1
|
Griffin JA, Li X, Lehmler HJ, Holland EB. Predicted versus observed activity of PCB mixtures toward the ryanodine receptor. Neurotoxicology 2024; 100:25-34. [PMID: 38065417 PMCID: PMC10842331 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL PCBs) alter the activity of the ryanodine receptor (RyR), and this activity is linked to developmental neurotoxicity. Most work to date has focused on the activity of single congeners rather than relevant mixtures. The current study assessed the RyR activity of single congeners or binary, tertiary, and complex PCB mixtures. Observed mixture activity was then compared to the expected activity calculated using the concentration addition (CA) model or a RyR-specific neurotoxic equivalency scheme (rNEQ). The predictions of the CA model were consistent with the observed activity of binary mixtures at the lower portion of the concentration-response curve, supporting the additivity of RyR1 active PCBs. Findings also show that minimally active congeners can compete for the RyR1 binding site, and congeners that do not activate the RyR1 do not interfere with the activity of a full agonist. Complex PCB mixtures that mimic PCB profiles detected in indoor air, fish tissue, and the serum of mothers and children activated the RyR1 and displayed similar efficacy and potency regardless of varying congener profiles. Neither the CA model nor the rNEQ perfectly predicted the observed activity of complex mixtures, but predictions were often within one magnitude of change from the observed response. Importantly, PCB mixtures approximating profiles found in environmental samples or human serum displayed RyR1 activity at concentrations reported in published research. The work presented will aid in the development of risk assessment platforms for NDL PCBs and similar compounds toward RyR1 activation and related neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Griffin
- Department of Biological Science, California State University of Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Erika B Holland
- Department of Biological Science, California State University of Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Griffin JA, Li X, Lehmler HJ, Holland EB. Predicted Versus Observed Activity of PCB Mixtures Toward the Ryanodine Receptor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.22.554299. [PMID: 37662381 PMCID: PMC10473618 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.22.554299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL PCBs) alter the activity of the ryanodine receptor (RyR), and this activity is linked to developmental neurotoxicity. Most work to date has focused on the activity of single congeners rather than relevant mixtures. The current study assessed the RyR activity of single congeners or binary, tertiary, and complex PCB mixtures. Observed mixture activity was then compared to the expected activity calculated using the concentration addition (CA) model or a RyR-specific neurotoxic equivalency scheme (rNEQ). The predictions of the CA model were consistent with the observed activity of binary mixtures at the lower portion of the concentration-response curve, supporting the additivity of RyR1 active PCBs. Findings also show that minimally active congeners can compete for the RyR1 binding site, and congeners that do not activate the RyR1 do not interfere with the activity of a full agonist. Complex PCB mixtures that mimic PCB profiles detected in indoor air, fish tissue, and the serum of mothers and children activated the RyR1 and displayed similar efficacy and potency regardless of varying congener profiles. Neither the CA model nor the rNEQ perfectly predicted the observed activity of complex mixtures, but predictions were often within one magnitude of change from the observed response. Importantly, PCB mixtures approximating profiles found in environmental samples or human serum displayed RyR1 activity at concentrations reported in published research. The work presented will aid in the development of risk assessment platforms for NDL PCBs, and similar compounds, towards RyR1 activation and related neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin A. Griffin
- Department of Biological Science, California State University of Long Beach, Long Beach California
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Erika B. Holland
- Department of Biological Science, California State University of Long Beach, Long Beach California
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li X, Bullert AJ, Han W, Yang W, Zhang QY, Ding X, Lehmler HJ. Enantiomeric Fractions Reveal Differences in the Atropselective Disposition of 2,2',3,5',6-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 95) in Wildtype, Cyp2abfgs-Null, and CYP2A6-Humanized Mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1386-1397. [PMID: 37467352 PMCID: PMC10445290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental contaminants that can cause neurotoxicity. PCBs, such as PCB 95 (2,2',3,5',6-pentachlorobiphenyl), can be metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes into neurotoxic metabolites. To better understand how the metabolism of PCB 95 affects neurotoxic outcomes, we conducted a study on the disposition of PCB 95 in transgenic mouse models. The mice were given a single oral dose of PCB 95 (1.0 mg/kg) and were euthanized 24 h later for analysis. PCB 95 levels were highest in adipose tissue, followed by the liver, brain, and blood. Adipose tissue levels were significantly higher in wild-type (WT) mice than in Cyp2abfgs-null (KO) or CYP2A6-transgenic (KI) mice. We also observed genotype-dependent differences in the enrichment of aS-PCB 95 in female mice, with a less pronounced enrichment in KO than WT and KI mice. Ten hydroxylated PCB 95 metabolites were detected in blood and tissue across all exposure groups. The metabolite profiles differed across tissues, while sex and genotype-dependent differences were less pronounced. Total OH-PCB levels were highest in the blood, followed by the liver, adipose tissue, and brain. Total OH-PCB blood levels were lower in KO than in WT mice, while the opposite trend was observed in the liver. In male mice, total OH-PCB metabolite levels were significantly lower in KI than in WT mice in blood and the liver, while the opposite trend was observed in female mice. In conclusion, the study highlights the differences in the atropselective disposition of PCB 95 and its metabolites in different types of mice, demonstrating the usefulness of these transgenic mouse models for characterizing the role of PCB metabolism in PCB neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueshu Li
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Amanda J. Bullert
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University
of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Weiguo Han
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Weizhu Yang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University
of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mouat JS, Li X, Neier K, Zhu Y, Mordaunt CE, La Merrill MA, Lehmler HJ, Jones MP, Lein PJ, Schmidt RJ, LaSalle JM. Networks of placental DNA methylation correlate with maternal serum PCB concentrations and child neurodevelopment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 220:115227. [PMID: 36608759 PMCID: PMC10518186 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been associated with elevated risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Placental epigenetics may serve as a potential mechanism of risk or marker of altered placental function. Prior studies have associated differential placental DNA methylation with maternal PCB exposure or with increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, sequencing-based placental methylomes have not previously been tested for simultaneous associations with maternal PCB levels and child neurodevelopmental outcomes. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify placental DNA methylation patterns associated with maternal PCB levels and child neurodevelopmental outcomes in the high-risk ASD MARBLES cohort. METHODS We measured 209 PCB congeners in 104 maternal serum samples collected at delivery. We identified networks of DNA methylation from 147 placenta samples using the Comethyl R package, which performs weighted gene correlation network analysis for whole genome bisulfite sequencing data. We tested placental DNA methylation modules for association with maternal serum PCB levels, child neurodevelopment, and other participant traits. RESULTS PCBs 153 + 168, 170, 180 + 193, and 187 were detected in over 50% of maternal serum samples and were highly correlated with one another. Consistent with previous findings, maternal age was the strongest predictor of serum PCB levels, alongside year of sample collection, pre-pregnancy BMI, and polyunsaturated fatty acid levels. Twenty seven modules of placental DNA methylation were identified, including five which significantly correlated with one or more PCBs, and four which correlated with child neurodevelopment. Two modules associated with maternal PCB levels as well as child neurodevelopment, and mapped to CSMD1 and AUTS2, genes previously implicated in ASD and identified as differentially methylated regions in mouse brain and placenta following gestational PCB exposure. CONCLUSIONS Placental DNA co-methylation modules were associated with maternal PCBs and child neurodevelopment. Methylation of CSMD1 and AUTS2 could be markers of altered placental function and/or ASD risk following maternal PCB exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Mouat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kari Neier
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yihui Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Charles E Mordaunt
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael P Jones
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca J Schmidt
- Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Janine M LaSalle
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Q, Chu M, Lin S, Lou J, Wang C. Partitioning behavior-oriented health risk assessment on internal organophosphorus flame retardants exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114704. [PMID: 36334827 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Though the partitioning behavior of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) has been recognized in vitro incubation assay, health risk assessment on those internal exposure with or without partitioning indexes in human blood is still unclear. In this study, nine commonly used OPFRs were quantified in 96 pairs of plasma and blood cell samples from Chinese volunteers. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk (CR) assessment building upon two distinct scenarios were conducted and compared. The dominant OPFRs in both plasma and blood cells were TBEP, TBP and TPHP. TCEP was the most enriched compound in plasma with Fplasma nearly to 1.0 (0.92), followed by TCPP, TBEP, TPHP, TBP and TEHP (from 0.61 to 0.76). The partitioning behavior of TCP in plasma was equivalent to blood cells with Fplasma at 0.50. When fully considered the Fplasma, the estimated average daily intake (DI) of ∑OPFRs (638.44 ng/kg BW/day) reached nearly 1.48-fold higher than the conventional calculation (dividing the concentration of plasma (Cplasma) by a factor of 2.0). Accordingly, we found the average hazard quotation (index) of TBP, TPHP and ∑OPFRs was underrated 1.50-fold when neglected the partitioning behaviors. Notably, the average CR of TCEP exceeded 10-6 at the highest concentration (1.19 × 10-6 ng/mL in plasma) only when the Fplasma was introduced. These data conjointly demonstrated that most of the DI levels and the corresponding risk index of OPFRs would be underestimated without factoring Fplasma into calculation, especially for those of low plasma partitioning. To our best knowledge, this study initially uncovered the gap between introducing Fplasma and dividing Cplasma by 2.0 during health risk assessment on internal OPFRs exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, China
| | - Mengjie Chu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, China
| | - Shu Lin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, China
| | - Jianlin Lou
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cui Wang
- School of Life Science; Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma S, Ren G, Cui J, Lin M, Wang J, Yuan J, Yin W, Peng P, Yu Z. Chiral signatures of polychlorinated biphenyls in serum from e-waste workers and their correlation with hydroxylated metabolites. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 304:135212. [PMID: 35690175 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) found in environmental media and biota from typical e-waste dismantling sites have raised concerns regarding their human body burden and potential negative health effects. In the present study, the enantiomeric compositions of three typical chiral congeners (PCB-95, PCB-132, and PCB-149) were measured in 24 serum samples from e-waste workers by using gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. The mean enantiomer fractions (EFs) of chiral congeners in serum from the workers were 0.655 ± 0.103, 0.679 ± 0.164, and 0.548 ± 0.095 for PCB-95, PCB-132, and PCB-149, respectively. The (+) enantiomers of PCB-95, PCB-132, and PCB-149 were enantioselectively enriched in serum. Significant positive correlations were observed between the EF of the chiral congener PCB-95 and the total concentration of OH-PCBs, suggesting that EF values of chiral PCBs could be used to indicate the extent of biological metabolism. In addition, the EF of PCB-95 in serum samples increased with increasing work duration of the e-waste workers, thus demonstrating the usefulness of EF values of chiral PCBs as tracers of human exposure to PCBs. Because of the enantioselective enrichment of (+) enantiomers of PCB-95, PCB-132, and PCB-149, further studies are needed to explore the metabolism and toxicity of chiral contaminants in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Guofa Ren
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| | - Juntao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Meiqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jingzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wenjun Yin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Wuhan Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Wuhan, 430015, Hubei, China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li X, Hefti MM, Marek RF, Hornbuckle KC, Wang K, Lehmler HJ. Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Their Hydroxylated Metabolites in Postmortem Human Brain Samples: Age and Brain Region Differences. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9515-9526. [PMID: 35658127 PMCID: PMC9260965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the distribution of PCBs and OH-PCBs in the human brain has not been characterized. This study investigated the age-, sex-, and brain region-specific distribution of all 209 PCBs using gaschromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in neonatal (N = 7) and adult (N = 7) postmortem brain samples. OH-PCB analyses were performed by GC-MS/MS (as methylated derivatives) and, in a subset of samples, by nontarget liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (Nt-LCMS). Fourteen higher chlorinated PCB congeners were observed with a detection frequency >50%. Six lower chlorinated PCBs were detected with a detection frequency >10%. Higher chlorinated PCBs were observed with higher levels in samples from adult versus younger donors. PCB congener profiles from adult donors showed more similarities across brain regions and donors than younger donors. We also assess the potential neurotoxicity of the PCB residues in the human brain with neurotoxic equivalency (NEQ) approaches. The median ΣNEQs, calculated for the PCB homologues, were 40-fold higher in older versus younger donors. Importantly, lower chlorinated PCBs made considerable contributions to the neurotoxic potential of PCB residues in some donors. OH-PCBs were identified for the first time in a small number of human brain samples by GC-MS/MS and Nt-LCMS analyses, and all contained four or fewer chlorine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueshu Li
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Marco M. Hefti
- Department
of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospital
and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United
States
| | - Rachel F. Marek
- IIHR-Hydroscience
and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- IIHR-Hydroscience
and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kai Wang
- Department
of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience
and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- . Phone: (319) 335-4310. Fax: (319) 335-4290
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Das JK, Deoraj A, Roy D, Felty Q. Brain infiltration of breast cancer stem cells is facilitated by paracrine signaling by inhibitor of differentiation 3 to nuclear respiratory factor 1. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 148:2881-2891. [PMID: 35678885 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04026-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment options for brain metastatic breast cancer are limited because the molecular mechanism for how breast cancer cells infiltrate the brain is not fully understood. For breast tumors to metastasize to the brain first, cells need to detach from the primary tumor, enter in the blood circulation, survive within the microvascular niche, and then cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to colonize into the brain. It is critical to understand how breast cancer cells transmigrate through the BBB to prevent brain metastasis. Nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) transcription factor has been reported to be highly active in several human cancers and its aberrant expression facilitates in the acquisition of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). Inhibitor of differentiation protein 3 (ID3), a transcription regulating protein, induces pluripotent endothelial stem cells (ESCs). Herein, we investigated if NRF1-induced BCSCs could cross a BBB model and guiding of BCSCs by ID3-induced ESCs across the BBB. BCSCs and ESCs were subjected to functional gain/loss experiments to determine if NRF1/ID3 contributed to lineage-specific BCSCs organ entry. First, we tested whether NRF1 promoted migration of breast cancer using a BBB model consisting of BCSCs or MDA-MB231 cells, brain endothelial cell layer, and astrocytes. NRF1 overexpression increased the propensity for BCSCs and NRF1-induced MDA-MB231 cells to adhere to brain endothelial cells and migrate across a human BBB model. Increased adhesion of NRF1-induced BCSCs to ESCsID3 was detected. NRF1-induced BCSCs crossed through the BBB model and this was promoted by ESCsID3. We also showed that environmental relevant exposure to PCBs (PCB153 and PCB77) produced differential effects. Treatment with PCB153 showed increased growth of NRF1-induced BCSCs tumor spheroids and increased in vivo migration of ESCsID3. Exosomal ID3 released from endothelial cells also supported the growth of NRF1-induced BCSCs and provide the basis for paracrine effects by ESCsID3 associated with breast tumors. Xenograft experiments showed that ID3 overexpressing brain ESCs not only supported the growth of BCSC tumor spheroids but guided them to the neural crest in zebrafish. These findings show for the first time a novel role for ID3 and NRF1 by which ESCsID3 help guide BCSCsNRF1 to distant metastatic sites where they most likely facilitate the colonization, survival, and proliferation of BCSCs. This knowledge is important for pre-clinical testing of NRF1/ID3 modifying agents to prevent the spread of breast cancer to the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta K Das
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC-5 Bldg. Rm 351, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Alok Deoraj
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC-5 Bldg. Rm 351, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Deodutta Roy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC-5 Bldg. Rm 351, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Quentin Felty
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC-5 Bldg. Rm 351, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhu X, Zou Y, Qi X, Sheng Y, Lv S, Yu J, Wang X, Ding G, Duan Y. 2,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl attenuated fast-twitch fibers and fiber size of skeletal muscle via disturbing thyroid hormone signaling and mitochondrial dynamics. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1628-1638. [PMID: 35411558 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) affect multiple organs, and some of the effects are mediated by interfering with thyroid hormone (TH) signaling that regulates physiological processes in mammals. It remains unclear how PCBs affect skeletal muscle (SM). In our study, wistar rats were injected 2,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB118) intraperitoneally at 0, 10, 100, and 1,000 μg / kg / day for 13 weeks and C2C12 myoblasts were treated PCB118 (0, 0.25, 25, and 50 nM) for 24 hours or 48 hours. We found that myocyte cross sectional area (MCSA) was reduced, MyHC IIa and MyHC IIb mRNA levels significantly decreased, and muscle strength was weakened in PCB118-exposed rats. TH receptor α (TRα) and iodothyronine deiodinase type 2 (DIO2) were upregulated after PCB118 exposure both in vivo and vitro. Transmission electron microscopy showed significant mitochondrial abnormalities in PCB118-treated rats, and the expression of mitochondrial regulators such as PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and GTPase dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) were altered after PCB118 exposure. These results suggest that PCB118 could weaken muscle strength and attenuate fast-twitch fibers and fiber size of SM in rats. TH signaling, mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy were also disturbed by PCB118, which may contribute to the alternations of SM structure and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxin Zou
- Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Qi
- Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunlu Sheng
- Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shan Lv
- Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoxian Ding
- Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Duan
- Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Denuzière A, Ghersi-Egea JF. Cerebral concentration and toxicity of endocrine disrupting chemicals: The implication of blood-brain interfaces. Neurotoxicology 2022; 91:100-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
11
|
Sethi S, Keil Stietz KP, Valenzuela AE, Klocke CR, Silverman JL, Puschner B, Pessah IN, Lein PJ. Developmental Exposure to a Human-Relevant Polychlorinated Biphenyl Mixture Causes Behavioral Phenotypes That Vary by Sex and Genotype in Juvenile Mice Expressing Human Mutations That Modulate Neuronal Calcium. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:766826. [PMID: 34938155 PMCID: PMC8685320 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.766826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are putative environmental risks for neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we tested two hypotheses: (1) developmental exposure to a human-relevant PCB mixture causes behavioral phenotypes relevant to neurodevelopmental disorders; and (2) expression of human mutations that dysregulate neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis influence sensitivity to behavioral effects of developmental PCB exposures. To test these hypotheses, we used mice that expressed a gain-of-function mutation (T4826I) in ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1), the X-linked fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) CGG repeat expansion or both mutations (double mutant; DM). Transgenic mice and wildtype (WT) mice were exposed to the MARBLES PCB mix at 0, 0.1, 1, and 6 mg/kg/day in the maternal diet throughout gestation and lactation. The MARBLES PCB mix simulates the relative proportions of the 12 most abundant PCB congeners found in the serum of pregnant women at increased risk for having a child with a neurodevelopmental disorder. We assessed ultrasonic vocalizations at postnatal day 7 (P7), spontaneous repetitive behaviors at P25-P30, and sociability at P27-P32. Developmental PCB exposure reduced ultrasonic vocalizations in WT litters in all dose groups, but had no effect on ultrasonic vocalizations in transgenic litters. Developmental PCB exposure significantly increased self-grooming and decreased sociability in WT males in the 0.1 mg/kg dose group, but had no effect on WT females in any dose group. Genotype alone influenced ultrasonic vocalizations, self-grooming and to a lesser extent sociability. Genotype alone also influenced effects of PCBs on sociability. PCB levels in the brain tissue of pups increased in a dose-dependent manner, but within any dose group did not differ between genotypes. In summary, developmental PCB exposure phenocopied social behavior phenotypes observed in mice expressing human mutations that modify intracellular Ca2+ dynamics, and expression of these mutations alleviated PCB effects on ultrasonic vocalizations and repetitive behavior, and modified the dose-response relationships and sex-dependent effects of PCB effects on social behavior. These findings suggest that: (1) developmental PCB exposure causes behavioral phenotypes that vary by sex and genotype; and (2) sex-specific responses to environmental factors may contribute to sex biases in the prevalence and/or severity of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kimberly P. Keil Stietz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Anthony E. Valenzuela
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn R. Klocke
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jill L. Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- The MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Isaac N. Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- The MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- The MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dose-Dependent Response to the Environmental Pollutant Dichlorodipheniletylhene (DDE) in HepG2 Cells: Focus on Cell Viability and Mitochondrial Fusion/Fission Proteins. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9110270. [PMID: 34822661 PMCID: PMC8619198 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9110270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), the primary persistent metabolite of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), has toxic effects on cells, but its dose-dependent impact on mitochondrial proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion and fission processes associated with cell viability impairment has not yet been analysed. Mitochondrial fusion and fission processes are critical to maintaining the mitochondrial network and allowing the cell to respond to external stressors such as environmental pollutants. Fusion processes are associated with optimizing mitochondrial function, whereas fission processes are associated with removing damaged mitochondria. We assessed the effects of different DDE doses, ranging between 0.5 and 100 µM, on cell viability and mitochondrial fusion/fission proteins in an in vitro hepatic cell model (human hepatocarcinomatous cells, HepG2); the DDE induced a decrease in cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, and its effect was enhanced in conditions of coincubation with dietary fatty acids. Fusion protein markers exhibited an inverted U-shape dose-response curve, showing the highest content in the 2.5–25 μM DDE dose range. The fission protein marker was found to increase significantly, leading to an increased fission/fusion ratio with high DDE doses. The low DDE doses elicited cell adaption by stimulating mitochondrial dynamics machinery, whereas high DDE doses induced cell viability loss associated with mitochondrial dynamics to shift toward fission. Present results are helpful to clarify the mechanisms underlying the cell fate towards survival or death in response to increasing doses of environmental pollutants.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ranasinghe P, Thorn RJ, Creton R, Lee CM. Enantioselective Toxicity Effects of 2,2',3,5',6-Pentachloro Biphenyl (PCB-95) on Developing Brains in Zebrafish Larvae. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 107:351-360. [PMID: 34230987 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
2,2',3,5',6-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-95) is an environmentally relevant, chiral PCB congener that has been shown to act as a developmental neurotoxicant (DNT), targeting the developing brain. However, understanding enantioselective toxic effects for PCB-95 is in its infancy. To investigate these toxic effects, zebrafish embryos were exposed to racemates and enantiomers of PCB-95. Brain areas and pathology were studied. Results indicated dose dependent reduction of brain sizes with increased brain cell death in racemic and Ra (-)-PCB-95 treated groups. To provide a mechanistic basis for the observed neurotoxicity, gene expressions of antioxidant proteins such as Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, and GPx were analysed. Antioxidant genes were up regulated with the PCB-95 exposure and racemic PCB-95 showed higher toxicity. These results suggest that the exposure to PCB-95 contributed to developmental neurotoxicity in early developing zebrafish larvae and may confer risks associated with enantioselective enrichment of PCB-95 in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Ranasinghe
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
| | - Robert J Thorn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Robbert Creton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Cindy M Lee
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Baumer A, Jäsch S, Ulrich N, Bechmann I, Landmann J, Escher BI. Kinetics of Equilibrium Passive Sampling of Organic Chemicals with Polymers in Diverse Mammalian Tissues. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9097-9108. [PMID: 34143604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrium passive sampling employing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a sampling phase can be used for the extraction of complex mixtures of organic chemicals from lipid-rich biota. We extended the method to lean tissues and more hydrophilic chemicals by implementing a mass-balance model for partitioning between lipids, proteins, and water in tissues and by accelerating uptake kinetics with a custom-built stirrer that effectively decreased time to equilibrium to less than 8 days even for a homogenized liver tissue with an only 4% lipid content. The partition constants log Klipid/PDMS between tissues and PDMS were derived from measured concentration in PDMS and the mass-balance model and were very similar for 40 neutral chemicals with octanol-water partition constants 1.4 < log Kow < 8.7, that is, log Klipid/PDMS of 1.26 (95% CI, 1.13-1.39) for the adipose tissue, 1.16 (1.00-1.33) for the liver, and 0.58 (0.42-0.73) for the brain. This conversion factor can be applied to interpret chemical analysis and in vitro bioassays after additionally accounting for a small fraction of coextracted lipids of <0.7% of the PDMS weight. PDMS is more widely applicable for passive sampling of mammalian tissues than previously thought, both, in terms of diversity of chemicals and the range of lipid contents of tissues and, therefore, an ideal method for human biomonitoring to be combined with in vitro bioassays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Baumer
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Jäsch
- Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nadin Ulrich
- Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Landmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Environmental Toxicology, Centre for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Keil Stietz KP, Kennedy CL, Sethi S, Valenzuela A, Nunez A, Wang K, Wang Z, Wang P, Spiegelhoff A, Puschner B, Bjorling DE, Lein PJ. In utero and lactational PCB exposure drives anatomic changes in the juvenile mouse bladder. Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:1-18. [PMID: 34337439 PMCID: PMC8317607 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder dysfunction, including incontinence, difficulty emptying the bladder, or urgency to urinate is a pervasive health and quality of life concern. However, risk factors for developing these symptoms are not completely understood, and the influence of exposure to environmental chemicals, especially during development, on the formation and function of the bladder is understudied. Environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are known to pose a risk to the developing brain; however, their influence on the development of peripheral target organs, such as bladder, are unknown. To address this data gap, C57Bl/6J mouse dams were exposed to an environmentally-relevant PCB mixture at 0, 0.1, 1 or 6 mg/kg daily beginning two weeks prior to mating and continuing through gestation and lactation. Bladders were collected from offspring at postnatal days (P) 28-31. PCB concentrations were detected in bladders in a dose-dependent manner. PCB effects on the bladder were sex- and dose-dependent. Overall, PCB effects were observed in male, but not female, bladders. PCBs increased bladder volume and suburothelial βIII-tubulin-positive nerve density compared to vehicle control. A subset of these nerves were sensory peptidergic axons indicated by increased calcitonin gene-related protein (CGRP) positive nerve fibers in mice exposed to the highest PCB dose compared to the lowest PCB dose. PCB-induced increased nerve density was also positively correlated with the number of mast cells in the bladder, suggesting inflammation may be involved. There were no detectable changes in epithelial composition or apoptosis as indicated by expression of cleaved caspase 3, suggesting PCBs do not cause overt toxicity. Bladder volume changes were not accompanied by changes in bladder mass or epithelial thickness, indicating that obstruction was not likely involved. Together, these results are the first to suggest that following developmental exposure, PCBs can distribute to the bladder and alter neuroanatomic development and bladder volume in male mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly P. Keil Stietz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Comparative Biosciences University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Conner L. Kennedy
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Valenzuela
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Nunez
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kathy Wang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zunyi Wang
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Peiqing Wang
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Audrey Spiegelhoff
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dale E. Bjorling
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): Risk Factors for Autism Spectrum Disorder? TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8030070. [PMID: 32957475 PMCID: PMC7560399 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) includes a group of multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorders defined clinically by core deficits in social reciprocity and communication, restrictive interests and repetitive behaviors. ASD affects one in 54 children in the United States, one in 89 children in Europe, and one in 277 children in Asia, with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 1-2%. While there is increasing consensus that ASD results from complex gene x environment interactions, the identity of specific environmental risk factors and the mechanisms by which environmental and genetic factors interact to determine individual risk remain critical gaps in our understanding of ASD etiology. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that have been linked to altered neurodevelopment in humans. Preclinical studies demonstrate that PCBs modulate signaling pathways implicated in ASD and phenocopy the effects of ASD risk genes on critical morphometric determinants of neuronal connectivity, such as dendritic arborization. Here, we review human and experimental evidence identifying PCBs as potential risk factors for ASD and discuss the potential for PCBs to influence not only core symptoms of ASD, but also comorbidities commonly associated with ASD, via effects on the central and peripheral nervous systems, and/or peripheral target tissues, using bladder dysfunction as an example. We also discuss critical data gaps in the literature implicating PCBs as ASD risk factors. Unlike genetic factors, which are currently irreversible, environmental factors are modifiable risks. Therefore, data confirming PCBs as risk factors for ASD may suggest rational approaches for the primary prevention of ASD in genetically susceptible individuals.
Collapse
|
17
|
Direct sample introduction GC-MS/MS for quantification of organic chemicals in mammalian tissues and blood extracted with polymers without clean-up. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7295-7305. [PMID: 32803303 PMCID: PMC7497510 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Solvent extracts of mammalian tissues and blood contain a large amount of co-extracted matrix components, in particular lipids, which can adversely affect instrumental analysis. Clean-up typically degrades non-persistent chemicals. Alternatively, passive sampling with the polymer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been used for a comprehensive extraction from tissue without altering the mixture composition. Despite a smaller fraction of matrix being co-extracted by PDMS than by solvent extraction, direct analysis of PDMS extracts was only possible with direct sample introduction (DSI) GC-MS/MS, which prevented co-extracted matrix components entering the system. Limits of quantitation (LOQ) ranged from 4 to 20 pg μL−1 ethyl acetate (PDMS extract) for pesticides and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The group of organophosphorus flame retardants showed higher LOQs up to 107 pg μL−1 due to sorption to active sites at the injection system. Intraday precision ranged between 1 and 10%, while the range of interday precision was between 1 and 18% depending on the analyte. The method was developed using pork liver, brain, and fat as well as blood and was then applied to analyze human post-mortem tissues where polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as well as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and DDT metabolites were detected. Graphical abstract ![]()
Collapse
|
18
|
Ribeiro C, Gonçalves R, Tiritan M. Separation of Enantiomers Using Gas Chromatography: Application in Forensic Toxicology, Food and Environmental Analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 51:787-811. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1777522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Ribeiro
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra, PRD, Portugal
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Gonçalves
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra, PRD, Portugal
| | - M.E. Tiritan
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra, PRD, Portugal
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Klocke C, Lein PJ. Evidence Implicating Non-Dioxin-Like Congeners as the Key Mediators of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Developmental Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1013. [PMID: 32033061 PMCID: PMC7037228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being banned from production for decades, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) continue to pose a significant risk to human health. This is due to not only the continued release of legacy PCBs from PCB-containing equipment and materials manufactured prior to the ban on PCB production, but also the inadvertent production of PCBs as byproducts of contemporary pigment and dye production. Evidence from human and animal studies clearly identifies developmental neurotoxicity as a primary endpoint of concern associated with PCB exposures. However, the relative role(s) of specific PCB congeners in mediating the adverse effects of PCBs on the developing nervous system, and the mechanism(s) by which PCBs disrupt typical neurodevelopment remain outstanding questions. New questions are also emerging regarding the potential developmental neurotoxicity of lower chlorinated PCBs that were not present in the legacy commercial PCB mixtures, but constitute a significant proportion of contemporary human PCB exposures. Here, we review behavioral and mechanistic data obtained from experimental models as well as recent epidemiological studies that suggest the non-dioxin-like (NDL) PCBs are primarily responsible for the developmental neurotoxicity associated with PCBs. We also discuss emerging data demonstrating the potential for non-legacy, lower chlorinated PCBs to cause adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Molecular targets, the relevance of PCB interactions with these targets to neurodevelopmental disorders, and critical data gaps are addressed as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Canadian Arctic Contaminants and Their Effects on the Maternal Brain and Behaviour: A Scoping Review of the Animal Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030926. [PMID: 32024308 PMCID: PMC7038163 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Environmental toxicants such as methylmercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides are potentially harmful pollutants present in contaminated food, soil, air, and water. Exposure to these ecologically relevant toxicants is prominent in Northern Canadian populations. Previous work focused on toxicant exposure during pregnancy as a threat to fetal neurodevelopment. However, little is known about the individual and combined effects of these toxicants on maternal health during pregnancy and post-partum. Methods: A scoping review was conducted to synthesize the current knowledge regarding individual and combined effects of methylmercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides on maternal behaviour and the maternal brain. Relevant studies were identified through the PubMed, Embase, and Toxline databases. Literature involving animal models and one human cohort were included in the review. Results: Research findings indicate that exposures to these environmental toxicants are associated with neurochemical changes in rodent models. Animal models provided the majority of information on toxicant-induced alterations in maternal care behaviours. Molecular and hormonal changes hypothesized to underlie these alterations were also addressed, although studies assessing toxicant co-exposure were limited. Conclusion: This review speaks to the limited knowledge regarding effects of these persistent organic pollutants on the maternal brain and related behavioural outcomes. Further research is required to better comprehend any such effects on maternal brain and behaviour, as maternal care is an important contributor to offspring neurodevelopment.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ya M, Yu N, Zhang Y, Su H, Tang S, Su G. Biomonitoring of organophosphate triesters and diesters in human blood in Jiangsu Province, eastern China: Occurrences, associations, and suspect screening of novel metabolites. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:105056. [PMID: 31369981 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Since organophosphate (OP) triesters are ubiquitous in environmental matrices, there is an increasing concern regarding human exposure to OP triesters or their metabolites. In this study, we measured levels of 16 OP triesters and 4 OP diesters in n = 99 human blood samples of non-occupationally exposed adults (aged 18-87) from Jiangsu Province, eastern China. Based on the measured concentrations, statistical difference and correlativity were calculated to characterize the population diversity and potential sources of OP triester and diester. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (DEHP) and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) were found in many participants' blood, with median concentrations of 1.2 (range: n.d. - 44.7, detection frequency: 99%) and 0.85 (n.d. - 28.8, 68%) ng mL-1, respectively. Blood samples of older participants contained significantly lower concentrations of OP diesters or triesters than their younger counterparts (p < 0.01). Regional- and age-specific differences in the blood concentrations of OP triesters and diesters were attributed to disparities in environmental exposure intensity. EHDPP and tris (phenyl) phosphate (TPHP), the predominant OP triesters, exhibited significant positive correlation (p < 0.01, r = 0.84) suggestive of analogous transport behavior from similar exposure sources to humans. The increased correlations between diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) and TPHP as well as with EHDPP as observed from the multivariate regression suggests that DPHP could be derived from the metabolism of both TPHP (the crucial precursor) and EHDPP. When the blood samples were subsequently screened using high-resolution spectrometry, we detected five novel OP metabolites: glucuronide conjugates of hydroxylated DEHP (OH-DEHP glucuronide conjugate), 2-ethylhexyl monophenyl phosphate (EHMPP), hydroxylated EHMPP (OH-EHMPP), dihydroxylated bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (di-OH-BBOEP), and dihydroxylated tris(butyl) phosphate (di-OH-TNBP). Overall, this study provides novel information regarding the occurrence of OP triesters and diesters, and further suggested several novel OP metabolites in human blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miaolei Ya
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nanyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yayun Zhang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijun Su
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Song Tang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nadal M, García F, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL. Metals in biological tissues of the population living near a hazardous waste incinerator in Catalonia, Spain: Two decades of follow-up. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 176:108578. [PMID: 31299619 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During the period 1996-1998, a hazardous waste incinerator (HWI) was built in Constantí (Tarragona County, Catalonia, Spain). Because of the potential adverse effects of toxic emissions, mainly metals and dioxins and furans, waste incinerators in general have been an important cause of concern for the public opinion. For that reason, to assess its environmental impact on the surroundings, as well as the potential human health risks of the HWI, environmental and biological monitoring studies have been carried out since 1996-1998, when the baseline concentrations were established. This article summarizes all the results corresponding to metals in biological tissues of the population living near the HWI, two decades after the construction of the facility. In 1996-1998, the baseline concentrations of a number of elements (As, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Tl and V) were determined in samples of hair, blood and autopsy tissues (bone, brain, liver, lung and kidney) of subjects living in the area. In successive 5-year periods, new surveys were conducted to periodically measure the levels of metals in the same biological tissues. The daily dietary intake of these metals was also estimated for the population of the area. The results of this surveillance program do no suggest additional adverse health risks of metals for the population living near the HWI. However, special attention should be paid to Cr, due not only to the increases of this element observed in most analyzed biological tissues, but also in its dietary intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francisco García
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Uwimana E, Cagle B, Yeung C, Li X, Patterson EV, Doorn JA, Lehmler HJ. Atropselective Oxidation of 2,2',3,3',4,6'-Hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 132) to Hydroxylated Metabolites by Human Liver Microsomes and Its Implications for PCB 132 Neurotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2019; 171:406-420. [PMID: 31268529 PMCID: PMC6760323 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Several neurotoxic congeners display axial chirality and atropselectively affect cellular targets implicated in PCB neurotoxicity. Only limited information is available regarding the atropselective metabolism of these congeners in humans and their atropselective effects on neurotoxic outcomes. Here we investigate the hypothesis that the oxidation of 2,2',3,3',4,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 132) by human liver microsomes (HLMs) and their effects on dopaminergic cells in culture are atropselective. Racemic PCB 132 was incubated with pooled or single donor HLMs, and levels and enantiomeric fractions of PCB 132 and its metabolites were determined gas chromatographically. The major metabolite was either 2,2',3,4,4',6'-hexachlorobiphenyl-3'-ol (3'-140), a 1,2-shift product, or 2,2',3,3',4,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl-5'-ol (5'-132). The PCB 132 metabolite profiles displayed inter-individual differences and depended on the PCB 132 atropisomer. Computational studies suggested that 3'-140 is formed via a 3,4-arene oxide intermediate. The second eluting atropisomer of PCB 132, first eluting atropisomer of 3'-140, and second eluting atropisomer of 5'-132 were enriched in all HLM incubations. Enantiomeric fractions of the PCB 132 metabolites differed only slightly between the single donor HLM preparations investigated. Reactive oxygen species and levels of dopamine and its metabolites were not significantly altered after a 24 h exposure of dopaminergic cells to pure PCB 132 atropisomers. These findings suggest that there are inter-individual differences in the atropselective biotransformation of PCB 132 to its metabolites in humans; however, the resulting atropisomeric enrichment of PCB 132 is unlikely to affect neurotoxic outcomes associated with the endpoints investigated in the study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Uwimana
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology and Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Brianna Cagle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Coby Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Xueshu Li
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology and Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Eric V Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Jonathan A Doorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology and Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Keil KP, Sethi S, Lein PJ. Sex-Dependent Effects of 2,2',3,5',6-Pentachlorobiphenyl on Dendritic Arborization of Primary Mouse Neurons. Toxicol Sci 2019; 168:95-109. [PMID: 30395321 PMCID: PMC6390665 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life exposures to environmental contaminants are implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). These disorders often display sex biases, but whether environmental neurotoxicants act in a sex-dependent manner to modify neurodevelopment is largely unknown. Since altered dendritic morphology is associated with many NDDs, we tested the hypothesis that male and female primary mouse neurons are differentially susceptible to the dendrite-promoting activity of 2,2',3,5',6-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 95). Hippocampal and cortical neuron-glia co-cultures were exposed to vehicle (0.1% dimethylsulfoxide) or PCB 95 (100 fM-1 μM) from day in vitro 7-9. As determined by Sholl analysis, PCB 95-enhanced dendritic growth in female but not male hippocampal and cortical neurons. In contrast, both male and female neurons responded to bicuculline with increased dendritic complexity. Detailed morphometric analyses confirmed that PCB 95 effects on the number and length of primary and nonprimary dendrites varied depending on sex, brain region and PCB concentration, and that female neurons responded more consistently with increased dendritic growth and at lower concentrations of PCB 95 than their male counterparts. Exposure to PCB 95 did not alter cell viability or the ratio of neurons to glia in cultures of either sex. These results demonstrate that cultured female mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons are more sensitive than male neurons to the dendrite-promoting activity of PCB 95, and suggest that mechanisms underlying PCB 95-induced dendritic growth are sex-dependent. These data highlight the importance of sex in neuronal responses to environmental neurotoxicants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly P Keil
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616,To whom correspondence should be addressed at Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616. Fax: (530) 752-7690; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Xu C, Lin X, Yin S, Zhao L, Liu Y, Liu K, Li F, Yang F, Liu W. Enantioselectivity in biotransformation and bioaccumulation processes of typical chiral contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1274-1286. [PMID: 30268979 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chirality is a critical topic in the medicinal and agrochemical fields. One quarter of all agrochemicals was chiral in 1996, and this proportion has increased remarkably with the introduction of new compounds over time. Despite scientists have made great efforts to probe the enantiomeric selectivity of chiral chemicals in the environment since early 1990s, the different behaviours of individual enantiomers in biologically mediated processes are still unclear. In the present review, we highlight state-of-the-knowledge on the stereoselective biotransformation and accumulation of chiral contaminants in organisms ranging from invertebrates to humans. Chiral insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pharmaceuticals, flame retardants hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are all included in the target compounds. Key findings included: a) Changes in the enantiomeric fractions in vitro and in vivo models revealed that enantioselectivity commonly occurs in biotransformation and bioaccumulation. b) Emerging contaminants have become more important in the field of enantioselectivity together with their metabolites in biological transformation process. c) Chiral signatures have also been regarded as powerful tools for tracking pollution sources when the contribution of precursor is unknown. Future studies are needed in order to understand not only preliminary enrichment results but also detailed molecular mechanisms in diverse models to comprehensively understand the behaviours of chiral compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenye Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xinmeng Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yingxue Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Fang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Fangxing Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Megson D, Brown TA, O'Sullivan G, Robson M, Ortiz X, Worsfold PJ, Comber S, Lohan MC, Reiner EJ. Changes to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) signatures and enantiomer fractions across different tissue types in Guillemots. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 131:174-179. [PMID: 29886934 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two Guillemot carcases were dissected, each providing 12 discrete tissue samples and 3 samples of partially digested food. One hundred and five PCBs from the 209 PCBs determined by GCxGC-ToFMS were detected. The relative proportions of individual PCBs did not vary greatly within tissue types, although the PCB profile from undigested food could be distinguished. Enantiomer fractions (EFs) were determined for CB-95, CB-136 and CB-149 by GC-HRqToFMS. EFs in the partially digested food were near racemic, with high levels of enrichment for E1 CB-95 in the kidneys and liver (EF of 0.80 and 0.84 respectively). This provides some of the clearest evidence to date that fractionation takes place in the organs where metabolic biotransformation and elimination of PCBs occurs. Our findings also confirm the ability of non-lethal sampling techniques, such as collection of small (<1 g) blood samples, to provide PCB signatures that are representative of an individual organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Megson
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; Biogeochemistry Research Centre, SoGEES, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Thomas A Brown
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, SoGEES, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK; Marine Ecology and Chemistry, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Gwen O'Sullivan
- Department of Earth & Environmental Science, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, Alberta T3E 6K6, Canada
| | - Matthew Robson
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Xavier Ortiz
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Paul J Worsfold
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, SoGEES, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Sean Comber
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, SoGEES, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Maeve C Lohan
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, SoGEES, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Feng W, Zheng J, Robin G, Dong Y, Ichikawa M, Inoue Y, Mori T, Nakano T, Pessah IN. Enantioselectivity of 2,2',3,5',6-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 95) Atropisomers toward Ryanodine Receptors (RyRs) and Their Influences on Hippocampal Neuronal Networks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:14406-14416. [PMID: 29131945 PMCID: PMC6251309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nineteen ortho-substituted PCBs are chiral and found enantioselectively enriched in ecosystems. Their differential actions on biological targets are not understood. PCB 95 (2,2',3,5',6-pentachlorobiphenyl), a chiral PCB of current environmental relevance, is among the most potent toward modifying ryanodine receptors (RyR) function and Ca2+ signaling. PCB 95 enantiomers are separated and assigned aR- and aS-PCB 95 using three chiral-column HPLC and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Studies of RyR1-enriched microsomes show aR-PCB 95 with >4× greater potency (EC50 = 0.20 ± 0.05 μM), ∼ 1.3× higher efficacy (Bmax = 3.74 ± 0.07 μM) in [3H]Ryanodine-binding and >3× greater rates (R = 7.72 ± 0.31 nmol/sec/mg) of Ca2+ efflux compared with aS-PCB 95, whereas racemate has intermediate activity. aR-PCB 95 has modest selectivity for RyR2, and lower potency than racemate toward the RyR isoform mixture in brain membranes. Chronic exposure of hippocampal neuronal networks to nanomolar PCB 95 during a critical developmental period shows divergent influences on synchronous Ca2+ oscillation (SCO): rac-PCB 95 increasing and aR-PCB 95 decreasing SCO frequency at 50 nM, although the latter's effects are nonmonotonic at higher concentration. aS-PCB95 shows the greatest influence on inhibiting responses to 20 Hz electrical pulse trains. Considering persistence of PCB 95 in the environment, stereoselectivity toward RyRs and developing neuronal networks may clarify health risks associated with enantioisomeric enrichment of PCBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California United States
| | - Jing Zheng
- Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California United States
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaëlle Robin
- Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California United States
| | - Yao Dong
- Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California United States
| | - Makoto Ichikawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Inoue
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Isaac N. Pessah
- Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California United States
- Corresponding Author Phone: +1-(530)-752-6696;
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu Q, Wang Q, Xu C, Shao W, Zhang C, Liu H, Jiang Z, Gu A. Organochloride pesticides impaired mitochondrial function in hepatocytes and aggravated disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46339. [PMID: 28397872 PMCID: PMC5387717 DOI: 10.1038/srep46339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p, p'-DDE) and β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) were two predominant organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) metabolites in human body associated with disorders of fatty acid metabolism. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully clarified. In this study, adult male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to low dose of p, p'-DDE and β-HCH for 8 wk. OCPs accumulation in organs, hepatic fatty acid composition, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) metabolites and other metabolite profiles were analyzed. Expression levels of genes involved in hepatic lipogenesis and β-oxidation were measured. Mitochondrial function was evaluated in HepG2 cells exposed to OCPs. High accumulation of p, p'-DDE and β-HCH was found in liver and damaged mitochondria was observed under electron microscopy. Expression of genes in fatty acid synthesis increased and that in mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation decreased in OCPs treatment groups. OCPs changed metabolite profiles in liver tissues, varied hepatic fatty acid compositions and levels of several TCA cycle metabolites. Furthermore, MitoTracker Green fluorescence, ATP levels, mitochondrial membrane potential and OCR decreased in HepG2 cells exposed to OCPs. In conclusion, chronic exposure to OCPs at doses equivalent to internal exposures in humans impaired mitochondrial function, decreased fatty acid β-oxidation and aggravated disorders of fatty acid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201200, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qihan Wang
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wentao Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoyan Jiang
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201200, China
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Domingo JL, García F, Nadal M, Schuhmacher M. Autopsy tissues as biological monitors of human exposure to environmental pollutants. A case study: Concentrations of metals and PCDD/Fs in subjects living near a hazardous waste incinerator. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 154:269-274. [PMID: 28110241 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring is of tremendous importance to prevent potential adverse effects derived from human exposure to chemicals. Blood and urine are among the biological monitors more frequently used. However, biological matrices such as breast milk, hair, nails, saliva, feces, teeth, and expired air are also often used. In addition, and focused mainly on long-term exposure, adipose tissue and other human tissues like bone, liver, brain or kidney, are also used as biological monitors of certain substances, especially for long-term biomonitoring. However, for this kind of tissues sampling is always a limiting factor. In this paper, we have examined the role of autopsy tissues as biological monitors of human exposure to environmental pollutants. For it, we have used a case study conducted near a hazardous waste incinerator (HWI) in Catalonia (Spain), in which the concentrations of metals and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), have been periodically determined in autopsy tissues of subjects living in the area under potential influence of the facility. This case study does not show advantages -in comparison to other appropriate biomonitors such as blood- in using autopsy tissues in the monitoring of long-term exposure to metals and PCDD/Fs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francisco García
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sechman A, Batoryna M, Antos PA, Hrabia A. Effects of PCB 126 and PCB 153 on secretion of steroid hormones and mRNA expression of steroidogenic genes (STAR, HSD3B, CYP19A1) and estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ) in prehierarchical chicken ovarian follicles. Toxicol Lett 2016; 264:29-37. [PMID: 27832956 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the in vitro effects of dioxin-like PCB 126 and non-dioxin-like PCB 153 on basal and ovine LH (oLH)-stimulated testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) secretion and expression of steroidogenic genes (STAR, HSD3B and CYP19A1) and estrogen receptors α (ERα) and β (ERβ) in white (WF) and yellowish (YF) prehierarchical follicles of the hen ovary. Steroid concentrations in a medium and gene expression in follicles following 6h of exposition were determined by RIA and real-time qPCR, respectively. Both PCBs increased basal and oLH-stimulated T secretion by the WF follicles. PCB 126 reduced basal E2 secretion by the WF follicles. PCB 153 elevated but PCB 126 reduced oLH-stimulated E2 secretion by the prehierarchical follicles. PCB 126 increased basal STAR and HSD3B and reduced CYP19A1 mRNA expression in these follicles. PCB 153 increased basal expression of STAR and HSD3B in YF follicles, but diminished HSD3B mRNA levels in the WF. The studied PCBs had an opposite effect on basal and oLH-stimulated CYP19A1 mRNA expression in prehierarchical follicles. Both PCBs modulated basal and inhibited oLH-stimulated ERα and ERβ gene expression in the prehierarchical follicles. In conclusion, data of the current study demonstrate the congener-specific effects of PCBs on sex steroid secretion by prehierarchical follicles of the chicken ovary, which are at least partly related to STAR, HSD3B and CYP19A1 gene expression. It is suggested that PCBs, by influencing follicular steroidogenesis and expression of estrogen receptors, may impair development and selection of yellowish follicles to the preovulatory hierarchy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Sechman
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Marta Batoryna
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr A Antos
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Hrabia
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Parent AS, Pinson A, Woods N, Chatzi C, Vaaga CE, Bensen A, Gérard A, Thome JP, Bourguignon JP, Westbrook GL. Early exposure to Aroclor 1254 in vivo disrupts the functional synaptic development of newborn hippocampal granule cells. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:3001-3010. [PMID: 27740705 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus is sensitive to endogenous and exogenous factors that influence hippocampal function. Ongoing neurogenesis and the integration of these new neurons throughout life thus may provide a sensitive indicator of environmental stress. We examined the effects of Aroclor 1254 (A1254), a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), on the development and function of newly generated dentate granule cells. Early exposure to A1254 has been associated with learning impairment in children, suggesting potential impact on the development of hippocampus and/or cortical circuits. Oral A1254 (from the 6th day of gestation to postnatal day 21) produced the expected increase in PCB levels in brain at postnatal day 21, which persisted at lower levels into adulthood. A1254 did not affect the proliferation or survival of newborn neurons in immature animals nor did it cause overt changes in neuronal morphology. However, A1254 occluded the normal developmental increase in sEPSC frequency in the third post-mitotic week without altering the average sEPSC amplitude. Our results suggest that early exposure to PCBs can disrupt excitatory synaptic function during a period of active synaptogenesis, and thus could contribute to the cognitive effects noted in children exposed to PCBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Parent
- Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA-N, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - A Pinson
- Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA-N, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - N Woods
- Vollum Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - C Chatzi
- Vollum Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - A Bensen
- Vollum Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - A Gérard
- Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA-N, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - J P Thome
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - J P Bourguignon
- Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA-N, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Vetter W. Gas Chromatographic Enantiomer Separation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): Methods, Metabolisms, Enantiomeric Composition in Environmental Samples and their Interpretation. Isr J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim; Institute of Food Chemistry; Garbenstr. 28 D-70593 Stuttgart Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wu X, Yang J, Morisseau C, Robertson LW, Hammock B, Lehmler HJ. 3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) Decreases Hepatic and Systemic Ratios of Epoxide to Diol Metabolites of Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Male Rats. Toxicol Sci 2016; 152:309-22. [PMID: 27208083 PMCID: PMC4960907 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the homeostasis of oxygenated regulatory lipid mediators (oxylipins), potential markers of exposure to aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists, such as 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126), is associated with a range of diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Here we test the hypothesis that PCB 126 exposure alters the levels of oxylipins in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (5-weeks old) were treated over a 3-month period every 2 weeks with intraperitoneal injections of PCB 126 in corn oil (cumulative doses of 0, 19.8, 97.8, and 390 µg/kg b.w.; 6 injections total). PCB 126 treatment caused a reduction in growth rates at the highest dose investigated, a dose-dependent decrease in thymus weights, and a dose-dependent increase in liver weights. Liver PCB 126 levels increased in a dose-dependent manner, while levels in plasma were below or close to the detection limit. The ratios of several epoxides to diol metabolites formed via the cytochrome P450 (P450) monooxygenase/soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) pathway from polyunsaturated fatty acids displayed a dose-dependent decrease in the liver and plasma, whereas levels of oxylipins formed by other metabolic pathways were generally not altered by PCB 126 treatment. The effects of PCB 126 on epoxide-to-diol ratios were associated with an increased CYP1A activity in liver microsomes and an increased sEH activity in liver cytosol and peroxisomes. These results suggest that oxylipins are potential biomarkers of exposure to PCB 126 and that the P450/sEH pathway is a therapeutic target for PCB 126-mediated hepatotoxicity that warrants further attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianai Wu
- *Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Larry W Robertson
- *Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Bruce Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- *Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zheng J, Yu LH, Chen SJ, Hu GC, Chen KH, Yan X, Luo XJ, Zhang S, Yu YJ, Yang ZY, Mai BX. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Human Hair and Serum from E-Waste Recycling Workers in Southern China: Concentrations, Chiral Signatures, Correlations, and Source Identification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1579-86. [PMID: 26757157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Hair is increasingly used as a biomarker for human exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs). However, the internal and external sources of hair POPs remain a controversial issue. This study analyzed polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human hair and serum from electronic waste recycling workers. The median concentrations were 894 ng/g and 2868 ng/g lipid in hair and serum, respectively. The PCB concentrations in male and female serum were similar, while concentrations in male hair were significantly lower than in female hair. Significant correlations between the hair and serum PCB levels and congener profiles suggest that air is the predominant PCB source in hair and that hair and blood PCB levels are largely dependent on recent accumulation. The PCB95, 132, and 183 chiral signatures in serum were significantly nonracemic, with mean enantiomer fractions (EFs) of 0.440-0.693. Nevertheless, the hair EFs were essentially racemic (mean EFs = 0.495-0.503). Source apportionment using the Chemical Mass Balance model also indicated primary external PCB sources in human hair from the study area. Air, blood, and indoor dust are responsible for, on average, 64.2%, 27.2%, and 8.79% of the hair PCBs, respectively. This study evidenced that hair is a reliable matrix for monitoring human POP exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zheng
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection , Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Le-Huan Yu
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection , Guangzhou 510655, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - She-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guo-Cheng Hu
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection , Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Ke-Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Sukun Zhang
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection , Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yun-Jiang Yu
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection , Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zhong-Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kania-Korwel I, Lehmler HJ. Chiral polychlorinated biphenyls: absorption, metabolism and excretion--a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:2042-57. [PMID: 25651810 PMCID: PMC4527964 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Seventy eight out of the 209 possible polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners are chiral, 19 of which exist under ambient conditions as stable rotational isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. These congeners (C-PCBs) represent up to 6 % by weight of technical PCB mixtures and undergo considerable atropisomeric enrichment in wildlife, laboratory animals, and humans. The objective of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of the processes involved in the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of C-PCBs and their metabolites in laboratory animals and humans. C-PCBs are absorbed and excreted by passive diffusion, a process that, like other physicochemical processes, is inherently not atropselective. In mammals, metabolism by cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes represents a major route of elimination for many C-PCBs. In vitro studies demonstrate that C-PCBs with a 2,3,6-trichlorosubstitution pattern in one phenyl ring are readily oxidized to hydroxylated PCB metabolites (HO-PCBs) by P450 enzymes, such as rat CYP2B1, human CYP2B6, and dog CYP2B11. The oxidation of C-PCBs is atropselective, thus resulting in a species- and congener-dependent atropisomeric enrichment of C-PCBs and their metabolites. This atropisomeric enrichment of C-PCBs and their metabolites likely plays a poorly understood role in the atropselective toxicity of C-PCBs and, therefore, warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Kania-Korwel
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, UI Research Park, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, UI Research Park, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kania-Korwel I, Lehmler HJ. Toxicokinetics of chiral polychlorinated biphenyls across different species--a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:2058-80. [PMID: 25824003 PMCID: PMC4591098 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nineteen polychlorinated biphenyls (chiral or C-PCBs) exist as two stable rotational isomers (atropisomers) that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. C-PCBs are released into the environment as racemic (i.e., equal) mixtures of both atropisomers and undergo atropisomeric enrichment due to biological, but not abiotic, processes. In particular, toxicokinetic studies provide important initial insights into atropselective processes involved in the disposition (i.e., absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion) of C-PCBs. The toxicokinetic of C-PCBs is highly congener and species dependent. In particular, at lower trophic levels, abiotic processes play a predominant role in C-PCB toxicokinetics. Biotransformation plays an important role in the elimination of C-PCBs in mammals. The elimination of C-PCB follows the approximate order mammals > birds > amphibians > fish, mostly due to a corresponding decrease in metabolic capacity. A few studies have shown differences in the toxicokinetics of C-PCB atropisomers; however, more work is needed to understand the toxicokinetics of C-PCBs and the underlying biological processes. Such studies will not only contribute to our understanding of the fate of C-PCBs in aquatic and terrestrial food webs but also facilitate our understanding of human exposures to C-PCBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Kania-Korwel
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, UI Research Park, #221 IREH, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, UI Research Park, #221 IREH, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bandara SB, Eubig PA, Sadowski RN, Schantz SL. Developmental PCB Exposure Increases Audiogenic Seizures and Decreases Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase in the Inferior Colliculus. Toxicol Sci 2015; 149:335-45. [PMID: 26543103 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we observed that developmental polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure resulted in an increase in audiogenic seizures (AGSs) in rats. However, the rats were exposed to loud noise in adulthood, and were not tested for AGS until after 1 year of age, either of which could have interacted with early PCB exposure to increase AGS susceptibility. This study assessed susceptibility to AGS in young adult rats following developmental PCB exposure alone (without loud noise exposure) and investigated whether there was a decrease in GABA inhibitory neurotransmission in the inferior colliculus (IC) that could potentially explain this effect. Female Long-Evans rats were dosed orally with 0 or 6 mg/kg/day of an environmentally relevant PCB mixture from 28 days prior to breeding until the pups were weaned at postnatal day 21. One male-female pair from each litter was retained for the AGS study whilst another was retained for Western blot analysis of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and GABAAα1 receptor in the IC, the site in the auditory midbrain where AGS are initiated. There was a significant increase in the number and severity of AGSs in the PCB groups, with females somewhat more affected than males. GAD65 was decreased but there was no change in GAD67 or GABAAα1 in the IC indicating decreased inhibitory regulation in the PCB group. These results confirm that developmental PCB exposure alone is sufficient to increase susceptibility to AGS, and provide the first evidence for a possible mechanism of action at the level of the IC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul A Eubig
- *Neuroscience Program and Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; and
| | - Renee N Sadowski
- *Neuroscience Program and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 60801
| | - Susan L Schantz
- *Neuroscience Program and Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 60801
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kania-Korwel I, Barnhart CD, Lein PJ, Lehmler HJ. Effect of pregnancy on the disposition of 2,2',3,5',6-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 95) atropisomers and their hydroxylated metabolites in female mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1774-83. [PMID: 26271003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chiral PCBs, such as PCB 95, are developmental neurotoxicants that undergo atropisomeric enrichment in nonpregnant adult mice. Because pregnancy is associated with changes in hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme activity as well as lipid disposition and metabolism, this study investigates the effect of pregnancy on the maternal disposition of chiral PCBs. Female C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks old) were dosed daily beginning 2 weeks prior to conception and continuing throughout gestation and lactation (56 days total) with racemic PCB 95 (0, 0.1, 1.0, or 6.0 mg/kg body wt/day) in peanut butter. Levels and chiral signatures of PCB 95 and its hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) were determined in adipose, blood, brain, and liver. Tissue levels of PCB 95 increased 4- to 12-fold with increasing dose, with considerable enrichment of the second eluting atropisomer in all tissues (EF range 0.11 to 0.26). OH-PCBs displayed atropisomeric enrichment in blood and liver but were not detected in adipose and brain. Levels of PCB 95 and its metabolites were 2- to 11-fold lower in pregnant dams relative to those previously reported in nonpregnant age-matched female mice; however, PCB 95 and OH-PCB profiles and chiral signatures were similar between both studies. In contrast, human brain samples contained racemic PCB 95 residues (EF = 0.50). These results demonstrate that changes in cytochrome P450 enzyme activity and lipid disposition during pregnancy reduce the PCB body burden in dams but do not affect metabolite profiles or chiral signatures. The differences in chiral signatures between mice and humans suggest species-specific differences in atropisomeric disposition, the toxicological significance of which remains to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Kania-Korwel
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242-5000, United States
| | - Christopher D Barnhart
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242-5000, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Megson D, Focant JF, Patterson DG, Robson M, Lohan MC, Worsfold PJ, Comber S, Kalin R, Reiner E, O'Sullivan G. Can polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) signatures and enantiomer fractions be used for source identification and to age date occupational exposure? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 81:56-63. [PMID: 25916940 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Detailed polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) signatures and chiral Enantiomer Fractions (EFs) of CB-95, CB-136 and CB-149 were measured for 30 workers at a transformer dismantling plant. This was undertaken to identify sources of exposure and investigate changes to the PCB signature and EFs over different exposure periods. Approximately 1.5 g of serum was extracted and PCB signatures were created through analysis by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) and EFs calculated following analysis by gas chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). A total of 84 PCBs were identified in the serum samples with concentrations of the 7 indicator PCBs ranging from 11-350 ng g(-1) of serum (1.2-39 μg g(-1) lipid). The PCB signatures were interpreted using principal component analysis (PCA) which was able to distinguish workers with background or recent minimal exposure from those with prolonged occupational exposure. Occupationally exposed individuals had a similar PCB profile to Aroclor A1260. However, individuals with prolonged exposure had depleted proportions of several PCB congeners that are susceptible to metabolism (CB-95, CB-101 and CB-151) and elevated proportions of PCBs that are resistant to metabolism (CB-74, CB-153, CB-138 and CB-180). The results also identified a third group of workers with elevated proportions of CB-28, CB-60, CB-66, CB-74, CB-105 and CB-118 who appeared to have been exposed to an additional source of PCBs. The results show near complete removal of the CB-95 E2 enantiomer in some samples, indicating that bioselective metabolism or preferential excretion of one enantiomer occurs in humans. By considering PCB concentrations along with detailed congener specific signatures it was possible to identify different exposure sources, and gain an insight into both the magnitude and duration of exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Megson
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, SoGEES, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Jean-Françios Focant
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Allèe de la Chimie, Liège, Belgium
| | - Donald G Patterson
- Exponent Inc., One Capital City Plaza, Suite 1620, 3350 Peachtree Road, Atlanta, GA 30326, USA
| | - Matthew Robson
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Ave, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Maeve C Lohan
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, SoGEES, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Paul J Worsfold
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, SoGEES, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Sean Comber
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, SoGEES, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Robert Kalin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
| | - Eric Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Gwen O'Sullivan
- Department of Environmental Science, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, Alberta T3E 6K6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Termopoli V, Famiglini G, Palma P, Magrini L, Cappiello A. Occurrence of specific environmental risk factors in brain tissues of sudden infant death and sudden intrauterine unexpected death victims assessed with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:2463-72. [PMID: 25665709 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and sudden intrauterine unexpected death syndrome (SIUDS) are an unresolved teaser in the social-medical and health setting of modern medicine and are the result of multifactorial interactions. Recently, prenatal exposure to environmental contaminants has been associated with negative pregnancy outcomes, and verification of their presence in fetal and newborn tissues is of crucial importance. A gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method, using a triple quadrupole analyzer, is proposed to assess the presence of 20 organochlorine pesticides, two organophosphate pesticides, one carbamate (boscalid), and a phenol (bisphenol A) in human brain tissues. Samples were collected during autopsies of infants and fetuses that died suddenly without any evident cause. The method involves a liquid-solid extraction using n-hexane as the extraction solvent. The extracts were purified with Florisil cartridges prior to the final determination. Recovery experiments using lamb brain spiked at three different concentrations in the range of 1-50 ng g(-1) were performed, with recoveries ranging from 79 to 106%. Intraday and interday repeatability were evaluated, and relative standard deviations lower than 10% and 18%, respectively, were obtained. The selectivity and sensitivity achieved in multiple reaction monitoring mode allowed us to achieve quantification and confirmation in a real matrix at levels as low as 0.2-0.6 ng g(-1). Two MS/MS transitions were acquired for each analyte, using the Q/q ratio as the confirmatory parameter. This method was applied to the analysis of 14 cerebral cortex samples (ten SIUDS and four SIDS cases), and confirmed the presence of several selected compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Termopoli
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Urbino, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029, Urbino, Italy,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Matsumoto Y, Hannigan B, Crews D. Embryonic PCB exposure alters phenotypic, genetic, and epigenetic profiles in turtle sex determination, a biomarker of environmental contamination. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4168-77. [PMID: 25105783 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In species with temperature-dependent sex determination, embryonic gonadal differentiation can be modified by exposure to exogenous chemicals such as environmental contaminants. Although phenotypic outcomes of such events are well documented, the underlying molecular mechanisms are rarely described. Here we examine the genetic and epigenetic effect of the embryonic exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on gonad differentiation in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta). Some PCB congeners are without effect whereas others synergize to alter sex determination in this species. Application of two potent PCB congeners alter the physiological processes of gonad development normally dictated by the male-producing temperature (MPT), resulting sex ratios significantly biased toward female hatchlings. Of these PCB-induced females, oviduct formation is prominently distorted regardless of ovary development. Further, gonadal expression of ovarian markers, aromatase, FoxL2, and Rspo1, is activated whereas testicular markers, Dmrt1 and Sox9, are suppressed compared with typical expression patterns observed at MPT. DNA methylation profiles of the aromatase promoter in PCB-treated gonads do not follow the typical methylation pattern observed in embryos incubating at female-producing temperature. Rather, the MPT-typical methylation profiles is retained despite the induced ovarian formation. Overall, our studies demonstrate that PCB exposure alters the transcriptional profiles of genes responsible for gonadal differentiation but does not re-establish the epigenetic marks of the aromatase promoter normally set by incubation temperatures in embryonic gonads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuiko Matsumoto
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhai G, Gutowski SM, Lehmler HJ, Schnoor J. Enantioselective transport and biotransformation of chiral hydroxylated metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls in whole poplar plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:12213-20. [PMID: 25238141 PMCID: PMC4207536 DOI: 10.1021/es503443e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) have been found to be ubiquitous in the environment due to the oxidative metabolism of their parent PCBs. With more polarity, OH-PCBs may be more toxic and mobile than their parent compounds. However, the behavior and fate of OH-PCBs have been neglected in the environment because they are not the original contaminants. Some of these hydroxylated metabolites are chiral, and chiral compounds can be used to probe biological metabolic processes. Therefore, chiral OH-PCBs were selected to study their uptake, translocation, transformation, and enantioselectivity in plants in this work. Poplars (Populus deltoides × nigra, DN34), a model plant with complete genomic sequence, were hydroponically exposed to 5-hydroxy-2,2',3,4',6-pentachlorobiphenyl (5-OH-PCB91) and 5-hydroxy-2,2',3,5',6-pentachlorobiphenyl (5-OH-PCB95) for 10 days. Chiral 5-OH-PCB91 and 5-OH-PCB95 were clearly shown to be sorbed, taken up, and translocated in whole poplars, and they were detected in various tissues of whole poplars. However, the enantioselectivity of poplar for 5-OH-PCB91 and 5-OH-PCB95 proved to be quite different. The second-eluting enantiomer of OH-PCB95, separated on a chiral column (Phenomenex Lux Cellulose-1), was enantioselectively removed in whole poplar. Enantiomeric fractions in the middle xylem, top bark, top xylem, and stem, reached 0.803 ± 0.022, 0.643 ± 0.110, 0.835 ± 0.087, and 0.830 ± 0.029, respectively. Therefore, 5-OH-PCB95 was significantly enantioselectively biotransformed inside poplar tissues, in contrast to nearly racemic mixtures of 5-OH-PCB95 remaining in hydroponic solutions. Unlike 5-OH-PCB95, 5-OH-PCB91 remained nearly racemic in most tissues of whole poplars during 10 day exposure, suggesting the enantiomers of 5-OH-PCB91 were equally transported and metabolized in whole poplars. This is the first evidence of enantioselectivity of chiral OH-PCBs and suggests that poplars can enantioselectively biotransform at least one chiral OH-PCB: namely, 5-OH-PCB95.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangshu Zhai
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering and IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Phone: +1 319 335 5647; fax: 319 335 5660; e-mail:
| | - Sarah M. Gutowski
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering and IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jerald
L. Schnoor
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering and IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Enantiomeric-selective determination of pyrethroids: application to human samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:779-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7905-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
44
|
Cappiello A, Famiglini G, Palma P, Termopoli V, Lavezzi AM, Matturri L. Determination of selected endocrine disrupting compounds in human fetal and newborn tissues by GC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:2779-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
45
|
Effects of quercetin on CYP450 and cytokines in Aroclor 1254 injured endometrial cells of the pregnant rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:497508. [PMID: 24711995 PMCID: PMC3966338 DOI: 10.1155/2014/497508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are widespread persistent residual environmental pollutants, which affect seriously the growth and reproductive alterations in humans and animals. Aroclor 1254 is a commercial mixture of PCBs. Quercetin is a flavonoid, which acts on estrogen receptors and causes the development of estrogen-related diseases. In this paper, the primary cultured endometrial cells in the pregnant rats were isolated and Aroclor 1254 was used to induce the injured endometrial cells model. The cells were treated with gradient quercetin, the viability of the endometrial cells, the expressions of CYP450, the contents of TNF-α, IL-6, estradiol (E2), and progesterone (P4) were measured. It showed that the viability of the cultured endometrial cells, the expression of CYP1A1 and CYP2B1, and the contents of TNF-α, E2, and IL-6 in the injured endometrial cells increased with the treatment of quercetin. It shows that quercetin has protective effect on the injured endometrial cells in the pregnant rats, this provide a basis on herbal medicine protection for animal reproductive diseases caused by environmental endocrine disruptors.
Collapse
|
46
|
Rallis GN, Boumba VA, Sakkas VA, Fragkouli K, Siozios G, Albanis TA, Vougiouklakis T. Residues of selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and organochlorine pesticides (OCP) in postmortem lungs from Epirus, northwestern Greece. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:767-775. [PMID: 24839930 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.892447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine (OC) pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) are compounds characterized as persistent organic pollutants (POP) in the environment. These compounds are monitored globally since they enter the human body and accumulate in tissues, resulting in consequent adverse effects. In this study concentrations of selected OC compounds were determined in human autopsy lungs from Epirus, a relatively restricted region in northwestern Greece. This is the first epidemiologic study from Greece reporting on monitoring of environmental pollutants in human autopsy material. Thirty lungs collected from that number of autopsy cases were analyzed: 19 males and 11 females. The age range was 14-91 yr (mean ± SD = 61.8 ± 22.5 yr). Twenty-two cases (73%) were positive for at least one pollutant and eight cases were negative (27%). PCB were the most abundant class of contaminants, detected in 15 out of the 30 cases (50%). Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) were second and third in abundance with 9 (30%) and 8 (27%) positive cases, respectively. The frequency of detection showed a tendency to increase with age of individuals. The patterns of OC found in human autopsy lungs were similar to those reported previously for other human specimens. Our results demonstrated a similar trend in contamination sources and distribution has occurred in western Greece as noted globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios N Rallis
- a Laboratory of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences , University of Ioannina , Ioannina , Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhai G, Wu X, Lehmler HJ, Schnoor JL. Atropisomeric determination of chiral hydroxylated metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls using HPLC-MS. Chem Cent J 2013; 7:183. [PMID: 24360245 PMCID: PMC3879188 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of environmental persistent organic pollutants, which can be metabolized into a series of metabolites, including hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) in biota. Nineteen of 209 PCB congeners can form chiral stable isomers. However, atropisomeric determination of the hydroxylated metabolites of these chiral PCBs has never been reported by LC methods. In this work, a novel HPLC-MS method was developed to detect five chiral OH-PCBs (4OH-PCB91, 5OH-PCB91, 4OH-PCB95, 5OH-PCB95 and 5OH-PCB149) using HPLC-MS without a derivatization step. Results The influences of column-type, column temperature, flow rate and ratio of the mobile phase on the atropisomeric separation were investigated in detail. In the final method, calibration curves, based on peak areas against concentration, were linear in a range of 1–100 ng mL-1 of five chiral OH-PCBs with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9996 to 0.9999 for all atropisomers of OH-PCBs. The relative standard deviations measured at the 10.0 ng mL-1 level for atropisomers of five chiral OH-PCBs were in the range of 0.60-7.55% (n = 5). Calculated detection limits (S/N = 3) of five chiral OH-PCBs were between 0.31 and 0.60 ng mL-1 for all OH-PCB atropisomers. Conclusion This HPLC-MS method was developed to detect chiral OH-PCBs and further successfully applied to measure OH-PCB atropisomer levels and enantiomeric fractions (EFs) in rat liver microsomal samples. The results from LC-MS method were highly consistent with those from GC-ECD method. It is the first time to report these OH-PCB atropisomers detected in microsomes by HPLC-MS. The proposed method might be applied also to detect chiral OH-PCBs in environmental samples and for metabolites of PCBs in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jerald L Schnoor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, IA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abass K, Huusko A, Nieminen P, Myllynen P, Pelkonen O, Vahakangas K, Rautio A. Estimation of health risk by using toxicokinetic modelling: a case study of polychlorinated biphenyl PCB153. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 261:1-10. [PMID: 23911823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To assess potential PCB153-associated human health effects and risks, it is necessary to model past exposure. PCB153 blood concentrations, obtained from the AMAP biomonitoring programme, in Inuit women covering the years 1994-2006 at Disko Bay, 1999-2005 at Nuuk, and 1992-2007 at Nunavik were used to extrapolate body burden and exposure to the whole lifespan of the population by the one-compartment toxicokinetic model. By using risk characterisation modelling, calculated Hazard Quotients were higher than 1 between the years 1955 and 1987 for the 90th population percentile and during 1956-1984 for the 50th population percentile. Cancer risk for overall exposure of PCB153 ranged from 4.6×10(-5) to 1.8×10(-6) for the 90th percentile and 3.6×10(-5) to 1.4×10(-10) for the 50th percentile between 1930 and 2049, when central estimates or upper-bound slope factors were applied. Cancer risk was below 1×10(-6) for the same time period when a lower slope factor was applied. Significant future research requirements to improve health risk characterisation include, among others, larger sample sizes, better analytical accuracy, fewer assumptions in exposure assessment, and consequently, a better choice of the toxicity benchmark used to develop the hazard quotient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abass
- Centre for Arctic Medicine, Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zheng J, Yan X, Chen SJ, Peng XW, Hu GC, Chen KH, Luo XJ, Mai BX, Yang ZY. Polychlorinated biphenyls in human hair at an e-waste site in China: composition profiles and chiral signatures in comparison to dust. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 54:128-133. [PMID: 23454108 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human hair collected from an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling area in southern China and compared their composition profiles and chiral signatures to those of workplace and domestic dust. The PCB concentrations showed significant age dependence in dismantling workers' hair but not in residents' hair. Among residents, PCB concentrations decreased in the following order: elderly people>students>pre-school children>adults. The PCB homologue and congener profiles of the workers' hair were similar to those of the workplace dust. However, the PCB homologue profile of the residents' hair was clearly different from that of the domestic dust. The chiral congener CB95 generally exhibited a racemic or near-racemic composition in both hair and dust, with enantiomer fractions (EFs) ranging from 0.485 to 0.525 in hair and from 0.479 to 0.504 in dust. The EFs of CB132 in dust (0.477-0.513) were closer to a racemic chiral signature than those in hair (0.378-0.521), but this difference was not significant. Our results suggest that the chiral signature of PCBs may be a better tool than the PCB composition profile for identifying the external and internal sources of organic contaminants in human hair. Further measurements of chiral PCB signatures in hair and blood from the same individuals are needed to identify the external and internal sources of PCBs in human hair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zheng
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kania-Korwel I, Lehmler HJ. Assigning atropisomer elution orders using atropisomerically enriched polychlorinated biphenyl fractions generated by microsomal metabolism. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1278:133-44. [PMID: 23347976 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the enantiomeric fraction of chiral polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a powerful tool to investigate the movement of PCBs in the environment, for example as part of source apportionment and ecological studies. Environmental studies typically employ a series of cyclodextrin-based gas chromatography columns to separate all environmentally relevant PCB congeners. The elution order of most PCB atropisomers has not been established on different enantioselective columns due to the unavailability of analytical standards. To overcome this limitation, the current study generated atropisomerically enriched fractions of chiral PCBs with rat liver microsomes. Subsequently, the enrichment profile of the enriched PCB fractions was used to determine the elution order of PCB atropisomers on selected enantioselective gas chromatography columns. While the elution order of PCB 95, 131, 132, 136, 149 and 176 atropisomers was identical on all enantioselective columns investigated, an inversion of the elution order was observed for PCB 45, 84, 91 and 174 atropisomers on a few columns. These results demonstrate that atropisomerically enriched fractions obtained from microsomal metabolism can be used to unambiguously establish the relative elution order of the atropisomers of PCBs and potentially other environmental pollutant, especially if pure enantiomers are not available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Kania-Korwel
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|