.J.A.C., P.M., A.D.M.) and Neuropsychology (T.K.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre (J.H.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen; Department of Psychology (A.P.), Durham University; Brain Research Imaging Centre (B.S.A.), Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh; and NeuroCog (D.M.), John Buddle Village, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jiabao He
- From the Institute of Cellular Medicine & Newcastle MR Centre (I.D.C., C.J.A.C., J.W., F.E.S., A.M.B.), Newcastle University; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.J.A.C., P.M., A.D.M.) and Neuropsychology (T.K.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre (J.H.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen; Department of Psychology (A.P.), Durham University; Brain Research Imaging Centre (B.S.A.), Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh; and NeuroCog (D.M.), John Buddle Village, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anna Peel
- From the Institute of Cellular Medicine & Newcastle MR Centre (I.D.C., C.J.A.C., J.W., F.E.S., A.M.B.), Newcastle University; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.J.A.C., P.M., A.D.M.) and Neuropsychology (T.K.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre (J.H.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen; Department of Psychology (A.P.), Durham University; Brain Research Imaging Centre (B.S.A.), Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh; and NeuroCog (D.M.), John Buddle Village, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Joshua Wood
- From the Institute of Cellular Medicine & Newcastle MR Centre (I.D.C., C.J.A.C., J.W., F.E.S., A.M.B.), Newcastle University; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.J.A.C., P.M., A.D.M.) and Neuropsychology (T.K.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre (J.H.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen; Department of Psychology (A.P.), Durham University; Brain Research Imaging Centre (B.S.A.), Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh; and NeuroCog (D.M.), John Buddle Village, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Benjamin S Aribisala
- From the Institute of Cellular Medicine & Newcastle MR Centre (I.D.C., C.J.A.C., J.W., F.E.S., A.M.B.), Newcastle University; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.J.A.C., P.M., A.D.M.) and Neuropsychology (T.K.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre (J.H.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen; Department of Psychology (A.P.), Durham University; Brain Research Imaging Centre (B.S.A.), Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh; and NeuroCog (D.M.), John Buddle Village, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Patrick Mitchell
- From the Institute of Cellular Medicine & Newcastle MR Centre (I.D.C., C.J.A.C., J.W., F.E.S., A.M.B.), Newcastle University; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.J.A.C., P.M., A.D.M.) and Neuropsychology (T.K.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre (J.H.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen; Department of Psychology (A.P.), Durham University; Brain Research Imaging Centre (B.S.A.), Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh; and NeuroCog (D.M.), John Buddle Village, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A David Mendelow
- From the Institute of Cellular Medicine & Newcastle MR Centre (I.D.C., C.J.A.C., J.W., F.E.S., A.M.B.), Newcastle University; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.J.A.C., P.M., A.D.M.) and Neuropsychology (T.K.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre (J.H.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen; Department of Psychology (A.P.), Durham University; Brain Research Imaging Centre (B.S.A.), Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh; and NeuroCog (D.M.), John Buddle Village, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fiona E Smith
- From the Institute of Cellular Medicine & Newcastle MR Centre (I.D.C., C.J.A.C., J.W., F.E.S., A.M.B.), Newcastle University; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.J.A.C., P.M., A.D.M.) and Neuropsychology (T.K.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre (J.H.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen; Department of Psychology (A.P.), Durham University; Brain Research Imaging Centre (B.S.A.), Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh; and NeuroCog (D.M.), John Buddle Village, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David Millar
- From the Institute of Cellular Medicine & Newcastle MR Centre (I.D.C., C.J.A.C., J.W., F.E.S., A.M.B.), Newcastle University; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.J.A.C., P.M., A.D.M.) and Neuropsychology (T.K.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre (J.H.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen; Department of Psychology (A.P.), Durham University; Brain Research Imaging Centre (B.S.A.), Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh; and NeuroCog (D.M.), John Buddle Village, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tom Kelly
- From the Institute of Cellular Medicine & Newcastle MR Centre (I.D.C., C.J.A.C., J.W., F.E.S., A.M.B.), Newcastle University; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.J.A.C., P.M., A.D.M.) and Neuropsychology (T.K.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre (J.H.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen; Department of Psychology (A.P.), Durham University; Brain Research Imaging Centre (B.S.A.), Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh; and NeuroCog (D.M.), John Buddle Village, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew M Blamire
- From the Institute of Cellular Medicine & Newcastle MR Centre (I.D.C., C.J.A.C., J.W., F.E.S., A.M.B.), Newcastle University; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.J.A.C., P.M., A.D.M.) and Neuropsychology (T.K.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre (J.H.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen; Department of Psychology (A.P.), Durham University; Brain Research Imaging Centre (B.S.A.), Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh; and NeuroCog (D.M.), John Buddle Village, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Meyer L, Patte-Mensah C, Taleb O, Mensah-Nyagan AG. Neurosteroid 3α-androstanediol efficiently counteracts paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy and painful symptoms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80915. [PMID: 24260511 PMCID: PMC3829913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Painful peripheral neuropathy belongs to major side-effects limiting cancer chemotherapy. Paclitaxel, widely used to treat several cancers, induces neurological symptoms including burning pain, allodynia, hyperalgesia and numbness. Therefore, identification of drugs that may effectively counteract paclitaxel-induced neuropathic symptoms is crucial. Here, we combined histopathological, neurochemical, behavioral and electrophysiological methods to investigate the natural neurosteroid 3α-androstanediol (3α-DIOL) ability to counteract paclitaxel-evoked peripheral nerve tissue damages and neurological symptoms. Prophylactic or corrective 3α-DIOL treatment (4 mg/kg/2days) prevented or suppressed PAC-evoked heat-thermal hyperalgesia, cold-allodynia and mechanical allodynia/hyperalgesia, by reversing to normal, decreased thermal and mechanical pain thresholds of PAC-treated rats. Electrophysiological studies demonstrated that 3α-DIOL restored control values of nerve conduction velocity and action potential peak amplitude significantly altered by PAC-treatment. 3α-DIOL also repaired PAC-induced nerve damages by restoring normal neurofilament-200 level in peripheral axons and control amount of 2’,3’-cyclic-nucleotide-3’-phosphodiesterase in myelin sheaths. Decreased density of intraepidermal nerve fibers evoked by PAC-therapy was also counteracted by 3α-DIOL treatment. More importantly, 3α-DIOL beneficial effects were not sedation-dependent but resulted from its neuroprotective ability, nerve tissue repairing capacity and long-term analgesic action. Altogether, our results showing that 3α-DIOL efficiently counteracted PAC-evoked painful symptoms, also offer interesting possibilities to develop neurosteroid-based strategies against chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. This article shows that the prophylactic or corrective treatment with 3α-androstanediol prevents or suppresses PAC-evoked painful symptoms and peripheral nerve dysfunctions in rats. The data suggest that 3α-androstanediol-based therapy may constitute an efficient strategy to explore in humans for the eradication of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Meyer
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Patte-Mensah
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
| | - Omar Taleb
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ayikoe Guy Mensah-Nyagan
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
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Jiang Z, Wang Y, Zhang X, Peng T, Lu Y, Leng J, Xie Q. Preventive and therapeutic effects of ginsenoside Rb1 for neural injury during cerebral infarction in rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2013; 41:341-52. [PMID: 23548124 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x13500250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To examine the preventive and therapeutic effects of ginsenoside Rb1 for neural injury during cerebral infarction, we used a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rats to investigate the effects of ginsenoside Rb1 with Edaravone as a control. Ginsenoside Rb1 was given to the rats by intragastric administration either before or after the MCAO surgery to study its preventive and therapeutic effects. Ginsenoside Rb1-treated rats had a smaller infarct volume than the positive control. Interleukin-1 (IL-1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), neurofilament (NF) and growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) were measured to determine brain damage and the recovery of nerves. These findings suggest that ginsenoside Rb1 has neuroprotective effects in rats, and the protection efficiency is higher than Edaravone. The protective mechanism is different from Edaravone. The preventive ability of ginsenoside Rb1 is higher than its repair ability in neuroprotection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Ministry of Health (Sichuan University), Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidong Yuan
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, NY 10962, USA.
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Expansion of neurofilament medium C terminus increases axonal diameter independent of increases in conduction velocity or myelin thickness. J Neurosci 2012; 32:6209-19. [PMID: 22553027 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0647-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Maturation of the peripheral nervous system requires specification of axonal diameter, which, in turn, has a significant influence on nerve conduction velocity. Radial axonal growth initiates with myelination, and is dependent upon the C terminus of neurofilament medium (NF-M). Molecular phylogenetic analysis in mammals suggested that expanded NF-M C termini correlated with larger-diameter axons. We used gene targeting and computational modeling to test this new hypothesis. Increasing the length of NF-M C terminus in mice increased diameter of motor axons without altering neurofilament subunit stoichiometry. Computational modeling predicted that an expanded NF-M C terminus extended farther from the neurofilament core independent of lysine-serine-proline (KSP) phosphorylation. However, expansion of NF-M C terminus did not affect the distance between adjacent neurofilaments. Increased axonal diameter did not increase conduction velocity, possibly due to a failure to increase myelin thickness by the same proportion. Failure of myelin to compensate for larger axonal diameters suggested a lack of plasticity during the processes of myelination and radial axonal growth.
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Schevzov G, Curthoys NM, Gunning PW, Fath T. Functional diversity of actin cytoskeleton in neurons and its regulation by tropomyosin. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 298:33-94. [PMID: 22878104 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394309-5.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurons comprise functionally, molecularly, and spatially distinct subcellular compartments which include the soma, dendrites, axon, branches, dendritic spines, and growth cones. In this chapter, we detail the remarkable ability of the neuronal cytoskeleton to exquisitely regulate all these cytoplasmic distinct partitions, with particular emphasis on the microfilament system and its plethora of associated proteins. Importance will be given to the family of actin-associated proteins, tropomyosin, in defining distinct actin filament populations. The ability of tropomyosin isoforms to regulate the access of actin-binding proteins to the filaments is believed to define the structural diversity and dynamics of actin filaments and ultimately be responsible for the functional outcome of these filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Schevzov
- Oncology Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
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Chang JR, Mukerjee R, Bagashev A, Del Valle L, Chabrashvili T, Hawkins BJ, He JJ, Sawaya BE. HIV-1 Tat protein promotes neuronal dysfunction through disruption of microRNAs. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41125-34. [PMID: 21956116 PMCID: PMC3220514 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.268466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, small noncoding RNA molecules such as microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators in the expression and function of eukaryotic genomes. It has been suggested that viral infections and neurological disease outcome may also be shaped by the influence of small RNAs. This has prompted us to suggest that HIV infection alters the endogenous miRNA expression patterns, thereby contributing to neuronal deregulation and AIDS dementia. Therefore, using primary cultures and neuronal cell lines, we examined the impact of a viral protein (HIV-1 Tat) on the expression of miRNAs due to its characteristic features such as release from the infected cells and taken up by noninfected cells. Using microRNA array assay, we demonstrated that Tat deregulates the levels of several miRNAs. Interestingly, miR-34a was among the most highly induced miRNAs in Tat-treated neurons. Tat also decreases the levels of miR-34a target genes such as CREB protein as shown by real time PCR. The effect of Tat was neutralized in the presence of anti-miR-34a. Using in situ hybridization assay, we found that the levels of miR-34a increase in Tat transgenic mice when compared with the parental mice. Therefore, we conclude that deregulation of neuronal functions by HIV-1 Tat protein is miRNA-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Robert Chang
- From the Department of Neurology, Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Ruma Mukerjee
- From the Department of Neurology, Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Asen Bagashev
- From the Department of Neurology, Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Luis Del Valle
- the Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, and Department of Pathology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Tinatin Chabrashvili
- From the Department of Neurology, Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Brian J. Hawkins
- Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, and
| | - Johnny J. He
- the Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Bassel E. Sawaya
- From the Department of Neurology, Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
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