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Al-Zoubi RM, Abu-Hijleh H, Zarour A, Zakaria ZZ, Yassin A, Al-Ansari AA, Al-Asmakh M, Bawadi H. Zebrafish Model in Illuminating the Complexities of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders: A Unique Research Tool. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4895. [PMID: 38732113 PMCID: PMC11084870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychological condition that may develop in certain individuals following exposure to life-threatening or traumatic events. Distressing symptoms, including flashbacks, are characterized by disrupted stress responses, fear, anxiety, avoidance tendencies, and disturbances in sleep patterns. The enduring effects of PTSD can profoundly impact personal and familial relationships, as well as social, medical, and financial stability. The prevalence of PTSD varies among different populations and is influenced by the nature of the traumatic event. Recently, zebrafish have emerged as a valuable model organism in studying various conditions and disorders. Zebrafish display robust behavioral patterns that can be effectively quantified using advanced video-tracking tools. Due to their relatively simple nervous system compared to humans, zebrafish are particularly well suited for behavioral investigations. These unique characteristics make zebrafish an appealing model for exploring the underlying molecular and genetic mechanisms that govern behavior, thus offering a powerful comparative platform for gaining deeper insights into PTSD. This review article aims to provide updates on the pathophysiology of PTSD and the genetic responses associated with psychological stress. Additionally, it highlights the significance of zebrafish behavior as a valuable tool for comprehending PTSD better. By leveraging zebrafish as a model organism, researchers can potentially uncover novel therapeutic interventions for the treatment of PTSD and contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of this complex condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed M. Al-Zoubi
- Department of Chemistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan;
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar; (A.Y.); (A.A.A.-A.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, QU-Health, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Haya Abu-Hijleh
- Department of Human Nutrition, QU-Health, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (H.A.-H.); (M.A.-A.)
| | - Ahmad Zarour
- Department of Surgery, Acute Care Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar;
| | - Zain Z. Zakaria
- Vice President for Medical and Health Sciences Office, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | - Aksam Yassin
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar; (A.Y.); (A.A.A.-A.)
- Center of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dresden International University, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Abdulla A. Al-Ansari
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar; (A.Y.); (A.A.A.-A.)
| | - Maha Al-Asmakh
- Department of Human Nutrition, QU-Health, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (H.A.-H.); (M.A.-A.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Hiba Bawadi
- Department of Human Nutrition, QU-Health, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (H.A.-H.); (M.A.-A.)
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Rehman S, Faizan M, Ali NH, Gulati K, Ray A. Amelioration by Withania somnifera of neurobehavioural and immunological markers in time dependent sensitization induced post traumatic stress disorder in rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2024; 56:20-27. [PMID: 38454585 PMCID: PMC11001169 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_825_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex neuropsychiatric pathophysiology with an unmet need for safe, effective, and sustainable therapeutic modalities. Thus, the present study evaluated the effects of Withaniasomnifera (WS, Ashwagandha) on an experimental model of PTSD in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats (200-250 g) were used and time-dependent sensitization (TDS) was used as the experimental model of PTSD. Standardized WS root extract (100 and 300 mg/kg, p.o. for 15 days) was administered with TDS and their effects were observed on neurobehavioral (anxiety) and brain cytokines, corticosterone, and oxidative stress markers. RESULTS Exposure to TDS resulted in anxiogenic behavior in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, i.e., reductions in open arm entries and open arm time, as compared to the control group. Pretreatment with WS extract (100 and 300 mg/kg × 14 days) attenuated the TDS-induced anxiogenic activity in a dose-related manner, and these WS effects were comparable to those seen after the comparator drug fluoxetine (10 mg/kg). Assay of brain homogenates showed that TDS also resulted in elevations in brain interleukin-6 and reduction in corticosterone levels in both the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC), which were reversed after WS pretreatments. Further, WS pretreatment also reversed the TDS-induced changes in brain oxidative stress markers, namely elevated malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels in both the hippocampus and PFC. CONCLUSION These results suggest that WS could have potential as a therapeutic agent for treating PTSD by attenuating anxiogenesis, neuroimmune axis activation, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Rehman
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Faizan
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Nafaa Hasan Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Kavita Gulati
- Department of Pharmacology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Arunabha Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Tseilikman VE, Shatilov VA, Zhukov MS, Buksha IA, Epitashvily AE, Lipatov IA, Aristov MR, Koshelev AG, Karpenko MN, Traktirov DS, Maistrenko VA, Kamel M, Buhler AV, Kovaleva EG, Kalinina TS, Pashkov AA, Kon’kov VV, Novak J, Tseilikman OB. Limited Cheese Intake Paradigm Replaces Patterns of Behavioral Disorders in Experimental PTSD: Focus on Resveratrol Supplementation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14343. [PMID: 37762647 PMCID: PMC10532287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the efficacy of drug therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder or PTSD leaves much to be desired, making nutraceutical support a promising avenue for treatment. Recent research has identified the protective effects of resveratrol in PTSD. Here, we tested the behavioral and neurobiological effects of combining cheese consumption with resveratrol supplements in an experimental PTSD model. Using the elevated plus maze test, we observed that cheese intake resulted in a shift from anxiety-like behavior to depressive behavior, evident in increased freezing acts. However, no significant changes in the anxiety index value were observed. Interestingly, supplementation with cheese and resveratrol only led to the elimination of freezing behavior in half of the PTSD rats. We further segregated the rats into two groups based on freezing behavior: Freezing+ and Freezing0 phenotypes. Resveratrol ameliorated the abnormalities in Monoamine Oxidize -A and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor gene expression in the hippocampus, but only in the Freezing0 rats. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between the number of freezing acts and the levels of Monoamine Oxidize-A and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor mRNAs in the hippocampus. The study results show promise for resveratrol supplementation in PTSD treatment. Further research is warranted to better understand the underlying mechanisms and optimize the potential benefits of resveratrol supplementation for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim E. Tseilikman
- Scientific and Educational Center ‘Biomedical Technologies’, School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (V.A.S.); (M.S.Z.); (M.R.A.); (V.A.M.); (A.V.B.)
| | - Vladislav A. Shatilov
- Scientific and Educational Center ‘Biomedical Technologies’, School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (V.A.S.); (M.S.Z.); (M.R.A.); (V.A.M.); (A.V.B.)
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Chelyabinsk State University, 454001 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (I.A.B.); (I.A.L.); (A.G.K.)
| | - Maxim S. Zhukov
- Scientific and Educational Center ‘Biomedical Technologies’, School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (V.A.S.); (M.S.Z.); (M.R.A.); (V.A.M.); (A.V.B.)
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Chelyabinsk State University, 454001 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (I.A.B.); (I.A.L.); (A.G.K.)
| | - Irina A. Buksha
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Chelyabinsk State University, 454001 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (I.A.B.); (I.A.L.); (A.G.K.)
| | - Alexandr E. Epitashvily
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Chelyabinsk State University, 454001 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (I.A.B.); (I.A.L.); (A.G.K.)
| | - Ilya A. Lipatov
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Chelyabinsk State University, 454001 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (I.A.B.); (I.A.L.); (A.G.K.)
| | - Maxim R. Aristov
- Scientific and Educational Center ‘Biomedical Technologies’, School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (V.A.S.); (M.S.Z.); (M.R.A.); (V.A.M.); (A.V.B.)
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Chelyabinsk State University, 454001 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (I.A.B.); (I.A.L.); (A.G.K.)
| | - Alexandr G. Koshelev
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Chelyabinsk State University, 454001 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (I.A.B.); (I.A.L.); (A.G.K.)
| | - Marina N. Karpenko
- Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.N.K.); (D.S.T.)
| | - Dmitrii S. Traktirov
- Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.N.K.); (D.S.T.)
| | - Viktoriya A. Maistrenko
- Scientific and Educational Center ‘Biomedical Technologies’, School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (V.A.S.); (M.S.Z.); (M.R.A.); (V.A.M.); (A.V.B.)
- Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.N.K.); (D.S.T.)
| | - Mustapha Kamel
- Scientific and Educational Center ‘Biomedical Technologies’, School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (V.A.S.); (M.S.Z.); (M.R.A.); (V.A.M.); (A.V.B.)
- Research, Educational and Innovative Center of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technologies Chemical Technology Institute, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
| | - Alexey V. Buhler
- Scientific and Educational Center ‘Biomedical Technologies’, School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (V.A.S.); (M.S.Z.); (M.R.A.); (V.A.M.); (A.V.B.)
- Research, Educational and Innovative Center of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technologies Chemical Technology Institute, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
| | - Elena G. Kovaleva
- Research, Educational and Innovative Center of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technologies Chemical Technology Institute, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
| | - Tatyana S. Kalinina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Anton A. Pashkov
- Federal Neurosurgical Center, 630048 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Department of Data Collection and Processing Systems, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630087 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vadim V. Kon’kov
- Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Jurica Novak
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Olga B. Tseilikman
- Scientific and Educational Center ‘Biomedical Technologies’, School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (V.A.S.); (M.S.Z.); (M.R.A.); (V.A.M.); (A.V.B.)
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Chelyabinsk State University, 454001 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (I.A.B.); (I.A.L.); (A.G.K.)
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Govindula A, Ranadive N, Nampoothiri M, Rao CM, Arora D, Mudgal J. Emphasizing the Crosstalk Between Inflammatory and Neural Signaling in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:248-266. [PMID: 37097603 PMCID: PMC10577110 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic incapacitating condition with recurrent experience of trauma-related memories, negative mood, altered cognition, and hypervigilance. Agglomeration of preclinical and clinical evidence in recent years specified that alterations in neural networks favor certain characteristics of PTSD. Besides the disruption of hypothalamus-pituitary-axis (HPA) axis, intensified immune status with elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and arachidonic metabolites of COX-2 such as PGE2 creates a putative scenario in worsening the neurobehavioral facet of PTSD. This review aims to link the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM-V) symptomology to major neural mechanisms that are supposed to underpin the transition from acute stress reactions to the development of PTSD. Also, to demonstrate how these intertwined processes can be applied to probable early intervention strategies followed by a description of the evidence supporting the proposed mechanisms. Hence in this review, several neural network mechanisms were postulated concerning the HPA axis, COX-2, PGE2, NLRP3, and sirtuins to unravel possible complex neuroinflammatory mechanisms that are obscured in PTSD condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Govindula
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Niraja Ranadive
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - C Mallikarjuna Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Devinder Arora
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia.
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Sanchís-Ollé M, Belda X, Gagliano H, Visa J, Nadal R, Armario A. Animal models of PTSD: Comparison of the neuroendocrine and behavioral sequelae of immobilization and a modified single prolonged stress procedure that includes immobilization. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 160:195-203. [PMID: 36842332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
A single exposure to some stressors results in long-lasting consequences reminiscent of those found in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but results are very often controversial. Although there is no consensus regarding the best animal models of PTSD, the single prolonged stress (SPS) model, consisting of sequential exposure within the same day to various stressors (typically restraint, forced swim, and ether), has gained acceptance. However, results, particularly those related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, are inconsistent and there is no evidence that SPS is clearly distinct from models using a single severe stressor. In the present study, we compared in male rats the behavioral and neuroendocrine (HPA) consequences of exposure to immobilization on boards (IMO) with a SPS-like model (SPSi) in which IMO and isoflurane were substituted for restraint and ether, respectively. Both procedures caused a similar impact on food intake and body weight as well as on sensitization of the HPA response to a novel environment (hole-board) on the following day. Reduction of activity/exploration in the hole-board was also similar with both stressors, although the impact of sudden noise was higher in SPSi than IMO. Neither IMO nor SPSi significantly affected contextual fear conditioning acquisition, although a similar trend for impaired fear extinction was observed compared to controls. Exposure to additional stressors in the SPSi did not interfere with homotypic adaptation of the HPA axis to IMO. Thus, only modest neuroendocrine and behavioral differences were observed between IMO and SPSi and more studies comparing putative PTSD models are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sanchís-Ollé
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; Animal Physiology Unit, School of Biosciences, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Belda
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; Animal Physiology Unit, School of Biosciences, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Humberto Gagliano
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; Animal Physiology Unit, School of Biosciences, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Visa
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Nadal
- Unitat Mixta Translacional, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; Psychobiology Unit, School of Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Antonio Armario
- Unitat Mixta Translacional, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; Animal Physiology Unit, School of Biosciences, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
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McGonigle CE, Lapish CC, Logrip ML. Male and female impairments in odor span are observed in a rat model of PTSD. Learn Mem 2023; 30:1-11. [PMID: 36543385 PMCID: PMC9872191 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053620.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with neural and behavioral alterations in response to trauma exposure, including working memory impairments. Rodent models of PTSD have not fully investigated chronic or reactive working memory deficits, despite clinical relevance. The present study uses footshock to induce a posttraumatic stress state in male and female rats and evaluates the effect of footshock and trauma-paired odor cues on working memory performance in the odor span task. Results demonstrate the emergence of chronic deficits in working memory among animals exposed to footshock by 3 wk after traumatic stress. The presentation of a trauma-paired odor cue was associated with further decrement in working memory performance for male animals. Furthermore, anxiety-like behaviors associated with the PTSD-like phenotype could predict the degree of working memory impairment in response to the trauma-paired odor cue. This study enhances validation of an existing rodent model of PTSD through replication of the clinical observations of working memory deficits associated with PTSD and provides novel insight into effects in female rodents. This will facilitate work to probe underlying mechanistic dysregulation of working memory following footshock trauma exposure and future development of novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen E McGonigle
- Addiction Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Christopher C Lapish
- Addiction Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Marian L Logrip
- Addiction Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Zheng S, Wang H, Han F, Chu J, Zhang F, Zhang X, Shi Y, Zhang L. Detection of Microstructural Medial Prefrontal Cortex Changes Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Texture Analysis in a Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Rat Model. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:805851. [PMID: 35530016 PMCID: PMC9068999 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.805851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiomics is characterized by high-throughput extraction of texture features from medical images and the mining of information that can potentially be used to define neuroimaging markers in many neurological or psychiatric diseases. However, there have been few studies concerning MRI radiomics in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The study's aims were to appraise changes in microstructure of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in a PTSD animal model, specifically single-prolonged stress (SPS) rats, by using MRI texture analysis. The feasibility of using a radiomics approach to classify PTSD rats was examined. METHODS Morris water maze and elevated plus maze were used to assess behavioral changes in the rats. Two hundred and sixty two texture features were extracted from each region of interest in T2-weighted images. Stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA) and LASSO regression were used to perform feature selection and radiomics signature building to identify mPFC radiomics signatures consisting of optimal features, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic curve plots were used to evaluate the classification performance. Immunofluorescence techniques were used to examine the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuronal nuclei (NeuN) in the mPFC. Nuclear pycnosis was detected using 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. RESULTS Behavioral results indicated decreased learning and spatial memory performance and increased anxiety-like behavior after SPS stimulation. SDA analysis showed that the general non-cross-validated and cross-validated discrimination accuracies were 86.5% and 80.4%. After LASSO dimensionality reduction, 10 classification models were established. For classifying PTSD rats between the control and each SPS group, these models achieved AUCs of 0.944, 0.950, 0.959, and 0.936. Among four SPS groups, the AUCs were 0.927, 0.943, 0.967, 0.916, 0.932, and 0.893, respectively. The number of GFAP-positive cells and intensity of GFAP-IR within the mPFC increased 1 day after SPS treatment, and then decreased. The intensity of NeuN-IR and number of NeuN-positive cells significantly decreased from 1 to 14 days after SPS stimulation. The brightness levels of DAPI-stained nuclei increased in SPS groups. CONCLUSION Non-invasive MRI radiomics features present an efficient and sensitive way to detect microstructural changes in the mPFC after SPS stimulation, and they could potentially serve as a novel neuroimaging marker in PTSD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Zheng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Han Wang
- Medical Imaging Center, Taian Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Fang Han
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianyi Chu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xianglin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yuxiu Shi
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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Melanson B, Leri F. Effect of ketamine on the physiological responses to combined hypoglycemic and psychophysical stress. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 11:81-87. [PMID: 34485972 PMCID: PMC8406162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that hypoglycemic stress can interact with other stressors, and that ketamine can mitigate the impact of these stressors on behavior and physiology. The current study in male Sprague-Dawley rats investigated whether pre-treatment with 0, 10, or 20 mg/kg ketamine could modulate the interaction between hypoglycemia induced by 0 or 300 mg/kg 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and the psychophysical stress of forced swimming (FSS; 6 sessions, 10 min/session) on serum concentrations of corticosterone (CORT) and the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. It was found that 2-DG enhanced the CORT response to an initial session of FSS, and this effect dissipated after multiple sessions. More importantly, animals displayed significantly higher levels of CORT and lower levels of TNF-α in response to a drug-free test swim conducted 1 week after exposure to the combined stressors, and these responses were not observed in rats that were pre-treated with ketamine. Overall, these findings indicate that ketamine has the potential to reduce the negative impact of interacting stressors on the biological reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Melanson
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience, Program University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Francesco Leri
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience, Program University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Stupin KN, Zenko MY, Rybnikova EA. Comparative Analysis of Pathobiochemical Changes in Major Depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:729-736. [PMID: 34225595 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921060109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Comparative analysis of available literature data on the pathogenetic neuroendocrine mechanisms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is provided in this review to identify their common features and differences. We discuss the multidirectional modifications of the activity of cortical and subcortical structures of the brain, levels of neurotransmitters and their receptors, and functions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in depression and PTSD. The analysis shows that these disorders are examples of opposite failures in the system of adaptive stress response of the body to stressful psychotraumatic events. On this basis, it is concluded that the currently widespread use of similar approaches to treat these disorders is not justified, despite the significant similarity of their anxiety-depressive symptoms; development of differential therapeutic strategies is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin N Stupin
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Mikhail Y Zenko
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Elena A Rybnikova
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
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10
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Abstract
This paper introduces a new construct, the 'pivotal mental state', which is defined as a hyper-plastic state aiding rapid and deep learning that can mediate psychological transformation. We believe this new construct bears relevance to a broad range of psychological and psychiatric phenomena. We argue that pivotal mental states serve an important evolutionary function, that is, to aid psychological transformation when actual or perceived environmental pressures demand this. We cite evidence that chronic stress and neurotic traits are primers for a pivotal mental state, whereas acute stress can be a trigger. Inspired by research with serotonin 2A receptor agonist psychedelics, we highlight how activity at this particular receptor can robustly and reliably induce pivotal mental states, but we argue that the capacity for pivotal mental states is an inherent property of the human brain itself. Moreover, we hypothesize that serotonergic psychedelics hijack a system that has evolved to mediate rapid and deep learning when its need is sensed. We cite a breadth of evidences linking stress via a variety of inducers, with an upregulated serotonin 2A receptor system (e.g. upregulated availability of and/or binding to the receptor) and acute stress with 5-HT release, which we argue can activate this primed system to induce a pivotal mental state. The pivotal mental state model is multi-level, linking a specific molecular gateway (increased serotonin 2A receptor signaling) with the inception of a hyper-plastic brain and mind state, enhanced rate of associative learning and the potential mediation of a psychological transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Brouwer
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Andersen KAA, Carhart-Harris R, Nutt DJ, Erritzoe D. Therapeutic effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics: A systematic review of modern-era clinical studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2021; 143:101-118. [PMID: 33125716 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review of modern-era (post-millennium) clinical studies assessing the therapeutic effects of serotonergic psychedelics drugs for mental health conditions. Although the main focus was on efficacy and safety, study characteristics, duration of antidepressants effects across studies, and the role of the subjective drug experiences were also reviewed and presented. METHOD A systematic literature search (1 Jan 2000 to 1 May 2020) was conducted in PubMed and PsychINFO for studies of patients undergoing treatment with a serotonergic psychedelic. RESULTS Data from 16 papers, representing 10 independent psychedelic-assisted therapy trials (psilocybin = 7, ayahuasca = 2, LSD = 1), were extracted, presented in figures and tables, and narratively synthesized and discussed. Across these studies, a total of 188 patients suffering either cancer- or illness-related anxiety and depression disorders (C/I-RADD), major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or substance use disorder (SUD) were included. The reviewed studies established feasibility and evidence of safety, alongside promising early data of efficacy in the treatment of depression, anxiety, OCD, and tobacco and alcohol use disorders. For a majority of patients, the therapeutic effects appeared to be long-lasting (weeks-months) after only 1 to 3 treatment session(s). All studies were conducted in line with guidelines for the safe conduct of psychedelic therapy, and no severe adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION The resurrection of clinical psychedelic research provides early evidence for treatment efficacy and safety for a range of psychiatric conditions, and constitutes an exciting new treatment avenue in a health area with major unmet needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer A A Andersen
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robin Carhart-Harris
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David J Nutt
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David Erritzoe
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
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12
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Huang L, Gao L, Zhang X, Yin L, Hu J, Song T, Chen Y. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-amide substituted derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127506. [PMID: 32828898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We report the optimisation of a series of novel amide-piperidine (piperazine) derivatives using the multiple ligand approach with dopamine and serotonin receptors. Of the derivatives, compound 11 exhibited high affinity for the D2, 5-HT1A, and 5-HT2A receptors, but low affinity for the 5-HT2C and histamine H1 receptors and human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) channels. In vivo, compound 11 reduced apomorphine-induced climbing, MK-801-induced hyperactivity and DOI-induced head twitching without observable catalepsy, even at the highest dose tested. In addition, it exhibited suppression in a CAR test. Furthermore, in a novel object recognition task, it displayed procognition properties. Therefore, compound 11 is a promising candidate multi-target antipsychotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Wuhan Docan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, China
| | - Lanchang Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Wuhan Docan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, China
| | - Lei Yin
- Wuhan Docan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, China
| | - Jintao Hu
- Wuhan Docan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, China
| | - Ting Song
- Wuhan Docan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, China
| | - Yin Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
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13
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Szechtman H, Harvey BH, Woody EZ, Hoffman KL. The Psychopharmacology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Preclinical Roadmap. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:80-151. [PMID: 31826934 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review evaluates current knowledge about obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), with the goal of providing a roadmap for future directions in research on the psychopharmacology of the disorder. It first addresses issues in the description and diagnosis of OCD, including the structure, measurement, and appropriate description of the disorder and issues of differential diagnosis. Current pharmacotherapies for OCD are then reviewed, including monotherapy with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and augmentation with antipsychotic medication and with psychologic treatment. Neuromodulatory therapies for OCD are also described, including psychosurgery, deep brain stimulation, and noninvasive brain stimulation. Psychotherapies for OCD are then reviewed, focusing on behavior therapy, including exposure and response prevention and cognitive therapy, and the efficacy of these interventions is discussed, touching on issues such as the timing of sessions, the adjunctive role of pharmacotherapy, and the underlying mechanisms. Next, current research on the neurobiology of OCD is examined, including work probing the role of various neurotransmitters and other endogenous processes and etiology as clues to the neurobiological fault that may underlie OCD. A new perspective on preclinical research is advanced, using the Research Domain Criteria to propose an adaptationist viewpoint that regards OCD as the dysfunction of a normal motivational system. A systems-design approach introduces the security motivation system (SMS) theory of OCD as a framework for research. Finally, a new perspective on psychopharmacological research for OCD is advanced, exploring three approaches: boosting infrastructure facilities of the brain, facilitating psychotherapeutic relearning, and targeting specific pathways of the SMS network to fix deficient SMS shut-down processes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A significant proportion of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) do not achieve remission with current treatments, indicating the need for innovations in psychopharmacology for the disorder. OCD may be conceptualized as the dysfunction of a normal, special motivation system that evolved to manage the prospect of potential danger. This perspective, together with a wide-ranging review of the literature, suggests novel directions for psychopharmacological research, including boosting support systems of the brain, facilitating relearning that occurs in psychotherapy, and targeting specific pathways in the brain that provide deficient stopping processes in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Szechtman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (H.S.); SAMRC Unit on Risk Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa (B.H.H.); Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (E.Z.W.); and Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico (K.L.H.)
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (H.S.); SAMRC Unit on Risk Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa (B.H.H.); Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (E.Z.W.); and Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico (K.L.H.)
| | - Erik Z Woody
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (H.S.); SAMRC Unit on Risk Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa (B.H.H.); Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (E.Z.W.); and Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico (K.L.H.)
| | - Kurt Leroy Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (H.S.); SAMRC Unit on Risk Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa (B.H.H.); Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (E.Z.W.); and Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico (K.L.H.)
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14
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Lewis MW, Jones RT, Davis MT. Exploring the impact of trauma type and extent of exposure on posttraumatic alterations in 5-HT1A expression. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:237. [PMID: 32678079 PMCID: PMC7366706 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00915-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term behavioral, psychological, and neurobiological effects of exposure to potentially traumatic events vary within the human population. Studies conducted on trauma-exposed human subjects suggest that differences in trauma type and extent of exposure combine to affect development, maintenance, and treatment of a variety of psychiatric syndromes. The serotonin 1-A receptor (5-HT1A) is an inhibitory G protein-coupled serotonin receptor encoded by the HTR1A gene that plays a role in regulating serotonin release, physiological stress responding, and emotional behavior. Studies from the preclinical and human literature suggest that dysfunctional expression of 5-HT1A is associated with a multitude of psychiatric symptoms commonly seen in trauma-exposed individuals. Here, we synthesize the literature, including numerous preclinical studies, examining differences in alterations in 5-HT1A expression following trauma exposure. Collectively, these findings suggest that the impact of trauma exposure on 5-HT1A expression is dependent, in part, on trauma type and extent of exposure. Furthermore, preclinical and human studies suggest that this observation likely applies to additional molecular targets and may help explain variation in trauma-induced changes in behavior and treatment responsivity. In order to understand the neurobiological impact of trauma, including the impact on 5-HT1A expression, it is crucial to consider both trauma type and extent of exposure.
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15
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Lee B, Sur B, Lee H, Oh S. Korean Red Ginseng prevents posttraumatic stress disorder-triggered depression-like behaviors in rats via activation of the serotonergic system. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:644-654. [PMID: 32617045 PMCID: PMC7322749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a mental disorder induced by traumatic stress and often accompanied by depression and/or anxiety, may involve an imbalance in the neurotransmitters associated with the fear response. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) has long been used as a traditional medicine and is known to be involved in a variety of pharmacological activities. We used the open field test and forced swimming test to examine the effects of KRG on the depression-like response of rats after exposure to single prolonged stress (SPS), leading to activation of the serotonergic system. Methods Male rats received KRG (30, 50, and 100 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) once daily for 14 days after exposure to SPS. Results Daily KRG administration significantly improved depression-like behaviors in the forced swimming test, increased the number of lines crossed and time spent in the central zone in the open field test, and decreased freezing behavior in contextual and cued fear conditioning. KRG treatment attenuated SPS-induced decreases in serotonin (5-HT) tissue concentrations in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. The increased 5-HT concentration during KRG treatment may be partially attributable to the 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid/5-HT ratio in the hippocampus of rats with PTSD. These effects may be caused by the activation of hippocampal genes encoding tryptophan hydroxylase-1 and 2 mRNA levels. Conclusion Our findings suggest that KRG has an antidepressant effect in rats subjected to SPS and may represent an effective use of traditional medicine for the treatment of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongjun Sur
- Department of Molecular medicine and TIDRC, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seikwan Oh
- Department of Molecular medicine and TIDRC, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Mohammadi-Farani A, Pourmotabbed A, Ardeshirizadeh Y. Effects of HDAC inhibitors on spatial memory and memory extinction in SPS-induced PTSD rats. Res Pharm Sci 2020; 15:241-248. [PMID: 33088324 PMCID: PMC7540814 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.288426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Neurobiological changes in memory processes seem to play a role in the pathophysiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Memory itself is influenced by PTSD, too. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDAIs) have shown promising results in the extinction of fear-related memories in animals and hence they seem to be important for the treatment of PTSD. Data are scarce about the effect of HDAIs in spatial memory formation/extinction in PTSD models. The main goal of the present work is to find the effect of sodium butyrate (NaBu), as an HDAI, on spatial memory and spatial memory extinction in rats exposed to single prolonged stress procedure (SPS). Experimental approach Different doses of NaBu were administered subcutaneously for 7 days in different groups of rats after SPS procedure. Learning, memory, and extinction of memory were evaluated in the Morris water maze test of spatial memory in 6 consecutive days. Findings / Results The results show that NaBu (0.5 mg/kg) alleviates impaired learning and memory in SPS rats. It also facilitates the extinction of newly formed memory in the animals. Conclusion and implications Our data suggest that the administration of HDAIs after a traumatic experience can prevent the aversive effects of SPS on spatial memory. It also reinforces the notion that extinction of spatial memory involves the same or similar brain circuitry that is involved in the extinction of fear memories in PTSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mohammadi-Farani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medical Services, School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Ali Pourmotabbed
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Yazdan Ardeshirizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
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17
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Verbitsky A, Dopfel D, Zhang N. Rodent models of post-traumatic stress disorder: behavioral assessment. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:132. [PMID: 32376819 PMCID: PMC7203017 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0806-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the etiology and expression of psychiatric disorders are complex, mammals show biologically preserved behavioral and neurobiological responses to valent stimuli which underlie the use of rodent models of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is a complex phenotype that is difficult to model in rodents because it is diagnosed by patient interview and influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. However, given that PTSD results from traumatic experiences, rodent models can simulate stress induction and disorder development. By manipulating stress type, intensity, duration, and frequency, preclinical models reflect core PTSD phenotypes, measured through various behavioral assays. Paradigms precipitate the disorder by applying physical, social, and psychological stressors individually or in combination. This review discusses the methods used to trigger and evaluate PTSD-like phenotypes. It highlights studies employing each stress model and evaluates their translational efficacies against DSM-5, validity criteria, and criteria proposed by Yehuda and Antelman's commentary in 1993. This is intended to aid in paradigm selection by informing readers about rodent models, their benefits to the clinical community, challenges associated with the translational models, and opportunities for future work. To inform PTSD model validity and relevance to human psychopathology, we propose that models incorporate behavioral test batteries, individual differences, sex differences, strain and stock differences, early life stress effects, biomarkers, stringent success criteria for drug development, Research Domain Criteria, technological advances, and cross-species comparisons. We conclude that, despite the challenges, animal studies will be pivotal to advances in understanding PTSD and the neurobiology of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Verbitsky
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - David Dopfel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Nanyin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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18
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de Abreu MS, Giacomini ACVV, Genario R, Rech N, Carboni J, Lakstygal AM, Amstislavskaya TG, Demin KA, Leonard BE, Vlok M, Harvey BH, Piato A, Barcellos LJG, Kalueff AV. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches for psychiatric disorders: Re-appraisal and insights from zebrafish models. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 193:172928. [PMID: 32289330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute and chronic stressors are common triggers of human mental illnesses. Experimental animal models and their cross-species translation to humans are critical for understanding of the pathogenesis of stress-related psychiatric disorders. Mounting evidence suggests that both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches can be efficient in treating these disorders. Here, we analyze human, rodent and zebrafish (Danio rerio) data to compare the impact of non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapies of stress-related psychopathologies. Emphasizing the likely synergism and interplay between pharmacological and environmental factors in mitigating daily stress both clinically and in experimental models, we argue that environmental enrichment emerges as a promising complementary therapy for stress-induced disorders across taxa. We also call for a broader use of novel model organisms, such as zebrafish, to study such treatments and their potential interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo S de Abreu
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA, USA.
| | - Ana C V V Giacomini
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Genario
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Nathália Rech
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Júlia Carboni
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Anton M Lakstygal
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Center, St. Petersburg, Russia; Granov Russian Scientific Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tamara G Amstislavskaya
- Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Konstantin A Demin
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Center, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Brian E Leonard
- University College Galway, Pharmacology Department, Galway, Ireland
| | - Marli Vlok
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Angelo Piato
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA, USA; Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leonardo J G Barcellos
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Bio-Experimentation, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
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19
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Lee B, Choi GM, Sur B. Silibinin prevents depression-like behaviors in a single prolonged stress rat model: the possible role of serotonin. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:70. [PMID: 32143600 PMCID: PMC7076861 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-2868-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an extreme mood disorder that occurs after experiencing extreme stress, and patients with this disorder are known to accompany with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and memory impairments. Silibinin (SIL) is a natural polyphenolic flavonoid and is the main active ingredient of silymarin, which is primarily extracted from the milk thistle. Although some studies have assessed the properties of this flavonoid, the potential of SIL as a treatment for PTSD patients and its mechanisms of action have yet to be fully elucidated. Methods After exposure to a model of single prolonged stress (SPS), the open field test (OFT) and forced swimming test (FST), were used to investigate the effects of SIL on anxiety- and depression-like symptoms in male rats. The rats received of SIL (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) for 14 days following exposure to SPS. Results Administration of SIL significantly improved anxiety-like behaviors in the OFT, depression-like behaviors in the FST, and freezing behavior in fear conditioning test. SIL also increased levels of serotonin in the hippocampus (Hipp) and amygdala, and enhanced expression of tryptophan hydroxylase-1 mRNA in the Hipp. The administration of SIL also inhibited SPS-induced decreases dopamine levels and increases norepinephrine levels in the Hipp. Conclusions Taken together, the present findings suggest that SIL can be a useful therapeutic ingredient for the treatment of trauma stress-associated symptoms, including PTSD-induced anxiety and depression caused by PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, 02447, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwang Muk Choi
- The Graduate School of Basic Science of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 02447, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongjun Sur
- Department of Molecular medicine and TIDRC, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 07985, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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20
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Shang C, Guo Y, Yao JQ, Fang XX, Sun LJ, Jiang XY, Ding ZC, Ran YH, Wang HL, Zhang LM, Li YF. Rapid anti-PTSD-like activity of the TSPO agonist YL-IPA08: Emphasis on brain GABA, neurosteroids and HPA axis function. Behav Brain Res 2020; 379:112320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ji LL, Ye Y, Nie PY, Peng JB, Fu CH, Wang ZY, Tong L. Dysregulation of miR-142 results in anxiety-like behaviors following single prolonged stress. Behav Brain Res 2019; 365:157-163. [PMID: 30857769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent mental disorder that is classified as a trauma- and stressor-related disorder. While numerous epigenetic factors are related to the risk for PTSD, the precise mechanisms underlying this disorder remain unclear. However, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that dysregulation of microRNAs is involved in stress-related psychiatric disorders, resulting in anxiety-like behavior, memory-related deficits and aberrant neuronal plasticity. Here, rats exposed to single prolonged stress showed increased microRNA-142-5p levels in the amygdala and a concurrent reduction in the levels of its predicted target Npas4, an activity-regulated transcription factor, which was implicated in stress-related psychopathologies. In addition, the inhibition of microRNA-142 following exposure to single prolonged stress exhibited decreased anxiety-like behaviors and memory deficits, as well as increased expression of Npas4 and BDNF. Furthermore, a dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that Npas4 was a direct downstream target of miR-142. Taken together, these data suggest that miR-142 may play a key role in the pathogenesis of stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Ji
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Ye
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Yin Nie
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Bo Peng
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Hai Fu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yu Wang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Tong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Modelling posttraumatic stress disorders in animals. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 90:117-133. [PMID: 30468906 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Animal models of posttraumatic stress disorder are useful tools to reveal the neurobiological basis of the vulnerability to traumatic events, and to develop new treatment strategies, as well as predicting treatment response contributing to personalized medicine approach. Different models have different construct, face and predictive validity and they model different symptoms of the disease. The most prevalent models are the single prolonged stress, electric foot-shock and predator odor. Freezing as 're-experiencing' in cluster B and startle as 'arousal' in cluster E according to DSM-5 are the most frequently studied parameters; however, several other symptoms related to mood, cognitive and social skills are part of the examinations. Beside behavioral characteristics, symptoms of exaggerated sympathetic activity and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis as well as signs of sleep disturbances are also warranted. Test battery rather than a single test is required to describe a model properly and the results should be interpreted in a comprehensive way, e.g. creating a z-score. Research is shifting to study larger populations and identifying the features of the resilient and vulnerable individuals, which cannot be easily done in humans. Incorporation of the "three hit theory" in animal models may lead to a better animal model of vulnerability and resilience. As women are twice as vulnerable as men, more emphasize should be taken to include female animals. Moreover, hypothesis free testing and big data analysis may help to identify an array of biomarkers instead of a single variable for identification of vulnerability and for the purpose of personalized medicine.
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23
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Lee B, Shim I, Lee H, Hahm DH. Effects of Epigallocatechin Gallate on Behavioral and Cognitive Impairments, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysfunction, and Alternations in Hippocampal BDNF Expression Under Single Prolonged Stress. J Med Food 2018; 21:979-989. [PMID: 30273101 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.4161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a traumatic stress-related psychiatric disorder stimulated by experience. Green tea has potent antioxidative properties, due, in part, to the catechin (-) epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). EGCG is an important polyphenol with advantageous effects on anxiety and depression. Nevertheless, the mechanism about the inhibition of PTSD-like symptoms of EGCG is still unidentified. We examined whether EGCG improved learning and memory deficit stimulated in rats after single prolonged stress (SPS). Rats were administrated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with EGCG for 14 successive days after the SPS process. The SPS procedure stimulated cognitive deficit in the Morris water maze test and the object recognition task, and this impairment was improved by EGCG (25 mg/kg, i.p.). Daily EGCG administration significantly decreased the freezing response to contextual fear conditioning. The administration of EGCG also significantly moderated memory-related decreases in the alternation of cAMP-response element-binding protein and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus. Our results suggest that EGCG alleviated SPS-stimulated learning and memory deficit by inhibiting the increase of neuroinflammation in the rat brain. In addition, EGCG reversed the alternation of allopregnanolone and progesterone in the brain, and diminished simultaneously the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction. Thus, EGCG reversed learning and memory-related behavioral dysfunction and molecular alternation accelerated by traumatic stress and may be a useful therapeutic material for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bombi Lee
- 1 Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University , Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2 Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- 3 Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Lee
- 2 Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Hahm
- 3 Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Goodman J, McIntyre CK. Impaired Spatial Memory and Enhanced Habit Memory in a Rat Model of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:663. [PMID: 29018340 PMCID: PMC5614977 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
High levels of emotional arousal can impair spatial memory mediated by the hippocampus, and enhance stimulus-response (S-R) habit memory mediated by the dorsolateral striatum (DLS). The present study was conducted to determine whether these memory systems may be similarly affected in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a “single-prolonged stress” (SPS) procedure and 1 week later received training in one of two distinct versions of the plus-maze: a hippocampus-dependent place learning task or a DLS-dependent response learning task. Results indicated that, relative to non-stressed control rats, SPS rats displayed slower acquisition in the place learning task and faster acquisition in the response learning task. In addition, extinction of place learning and response learning was impaired in rats exposed to SPS, relative to non-stressed controls. The influence of SPS on hippocampal spatial memory and DLS habit memory observed in the present study may be relevant to understanding some common features of PTSD, including hippocampal memory deficits, habit-like avoidance responses to trauma-related stimuli, and greater likelihood of developing drug addiction and alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarid Goodman
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, RichardsonTX, United States
| | - Christa K McIntyre
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, RichardsonTX, United States
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Abstract
Previous attempts to identify a unified theory of brain serotonin function have largely failed to achieve consensus. In this present synthesis, we integrate previous perspectives with new and older data to create a novel bipartite model centred on the view that serotonin neurotransmission enhances two distinct adaptive responses to adversity, mediated in large part by its two most prevalent and researched brain receptors: the 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors. We propose that passive coping (i.e. tolerating a source of stress) is mediated by postsynaptic 5-HT1AR signalling and characterised by stress moderation. Conversely, we argue that active coping (i.e. actively addressing a source of stress) is mediated by 5-HT2AR signalling and characterised by enhanced plasticity (defined as capacity for change). We propose that 5-HT1AR-mediated stress moderation may be the brain's default response to adversity but that an improved ability to change one's situation and/or relationship to it via 5-HT2AR-mediated plasticity may also be important - and increasingly so as the level of adversity reaches a critical point. We propose that the 5-HT1AR pathway is enhanced by conventional 5-HT reuptake blocking antidepressants such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), whereas the 5-HT2AR pathway is enhanced by 5-HT2AR-agonist psychedelics. This bipartite model purports to explain how different drugs (SSRIs and psychedelics) that modulate the serotonergic system in different ways, can achieve complementary adaptive and potentially therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- RL Carhart-Harris
- Psychedelic Research Group, Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Psychiatry, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - DJ Nutt
- Psychedelic Research Group, Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Psychiatry, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Malikowska N, Fijałkowski Ł, Nowaczyk A, Popik P, Sałat K. Antidepressant-like activity of venlafaxine and clonidine in mice exposed to single prolonged stress - A model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Pharmacodynamic and molecular docking studies. Brain Res 2017; 1673:1-10. [PMID: 28797691 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a growing issue worldwide characterized by stress and anxiety in response to re-experiencing traumatic events which strongly impair patient's quality of life and social functions. Available antidepressant and anxiolytic drugs are not efficacious in the majority of treated individuals. This necessitates a significant medical demand to develop novel therapeutic strategies for PTSD. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Animal model of PTSD was induced using a mouse single prolonged stress protocol (mSPS). To assess the activity of venlafaxine and clonidine, the forced swim test (FST) was used repeatedly 24h, 3days, 8days, 15days and 25days after mSPS. To get insight into a possible mechanism of anti-PTSD action, molecular docking procedure was utilized for the most active drug. This in silico part comprised molecular docking of enantiomers of venlafaxine to human transporters for serotonin (hSERT), norepinephrine (hNET) and dopamine (hDAT). KEY RESULTS In mSPS-subjected mice FST revealed the effectiveness of venlafaxine, however in non SPS-subjected mice both venlafaxine and clonidine were active. Molecular docking studies indicated that the affinity of venlafaxine to monoamine transporters is growing in the following rank order: hDAT<hNET<hSERT. Both venlafaxine enantiomers present different selectivity and binding mode. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Venlafaxine but not clonidine was effective in an animal model of PTSD. Its mechanism of action, i.e., SERT, NET and DAT inhibition indicates potential drug targets for PTSD treatment. We expect that these results will contribute to a broader application of VLX in PTSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Malikowska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Łukasz Fijałkowski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 2 dr. A. Jurasza St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alicja Nowaczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 2 dr. A. Jurasza St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Piotr Popik
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St., 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kinga Sałat
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
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Exploring a post-traumatic stress disorder paradigm in Flinders sensitive line rats to model treatment-resistant depression II: response to antidepressant augmentation strategies. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2017; 29:207-221. [PMID: 27692010 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2016.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) displays high co-morbidity with major depression and treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Earlier work demonstrated exaggerated depressive-like symptoms in a gene×environment model of TRD and an abrogated response to imipramine. We extended the investigation by studying the behavioural and monoaminergic response to multiple antidepressants, viz. venlafaxine and ketamine with/without imipramine. METHODS Male Flinders sensitive line (FSL) rats, a genetic model of depression, were exposed to a time-dependent sensitisation (TDS) model of PTSD and compared with stress naive controls. 7 days after the TDS procedures, immobility and coping (swimming and climbing), behaviours in the forced swim test (FST) as well as hippocampal and cortical 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) and noradrenaline (NA) levels were analysed. Response to imipramine, venlafaxine and ketamine treatment (all 10 mg/kg×7 days) alone and in combination were subsequently studied. RESULTS TDS exacerbated depressive-like behaviour of FSL rats in the FST. Imipramine, venlafaxine and ketamine were ineffective as monotherapy in TDS-exposed FSL rats. However, combining imipramine with either venlafaxine or ketamine resulted in significant anti-immobility effects and enhanced coping behaviours. Only ketamine+imipramine (frontal-cortical 5HIAA and NA), ketamine alone (frontal-cortical and hippocampal NA) and venlafaxine+imipramine (frontal-cortical NA) altered monoamine responses versus untreated TDS-exposed FSL rats. CONCLUSION Exposure of FSL rats to TDS inhibits antidepressant response at behavioural and neurochemical levels. Congruent with TRD, imipramine plus venlafaxine or ketamine overcame treatment resistance in these animals. These data further support the hypothesis that exposure of FSL rats to a PTSD-like paradigm produces a valid animal model of TRD and warrants further investigation.
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28
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Exploring a post-traumatic stress disorder paradigm in Flinders sensitive line rats to model treatment-resistant depression I: bio-behavioural validation and response to imipramine. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2017; 29:193-206. [PMID: 27573792 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2016.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Co-morbid depression with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often treatment resistant. In developing a preclinical model of treatment-resistant depression (TRD), we combined animal models of depression and PTSD to produce an animal with more severe as well as treatment-resistant depressive-like behaviours. METHODS Male Flinders sensitive line (FSL) rats, a genetic animal model of depression, were exposed to a stress re-stress model of PTSD [time-dependent sensitisation (TDS)] and compared with stress-naive controls. Seven days after TDS stress, depressive-like and coping behaviours as well as hippocampal and cortical noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) levels were analysed. Response to sub-chronic imipramine treatment (IMI; 10 mg/kg s.c.×7 days) was subsequently studied. RESULTS FSL rats demonstrated bio-behavioural characteristics of depression. Exposure to TDS stress in FSL rats correlated negatively with weight gain, while demonstrating reduced swimming behaviour and increased immobility versus unstressed FSL rats. IMI significantly reversed depressive-like (immobility) behaviour and enhanced active coping behaviour (swimming and climbing) in FSL rats. The latter was significantly attenuated in FSL rats exposed to TDS versus unstressed FSL rats. IMI reversed reduced 5HIAA levels in unstressed FSL rats, whereas exposure to TDS negated this effect. Lowered NA levels in FSL rats were sustained after TDS with IMI significantly reversing this in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION Combining a gene-X-environment model of depression with a PTSD paradigm produces exaggerated depressive-like symptoms that display an attenuated response to antidepressant treatment. This work confirms combining FSL rats with TDS exposure as a putative animal model of TRD.
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Minami S, Satoyoshi H, Ide S, Inoue T, Yoshioka M, Minami M. Suppression of reward-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens in animal models of depression: Differential responses to drug treatment. Neurosci Lett 2017; 650:72-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Qiu ZK, Liu CH, Gao ZW, He JL, Liu X, Wei QL, Chen JS. The inulin-type oligosaccharides extract from morinda officinalis, a traditional Chinese herb, ameliorated behavioral deficits in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:1143-9. [PMID: 27311612 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9853-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe psychiatric condition. The allopregnanolone biosynthesis has been implicated as one of the possible contributors to PTSD. Inulin-type oligosaccharides of morinda officinalis (IOMO) had been shown to be effective in the therapy of depression. However, few studies concern the anti-PTSD-like effects of IOMO. To evaluate this, the single prolonged stress (SPS) model was used in the present study. It had been shown that the behavioral deficits of SPS-treated rats were reversed by IOMO (25.0 and 50.0 mg/kg, i.p.), which reversed the increased freezing time in contextual fear paradigm (CFP) and the decreased time and entries in open arms in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test without affecting the locomotor activity in the open field (OF) test. In addition, the decreased allopregnanolone in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala was reversed by IOMO (25.0 and 50.0 mg/kg, i.p.), respectively. In summary, the present study indicated that the IOMO exert anti-PTSD-like behaviors, which maybe associated with the brain allopregnanolone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kun Qiu
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chun-Hui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhuo-Wei Gao
- Department of ICU, Shunde TCM Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528333, China
| | - Jia-Li He
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Xu Liu
- Pharmacy Department of General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Qing-Lan Wei
- Department of ICU, Shunde TCM Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528333, China.
| | - Ji-Sheng Chen
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Ji LL, Peng JB, Fu CH, Cao D, Li D, Tong L, Wang ZY. Activation of Sigma-1 receptor ameliorates anxiety-like behavior and cognitive impairments in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Behav Brain Res 2016; 311:408-415. [PMID: 27275520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Among learning and memory processes, fear memories are crucial in some psychiatric disorders like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Accumulating evidence shows that the sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) has comprehensive involvement in cognitive impairment and neuroprotective effects. It has also been reported that BDNF appears to enhance extinction of fear in anxiety disorders via the MAPK signaling cascade. However, it remains unclear whether BDNF-TrkB-MAPK pathway may be mechanistically involved in the therapeutic effect of sigma-1 receptor in the development of PTSD. To address this question, rats were subjected to a classical single-prolonged stress procedure (SPS) and kept undisturbed for 7 days. After that, rats were re-stressed by re-exposure to the forced swim component of SPS (RSPS). Behavior tests were subsequently performed to assess anxiety and cognitive impairments. Furthermore, we analyzed the expression of BDNF and the phosphorylation of TrkB and three MAPK pathways, namely, the ERK, JNK and p38. We found that the levels of BDNF and p-TrkB were increased following the RSPS procedure, which were reversed by the administration of PRE-084. Meanwhile, among the three MAPK signaling pathways, only the p-ERK expression was increased following the RSPS procedure. Collectively, our results indicate that BDNF-TrkB-ERK signaling pathway may be involved in the activation of sigma-1 receptor to yield therapeutic benefits for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Ji
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Bo Peng
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Hai Fu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Cao
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Tong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhen-Yu Wang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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Starcevic A, Petricevic S, Radojicic Z, Djulejic V, Ilankovic A, Starcevic B, Filipovic B. Glucocorticoid levels after exposure to predator odor and chronic psychosocial stress with dexamethasone application in rats. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2016; 32:235-40. [PMID: 27316581 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to explore the effects of specific psychosocial paradigm on predator animal posttraumatic stress model and to test the hypothesis that psychosocially stressed rats would exibit abnormal levels of cortisol and a larger suppression of cortisol levels after the application of dexamethasone. Animals were divided in two groups: experimental and control groups. The experimental group was exposed to two types of stressors: acute immobilization stress, and combined predator stress and daily social stress with application of dexamethasone. Blood sampling was performed at three different times. We found statistically significant results after analyzing the differences between cortisol levels in different times of blood sampling in the group of animals exposed to stress with dexamethasone application. Statistical significance was found when we compared the experimental group with the control group in terms of elevated cortisol levels during blood sampling after stress paradigm exposition. Many significant disruptions in the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis were observed, such as decrease in basal cortisol levels and enhanced dexamethasone-induced inhibition of cortisol levels. These findings are important because their impact can translate to human individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder, which is the most important role of every animal model in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Starcevic
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Sasa Petricevic
- Institute for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Radojicic
- Faculty for Organisational Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vuk Djulejic
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrej Ilankovic
- Psychiatry Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branislav Starcevic
- Orthopaedic Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branislav Filipovic
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Zoladz PR, Diamond DM. Predator-based psychosocial stress animal model of PTSD: Preclinical assessment of traumatic stress at cognitive, hormonal, pharmacological, cardiovascular and epigenetic levels of analysis. Exp Neurol 2016; 284:211-219. [PMID: 27283115 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Research on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is faced with the challenge of understanding how a traumatic experience produces long-lasting detrimental effects on behavior and brain functioning, and more globally, how stress exacerbates somatic disorders, including cardiovascular disease. Moreover, the design of translational research needs to link animal models of PTSD to clinically relevant risk factors which address why only a subset of traumatized individuals develop persistent psychopathology. In this review, we have summarized our psychosocial stress rodent model of PTSD which is based on well-described PTSD-inducing risk factors, including a life-threatening experience, a sense of horror and uncontrollability, and insufficient social support. Specifically, our animal model of PTSD integrates acute episodes of inescapable exposure of immobilized rats to a predator with chronic daily social instability. This stress regimen produces PTSD-like effects in rats at behavioral, cognitive, physiological, pharmacological and epigenetic levels of analysis. We have discussed a recent extension of our animal model of PTSD in which stress exacerbated coronary pathology following an ischemic event, assessed in vitro. In addition, we have reviewed our research investigating pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic strategies which may have value in clinical approaches toward the treatment of traumatized people. Overall, our translational approach bridges the gap between human and animal PTSD research to create a framework with which to enhance our understanding of the biological basis of trauma-induced pathology and to assess therapeutic approaches in the treatment of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip R Zoladz
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH 45810, USA
| | - David M Diamond
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33620, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33620, USA; Center for Preclinical & Clinical Research on PTSD, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
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Quadir SG, Santos JRBD, Campbell RR, Wroten MG, Singh N, Holloway JJ, Bal SK, Camarini R, Szumlinski KK. Homer2 regulates alcohol and stress cross-sensitization. Addict Biol 2016; 21:613-33. [PMID: 25916683 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An interaction exists between stress and alcohol in the etiology and chronicity of alcohol use disorders, yet a knowledge gap exists regarding the neurobiological underpinnings of this interaction. In this regard, we employed an 11-day unpredictable, chronic, mild stress (UCMS) procedure to examine for stress-alcohol cross-sensitization of motor activity as well as alcohol consumption/preference and intoxication. We also employed immunoblotting to relate the expression of glutamate receptor-related proteins within subregions of the nucleus accumbens (NAC) to the manifestation of behavioral cross-sensitization. UCMS mice exhibited a greater locomotor response to an acute injection of 2 g/kg alcohol than unstressed controls and this cross-sensitization extended to alcohol intake (0-20 percent), as well as to the intoxicating and sedative properties of 3 and 5 g/kg alcohol, respectively. Regardless of prior alcohol injection (2 g/kg), UCMS mice exhibited elevated NAC shell levels of mGlu1α, GluN2b and Homer2, as well as lower phospholipase Cβ within this subregion. GluN2b levels were also lower within the NAC core of UCMS mice. The expression of stress-alcohol locomotor cross-sensitization was associated with lower mGlu1α within the NAC core and lower extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity within both NAC subregions. As Homer2 regulates alcohol sensitization, we assayed also for locomotor cross-sensitization in Homer2 wild-type (WT) and knock-out (KO) mice. WT mice exhibited a very robust cross-sensitization that was absent in KO animals. These results indicate that a history of mild stress renders an animal more sensitive to the psychomotor and rewarding properties of alcohol, which may depend on neuroplasticity within NAC glutamate transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema G. Quadir
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Neuroscience Research Institute; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA USA
| | | | - Rianne R. Campbell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Neuroscience Research Institute; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Melissa G. Wroten
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Neuroscience Research Institute; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Nimrita Singh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Neuroscience Research Institute; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - John J. Holloway
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Neuroscience Research Institute; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Sukhmani K. Bal
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Neuroscience Research Institute; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Rosana Camarini
- Department of Pharmacology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Karen K. Szumlinski
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Neuroscience Research Institute; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA USA
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Qiu ZK, Zhang GH, He JL, Ma JC, Zeng J, Shen D, Shen YG, Chen JS, Liu CY. Free and Easy Wanderer Plus (FEWP) improves behavioral deficits in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder by stimulating allopregnanolone biosynthesis. Neurosci Lett 2015; 602:162-6. [PMID: 26160034 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe psychiatric condition defined as a "trauma and stress-related disorder". Dampened allopregnanolone biosynthesis has been implicated as a possible contributor to PTSD aetiology. Free and Easy Wanderer Plus (FEWP) is a traditional Chinese medicine previously shown to be effective in PTSD treatment. However, little is known about the role of allopregnanolone in the anti-PTSD effects of FEWP. To evaluate this, the single prolonged stress (SPS) model was used in the present study. SPS-induced rats were administered FEWP (at doses of 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg, p.o.) after induction of SPS from days 2 through 15. After exposure to SPS, behavioral assessments were determined, including the open-field test, the contextual fear paradigm, and the elevated plus-maze test. The experimental model rats were decapitated at the end of the behavioral tests and the level of allopregnanolone in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The behavioral deficits of the SPS-induced rats were significantly reversed by FEWP (at doses of 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg, p.o.). The level of allopregnanolone was increased by administration of FEWP. In summary, this study indicated that the anti-PTSD effects of FEWP were associated with allopregnanolone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kun Qiu
- Pharmaceutical Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Guan-Hua Zhang
- Neurosurgery Department of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Jia-Li He
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Jian-Chun Ma
- Pharmaceutical Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Jia Zeng
- Pharmaceutical Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Dong Shen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin 214400, PR China
| | - Yong-Gang Shen
- Pharmaceutical Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Ji-Sheng Chen
- Pharmaceutical Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
| | - Cheng-Yong Liu
- Neurosurgery Department of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China.
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Psychosocial predator-based animal model of PTSD produces physiological and behavioral sequelae and a traumatic memory four months following stress onset. Physiol Behav 2015; 147:183-92. [PMID: 25911267 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have a well-established animal model of PTSD composed of predator exposure administered in conjunction with social instability that produces PTSD-like behavioral and physiological abnormalities one month after stress initiation. Here, we assessed whether the PTSD-like effects would persist for at least 4months after the initiation of the psychosocial stress regimen. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to either 2 or 3 predator-based fear conditioning sessions. During each session, rats were placed in a chamber for a 3-min period that terminated with a 30-s tone, followed by 1h of immobilization of the rats during cat exposure (Day 1). All rats in the stress groups received a second fear conditioning session 10days later (Day 11). Half of the stress rats received a third fear conditioning session 3weeks later (Day 32). The two cat-exposed groups were also exposed to daily unstable housing conditions for the entire duration of the psychosocial stress regimen. The control group received stable (conventional) housing conditions and an equivalent amount of chamber exposure on Days 1, 11 and 32, without cat exposure. Behavioral testing commenced for all groups on Day 116. The stress groups demonstrated increased anxiety on the elevated plus maze, impaired object recognition memory and robust contextual and cued fear conditioned memory 3months after the last conditioning session. Combined data from the two stress groups revealed lower post-stress corticosterone levels and greater diastolic blood pressure relative to the control group. These findings indicate that predator-based psychosocial stress produces persistent PTSD-like physiological and behavioral abnormalities that may provide insight into the neurobiological and endocrine sequelae in traumatized people with PTSD.
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Muhie S, Gautam A, Meyerhoff J, Chakraborty N, Hammamieh R, Jett M. Brain transcriptome profiles in mouse model simulating features of post-traumatic stress disorder. Mol Brain 2015; 8:14. [PMID: 25888136 PMCID: PMC4359441 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Social-stress mouse model, based on the resident-intruder paradigm was used to simulate features of human post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The model involved exposure of an intruder (subject) mouse to a resident aggressor mouse followed by exposure to trauma reminders with rest periods. C57BL/6 mice exposed to SJL aggressor mice exhibited behaviors suggested as PTSD-in-mouse phenotypes: intermittent freezing, reduced locomotion, avoidance of the aggressor-associated cue and apparent startled jumping. Brain tissues (amygdala, hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, septal region, corpus striatum and ventral striatum) from subject (aggressor exposed: Agg-E) and control C57BL/6 mice were collected at one, 10 and 42 days post aggressor exposure sessions. Transcripts in these brain regions were assayed using Agilent’s mouse genome-wide arrays. Results Pathways and biological processes associated with differentially regulated genes were mainly those thought to be involved in fear-related behavioral responses and neuronal signaling. Expression-based assessments of activation patterns showed increased activations of pathways related to anxiety disorders (hyperactivity and fear responses), impaired cognition, mood disorders, circadian rhythm disruption, and impaired territorial and aggressive behaviors. In amygdala, activations of these pathways were more pronounced at earlier time-points, with some attenuation after longer rest periods. In hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, activation patterns were observed at later time points. Signaling pathways associated with PTSD-comorbid conditions, such as diabetes, metabolic disorder, inflammation and cardiac infarction, were also significantly enriched. In contrast, signaling processes related to neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity were inhibited. Conclusions Our data suggests activations of behavioral responses associated with anxiety disorders as well as inhibition of neuronal signaling pathways important for neurogenesis, cognition and extinction of fear memory. These pathways along with comorbid-related signaling pathways indicate the pervasive and multisystem effects of aggressor exposure in mice, potentially mirroring the pathologic conditions of PTSD patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-015-0104-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seid Muhie
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA. .,Integrative Systems Biology Program, U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702-5010, USA.
| | - Aarti Gautam
- Integrative Systems Biology Program, U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702-5010, USA.
| | - James Meyerhoff
- Integrative Systems Biology Program, U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702-5010, USA.
| | - Nabarun Chakraborty
- Integrative Systems Biology Program, U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702-5010, USA.
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Integrative Systems Biology Program, U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702-5010, USA.
| | - Marti Jett
- Integrative Systems Biology Program, U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702-5010, USA.
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Toledano D, Gisquet-Verrier P. Only susceptible rats exposed to a model of PTSD exhibit reactivity to trauma-related cues and other symptoms: an effect abolished by a single amphetamine injection. Behav Brain Res 2014; 272:165-74. [PMID: 24975424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study had two main goals. First, to investigate whether an animal model of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), single prolonged stress (SPS) leads to one of the main PTSD symptom: avoidance of trauma-related stimuli. Second, to investigate whether a single amphetamine injection delivered 30 days after SPS can reduce these symptoms. Olfactory and auditory cues were added to the SPS context and reactivity to these cues were tested more than one month later using an odor discrimination test, and freezing to the trauma-related tone. Other PTSD symptoms, such as anxiety (elevated plus maze) and hyperarousal (acoustic startle response), were also investigated in these rats. Some behavioural reactivity to the environmental cues was observed in rats exposed to SPS. However, a subgroup of these rats showed an exaggerated disruption in performance in 3 to 4 of the behavioral tests relative to controls, suggesting that two classes of rats, those that are susceptible and those that are resilient to SPS, can be dissociated. When rats were treated with amphetamine (1mg/kg) injected in the SPS context 30 days after SPS, traumatized rats no longer differed from their corresponding controls and all were identified as resilient. The present data demonstrated that rats exposed to SPS can be either susceptible or resilient and a single amphetamine injection can abolish the associated symptoms. We propose that combining memory reactivation, with an amphetamine-induced positive mood, can modify the emotional valence of the initial memory, inducing long-lasting remodeling of the traumatic memory, thereby opening a novel therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Toledano
- CNRS, Centre de Neurosciences Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8195, F-91405 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8195, Orsay F-91405, France.
| | - Pascale Gisquet-Verrier
- CNRS, Centre de Neurosciences Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8195, F-91405 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8195, Orsay F-91405, France.
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Zhang L, Bose P, Warren RA. Dopamine preferentially inhibits NMDA receptor-mediated EPSCs by acting on presynaptic D1 receptors in nucleus accumbens during postnatal development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86970. [PMID: 24784836 PMCID: PMC4006738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleus accumbens (nAcb), a major site of action of drugs of abuse and dopamine (DA) signalling in MSNs (medium spiny neurons), is critically involved in mediating behavioural responses of drug addiction. Most studies have evaluated the effects of DA on MSN firing properties but thus far, the effects of DA on a cellular circuit involving glutamatergic afferents to the nAcb have remained rather elusive. In this study we attempted to characterize the effects of dopamine (DA) on evoked glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in nAcb medium spiny (MS) neurons in 1 to 21 day-old rat pups. The EPSCs evoked by local nAcb stimuli displayed both AMPA/KA and NMDA receptor-mediated components. The addition of DA to the superfusing medium produced a marked decrease of both components of the EPSCs that did not change during the postnatal period studied. Pharmacologically isolated AMPA/KA receptor-mediated response was inhibited on average by 40% whereas the isolated NMDA receptor-mediated EPSC was decreased by 90%. The effect of DA on evoked EPSCs were mimicked by the D1-like receptor agonist SKF 38393 and antagonized by the D1-like receptor antagonist SCH 23390 whereas D2-like receptor agonist or antagonist respectively failed to mimic or to block the action of DA. DA did not change the membrane input conductance of MS neurons or the characteristics of EPSCs produced by the local administration of glutamate in the presence of tetrodotoxin. In contrast, DA altered the paired-pulse ratio of evoked EPSCs. The present results show that the activation D1-like dopaminergic receptors modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission by preferentially inhibiting NMDA receptor-mediated EPSC through presynaptic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Zhang
- Centre de recherche Fernand-Seguin, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Poulomee Bose
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Richard A. Warren
- Centre de recherche Fernand-Seguin, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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40
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Long-term effects of traumatic stress on subsequent contextual fear conditioning in rats. Physiol Behav 2014; 129:30-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Starcevic A, Petricevic S, Djulejic V, Radojicic Z, Starcevic B, Filipovic B. Effects of Chronic Psychosocial Stress on Reduction of Basal Glucocorticoid Levels and Suppression of Glucocorticoid Levels Following Dexamethasone Administration in Animal Model of PTSD. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2014.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To further examine the neurobiological mechanisms and their outcomes responsible for the PTSD sequelae induced by laboratory animal model and to explore the effects of chronic psychosocial paradigm. We tested the hypothesis that our animal model of PTSD would display abnormalities in glucocorticoid levels that are manifest in people with PTSD and that psychosocially stressed rats exhibit a significantly greater suppression of corticosterone levels than control rats following the administration of dexamethasone.Methods: Animals were divided into two groups. The experimental group was scheduled to exposure to two types of stressors: double exposure to acute immobilization stress, and combined predator-threat stress and daily social stress. There was also administration of dexamethasone in combination with stress exposure.Results: There was a statistical difference between masses of thymus in the stress group and stress group with dexamethasone appliance (p=0.024). We found statistical significance between baseline cortisol and stress induced levels of cortisol and between stress induced group and return to baseline group.Conclusion: Significant changes in HPA activity, reductions in basal glucocorticoid levels and enhanced dexamethasone induced inhibition of glucocorticoid levels have been manifested. All of this is manifested in PTSD patients also as many other stress induces changes.
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Okutsu M, Lira VA, Higashida K, Peake J, Higuchi M, Suzuki K. Corticosterone accelerates atherosclerosis in the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse. Atherosclerosis 2014; 232:414-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Connecting the pathology of posttraumatic stress and substance use disorders: monoamines and neuropeptides. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 117:61-9. [PMID: 24333548 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) co-occurs highly with substance use disorders (SUDs), yet the neurobiological basis for this comorbid relationship remains unclear. PTSD and SUDs result in similar pathological states including impulsive behavior, reward deficiency, and heightened stress sensitivity. Hence, PTSD and SUD may depend on overlapping dysfunctional neurocircuitry. Here we provide a short overview of the relationship between comorbid PTSD and SUD, as well as the potential role of select neurotransmitter systems that may underlie enhanced vulnerability to drug abuse in the context of PTSD.
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Risperidone ameliorates post-traumatic stress disorder-like symptoms in modified stress re-stress model. Neuropharmacology 2013; 75:62-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Eagle AL, Fitzpatrick CJ, Perrine SA. Single prolonged stress impairs social and object novelty recognition in rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 256:591-7. [PMID: 24036168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) results from exposure to a traumatic event and manifests as re-experiencing, arousal, avoidance, and negative cognition/mood symptoms. Avoidant symptoms, as well as the newly defined negative cognitions/mood, are a serious complication leading to diminished interest in once important or positive activities, such as social interaction; however, the basis of these symptoms remains poorly understood. PTSD patients also exhibit impaired object and social recognition, which may underlie the avoidance and symptoms of negative cognition, such as social estrangement or diminished interest in activities. Previous studies have demonstrated that single prolonged stress (SPS), models PTSD phenotypes, including impairments in learning and memory. Therefore, it was hypothesized that SPS would impair social and object recognition memory. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to SPS then tested in the social choice test (SCT) or novel object recognition test (NOR). These tests measure recognition of novelty over familiarity, a natural preference of rodents. Results show that SPS impaired preference for both social and object novelty. In addition, SPS impairment in social recognition may be caused by impaired behavioral flexibility, or an inability to shift behavior during the SCT. These results demonstrate that traumatic stress can impair social and object recognition memory, which may underlie certain avoidant symptoms or negative cognition in PTSD and be related to impaired behavioral flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Eagle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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Brietzke E, Kauer Sant'anna M, Jackowski A, Grassi-Oliveira R, Bucker J, Zugman A, Mansur RB, Bressan RA. Impact of childhood stress on psychopathology. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2013; 34:480-8. [PMID: 23429820 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbp.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Advances in our knowledge of mental disorder (MD) genetics have contributed to a better understanding of their pathophysiology. Nonetheless, several questions and doubts persist. Recent studies have focused on environmental influences in the development of MDs, and the advent of neuroscientific methodologies has provided new perspectives. Early life events, such as childhood stress, may affect neurodevelopment through mechanisms such as gene-environment interactions and epigenetic regulation, thus leading to diseases in adulthood. The aim of this paper is to review the evidence regarding the role of the environment, particularly childhood stress, in the pathophysiology of MD. METHODOLOGY We reviewed articles that evaluated environmental influences, with a particular focus on childhood trauma, brain morphology, cognitive functions, and the development of psychopathology and MD. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION MRI studies have shown that exposure to trauma at an early age can result in several neurostructural changes, such as the reduction of the hippocampus and corpus callosum. Cognitive performance and functioning are also altered in this population. Finally, childhood stress is related to an increased risk of developing MD such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and substance abuse. We conclude that there is robust evidence of the role of the environment, specifically adverse childhood experiences, in various aspects of MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Brietzke
- Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in at-Risk Mental States, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Zoladz PR, Diamond DM. Current status on behavioral and biological markers of PTSD: a search for clarity in a conflicting literature. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:860-95. [PMID: 23567521 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research has identified stereotypic behavioral and biological abnormalities in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), such as heightened autonomic activity, an exaggerated startle response, reduced basal cortisol levels and cognitive impairments. We have reviewed primary research in this area, noting that factors involved in the susceptibility and expression of PTSD symptoms are more complex and heterogeneous than is commonly stated, with extensive findings which are inconsistent with the stereotypic behavioral and biological profile of the PTSD patient. A thorough assessment of the literature indicates that interactions among myriad susceptibility factors, including social support, early life stress, sex, age, peri- and post-traumatic dissociation, cognitive appraisal of trauma, neuroendocrine abnormalities and gene polymorphisms, in conjunction with the inconsistent expression of the disorder across studies, confounds attempts to characterize PTSD as a monolithic disorder. Overall, our assessment of the literature addresses the great challenge in developing a behavioral and biomarker-based diagnosis of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip R Zoladz
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH, 45810, USA
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Sullivan GM, Ogden RT, Huang YY, Oquendo MA, Mann JJ, Parsey RV. Higher in vivo serotonin-1a binding in posttraumatic stress disorder: a PET study with [11C]WAY-100635. Depress Anxiety 2013; 30:197-206. [PMID: 23408467 PMCID: PMC3785097 DOI: 10.1002/da.22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain serotonin-1A receptors (5-HT1A ) are implicated in anxiety. We compared regional brain 5-HT1A binding in medication-free participants with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and healthy volunteers using fully quantitative positron emission tomography (PET) methods. METHODS Twenty patients with DSM-IV PTSD (13 with comorbid major depressive disorder, [MDD]) and 49 healthy volunteers underwent PET imaging with 5-HT1A antagonist radioligand [C-11]WAY100635. Arterial blood sampling provided a metabolite-corrected input function and the concentration of free ligand in plasma (fP ) for estimation of regional binding potential, BPF ( = Bavailable / KD ). Linear mixed modeling compared BPF between groups across regions of interest (ROIs). RESULTS The PTSD group had higher 5-HT1A BPF across brain ROIs (P = .0006). Post hoc comparisons showed higher 5-HT1A BPF in PTSD in all cortical ROIs (26-33%), amygdala (34%), and brainstem raphe nuclei (43%), but not hippocampus. The subgroup of seven PTSD patients without comorbid MDD had higher 5-HT1A BPF compared with healthy volunteers (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of higher brainstem and forebrain 5-HT1A binding in vivo in PTSD. The finding is independent of MDD. PTSD and MDD have in common an upregulation of 5-HT1A binding including midbrain autoreceptors that would favor less firing and serotonin release. This abnormality may represent a common biomarker of these stress-associated brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York,Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York,Correspondence to: Gregory M. Sullivan, M.D., Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit #41, New York, NY 10032.
| | - R. Todd Ogden
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York,Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York,Department of Biostatistics Columbia University School of Public Health, New York, New York
| | - Yung-yu Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York,Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Maria A. Oquendo
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York,Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - J. John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York,Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York,Department of Radiology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Ramin V. Parsey
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York,Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
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Pitman RK, Rasmusson AM, Koenen KC, Shin LM, Orr SP, Gilbertson MW, Milad MR, Liberzon I. Biological studies of post-traumatic stress disorder. Nat Rev Neurosci 2012; 13:769-87. [PMID: 23047775 PMCID: PMC4951157 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 977] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the only major mental disorder for which a cause is considered to be known: that is, an event that involves threat to the physical integrity of oneself or others and induces a response of intense fear, helplessness or horror. Although PTSD is still largely regarded as a psychological phenomenon, over the past three decades the growth of the biological PTSD literature has been explosive, and thousands of references now exist. Ultimately, the impact of an environmental event, such as a psychological trauma, must be understood at organic, cellular and molecular levels. This Review attempts to present the current state of this understanding on the basis of psychophysiological, structural and functional neuroimaging, and endocrinological, genetic and molecular biological studies in humans and in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger K Pitman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. roger_pitman@hms. harvard.edu
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Trabace L, Zotti M, Colaianna M, Morgese MG, Schiavone S, Tucci P, Harvey BH, Wegener G, Cuomo V. Neurochemical differences in two rat strains exposed to social isolation rearing. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2012; 24:286-95. [PMID: 25286993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Isolation rearing of rats provides a non-pharmacological method of inducing behavioural changes in rodents that resemble schizophrenia or depression. Nevertheless, results are variable within different strains. We focused on neurochemical changes in several in vivo and post-mortem brain regions of Wistar (W) and Lister Hooded (LH) rats following post-weaning social separation.Methods: Experiments were conducted after 6–8 weeks of isolation. For post-mortem studies, prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (NAC), hippocampus (Hipp) and striatum (St) were collected by tissue dissection. In vivo experiments were conducted by microdialysis in the PFC. Analyses of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) levels and relative turnover were performed by using high-performance liquid chromatography.Results: We found significant strain-related differences in biogenic amine content. LH rats were characterised by markedly raised DA, along with its turnover reduction, in all the post-mortem brain regions examined as well as in microdialysis samples, while in W rats 5-HT tissue concentration was lower in PFC and St and higher in NAC and Hipp. Cortical extracellular 5-HT concentrations were increased in group housed and decreased in isolated W animals. Moreover, isolation increased DA concentrations in the PFC of LH rats, and decreased 5-HT in W rats in NAC and Hipp. Lately, 5-HT turnover was also affected by both strain and isolation conditions.Conclusions: This study suggests that W and LH rats have markedly different neurochemical profiles in response to isolation, resulting in altered monoamine levels that vary according to brain area and rat strain. These findings highlight the importance of selecting an appropriate rat strain when considering isolation rearing to model symptoms of schizophrenia and/or depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigia Trabace
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Margherita Zotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Maria G Morgese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Unit for Drug Research and Development, Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vincenzo Cuomo
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology, Vittorio Erspamer, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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