1
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Zare Z, Tehrani M, Zarbakhsh S, Mohammadi M. Protective effects of treadmill exercise on apoptotic neuronal damage and astrocyte activation in ovariectomized and/or diabetic rat prefrontal cortex: molecular and histological aspects. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:754-762. [PMID: 36377197 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2148529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both estrogen deprivation and diabetes mellitus are known as risk factors for neuronal damage. Using an animal model of ovariectomized and/or streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus, we examined expression of apoptosis-related proteins, neuronal damage, and astrocyte activation in prefrontal cortex of rats with/without treadmill exercise. METHODS Adult female Wistar rats were divided into control, ovariectomized (Ovx, bilateral ovariectomy), diabetic (Dia, STZ 60 mg/kg; i.p.), and ovariectomized diabetic (Ovx + Dia) groups. Next, animals in each group were randomly subdivided into non-exercise and exercise subgroups. Animals in the exercise groups underwent moderate treadmill running for 4 weeks (5 days/week). Thereafter, expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3, as apoptosis-related proteins, number of neurons, and number of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells in prefrontal cortex were measured using immunoblotting, cresyl violet staining, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS In both Dia and Ovx + Dia groups, Bax and caspase-3 protein levels and number of GFAP-positive cells were higher than those in the control group, while Bcl-2 protein level and number of neurons compared were lower than the control group. Beneficial effects of exercise to prevent apoptosis-mediated neuronal damage and astrocyte activation were also observed in the Dia group. CONCLUSION Based on our results, physical exercise could be beneficial to attenuate diabetes-induced neuronal damage in the prefrontal cortex via inhibition of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Zare
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohsen Tehrani
- Department of Immunology, Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sam Zarbakhsh
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Moslem Mohammadi
- Department of Physiology, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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2
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Palazzo E, Marabese I, Boccella S, Belardo C, Pierretti G, Maione S. Affective and Cognitive Impairments in Rodent Models of Diabetes. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1327-1343. [PMID: 38279738 PMCID: PMC11092917 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666240124164804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and related acute and long-term complications have a profound impact on cognitive, emotional, and social behavior, suggesting that the central nervous system (CNS) is a crucial substrate for diabetic complications. When anxiety, depression, and cognitive deficits occur in diabetic patients, the symptoms and complications related to the disease worsen, contributing to lower quality of life while increasing health care costs and mortality. Experimental models of diabetes in rodents are a fundamental and valuable tool for improving our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the close and reciprocal link between diabetes and CNS alterations, including the development of affective and cognitive disorders. Such models must reproduce the different components of this pathological condition in humans and, therefore, must be associated with affective and cognitive behavioral alterations. Beyond tight glycemic control, there are currently no specific therapies for neuropsychiatric comorbidities associated with diabetes; animal models are, therefore, essential for the development of adequate therapies. To our knowledge, there is currently no review article that summarizes changes in affective and cognitive behavior in the most common models of diabetes in rodents. Therefore, in this review, we have reported the main evidence on the alterations of affective and cognitive behavior in the different models of diabetes in rodents, the main mechanisms underlying these comorbidities, and the applicable therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza Palazzo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharamacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Ida Marabese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharamacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Boccella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharamacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Belardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharamacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Gorizio Pierretti
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharamacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
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3
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Abdelhamid GA, Abdelaal AA, Shalaby MA, Fahmy MEA, Badawi MA, Afife AA, Fadl HO. Type-1 diabetes mellitus down-regulated local cerebral glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in experimental toxoplasmosis. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:319-328. [PMID: 37193484 PMCID: PMC10182235 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral toxoplasmosis is an opportunistic infection, occurring mostly in immunosuppressed patients due to the reactivation of latent Toxoplasma cysts. The cerebral comorbidity in diabetic patients tends to intensify the burden of pathogenic infection within the brain. The aim of this work was to study the effect of cerebral toxoplasmosis in experimentally infected hyperglycemic mice, on histopathology and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, compared to normoglycemic mice at different time intervals. Vasculopathy was exclusively observed in diabetic groups, with features of increased severity during Toxoplasma infection. Gliosis was observed in diabetic groups, while hyperactive astroglial activity was detected in normoglycemic groups, especially at 6 weeks of infection. GFAP expression showed significant up-regulation in normoglycemic mice at 6 weeks of infection (40.03 ± 1.41) afterwards, it decreased to 22.22 ± 3.14 at 12 weeks which was statistically insignificant to the normal level, possibly indicating the successful Toxoplasma stage transformation (to bradyzoite), thereby limiting the infection within the brain. In hyperglycemic infected groups, GFAP was significantly down-regulated, in both acute and chronic phases of infection, most likely indicating failure of stage transformation and infection limitation. This may expose those vulnerable groups to the risk of dissemination, resulting in life-threatening diffuse encephalitis. The current study emphasized the importance of rapid diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection in diabetic subjects, and highlighted the value of using GFAP as a neurological indicator of disease progression in those comorbid cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amany Ahmed Abdelaal
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Armed Forces College of Medicine, (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maisa Ahmed Shalaby
- Medical Parasitology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI), Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | - Adam Ashraf Afife
- College of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
| | - Hanaa Omar Fadl
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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4
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Sebastian MJ, Khan SKA, Pappachan JM, Jeeyavudeen MS. Diabetes and cognitive function: An evidence-based current perspective. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:92-109. [PMID: 36926658 PMCID: PMC10011899 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i2.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies have clearly identified diabetes mellitus (DM) as a major risk factor for cognitive dysfunction, and it is going to be a major public health issue in the coming years because of the alarming rise in diabetes prevalence across the world. Brain and neural tissues predominantly depend on glucose as energy substrate and hence, any alterations in carbohydrate meta-bolism can directly impact on cerebral functional output including cognition, executive capacity, and memory. DM affects neuronal function and mental capacity in several ways, some of which include hypoperfusion of the brain tissues from cerebrovascular disease, diabetes-related alterations of glucose transporters causing abnormalities in neuronal glucose uptake and metabolism, local hyper- and hypometabolism of brain areas from insulin resistance, and recurrent hypoglycemic episodes inherent to pharmacotherapy of diabetes resulting in neuronal damage. Cognitive decline can further worsen diabetes care as DM is a disease largely self-managed by patients. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the pathobiology of cognitive dysfunction in relation to DM and its management for optimal long-term care plan for patients. A thorough appraisal of normal metabolic characteristics of the brain, how alterations in neural metabolism affects cognition, the diagnostic algorithm for patients with diabetes and dementia, and the management and prognosis of patients when they have this dangerous combination of illnesses is imperative in this context. This evidence-based narrative with the back-up of latest clinical trial reviews elaborates the current understanding on diabetes and cognitive function to empower physicians to manage their patients in day-to-day clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahanas KA Khan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Preston PR2 9HT, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph M Pappachan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Preston PR2 9HT, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Sadiq Jeeyavudeen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
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5
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Al-Onaizi M, Al-Sarraf A, Braysh K, Kazem F, Al-Hussaini H, Rao M, Kilarkaje N, ElAli A. Impaired spatial navigation and age-dependent hippocampal synaptic dysfunction are associated with chronic inflammatory response in db/db mice. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:6003-6021. [PMID: 36226387 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has been proposed to be driven by an abnormal neuroinflammatory response affecting cognitive function. However, the impact of T2DM on hippocampal function and synaptic integrity during aging has not been investigated. Here, we investigated the effects of aging in T2DM on AD-like pathology using the leptin receptor-deficient db/db mouse model of T2DM. Our results indicate that adult T2DM mice exhibited impaired spatial acquisition in the Morris water maze (MWM). Morphological analysis showed an age-dependent neuronal loss in the dentate gyrus. We found that astrocyte density was significantly decreased in all regions of the hippocampus in T2DM mice. Our analysis showed that microglial activation was increased in the CA3 and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in an age-dependent manner in T2DM mice. However, the expression of presynaptic marker protein (synaptophysin) and the postsynaptic marker protein [postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95)] was unchanged in the hippocampus of adult T2DM mice. Interestingly, synaptophysin and PSD95 expression significantly decreased in the hippocampus of aged T2DM mice, suggesting an impaired hippocampal synaptic integrity. Cytokine profiling analysis displayed a robust pro-inflammatory cytokine profile in the hippocampus of aged T2DM mice compared with the younger cohort, outlining the role of aging in exacerbating the neuroinflammatory profile in the diabetic state. Our results suggest that T2DM impairs cognitive function by promoting neuronal loss in the dentate gyrus and triggering an age-dependent deterioration in hippocampal synaptic integrity, associated with an aberrant neuroinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Onaizi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ahmad Al-Sarraf
- Undergraduate Medical Degree Program, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Kawthar Braysh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Fatema Kazem
- Undergraduate Medical Degree Program, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Heba Al-Hussaini
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Muddanna Rao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Narayana Kilarkaje
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ayman ElAli
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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6
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MAEKAWA T, SUGIMOTO M, KUME S, OHTA T. Pathophysiological features in the brains of female Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:330-337. [PMID: 35082197 PMCID: PMC8983279 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity are associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and psychiatric disorders such as major depression. In this study, we investigated pathophysiological changes in the brains of female Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats with diabetes and obesity. Brains of Sprague-Dawley (SD), SDT and SDT fatty rats were collected at 58 weeks of age. The parietal cortical thickness was measured and the number of pyramidal cells in the hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 and 3 (CA1 and CA3) and the number of granule cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) regions were counted. The area of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positivity in CA1, CA3 and DG regions were measured. The parietal cortical thickness and the number of cells in CA3 and DG regions of SDT and SDT fatty rats did not show obvious changes. On the other hand, in the CA1 region, the number of cells in SDT rats and SDT fatty rats was significantly lower than that in SD rats, and that in SDT fatty rats was significantly lower than that in SDT rats. The GFAP-positive area in SDT fatty rats was significantly reduced compared to that in SD rats only in the DG region. Preliminarily result showed that the expression of S100a9, an inflammation-related gene, was increased in the brains of SDT fatty rats. These results suggest that female SDT fatty rat may exhibit central nervous system diseases due to obesity and DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya MAEKAWA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miki SUGIMOTO
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinichi KUME
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi OHTA
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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7
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Correia Rocha IR, Chacur M. Modulatory effects of photobiomodulation in the anterior cingulate cortex of diabetic rats. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:781-790. [PMID: 34053000 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) has a crucial contribution to higher order pain processing. Photobiomodulation (PBM) has being used as integrative medicine for pain treatment and for a variety of nervous system disorders. This study evaluated the effects of PBM in the ACC of diabetic rats. Type 1 diabetes was induced by a single dose of streptozotocin (85 mg/Kg). A total of ten sessions of PBM (pulsed gallium-arsenide laser, 904 nm, 9500 Hz, 6.23 J/cm2) was applied to the rat peripheral nervous system. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), mu-opioid receptor (MOR), glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1), and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65/67) protein level expression were analyzed in the ACC of diabetic rats treated with PBM. Our data revealed that PBM decreased 79.5% of GFAP protein levels in the ACC of STZ rats. Moreover, STZ + PBM rats had protein levels of MOR increased 14.7% in the ACC. Interestingly, STZ + PBM rats had a decrease in 70.7% of GluR1 protein level in the ACC. Additionally, PBM decreased 45.5% of GAD65/67 protein levels in the ACC of STZ rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Rafael Correia Rocha
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Lineu Prestes 2415, room 007, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Marucia Chacur
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Lineu Prestes 2415, room 007, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil.
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8
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de Bem AF, Krolow R, Farias HR, de Rezende VL, Gelain DP, Moreira JCF, Duarte JMDN, de Oliveira J. Animal Models of Metabolic Disorders in the Study of Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Overview. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:604150. [PMID: 33536868 PMCID: PMC7848140 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.604150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of metabolic disorders, as well as of neurodegenerative diseases—mainly the sporadic forms of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease—are increasing worldwide. Notably, obesity, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia have been indicated as early risk factors for sporadic forms of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. These conditions share a range of molecular and cellular features, including protein aggregation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and blood-brain barrier dysfunction, all of which contribute to neuronal death and cognitive impairment. Rodent models of obesity, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia exhibit all the hallmarks of these degenerative diseases, and represent an interesting approach to the study of the phenotypic features and pathogenic mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders. We review the main pathological aspects of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease as summarized in rodent models of obesity, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreza Fabro de Bem
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brazilia, Brazil
| | - Rachel Krolow
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Hémelin Resende Farias
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Victória Linden de Rezende
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - João Miguel das Neves Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jade de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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9
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Garcia-Serrano AM, Duarte JMN. Brain Metabolism Alterations in Type 2 Diabetes: What Did We Learn From Diet-Induced Diabetes Models? Front Neurosci 2020; 14:229. [PMID: 32265637 PMCID: PMC7101159 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disease with impact on brain function through mechanisms that include glucose toxicity, vascular damage and blood–brain barrier (BBB) impairments, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, brain insulin resistance, synaptic failure, neuroinflammation, and gliosis. Rodent models have been developed for investigating T2D, and have contributed to our understanding of mechanisms involved in T2D-induced brain dysfunction. Namely, mice or rats exposed to diabetogenic diets that are rich in fat and/or sugar have been widely used since they develop memory impairment, especially in tasks that depend on hippocampal processing. Here we summarize main findings on brain energy metabolism alterations underlying dysfunction of neuronal and glial cells promoted by diet-induced metabolic syndrome that progresses to a T2D phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba M Garcia-Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - João M N Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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10
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Ma X, Cui Z, Du Z, Lin H. Transforming growth factor-β signaling, a potential mechanism associated with diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer? J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:5882-5892. [PMID: 32017070 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a common malignant digestive disease. Epidemiological and clinical studies have demonstrated that pancreatic cancer is closely related to diabetes mellitus. Diabetic patients are more likely to develop pancreatic cancer, which is linked with poor outcomes. Pancreatic cancer is complicated with abnormal blood sugar and insulin resistance and promotes the development of diabetes mellitus. Understanding the molecular mechanisms linking diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer is essential for the treatment of diabetes cancer patients. The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway is deregulated in cancer and has a dual role in different stages of cancer as a suppressor or a promoter. More important, The TGF-β signaling pathway is also another important reason for diabetic complications. This review summarizes the relationship between diabetes and pancreatic cancer, in particular, focusing on the role of the TGF-β signaling pathway. It is possible to find drugs like metformin that can prevent and treat pancreatic cancer by targeting the TGF-β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyuan Ma
- Jiangxi Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.,Nanchang Joint Programme, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Zhiwei Cui
- Jiangxi Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.,Nanchang Joint Programme, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Zhide Du
- Jiangxi Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.,Nanchang Joint Programme, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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11
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Activation of mineralocorticoid receptors facilitate the acquisition of fear memory extinction and impair the generalization of fear memory in diabetic animals. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:529-542. [PMID: 31713655 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05388-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Studies point out a higher prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals with diabetes mellitus. It is known that glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptors are implicated in fear memory processes and PTSD. However, there is no preclinical studies addressing the involvement of these receptors on abnormal fear memories related to diabetic condition. OBJECTIVES By inducing a contextual conditioned fear memory, we generate a suitable condition to investigate the extinction and the generalization of the fear memory in streptozotocin-induced diabetic (DBT) rats alongside the expression of the cytosolic and nuclear GR and MR in the hippocampus (HIP) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Moreover, we investigated the involvement of the MR or GR on the acquisition of fear memory extinction and on the generalization of this fear memory. When appropriate, anxiety-related behavior was evaluated. METHODS Male Wistar rats received one injection of steptozotocin (i.p.) to induce diabetes. After 4 weeks, the animals (DBTs and non-DBTs) were subjected to a conditioned contextual fear protocol. RESULTS The expression of MR and GR in the HIP and PFC was similar among all the groups. The single injection of MR agonist was able to facilitate the acquisition of the impaired fear memory extinction in DBTs animals together with the impairment of its generalization. However, the GR antagonism impaired only the generalization of this fear memory which was blocked by the previous injection of the MR antagonist. All treatments were able to exert anxiolytic-like effects. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that MR activation in DBT animals disrupts the overconsolidation of aversive memory, without discarding the involvement of emotional behavior in these processes.
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12
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Wang K, Chen Q, Wu N, Li Y, Zhang R, Wang J, Gong D, Zou X, Liu C, Chen J. Berberine Ameliorates Spatial Learning Memory Impairment and Modulates Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway in Diabetic Rats. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1003. [PMID: 31551793 PMCID: PMC6743342 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cognitive impairment caused by diabetes has been recognized. Berberine is well known for its resistance to peripheral lesions, but it is rarely used for the treatment of spatial learning and memory caused by diabetes. This study explored the mechanism of berberine to alleviate cognitive impairment via the cholinergic anti-inflammatory and insulin signaling pathways. Methods: Morris water maze was used to appraise spatial learning and memory. Positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging was adopted to detect the transport of glucose, and blood/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glucose was checked using commercial blood glucose meter. Insulin level was measured by ELISA kit and β-Amyloid (Aβ) formation was observed by Congo red staining. Western-blot was performed to appraise protein expression. Results: We found that berberine rectified some aberrant changes in signal molecules concerning inflammation, and cholinergic and insulin signaling pathways in the hippocampus. Furthermore, CSF/blood glucose, inflammatory response or acetyl cholinesterase enzyme (AChE) activity were reduced by berberine. Additionally, acetylcholine levels were enhanced after berberine treatment in diabetic rats. Finally, Aβ formation in diabetic hippocampus was inhibited and spatial learning memory was ameliorated by berberine. Discussion: In conclusion, berberine clears Aβ deposit and consequently ameliorates spatial learning memory impairment via the activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory and insulin signaling pathways in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifu Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingjie Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Ninghua Wu
- Basic Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Yong Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Ruyi Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Di Gong
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Zou
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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13
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Fluoxetine Attenuated Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice by Mitigating the Inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:4315038. [PMID: 31396018 PMCID: PMC6664488 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4315038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) showed an increased risk of anxiety. High anxiety levels are also shown to increase stress of diabetic patients, which may contribute to poor clinical outcomes. The mechanisms underlying the development of anxiety disorders in diabetic patients remain unknown. As a result, there are no available treatments yet. Here, we tested the hypothesis that glial cells in the hippocampal area of DM mice might be responsible for their anxiety-like behaviors. Furthermore, we postulated that treatment with antidepressant, fluoxetine, could reduce anxiety behaviors and prevent the dysregulation of glial cells (oligodendrocyte and astrocyte) in DM mice. Diabetic mice were administered a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ), followed by treatment with fluoxetine. Mice were then tested on Y maze, open field, dark and light transition, and elevated plus maze tests to measure the status of anxiety and cognition. After completing these behavioral tests, mice were sacrificed and western blot was used to detect the oligodendrocyte and astrocyte maker proteins in hippocampal tissues. Emphasis was directed towards adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and their marker protein to measure their proliferation and differentiation. We found that fluoxetine could effectively mitigate the level of anxiety and attenuate the cognitive dysfunction in diabetic mice. Meanwhile, fluoxetine inhibited astrocyte activation in mice exposed to STZ, prevented the loss of myelin basic protein (MBP), and affected the function of OPCs in these diabetic mice. The results suggested that the changes of these glial cells in the brains of diabetic mice might be related to the high anxiety levels and cognitive deficit in DM mice. Fluoxetine could ameliorate the high anxiety level and prevent cognitive deficit via inhibiting astrocyte activation and repairing the oligodendrocyte damage.
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14
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MacDonald AJ, Robb JL, Morrissey NA, Beall C, Ellacott KLJ. Astrocytes in neuroendocrine systems: An overview. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12726. [PMID: 31050045 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A class of glial cell, astrocytes, is highly abundant in the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to maintaining tissue homeostasis, astrocytes regulate neuronal communication and synaptic plasticity. There is an ever-increasing appreciation that astrocytes are involved in the regulation of physiology and behaviour in normal and pathological states, including within neuroendocrine systems. Indeed, astrocytes are direct targets of hormone action in the CNS, via receptors expressed on their surface, and are also a source of regulatory neuropeptides, neurotransmitters and gliotransmitters. Furthermore, as part of the neurovascular unit, astrocytes can regulate hormone entry into the CNS. This review is intended to provide an overview of how astrocytes are impacted by and contribute to the regulation of a diverse range of neuroendocrine systems: energy homeostasis and metabolism, reproduction, fluid homeostasis, the stress response and circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J MacDonald
- Neuroendocrine Research Group, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Josephine L Robb
- Neuroendocrine Research Group, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Nicole A Morrissey
- Neuroendocrine Research Group, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Craig Beall
- Neuroendocrine Research Group, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Kate L J Ellacott
- Neuroendocrine Research Group, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
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15
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Duarte JMN, Skoug C, Silva HB, Carvalho RA, Gruetter R, Cunha RA. Impact of Caffeine Consumption on Type 2 Diabetes-Induced Spatial Memory Impairment and Neurochemical Alterations in the Hippocampus. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1015. [PMID: 30686981 PMCID: PMC6333904 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes affects the morphology and plasticity of the hippocampus, and leads to learning and memory deficits. Caffeine has been proposed to prevent memory impairment upon multiple chronic disorders with neurological involvement. We tested whether long-term caffeine consumption prevents type 2 diabetes (T2D)-induced spatial memory impairment and hippocampal alterations, including synaptic degeneration, astrogliosis, and metabolic modifications. Control Wistar rats and Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats that develop T2D were treated with caffeine (1 g/L in drinking water) for 4 months. Spatial memory was evaluated in a Y-maze. Hippocampal metabolic profile and glucose homeostasis were investigated by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The density of neuronal, synaptic, and glial-specific markers was evaluated by Western blot analysis. GK rats displayed reduced Y-maze spontaneous alternation and a lower amplitude of hippocampal long-term potentiation when compared to controls, suggesting impaired hippocampal-dependent spatial memory. Diabetes did not impact the relation of hippocampal to plasma glucose concentrations, but altered the neurochemical profile of the hippocampus, such as increased in levels of the osmolites taurine (P < 0.001) and myo-inositol (P < 0.05). The diabetic hippocampus showed decreased density of the presynaptic proteins synaptophysin (P < 0.05) and SNAP25 (P < 0.05), suggesting synaptic degeneration, and increased GFAP (P < 0.001) and vimentin (P < 0.05) immunoreactivities that are indicative of astrogliosis. The effects of caffeine intake on hippocampal metabolism added to those of T2D, namely reducing myo-inositol levels (P < 0.001) and further increasing taurine levels (P < 0.05). Caffeine prevented T2D-induced alterations of GFAP, vimentin and SNAP25, and improved memory deficits. We conclude that caffeine consumption has beneficial effects counteracting alterations in the hippocampus of GK rats, leading to the improvement of T2D-associated memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- João M N Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Skoug
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrique B Silva
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui A Carvalho
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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16
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Lizarbe B, Soares AF, Larsson S, Duarte JMN. Neurochemical Modifications in the Hippocampus, Cortex and Hypothalamus of Mice Exposed to Long-Term High-Fat Diet. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:985. [PMID: 30670942 PMCID: PMC6331468 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome and diabetes impact brain function and metabolism. While it is well established that rodents exposed to diets rich in saturated fat develop brain dysfunction, contrasting results abound in the literature, likely as result of exposure to different high-fat diet (HFD) compositions and for varied periods of time. In the present study, we investigated alterations of hippocampal-dependent spatial memory by measuring Y-maze spontaneous alternation, metabolic profiles of the hippocampus, cortex and hypothalamus by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and levels of proteins specific to synaptic and glial compartments in mice exposed for 6 months to different amounts of fat (10, 45, or 60% of total energy intake). Increasing the dietary amount of fat from 10 to 45% or 60% resulted in obesity accompanied by increased leptin, fasting blood glucose and insulin, and reduced glucose tolerance. In comparison to controls (10%-fat), only mice fed the 60%-fat diet showed increased fed glycemia, as well as plasma corticosterone that has a major impact on brain function. HFD-induced metabolic profile modifications measured by 1H MRS were observed across the three brain areas in mice exposed to 60%- but not 45%-fat diet, while both HFD groups displayed impaired hippocampal-dependent memory. HFD also affected systems involved in neuro- or gliotransmission in the hippocampus. Namely, relative to controls, 60%-fat-fed mice showed reduced SNAP-25, PSD-95 and syntaxin-4 immunoreactivity, while 45%-fat-fed mice showed reduced gephyrin and syntaxin-4 immunoreactivity. For both HFD levels, reductions of the vesicular glutamate transporter vGlut1 and levels of the vesicular GABA transporter were observed in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, relative to controls. Immunoreactivity against GFAP and/or Iba-1 in the hypothalamus was higher in mice exposed to HFD than controls, suggesting occurrence of gliosis. We conclude that different levels of dietary fat result in distinct neurochemical alterations in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Lizarbe
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Francisca Soares
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara Larsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - João M N Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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17
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Luo P, Liu D, Li C, He WX, Zhang CL, Chang MJ. Enteric glial cell activation protects enteric neurons from damage due to diabetes in part via the promotion of neurotrophic factor release. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13368. [PMID: 29740907 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes can result in pathological changes to enteric nervous system. Our aim was to test the dynamic changes of enteric neurons and identify the role of enteric glial cells (EGCs) in regulating enteric neuron expression in diabetic rats. METHODS A single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) was used to establish diabetic rats. Animals were randomly distributed into diabetic 1-, 4-, 8-, and 16-week groups, as well as age-matched control groups. The PGP9.5- and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunopositive cells were quantified by immunohistochemistry. The protein levels of PGP9.5, ChAT, nNOS, S-100β, and c-fos were determined by western blotting. The levels of nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) were tested by ELISA. KEY RESULTS An increase in blood glucose and a decrease in body weight were observed following STZ administration. PGP9.5 expression did not change in the diabetic ileum. However, ChAT increased after 16 weeks, and nNOS decreased after 8 and 16 weeks in the ilea of diabetic rats. The absence of degeneration of enteric neurons during the acute stage of the disease could be the consequence of the up-regulation of GFAP, S-100β, and c-fos. Moreover, the content of NGF, NT-3, and GDNF in the ileum increased by varying degrees after 1 and/or 4 weeks of diabetes. Using 2 co-culture models of EGCs and SH-SY5Y cells in a high glucose condition, the supportive role of EGCs was further confirmed. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Enteric glial cell activation can protect enteric neurons from damage due to diabetes in the acute stage of the disease, in part via the promotion of neurotrophin release.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - D Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - C Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - W-X He
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - C-L Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - M-J Chang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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18
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Chen R, Shi J, Yin Q, Li X, Sheng Y, Han J, Zhuang P, Zhang Y. Morphological and Pathological Characteristics of Brain in Diabetic Encephalopathy. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 65:15-28. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiangwei Shi
- Department of Integrated Rehabilitation, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingsheng Yin
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaojin Li
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanyuan Sheng
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Han
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Pengwei Zhuang
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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19
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Li W, Roy Choudhury G, Winters A, Prah J, Lin W, Liu R, Yang SH. Hyperglycemia Alters Astrocyte Metabolism and Inhibits Astrocyte Proliferation. Aging Dis 2018; 9:674-684. [PMID: 30090655 PMCID: PMC6065301 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes milieu is a complex metabolic disease that has been known to associate with high risk of various neurological disorders. Hyperglycemia in diabetes could dramatically increase neuronal glucose levels which leads to neuronal damage, a phenomenon referred to as glucose neurotoxicity. On the other hand, the impact of hyperglycemia on astrocytes has been less explored. Astrocytes play important roles in brain energy metabolism through neuron-astrocyte coupling. As the component of blood brain barrier, glucose might be primarily transported into astrocytes, hence, impose direct impact on astrocyte metabolism and function. In the present study, we determined the effect of high glucose on the energy metabolism and function of primary astrocytes. Hyperglycemia level glucose (25 mM) induced cell cycle arrest and inhibited proliferation and migration of primary astrocytes. Consistently, high glucose decreased cyclin D1 and D3 expression. High glucose enhanced glycolytic metabolism, increased ATP and glycogen content in primary astrocytes. In addition, high glucose activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway in astrocytes. In summary, our in vitro study indicated that hyperglycemia might impact astrocyte energy metabolism and function phenotype. Our study provides a potential mechanism which may underlie the diabetic cerebral neuropathy and warrant further in vivo study to determine the effect of hyperglycemia on astrocyte metabolism and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Li
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Gourav Roy Choudhury
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Ali Winters
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Jude Prah
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Wenping Lin
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.,2Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Province, 362000, China
| | - Ran Liu
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Shao-Hua Yang
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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20
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Coucha M, Abdelsaid M, Ward R, Abdul Y, Ergul A. Impact of Metabolic Diseases on Cerebral Circulation: Structural and Functional Consequences. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:773-799. [PMID: 29687902 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases including obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes have profound effects on cerebral circulation. These diseases not only affect the architecture of cerebral blood arteries causing adverse remodeling, pathological neovascularization, and vasoregression but also alter the physiology of blood vessels resulting in compromised myogenic reactivity, neurovascular uncoupling, and endothelial dysfunction. Coupled with the disruption of blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity, changes in blood flow and microbleeds into the brain rapidly occur. This overview is organized into sections describing cerebrovascular architecture, physiology, and BBB in these diseases. In each section, we review these properties starting with larger arteries moving into smaller vessels. Where information is available, we review in the order of obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. We also tried to include information on biological variables such as the sex of the animal models noted since most of the information summarized was obtained using male animals. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:773-799, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Coucha
- South University, School of Pharmacy, Savannah, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Ward
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yasir Abdul
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Adviye Ergul
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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21
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Sherif RN. Effect of cerebrolysin on the cerebellum of diabetic rats: An imunohistochemical study. Tissue Cell 2017; 49:726-733. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Girault FM, Sonnay S, Gruetter R, Duarte JMN. Alterations of Brain Energy Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetic Goto-Kakizaki Rats Measured In Vivo by 13C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Neurotox Res 2017; 36:268-278. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9821-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Faheem NM, El Askary A. Neuroprotective role of curcumin on the hippocampus against the structural and serological alterations of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Sprague Dawely rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 20:690-699. [PMID: 28868124 PMCID: PMC5569451 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2017.8839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diabetes mellitus causes impaired memory and cognitive functions. The hippocampus plays a key role in memory and learning. Curcumin attenuates diabetic nephropathy in vivo. Curcumin has shown a neurogenic effect and cognition-enhancing potential in aged rats. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible protective role of curcumin on the histological and serological changes of the hippocampus in diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty albino rats were divided into four groups, ten rats each. Group 1 control rats, group 2 rats received curcumin orally (200 mg/kg/day for six weeks), group 3 rats were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin (STZ) (100 mg/kg, single dose), group 4 received a single injection of STZ and received curcumin orally for six weeks. Paraffin sections of hippocampus were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain, and immnunohistochemical staining for GFAP and caspase-3. Morphometrical and statistical analyses were performed. Glycemic status and parameters of oxidative stress was measured. RESULTS Examination of hippocampus of diabetic rats showed disorganization of small pyramidal cells in CA1, many cellular losses in the pyramidal cells of CA3, many degenerated granule cells in the dentate gyrus. GFAP positive astrocyte and caspase-3 positive neuron counts were significantly increased. There were significant serum glucose elevation and significant lowered levels of oxidative stress parameters as compared to control rats. Curcumin administration improved the structural and serological alterations of the hippocampus with significant reduction in serum glucose level. CONCLUSION Curcumin ameliorates the deterious effect of diabetes on the hippocampus through its antioxidant, antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad El Askary
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine (New Damietta), Al Azhar University, Egypt
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, KSA
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24
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de Senna PN, Bagatini PB, Galland F, Bobermin L, do Nascimento PS, Nardin P, Tramontina AC, Gonçalves CA, Achaval M, Xavier LL. Physical exercise reverses spatial memory deficit and induces hippocampal astrocyte plasticity in diabetic rats. Brain Res 2017; 1655:242-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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25
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Hardigan T, Ward R, Ergul A. Cerebrovascular complications of diabetes: focus on cognitive dysfunction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:1807-22. [PMID: 27634842 PMCID: PMC5599301 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes has more than doubled in the United States in the last 30 years and the global disease rate is projected to double by 2030. Cognitive impairment has been associated with diabetes, worsening quality of life in patients. The structural and functional interaction of neurons with the surrounding vasculature is critical for proper function of the central nervous system including domains involved in learning and memory. Thus, in this review we explore cognitive impairment in patients and experimental models, focusing on links to vascular dysfunction and structural changes. Lastly, we propose a role for the innate immunity-mediated inflammation in neurovascular changes in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Hardigan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, U.S.A
| | - Rebecca Ward
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, U.S.A
| | - Adviye Ergul
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, U.S.A. Charlie Norwood Veterans Administration Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, U.S.A.
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26
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Sadeghi A, Esfandiary E, Hami J, Khanahmad H, Hejazi Z, Razavi S. Effect of maternal diabetes on gliogensis in neonatal rat hippocampus. Adv Biomed Res 2016; 5:142. [PMID: 27656611 PMCID: PMC5025925 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.187376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetes in pregnancy is a common metabolic disorder associated with various adverse outcomes in the offspring including impairments in attention and memory and alterations in social behavior. Glial cells are proven to have a critical role in normal function of neurons, and alteration in their activity could contribute to disturbance in the brain function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal diabetes on hippocampal mRNA expression and distribution pattern of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactive glial cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) of rat neonate at postnatal day 14 (P14). Materials and Methods: Wistar female rats were randomly allocated in control, diabetic, and insulin-treated diabetic groups. Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin from 4 weeks before gestation until parturition. After delivery, the male offspring was euthanized at P14. Results: Our results showed a significant higher level of hippocampal GFAP expression and an increase in the mean number of GFAP positive cells in the DG of diabetic group offspring (P < 0.05). We also found an insignificant up-regulation in the expression of GFAP and the mean number of positive cells in the insulin-treated diabetic group neonates as compared to control group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The present study revealed that diabetes during pregnancy strongly increased the glial cells production in the developing rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Sadeghi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Esfandiary
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Javad Hami
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Khorasan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Hejazi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Razavi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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27
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Imam-Fulani AO, Bamikole OK, Owoyele BV. Effects of Caffeine Administration on Brain Sodium-Potassium ATPase Activity in Healthy and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Female Wistar Rats. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2015.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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28
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Rahmeier FL, Zavalhia LS, Tortorelli LS, Huf F, Géa LP, Meurer RT, Machado AC, Gomez R, Fernandes MDC. The effect of taurine and enriched environment on behaviour, memory and hippocampus of diabetic rats. Neurosci Lett 2016; 630:84-92. [PMID: 27471162 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been studied recently as a major cause of cognitive deficits, memory and neurodegenerative damage. Taurine and enriched environment have stood out for presenting neuroprotective and stimulating effects that deserve further study. In this paper, we examined the effects of taurine and enriched environment in the context of diabetes, evaluating effects on behaviour, memory, death and cellular activity. Eighty-eight Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups (E=enriched environment; C=standard housing). Some animals (24/group) underwent induction of diabetes, and within each group, some animals (half of diabetics (D) and half of non-diabetics (ND)/group) were treated for 30days with taurine (T). Untreated animals received saline (S). In total, there were eight subgroups: DTC, DSC, NDTC, NDSC, DTE, DSE, NDTE and NDSE. During the experiment, short-term memory was evaluated. After 30th day of experiment, the animals were euthanized and was made removal of brains used to immunohistochemistry procedures for GFAP and cleaved caspase-3. As a result, we observed that animals treated with taurine showed better performance in behavioural and memory tasks, and the enriched environment had positive effects, especially in non-diabetic animals. Furthermore, taurine and enriched environment seemed to be able to interfere with neuronal apoptosis and loss of glial cells, and in some instances, these two factors seemed to have synergistic effects. From these data, taurine and enriched environment may have important neurostimulant and neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Luciano Rahmeier
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Lisiane Silveira Zavalhia
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Silva Tortorelli
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Huf
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Luiza Paul Géa
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Rosalva Thereza Meurer
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Aryadne Cardoso Machado
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Rosane Gomez
- Laboratório de Álcool e Tabaco, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Marilda da Cruz Fernandes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Lee CY, Dallérac G, Ezan P, Anderova M, Rouach N. Glucose Tightly Controls Morphological and Functional Properties of Astrocytes. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:82. [PMID: 27148048 PMCID: PMC4834307 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The main energy source powering the brain is glucose. Strong energy needs of our nervous system are fulfilled by conveying this essential metabolite through blood via an extensive vascular network. Glucose then reaches brain tissues by cell uptake, diffusion and metabolization, processes primarily undertaken by astrocytes. Deprivation of glucose can however occur in various circumstances. In particular, ageing is associated with cognitive disturbances that are partly attributable to metabolic deficiency leading to brain glycopenia. Despite the crucial role of glucose and its metabolites in sustaining neuronal activity, little is known about its moment-to-moment contribution to astroglial physiology. We thus here investigated the early structural and functional alterations induced in astrocytes by a transient metabolic challenge consisting in glucose deprivation. Electrophysiological recordings of hippocampal astroglial cells of the stratum radiatumin situ revealed that shortage of glucose specifically increases astrocyte membrane capacitance, whilst it has no impact on other passive membrane properties. Consistent with this change, morphometric analysis unraveled a prompt increase in astrocyte volume upon glucose deprivation. Furthermore, characteristic functional properties of astrocytes are also affected by transient glucose deficiency. We indeed found that glucoprivation decreases their gap junction-mediated coupling, while it progressively and reversibly increases their intracellular calcium levels during the slow depression of synaptic transmission occurring simultaneously, as assessed by dual electrophysiological and calcium imaging recordings. Together, these data indicate that astrocytes rapidly respond to metabolic dysfunctions, and are therefore central to the neuroglial dialog at play in brain adaptation to glycopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yao Lee
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiopathology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7241, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University Paris, France
| | - Glenn Dallérac
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiopathology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7241, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University Paris, France
| | - Pascal Ezan
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiopathology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7241, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University Paris, France
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPrague, Czech Republic; Department of Neuroscience, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles UniversityPrague, Czech Republic
| | - Nathalie Rouach
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiopathology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7241, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University Paris, France
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30
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Nardin P, Zanotto C, Hansen F, Batassini C, Gasparin MS, Sesterheim P, Gonçalves CA. Peripheral Levels of AGEs and Astrocyte Alterations in the Hippocampus of STZ-Diabetic Rats. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2006-16. [PMID: 27084774 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic patients and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) models exhibit signals of brain dysfunction, evidenced by neuronal damage and memory impairment. Astrocytes surrounding capillaries and synapses modulate many brain activities that are connected to neuronal function, such as nutrient flux and glutamatergic neurotransmission. As such, cognitive changes observed in diabetic patients and experimental models could be related to astroglial alterations. Herein, we investigate specific astrocyte changes in the rat hippocampus in a model of DM induced by STZ, particularly looking at glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100B protein and glutamate uptake, as well as the content of advanced glycated end products (AGEs) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as a consequence of elevated hyperglycemia and the content of receptor for AGEs in the hippocampus. We found clear peripheral alterations, including hyperglycemia, low levels of proinsulin C-peptide, elevated levels of AGEs in serum and CSF, as well as an increase in RAGE in hippocampal tissue. We found specific astroglial abnormalities in this brain region, such as reduced S100B content, reduced glutamate uptake and increased S100B secretion, which were not accompanied by changes in GFAP. We also observed an increase in the glucose transporter, GLUT-1. All these changes may result from RAGE-induced inflammation; these astroglial alterations together with the reduced content of GluN1, a subunit of the NMDA receptor, in the hippocampus may be associated with the impairment of glutamatergic communication in diabetic rats. These findings contribute to understanding the cognitive deficits in diabetic patients and experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Nardin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Zanotto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Hansen
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Batassini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Manuela Sangalli Gasparin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Sesterheim
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Fundação Estadual de Produção e Pesquisa em Saúde, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
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31
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Gaspar JM, Baptista FI, Macedo MP, Ambrósio AF. Inside the Diabetic Brain: Role of Different Players Involved in Cognitive Decline. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:131-42. [PMID: 26667832 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disease, and its prevalence is increasing. A growing body of evidence, both in animal models and epidemiological studies, has demonstrated that metabolic diseases like obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes are associated with alterations in the central nervous system (CNS), being linked with development of cognitive and memory impairments and presenting a higher risk for dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The rising prevalence of diabetes together with its increasing earlier onset suggests that diabetes-related cognitive dysfunction will increase in the near future, causing substantial socioeconomic impact. Decreased insulin secretion or action, dysregulation of glucose homeostasis, impairment in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, obesity, hyperleptinemia, and inflammation may act independently or synergistically to disrupt neuronal homeostasis and cause diabetes-associated cognitive decline. However, the crosstalk between those factors and the mechanisms underlying the diabetes-related CNS complications is still elusive. During the past few years, different strategies (neuroprotective and antioxidant drugs) have emerged as promising therapies for this complication, which still remains to be preventable or treatable. This Review summarizes fundamental past and ongoing research on diabetes-associated cognitive decline, highlighting potential contributors, mechanistic mediators, and new pharmacological approaches to prevent and/or delay this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M. Gaspar
- CEDOC,
Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de
Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Edifício
CEDOC - IIRua Câmara Pestana no. 6, 6A e 6B, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
- Institute
for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Portuguese Diabetes Association (APDP), R. do Salitre 118-120, 1250-203 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa I. Baptista
- Institute
for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI
Consortium, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Paula Macedo
- CEDOC,
Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de
Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Edifício
CEDOC - IIRua Câmara Pestana no. 6, 6A e 6B, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
- Portuguese Diabetes Association (APDP), R. do Salitre 118-120, 1250-203 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António F. Ambrósio
- Institute
for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI
Consortium, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- AIBILI, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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32
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McGuiness B, Gibney SM, Beumer W, Versnel MA, Sillaber I, Harkin A, Drexhage HA. Exaggerated Increases in Microglia Proliferation, Brain Inflammatory Response and Sickness Behaviour upon Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice. Neuroimmunomodulation 2016; 23:137-150. [PMID: 27529430 PMCID: PMC5296925 DOI: 10.1159/000446370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, an established model for autoimmune diabetes, shows an exaggerated reaction of pancreas macrophages to inflammatory stimuli. NOD mice also display anxiety when immune-stimulated. Chronic mild brain inflammation and a pro-inflammatory microglial activation is critical in psychiatric behaviour. OBJECTIVE To explore brain/microglial activation and behaviour in NOD mice at steady state and after systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. METHODS Affymetrix analysis on purified microglia of pre-diabetic NOD mice (8-10 weeks) and control mice (C57BL/6 and CD1 mice, the parental non-autoimmune strain) at steady state and after systemic LPS (100 μg/kg) administration. Quantitative PCR was performed on the hypothalamus for immune activation markers (IL-1β, IFNγ and TNFα) and growth factors (BDNF and PDGF). Behavioural profiling of NOD, CD1, BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice at steady state was conducted and sickness behaviour/anxiety in NOD and CD1 mice was monitored before and after LPS injection. RESULTS Genome analysis revealed cell cycle/cell death and survival aberrancies of NOD microglia, substantiated as higher proliferation on BrdU staining. Inflammation signs were absent. NOD mice had a hyper-reactive response to novel environments with some signs of anxiety. LPS injection induced a higher expression of microglial activation markers, a higher brain pro-inflammatory set point (IFNγ, IDO) and a reduced expression of BDNF and PDGF after immune stimulation in NOD mice. NOD mice displayed exaggerated and prolonged sickness behaviour after LPS administration. CONCLUSION After stimulation with LPS, NOD mice display an increased microglial proliferation and an exaggerated inflammatory brain response with reduced BDNF and PDGF expression and increased sickness behaviour as compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry McGuiness
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sinead M. Gibney
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Beumer
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Andrew Harkin
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hemmo A. Drexhage
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- *Prof. Hemmo A. Drexhage, Department of Immunology, Na1105, Erasmus MC's Gravendijkwal 230 NL-3015 CE Rotterdam (The Netherlands) E-Mail
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33
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van der Harg JM, Eggels L, Ruigrok SR, Hoozemans JJM, la Fleur SE, Scheper W. Neuroinflammation is not a Prerequisite for Diabetes-induced Tau Phosphorylation. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:432. [PMID: 26617484 PMCID: PMC4637426 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal phosphorylation and aggregation of tau is a key hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder for which Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a risk factor. In animal models for DM, the phosphorylation and aggregation of tau is induced or exacerbated, however the underlying mechanism is unknown. In addition to the metabolic dysfunction, DM is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation. This was reported to be associated with a neuroinflammatory response in the hypothalamus of DM animal models. Neuroinflammation is also implicated in the development and progression of AD. It is unknown whether DM also induces neuroinflammation in brain areas affected in AD, the cortex and hippocampus. Here we investigated whether neuroinflammation could be the mechanistic trigger to induce tau phosphorylation in the brain of DM animals. Two distinct diabetic animal models were used; rats on free-choice high-fat high-sugar (fcHFHS) diet that are insulin resistant and streptozotocin-treated rats that are insulin deficient. The streptozotocin-treated animals demonstrated increased tau phosphorylation in the brain as expected, whereas the fcHFHS diet fed animals did not. Remarkably, neither of the diabetic animal models showed reactive microglia or increased GFAP and COX-2 levels in the cortex or hippocampus. From this, we conclude: 1. DM does not induce neuroinflammation in brain regions affected in AD, and 2. Neuroinflammation is not a prerequisite for tau phosphorylation. Neuroinflammation is therefore not the mechanism that explains the close connection between DM and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M van der Harg
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Departments of Functional Genomics and Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Leslie Eggels
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Silvie R Ruigrok
- Departments of Functional Genomics and Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J M Hoozemans
- Department of Pathology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susanne E la Fleur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wiep Scheper
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Departments of Functional Genomics and Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Department of Clinical Genetics and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
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34
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Duarte JMN. Metabolic Alterations Associated to Brain Dysfunction in Diabetes. Aging Dis 2015; 6:304-21. [PMID: 26425386 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
From epidemiological studies it is known that diabetes patients display increased risk of developing dementia. Moreover, cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are also accompanied by impaired glucose homeostasis and insulin signalling. Although there is plenty of evidence for a connection between insulin-resistant diabetes and AD, definitive linking mechanisms remain elusive. Cerebrovascular complications of diabetes, alterations in glucose homeostasis and insulin signalling, as well as recurrent hypoglycaemia are the factors that most likely affect brain function and structure. While difficult to study in patients, the mechanisms by which diabetes leads to brain dysfunction have been investigated in experimental models that display phenotypes of the disease. The present article reviews the impact of diabetes and AD on brain structure and function, and discusses recent findings from translational studies in animal models that link insulin resistance to metabolic alterations that underlie brain dysfunction. Such modifications of brain metabolism are likely to occur at early stages of neurodegeneration and impact regional neurochemical profiles and constitute non-invasive biomarkers detectable by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).
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Affiliation(s)
- João M N Duarte
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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35
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Bachor TP, Marquioni-Ramella MD, Suburo AM. Sitagliptin protects proliferation of neural progenitor cells in diabetic mice. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:885-93. [PMID: 25694236 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9656-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sitagliptin (SIT) is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor that enhances the effects of incretin hormones, such as Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (also known as Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, GIP) and Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1). We have now evaluated the effect of SIT on proliferation of neural progenitors in diabetic mice. A condition resembling the non-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus (D2) was achieved by a combination of streptozotocin and nicotinamide (NA-STZ), whereas a type 1-like disease (D1) was provoked by STZ without NA. Non-diabetic mice received vehicle injections. Cell proliferation was estimated by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation in two different regions of the subventricular zone (SVZ), the largest reserve of neural stem cells in the adult brain. SIT treatment did not modify the high fasting blood glucose (BG) levels and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) of D1 mice. By contrast, in D2 mice, SIT treatment significantly reduced BG and IPGTT. Both D1 and D2 mice showed a substantial reduction of BrdU labeling in the SVZ. Remarkably, SIT treatment improved BrdU labeling in both conditions. Our findings suggest that SIT would protect proliferation of neural progenitor cells even in the presence of non-controlled diabetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás P Bachor
- Medicina Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Pilar, B1629AHJ, Argentina
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36
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Yorulmaz H, Kaptan E, Seker FB, Oztas B. Type 1 diabetes exacerbates blood-brain barrier alterations during experimental epileptic seizures in an animal model. Cell Biochem Funct 2015; 33:285-92. [PMID: 26011758 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to perform the effects of diabetes on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epileptic attacks. For this propose, the animals were divided into four groups. These groups contained were intact, PTZ-treated, diabetic and PTZ-treated diabetic individuals, respectively. To evaluate the functioning of the BBB, Evans blue was used as a BBB permeability indicator, and the expressions of zonula occludens-1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein involving the functioning of the BBB were determined immunohistochemically. Also, the changes in the release of serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 and interleukin-12 were studied by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. BBB permeability in the seizures under diabetic conditions showed a considerable increase (p < 0·01) in all of the brain we studied. The immunoreactive staining intensity of zonula occludens-1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein was found reduced in the brain regions of diabetic rats (p < 0·01). However, the serum level of tumour necrosis factor-alpha increased in diabetes and diabetes + PTZ groups, and the serum level of interleukin-12 increased significantly in all experimental groups (p < 0·05). In conclusion, diabetes dramatically increases BBB damage during epileptic seizures, and it may be derived from an elevation of paracellular passage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Yorulmaz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Halic University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Engin Kaptan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - F Burcu Seker
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Baria Oztas
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Brocca M, Pietranera L, Roig P, Lima A, De Nicola A. Effects of 17β-estradiol on the cytoarchitecture of pyramidal CA1 neurons in normoglycemic and diabetic male spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neuroscience 2014; 280:243-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Nagayach A, Patro N, Patro I. Astrocytic and microglial response in experimentally induced diabetic rat brain. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:747-61. [PMID: 24833555 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9562-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus is associated with increased risk of cognitive and behavioural disorders with hitherto undeciphered role of glia. Glia as majority population in brain serve several vital functions, thus require pertinent revelation to further explicate the mechanisms affecting the brain function following diabetes. In this study we have evaluated glial changes in terms of phenotypic switching, proliferation and expression of activation cell surface markers and associated cellular degeneration in hippocampus following STZ-induced diabetes and caused cognitive impairments. Experimental diabetes was induced in Wistar rats by a single dose of STZ (45 mg/kg body weight; intraperitoneally) and changes were studied in 2nd, 4th and 6th week post diabetes confirmation using Barnes maze and T-maze test, immunohistochemistry and image analysis. An increase in GFAP expression sequentially from 2nd to 6th weeks of diabetes was analogous with the phenotypic changes and increased astrocyte number. Elevated level of S100β with defined stellate morphology further confirmed the astrocytosis following diabetes. Enhanced level of Iba-1 and MHC-II revealed the corroborated microglial activation and proliferation following diabetes, which was unresolved till date. Increased caspase-3 activity induced profound cell death upto 6th weeks post diabetes confirmation. Such caspase 3 mediated cellular damage with a concomitant activation of the astrocytes and microglia suggests that diabetes linked cell death activates the astrocytes and microglia in hippocampus which further underpin the progression and severity of brain disorders resulting in cognitive and behavioural impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Nagayach
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, 474011, Madhya Pradesh, India
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39
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da Costa AV, Calábria LK, de Souza Santos P, Goulart LR, Espindola FS. Glibenclamide treatment modulates the expression and localization of myosin-IIB in diabetic rat brain. J Neurol Sci 2014; 340:159-64. [PMID: 24725740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myosin-IIB is a non-muscle isoform in the brain with increased expression in the brains of diabetic rats. Chronic hyperglycemia caused by diabetes can impair learning and memory. Oral hypoglycemic agents such as glibenclamide have been used to control hyperglycemia. We report changes in the expression and distribution of myosin-IIB in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide. METHODS The brains were removed after 43 days of treatment with glibenclamide (6 mg/kg bw orally), homogenized and analyzed by Western blotting, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Myosin-IIB expression increased in the brains of diabetic rats. However, protein expression returned to control levels when treated with glibenclamide. In addition, the expression of MYH10 gene encoding non-muscle myosin heavy chain-B decreased in diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide. Moreover, we found weak myosin-IIB labeling in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of rats treated with glibenclamide. Therefore, the expression of myosin-IIB is affected by diabetes mellitus and may be modulated by glibenclamide treatment in rats. Structural changes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex are reversible, and glibenclamide treatment may reduce the patho-physiological changes in the brain. CONCLUSIONS Our findings can contribute to the understanding of the regulation of myosins in the brains of diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Vieira da Costa
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, MG 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Luciana Karen Calábria
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, MG 38400-902, Brazil; Faculty of Integrated Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Pontal, Ituiutaba, MG 38304-402, Brazil
| | - Paula de Souza Santos
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, MG 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, MG 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Foued Salmen Espindola
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, MG 38400-902, Brazil.
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40
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El Khoury NB, Gratuze M, Papon MA, Bretteville A, Planel E. Insulin dysfunction and Tau pathology. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:22. [PMID: 24574966 PMCID: PMC3920186 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include senile plaques of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides (a cleavage product of the Amyloid Precursor Protein, or APP) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein assembled in paired helical filaments (PHF). NFT pathology is important since it correlates with the degree of cognitive impairment in AD. Only a small proportion of AD is due to genetic variants, whereas the large majority of cases (~99%) is late onset and sporadic in origin. The cause of sporadic AD is likely to be multifactorial, with external factors interacting with biological or genetic susceptibilities to accelerate the manifestation of the disease. Insulin dysfunction, manifested by diabetes mellitus (DM) might be such factor, as there is extensive data from epidemiological studies suggesting that DM is associated with an increased relative risk for AD. Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are known to affect multiple cognitive functions in patients. In this context, understanding the effects of diabetes on Tau pathogenesis is important since Tau pathology show a strong relationship to dementia in AD, and to memory loss in normal aging and mild cognitive impairment. Here, we reviewed preclinical studies that link insulin dysfunction to Tau protein pathogenesis, one of the major pathological hallmarks of AD. We found more than 30 studies reporting Tau phosphorylation in a mouse or rat model of insulin dysfunction. We also payed attention to potential sources of artifacts, such as hypothermia and anesthesia, that were demonstrated to results in Tau hyperphosphorylation and could major confounding experimental factors. We found that very few studies reported the temperature of the animals, and only a handful did not use anesthesia. Overall, most published studies showed that insulin dysfunction can promote Tau hyperphosphorylation and pathology, both directly and indirectly, through hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura B El Khoury
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada ; Axe Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Maud Gratuze
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada ; Axe Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Amélie Papon
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Alexis Bretteville
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Planel
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada ; Axe Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
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Guo Y, Wang P, Sun H, Cai R, Xia W, Wang S. Advanced glycation end product-induced astrocytic differentiation of cultured neurospheres through inhibition of Notch-Hes1 pathway-mediated neurogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 15:159-70. [PMID: 24366068 PMCID: PMC3907803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the roles of the Notch-Hes1 pathway in the advanced glycation end product (AGE)-mediated differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs). We prepared pLentiLox3.7 lentiviral vectors that express short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against Notch1 and transfected it into NSCs. Cell differentiation was analyzed under confocal laser-scanning microscopy. The percentage of neurons and astrocytes was quantified by normalizing the total number of TUJ1+ (Neuron-specific class III β-tubulin) and GFAP+ (Glial fibrillary acidic protein) cells to the total number of Hoechst 33342-labeled cell nuclei. The protein and gene expression of Notch-Hes1 pathway components was examined via western blot analysis and real-time PCR. After 1 week of incubation, we found that AGE-bovine serum albumin (BSA) (400 μg/mL) induced the astrocytic differentiation of cultured neurospheres and inhibited neuronal formation. The expression of Notch-Hes1 pathway components was upregulated in the cells in the AGE-BSA culture medium. Immunoblot analysis indicated that shRNA silencing of Notch1 expression in NSCs significantly increases neurogenesis and suppresses astrocytic differentiation in NSCs incubated with AGE-BSA. AGEs promote the astrocytic differentiation of cultured neurospheres by inhibiting neurogenesis through the Notch-Hes1 pathway, providing a potential therapeutic target for hyperglycemia-related cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Guo
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, No.87 DingJiaQiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China; E-Mail:
| | - Pin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, No.87 DingJiaQiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China; E-Mails: (P.W.); (H.S.); (R.C.); (W.X.)
| | - Haixia Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, No.87 DingJiaQiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China; E-Mails: (P.W.); (H.S.); (R.C.); (W.X.)
| | - Rongrong Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, No.87 DingJiaQiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China; E-Mails: (P.W.); (H.S.); (R.C.); (W.X.)
| | - Wenqing Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, No.87 DingJiaQiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China; E-Mails: (P.W.); (H.S.); (R.C.); (W.X.)
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, No.87 DingJiaQiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China; E-Mails: (P.W.); (H.S.); (R.C.); (W.X.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-25-8327-2261; Fax: +86-25-8328-5132
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Wong DPK, Chu JMT, Hung VKL, Lee DKM, Cheng CHK, Yung KKL, Yue KKM. Modulation of endoplasmic reticulum chaperone GRP78 by high glucose in hippocampus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and C6 astrocytic cells. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:551-60. [PMID: 24056253 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is known to increase the risk of neurodegeneration, and both diseases are reported to be linked to dysfunction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Astrocytes are important in the defense mechanism of central nervous system (CNS), with great ability of tolerating accumulation of toxic substances and sensitivity in Ca(2+) homeostasis which are two key functions of ER. Here, we investigated the modulation of the glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice and C6 cells cultured in high glucose condition. Our results showed that more reactive astrocytes were presented in the hippocampus of STZ-induced diabetic mice. Simultaneously, decrease of GRP78 expression was found in the astrocytes of diabetic mice hippocampus. In in vitro study, C6 cells were treated with high glucose to investigate the role of high glucose in GRP78 modulation in astrocytic cells. GRP78 as well as other chaperones like GRP94, calreticulin and calnexin, transcription levels were down-regulated after high glucose treatment. Also C6 cells challenged with 48h high glucose were activated, as indicated by increased level of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Activated C6 cells simultaneously exhibited significant decrease of GRP78 level and was followed by reduced phosphorylation of Akt. Moreover, unfolded protein response was induced as an early event, which was marked by the induction of CHOP with high glucose treatment, followed by the reduction of GRP78 after 48h. Finally, the upsurge of ROS production was found in high glucose treated C6 cells and chelation of ROS could partially restore the GRP78 expression. Taken together, these data provide evidences that high glucose induced astrocytic activation in both in vivo and in vitro diabetic models, in which modulation of GRP78 would be an important event in this activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John M T Chu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong; Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Victor K L Hung
- Department of Anaestheiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Dicky K M Lee
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | | | - Ken K L Yung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Kevin K M Yue
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong.
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Reduction of the cholesterol sensor SCAP in the brains of mice causes impaired synaptic transmission and altered cognitive function. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001532. [PMID: 23585733 PMCID: PMC3621654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The sterol sensor SCAP is a key regulator of SREBP-2, the major transcription factor controlling cholesterol synthesis. Recently, we showed that there is a global down-regulation of cholesterol synthetic genes, as well as SREBP-2, in the brains of diabetic mice, leading to a reduction of cholesterol synthesis. We now show that in mouse models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, this is, in part, the result of a decrease of SCAP. Homozygous disruption of the Scap gene in the brains of mice causes perinatal lethality associated with microcephaly and gliosis. Mice with haploinsufficiency of Scap in the brain show a 60% reduction of SCAP protein and ~30% reduction in brain cholesterol synthesis, similar to what is observed in diabetic mice. This results in impaired synaptic transmission, as measured by decreased paired pulse facilitation and long-term potentiation, and is associated with behavioral and cognitive changes. Thus, reduction of SCAP and the consequent suppression of cholesterol synthesis in the brain may play an important role in the increased rates of cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease observed in diabetic states.
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Cerebral neovascularization and remodeling patterns in two different models of type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56264. [PMID: 23441170 PMCID: PMC3575336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported intense pial cerebral collateralization and arteriogenesis in a mild and lean model of type 2 diabetes (T2D), Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. Increased cerebral neovascularization differed regionally and was associated with poor vessel wall maturity. Building upon these findings, the goals of this study were to determine whether a) glycemic control prevents this erratic cerebral neovascularization in the GK model, and b) this pathological neovascularization pattern occurs in Lepr(db/db) model, which is the most commonly used model of T2D for studies involving cerebral complications of diabetes. Vascular volume, surface area and structural parameters including microvessel/macrovessel ratio, non-FITC (fluorescein) perfusing vessel abundance, vessel tortuosity, and branch density were measured by 3D reconstruction of FITC stained vasculature in GK rats or Lepr(db/db) mice. GK rats exhibited an increase in all of these parameters, which were prevented by glycemic control with metformin. In Lepr(db/db) mice, microvascular density was increased but there was no change in nonFITC-perfusing vessels. Increased PA branch density was associated with reduced branch diameter. These results suggest that T2D leads to cerebral neovascularization and remodeling but some structural characteristics of newly formed vessels differ between these models of T2D. The prevention of dysfunctional cerebral neovascularization by early glucose control suggests that hyperglycemia is a mediator of this response.
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Bachor TP, Suburo AM. Neural stem cells in the diabetic brain. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:820790. [PMID: 23213341 PMCID: PMC3505664 DOI: 10.1155/2012/820790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental diabetes in rodents rapidly affects the neurogenic niches of the adult brain. Moreover, behavioral disorders suggest that a similar dysfunction of the neurogenic niches most likely affects diabetic and prediabetic patients. Here, we review our present knowledge about adult neural stem cells, the methods used for their study in diabetic models, and the effects of experimental diabetes. Variations in diet and even a short hyperglycemia profoundly change the structure and the proliferative dynamics of the neurogenic niches. Moreover, alterations of diabetic neurogenic niches appear to be associated with diabetic cognitive disorders. Available evidence supports the hypothesis that, in the adult, early changes of the neurogenic niches might enhance development of the diabetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela M. Suburo
- Medicina Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, B1629AHJ Pilar, Argentina
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Mastrocola R, Barutta F, Pinach S, Bruno G, Perin PC, Gruden G. Hippocampal heat shock protein 25 expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Neuroscience 2012; 227:154-62. [PMID: 23022217 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal abnormalities are believed to increase the risk of cognitive decline in diabetic patients. The underlying mechanism is unknown, but both hyperglycemia and oxidative stress have been implicated. Cellular stresses induce the expression of heat shock protein 25 (HSP25) and this results in cytoprotection. Our aim was to assess hippocampal expression of HSP25 in experimental diabetes. Mice were rendered diabetic by streptozotocin injection. Ten weeks after diabetes onset hippocampal HSP25 expression was studied by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, nitrotyrosine, iNOS, HSP72, HSP90, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) was assessed by either IHC or immunoblotting, Cu/Zn-SOD activity by enzymatic assay, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content by colorimetric assay. Hippocampal HSP25 was significantly increased in diabetic as compared to non-diabetic animals and localized predominantly within the pyramidal neurons layer of the CA1 area. This was paralleled by overexpression of nitrotyrosine, iNOS, SOD expression/activity, and enhanced MDA content. In experimental diabetes, HSP25 is overexpressed in the CA1 pyramidal neurons in parallel with markers of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mastrocola
- Diabetic Nephropathy Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Italy.
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Takahashi S, Izawa Y, Suzuki N. [Astrogliopathy as a loss of astroglial protective function against glycoxidative stress under hyperglycemia]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2012; 52:41-51. [PMID: 22260979 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.52.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from mitochondria play an essential role in stroke as well as in neurodegenerative disorders. Although hyperglycemia associated with diabetes mellitus is well known to enhance ROS production in vascular endothelial cells, the effects of either acute or chronic high glucose environments on neurons and glial cells remain unclear. Astroglia play a pivotal role in glucose metabolism. Thus, the astroglial metabolic response to high glucose environments is an interesting subject. In particular, the glutathione/pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) system, which is a major defense mechanism against ROS in the brain, contributes to glucose metabolism and is more active in astroglia. We propose that high glucose environments activate PPP through an increased flux to the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). HBP is known to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress under hyperglycemia, resulting in the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a master regulator of phase 2 detoxifying enzymes including glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase that regulates PPP activity, as Nrf2 is reported to be a direct substrate of protein kinase RNA (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK), a transducer of ER stress. Therefore, the phosphorylation of Nrf2 by hyperglycemia-induced ER stress facilitates Nrf2 translocation through PERK, thus activating the PPP. If acute or chronic hyperglycemia induces PPP activation in astroglia to reduce ROS, reducing the glucose concentration may be accompanied by a risk, which may explain the lack of evidence that strict glycemic control during the acute phase of stroke conveys no beneficial effect.
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Renno WM, Al-Banaw AG, George P, Abu-Ghefreh AA, Akhtar S, Benter IF. Angiotensin-(1–7) Via the Mas Receptor Alleviates the Diabetes-Induced Decrease in GFAP and GAP-43 Immunoreactivity with Concomitant Reduction in the COX-2 in Hippocampal Formation: An Immunohistochemical Study. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:1323-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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The neurochemical profile quantified by in vivo 1H NMR spectroscopy. Neuroimage 2012; 61:342-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Suzuki M, Sasabe J, Furuya S, Mita M, Hamase K, Aiso S. Type 1 diabetes mellitus in mice increases hippocampal D-serine in the acute phase after streptozotocin injection. Brain Res 2012; 1466:167-76. [PMID: 22652304 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is known to be a risk factor in the development of deficits in cognition, learning, and memory. In DM animal models, including the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rodent model, abnormalities in the regulation of several neurotransmitters have been reported. However, the role in DM of d-serine, an endogenous co-agonist of glutamatergic N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, remains unknown. Here, we measured the amounts of d-/l-serine and l-glutamate in the hippocampi of STZ-treated mice using a 2D-HPLC system from acute to chronic phases after the induction of DM. STZ treatment significantly increased the d-serine level by 23.7% in the hippocampus compared with vehicle treatment at 1 week after the injection, whereas it did not affect the levels of l-serine. In contrast, l-glutamate levels in the hippocampus were elevated at 3 days after STZ injection and rather decreased at 1 week after that. Such alterations in the amino acids were not evident in the chronic phases. We further tested whether the STZ-induced d-serine increase was caused by DM pathophysiology. In vivo, subcutaneous insulin implants into STZ-treated mice restored the elevated d-serine levels in the hippocampus. An in vitro study using primary cultured hippocampal neurons revealed that treatments of STZ did not directly affect the level of d-serine secreted in the cultured media. These results indicate that DM pathology caused by insulin deficiency triggers transient d-serine increase and l-glutamate alteration in the hippocampus. Such aberrant regulations of excitatory neurotransmitters may be relevant to the formation of DM-related dysfunction of the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Suzuki
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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