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Banoub MG, Bade AN, Lin Z, Cobb D, Gautam N, Dyavar Shetty BL, Wojtkiewicz M, Alnouti Y, McMillan J, Gendelman HE, Edagwa B. Synthesis and Characterization of Long-Acting Darunavir Prodrugs. Mol Pharm 2019; 17:155-166. [PMID: 31742407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved the quality of life in patients infected with HIV-1. However, complete viral suppression within anatomical compartments remains unattainable. This is complicated by adverse side effects and poor adherence to lifelong therapy leading to the emergence of viral drug resistance. Thus, there is an immediate need for cellular and tissue-targeted long-acting (LA) ART formulations. Herein, we describe two LA prodrug formulations of darunavir (DRV), a potent antiretroviral protease inhibitor. Two classes of DRV prodrugs, M1DRV and M2DRV, were synthesized as lipophilic and hydrophobic prodrugs and stabilized into aqueous suspensions designated NM1DRV and NM2DRV. The formulations demonstrated enhanced intracellular prodrug levels with sustained drug retention and antiretroviral activities for 15 and 30 days compared to native DRV formulation in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Pharmacokinetics tests of NM1DRV and NM2DRV administered to mice demonstrated sustained drug levels in blood and tissues for 30 days. These data, taken together, support the idea that LA DRV with sustained antiretroviral responses through prodrug nanoformulations is achievable.
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Sutera FM, De Caro V, Giannola LI. Small endogenous molecules as moiety to improve targeting of CNS drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:93-107. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1208651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Maria Sutera
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Viviana De Caro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Libero Italo Giannola
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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Al-Ghananeem AM, Smith M, Coronel ML, Tran H. Advances in brain targeting and drug delivery of anti-HIV therapeutic agents. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:973-85. [PMID: 23510097 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.781999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a neurotropic virus that enters the central nervous system (CNS) early in the course of infection. Although antiretroviral drugs are able to eliminate the majority of the HIV virus in the bloodstream, however, no specific treatment currently exist for CNS infections related to HIV. This is mainly attributed to the poor penetrability of antiretroviral therapy across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and the protective nature of the BBB. Therefore, in order to increase the efficacy of anti-HIV drugs, novel drug delivery methodologies that can exhibit activity in the CNS are most needed and warranted. AREAS COVERED In this review article, the authors discussed the challenges with delivering drugs to the brain especially under HIV infection pathophysiology status. Also, they discussed the approaches currently being investigated to enhance brain targeting of anti-HIV drugs. A literature search was performed to cover advances in major approaches used to enhance drug delivery to the brain. EXPERT OPINION If drugs could reach the CNS in sufficient quantity by the methodologies discussed, mainly through intranasal administration and the utilization of nanotechnology, this could generate interest in previously abandoned therapeutic agents and enable an entirely novel approach to CNS drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Al-Ghananeem
- Sullivan University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2100 Gardiner Lane West Campus, Louisville, KY 40205, USA.
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Design of dietary polysaccharide and binary monomer mixture of acrylamide and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulphonic acid based antiviral drug delivery devices. Chem Eng Res Des 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2011.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tabassum S, Khan RA, Arjmand F, Sen S, Kayal J, Juvekar AS, Zingde SM. Synthesis and characterization of glycoconjugate tin(IV) complexes: In vitro DNA binding studies, cytotoxicity, and cell death. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Pereira de Oliveira M, Olivier JC, Pariat C, Roche D, Greiner J, Vierling P, Couet W. Investigation of oral bioavailability and brain distribution of the Ind(8)-Val conjugate of indinavir in rodents. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 57:453-8. [PMID: 15831205 DOI: 10.1211/0022357055786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Protease inhibitors are successfully used for the treatment of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) although their biopharmaceutical characteristics are not optimal. Prodrugs have therefore been synthesized to increase protease inhibitor bioavailability and brain distribution. Among several compounds tested, a valine derivative of indinavir (Ind(8)-Val) showed promising characteristics using an in-vitro Caco-2 cell model. The objective of this study was to further investigate this compound using in-situ and in-vivo approaches. The pharmacokinetics of indinavir (Ind) and Ind(8)-Val were investigated in rats after intravenous and oral administration. Free indinavir resulting from in-vivo hydrolysis of Ind(8)-Val could not be detected in the plasma of rats receiving Ind(8)-Val. Furthermore Ind(8)-Val bioavailability was only 32% on average compared with 76% for indinavir, and effective permeability coefficients determined with a single-pass intestinal perfusion method were close to 25 times 106 cms−1 for the two compounds. Brain-to-plasma concentration ratios in the post equilibrium phase after intravenous administration to mice were 9.7 ± 8.1% for indinavir and 2.5 ± 2.7% for Ind(8)-Val. In conclusion, the promising biopharmaceutical characteristics of Ind(8)-Val suggested from previous in-vitro experiments with the Caco-2 cell model were not confirmed by in-situ and in-vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Pereira de Oliveira
- EA3809 Pharmacologie des Agents Anti-Infectieux, Faculté de Médecine & Pharmacie, 86005 Poitiers Cedex, France
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Green DE, Bowen ML, Scott LE, Storr T, Merkel M, Böhmerle K, Thompson KH, Patrick BO, Schugar HJ, Orvig C. In vitro studies of 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinones and their glycosylated derivatives as potential agents for Alzheimer's disease. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:1604-15. [DOI: 10.1039/b918439b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Sathisha MP, Budagumpi S, Kulkarni NV, Kurdekar GS, Revankar VK, Pai KSR. Synthesis, structure, electrochemistry and spectral characterization of (D-glucopyranose)-4-phenylthiosemicarbazide metal complexes and their antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in Swiss albino mice. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 45:106-13. [PMID: 19854545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The novel glycosyl saccharide derivative, (D-glucopyranose)-4-phenylthiosemicarbazide (LH) and its complexes, with cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) were synthesized, characterised and tested for cytotoxic effects. The copper complex, [CuLCl] inhibited Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) induced cancer cell lines in Swiss albino mice at LC50=1.94 x 10(-8) (LC50=2.76 x 10(-8) for cisplatin) and so distinctly better than free ligand and other complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Sathisha
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Karnatak University, Pavate Nagar, Dharwad 580 003, Karnataka, India
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Sathisha M, Revankar V. Interaction of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) with N,N′-(aldose)2-thiocarbohydrazide: synthesis, electrochemistry, and spectral characterization. J COORD CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00958970902842463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.P. Sathisha
- a Department of Chemistry , Karnatak University , Dharwad–580 003, India
| | - V.K. Revankar
- a Department of Chemistry , Karnatak University , Dharwad–580 003, India
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Palombo M, Singh Y, Sinko P. Prodrug and conjugate drug delivery strategies for improving HIV/AIDS therapy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2009; 19:3-14. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(09)50001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Roche D, Greiner J, Aubertin AM, Vierling P. Synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation of valine-containing prodrugs derived from clinically used HIV-protease inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 43:1506-18. [PMID: 17950955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In an approach to improve the pharmacological properties and pharmacokinetic profiles of the current protease inhibitors (PIs) used in clinics, and consequently, their therapeutic potential, we performed the synthesis of PI-spacer-valine prodrugs (PI=saquinavir, nelfinavir and indinavir; spacer=-C(O)(CH(2))(5)NH-), and evaluated their in vitro stability with respect to hydrolysis, anti-HIV activity, cytotoxicity, and permeation through a monolayer of Caco-2 cells (used as a model of the intestinal barrier), as compared with their parent PI and first generation of valine-PIs (wherein valine was directly connected through its carboxyl to the PIs). The PI-spacer-valine conjugates were prepared in two steps, in good yields, by condensing an acid derivative of the appropriate protected valine-spacer moiety with the PI, followed by deprotection of the valine protecting group. With respect to hydrolysis, we found that the PI-spacer-valine prodrugs were chemically more stable than the first generation of PI-Val prodrugs. Their stabilities correlated with the low to very low in vitro anti-HIV activity measured for those prodrugs wherein the coupling of valine-spacer residue to the PIs was performed onto the peptidomimetic PI's hydroxyl. Prodrugs wherein the coupling of the valine-spacer residue was performed onto the non-peptidomimetic PI hydroxyl displayed a higher antiviral activity, indicating that these prodrugs are also to some extent anti-HIV drugs by themselves. While the direct conjugation of L-valine to the PIs constituted a most appealing alternative, which improved their absorptive diffusion across Caco-2 cell monolayers and reduced their recognition by efflux carriers, its conjugation to the PIs through the -C(O)(CH(2))(5)NH- spacer was found to inhibit their absorptive and secretory transepithelial transport. This was attributable to a drastic reduction of their passive permeation and/or active transport, indicating that the PI-spacer-valine conjugates are poor substrates of the aminoacid carrier system located at the brush border side of the Caco-2 cell monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Roche
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Molécules Bioactives et des Arômes, UMR 6001, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, CNRS, Faculté des Sciences, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Nice, France
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Storr T, Merkel M, Song-Zhao GX, Scott LE, Green DE, Bowen ML, Thompson KH, Patrick BO, Schugar HJ, Orvig C. Synthesis, Characterization, and Metal Coordinating Ability of Multifunctional Carbohydrate-Containing Compounds for Alzheimer's Therapy. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:7453-63. [PMID: 17511455 DOI: 10.1021/ja068965r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional interactions of metal ions, especially Cu, Zn, and Fe, with the amyloid-beta (A beta) peptide are hypothesized to play an important role in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to direct effects on A beta aggregation, both Cu and Fe catalyze the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain further contributing to neurodegeneration. Disruption of these aberrant metal-peptide interactions via chelation therapy holds considerable promise as a therapeutic strategy to combat this presently incurable disease. To this end, we developed two multifunctional carbohydrate-containing compounds N,N'-bis[(5-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy-2-hydroxy)benzyl]-N,N'-dimethyl-ethane-1,2-diamine (H2GL1) and N,N'-bis[(5-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy-3-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy)benzyl]-N,N'-dimethyl-ethane-1,2-diamine (H2GL2) for brain-directed metal chelation and redistribution. Acidity constants were determined by potentiometry aided by UV-vis and 1H NMR measurements to identify the protonation sites of H2GL1,2. Intramolecular H bonding between the amine nitrogen atoms and the H atoms of the hydroxyl groups was determined to have an important stabilizing effect in solution for the H2GL1 and H2GL2 species. Both H2GL1 and H2GL2 were found to have significant antioxidant capacity on the basis of an in vitro antioxidant assay. The neutral metal complexes CuGL1, NiGL1, CuGL2, and NiGL2 were synthesized and fully characterized. A square-planar arrangement of the tetradentate ligand around CuGL2 and NiGL2 was determined by X-ray crystallography with the sugar moieties remaining pendant. The coordination properties of H2GL1,2 were also investigated by potentiometry, and as expected, both ligands displayed a higher affinity for Cu2+ over Zn2+ with H2GL1 displaying better coordinating ability at physiological pH. Both H2GL1 and H2GL2 were found to reduce Zn2+- and Cu2+- induced Abeta1-40 aggregation in vitro, further demonstrating the potential of these multifunctional agents as AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Storr
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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García-Alvarez I, Garrido L, Fernández-Mayoralas A. Studies on the Uptake of Glucose Derivatives by Red Blood Cells. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:496-504. [PMID: 17357169 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocytes express the same glucose transporter (GLUT-1) as is present in the blood-brain barrier. With the aim of testing the viability of using this transport system to deliver glucosyl drug derivatives to the brain, the uptake of several dopamine-glucose conjugates and a few structurally related analogues by erythrocytes was studied with HPLC and (1)H MAS NMR spectroscopy. The results showed that slight structural changes determine the uptake of glycoconjugates by red blood cells. However, experiments in the presence of glucose transport inhibitors showed that none of the conjugates that efficiently crossed the cell membrane were transported by GLUT-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel García-Alvarez
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Kwak BS. Applications of Heterogeneous Catalytic Processes to the Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of Fine Chemicals. CATALYSIS SURVEYS FROM ASIA 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10563-005-5996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Qutub AA, Hunt CA. Glucose transport to the brain: a systems model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 49:595-617. [PMID: 16269321 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2004] [Revised: 03/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucose transport to the brain involves sophisticated interactions of solutes, transporters, enzymes, and cell signaling processes, within an intricate spatial architecture. The dynamics of the transport are influenced by the adaptive nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the semi-impermeable membranes of brain capillaries. As both the gate and the gatekeeper between blood-borne nutrients and brain tissue, the BBB helps govern brain homeostasis. Glucose in the blood must cross the BBB's luminal and abluminal membranes to reach neural tissue. A robust representation of the glucose transport mechanism can highlight a target for brain therapeutic intervention, help characterize mechanisms behind several disease phenotypes, or suggest a new delivery route for drugs. The challenge for researchers is understanding the relationships between influential physiological variables in vivo, and using that knowledge to predict how alterations or interventions affect glucose transport. This paper reviews factors influencing glucose transport and approaches to representing blood-to-brain glucose transport including in vitro, in vivo, and kinetic models. Applications for different models are highlighted, while their limitations in answering arising questions about the human in vivo BBB lead to a discussion of an alternate approach. A developing complex systems simulation is introduced, initiating a single platform to represent the dynamics of glucose transport across the adapting human blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina A Qutub
- Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and San Francisco, USA.
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Storr T, Obata M, Fisher CL, Bayly SR, Green DE, Brudziñska I, Mikata Y, Patrick BO, Adam MJ, Yano S, Orvig C. Novel Carbohydrate-Appended Metal Complexes for Potential Use in Molecular Imaging. Chemistry 2004; 11:195-203. [PMID: 15540259 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Seven discrete sugar-pendant diamines were complexed to the {M(CO)(3)}(+) ((99m)Tc/Re) core: 1,3-diamino-2-propyl beta-D-glucopyranoside (L(1)), 1,3-diamino-2-propyl beta-D-xylopyranoside (L(2)), 1,3-diamino-2-propyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside (L(3)), 1,3-diamino-2-propyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside (L(4)), 1,3-diamino-2-propyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (L(5)), 1,3-diamino-2-propyl beta-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,4)-D-glucopyranoside) (L(6)), and bis(aminomethyl)bis[(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)methyl]methane (L(7)). The Re complexes [Re(L(1)-L(7))(Br)(CO)(3)] were characterized by (1)H and (13)C 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy which confirmed the pendant nature of the carbohydrate moieties in solution. Additional characterization was provided by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and mass spectrometry. Two analogues, [Re(L(2))(CO)(3)Br] and [Re(L(3))(CO)(3)Br], were characterized in the solid state by X-ray crystallography and represent the first reported structures of Re organometallic carbohydrate compounds. Conductivity measurements in H(2)O established that the complexes exist as [Re(L(1)-L(7))(H(2)O)(CO)(3)]Br in aqueous conditions. Radiolabelling of L(1)-L(7) with [(99m)Tc(H(2)O)(3)(CO)(3)](+) afforded in high yield compounds of identical character to the Re analogues. The radiolabelled compounds were determined to exhibit high in vitro stability towards ligand exchange in the presence of an excess of either cysteine or histidine over a 24 h period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Storr
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Palkó M, Hetényi A, Fülöp F. Synthesis and stereochemistry of indano[1,2-d][1,3]oxazines and thiazines, new ring systems. J Heterocycl Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570410111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gaucher B, Rouquayrol M, Roche D, Greiner J, Aubertin AM, Vierling P. Prodrugs of HIV protease inhibitors—saquinavir, indinavir and nelfinavir—derived from diglycerides or amino acids: synthesis, stability and anti-HIV activity. Org Biomol Chem 2004; 2:345-57. [PMID: 14747863 DOI: 10.1039/b313119j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of improving the pharmacological properties of current protease inhibitors (PIs), the synthesis of various acyl and carbamate amino acid- or diglyceride-containing prodrugs derived from saquinavir, indinavir and nelfinavir, their in vitro stability with respect to hydrolysis and their anti-HIV activity in CEM-SS and MT4 cells have been investigated. l-Leucine (Leu) and l-phenylalanine (Phe) were connected through their carboxyl to the PIs while l-tyrosine (Tyr) was conjugated through its aromatic hydroxyl via various spacer units. Hydrolysis of the prodrug with liberation of the active free drug was crucial for antiviral activity. The Leu- and Phe-PI prodrugs released the active free drug very rapidly (half-lives of hydrolysis in buffer at 37 degree C of 3-4 h). The Tyr-PI conjugates with a -C(O)(CH(2))(4)- linker exhibited half-lives in the 40-70 h range and antiviral activities in the 21-325 nM range (from 2 to 22 nM for the free PIs). The chemically very stable carbamate "peptidomimetic" Tyr-PI prodrugs (no hydrolysis detected after 7 days in buffer) displayed a very low anti-HIV activity or were even inactive (EC(50) from 2300 nM to >10 microM). A very low antiviral activity was measured for the diglyceride-substituted saquinavir and for all of the disubstituted indinavir and nelfinavir prodrugs. All these prodrugs probably released the active parent PI too slowly under the antiviral assay conditions. These results combined with those from transepithelial transport studies (Rouquayrol et al., Pharm. Res., 2002, 19, 1704-1712) indicate that conjugation of amino acids (through their carboxyl) to the PIs constitutes a most appealing alternative which could improve the intestinal absorption of the PIs and reduce their recognition by efflux carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérangère Gaucher
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, UMR 6001 CNRS, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cédex 2, France.
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Rouquayrol M, Gaucher B, Roche D, Greiner J, Vierling P. Transepithelial transport of prodrugs of the HIV protease inhibitors saquinavir, indinavir, and nelfinavir across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Pharm Res 2002; 19:1704-12. [PMID: 12458677 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020913631309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE [corrected] This study is dedicated to the permeation of various amino acid-, D-glucose-, and PEG-conjugates of indinavir, saquinavir, and nelfinavir across monolayers of Caco-2 cells as models of the intestinal barrier. This screening is aimed at detecting the most promising prodrugs for improving the intestinal absorption of these protease inhibitors. METHODS The bidirectional transport of the prodrugs was investigated using P-gp-expressing Caco-2 monolayers grown on membrane inserts using high-performance liquid chromatography for quantitation. RESULTS The L-valyl, L-leucyl, and L-phenylalanyl ester conjugates led to an enhancement of the absorptive flux of indinavir or saquinavir. These results are likely attributable to an active transport mechanism and/or to a decrease of their efflux by carriers such as P-gp. Connection of tyrosine through its hydroxyl, of D-glucose, or of polyethylene glycol decreased their absorptive and secretory diffusion. CONCLUSIONS Conjugation of the protease inhibitors to amino acids constitutes a most appealing alternative that could improve their intestinal absorption and oral bioavailability. Whether it could improve their delivery into the central nervous system remains to be explored. D-Glucose conjugation will most probably not improve their intestinal absorption or their crossing of the blood-brain barrier. If some pharmacologic benefits are to be expected from PEG-protease inhibitor conjugates, they must then be administered intravenously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Rouquayrol
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, UMR 6001 CNRS, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté des Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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