1
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Matt RA, Martin RS, Evans AK, Gever JR, Vargas GA, Shamloo M, Ford AP. Locus Coeruleus and Noradrenergic Pharmacology in Neurodegenerative Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024; 285:555-616. [PMID: 37495851 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Adrenoceptors (ARs) throughout the brain are stimulated by noradrenaline originating mostly from neurons of the locus coeruleus, a brainstem nucleus that is ostensibly the earliest to show detectable pathology in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The α1-AR, α2-AR, and β-AR subtypes expressed in target brain regions and on a range of cell populations define the physiological responses to noradrenaline, which includes activation of cognitive function in addition to modulation of neurometabolism, cerebral blood flow, and neuroinflammation. As these heterocellular functions are critical for maintaining brain homeostasis and neuronal health, combating the loss of noradrenergic tone from locus coeruleus degeneration may therefore be an effective treatment for both cognitive symptoms and disease modification in neurodegenerative indications. Two pharmacologic approaches are receiving attention in recent clinical studies: preserving noradrenaline levels (e.g., via reuptake inhibition) and direct activation of target adrenoceptors. Here, we review the expression and role of adrenoceptors in the brain, the preclinical studies which demonstrate that adrenergic stimulation can support cognitive function and cerebral health by reversing the effects of noradrenaline depletion, and the human data provided by pharmacoepidemiologic analyses and clinical trials which together identify adrenoceptors as promising targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew K Evans
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Mehrdad Shamloo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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2
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Biswas K. Microglia mediated neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases: A review on the cell signaling pathways involved in microglial activation. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 383:578180. [PMID: 37672840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the immune sentinels of the central nervous system (CNS), have emerged to be the central players in many neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies on large genome databases and omics studies in fact provide support to the idea that microglial cells could be the drivers of these diseases. Microglial cells have the capacity to undergo morphological and phenotypic transformations depending on its microenvironment. From the homeostatic ramified state, they can shift their phenotypes between the two extremes, known as the proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, with intermediate transitional states, characterized by different transcriptional signature and release of inflammatory mediators. The temporal regulation of the release of the inflammatory factors are critical for damage control and steering the microglia back towards homeostatic conditions. A dysregulation in these can lead to excessive tissue damage and neuronal death. Therefore, targeting the cell signaling pathways that are the underpinnings of microglial modulations are considered to be an important avenue for treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases. In this review we have discussed various signaling pathways that trigger microglial activation from its ramified state and highlight the mechanisms of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation that are associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. Most of the cellular factors that drive microglia towards a proinflammatory phenotype are components of the immune system signaling pathways and cell proliferation, along with certain ion channels. The anti-inflammatory phenotype is mainly elicited by purinoceptors, metabolic receptors and other receptors that primarily suppress the production proinflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushiki Biswas
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University Main campus, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, India.
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3
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Lin YW, Fang CH, Liang YJ, Yang CY, Kuo WT, Lin FH. Controlled release of Clenbuterol from a hydroxyapatite carrier for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomater Res 2023; 27:98. [PMID: 37798744 PMCID: PMC10557233 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder, and Aβ aggregation is considered to be the central process implicated in its pathogenesis. Current treatments are faced by challenges such as serious side effects and reduced drug bioavailability. In this study, we developed a drug delivery system for intramuscular injection that uses cellular activity to achieve constant and long-term drug release. METHODS Synthesized mesoporous hydroxyapatite (SHAP) was prepared via co-precipitation, and hydrophobic surface modification using stearic acid was then used to load clenbuterol by physical absorption, thus creating the drug delivery system. Clenbuterol release was achieved through cellular activity, with macrophage uptake triggering lysosome/endosome disruption, cytoplasmic release, extracellular exocytosis, and subsequent systemic circulation. RESULTS We found that clenbuterol-loaded SHAP enabled sustained release for more than 2 weeks and effectively modulated inflammation, reduced Aβ oligomer-induced toxicity, and prevented Aβ aggregation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that treatment with clenbuterol loaded in this SHAP delivery system could be a promising strategy for treating Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiang Fang
- National Taiwan University Hospital, No.7, Chung Shan S. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei City, 100225, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jyun Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yun Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Kuo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Huei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Division of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, 35053, Miaoli County, Taiwan.
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4
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Clemente-Moragón A, Oliver E, Calle D, Cussó L, Gómez M, Pradillo JM, Castejón R, Rallón N, Benito JM, Fernández-Ferro JC, Carneado-Ruíz J, Moro MA, Sánchez-González J, Fuster V, Cortés-Canteli M, Desco M, Ibáñez B. Neutrophil β 1 adrenoceptor blockade blunts stroke-associated neuroinflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:459-478. [PMID: 36181002 PMCID: PMC10100149 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Reperfusion therapy is the standard of care for ischaemic stroke; however, there is a need to identify new therapeutic targets able to ameliorate cerebral damage. Neutrophil β1 adrenoceptors (β1AR) have been linked to neutrophil migration during exacerbated inflammation. Given the central role of neutrophils in cerebral damage during stroke, we hypothesize that β1AR blockade will improve stroke outcomes. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion to evaluate the effect on stroke of the selective β1AR blocker metoprolol (12.5 mg·kg-1 ) when injected i.v. 10 min before reperfusion. KEY RESULTS Magnetic resonance imaging and histopathology analysis showed that pre-reperfusion i.v. metoprolol reduced infarct size. This effect was accompanied by reduced cytotoxic oedema at 24 h and vasogenic oedema at 7 days. Metoprolol-treated rats showed reduced brain neutrophil infiltration and those which infiltrated displayed a high proportion of anti-inflammatory phenotype (N2, YM1+ ). Additional inflammatory models demonstrated that metoprolol specifically blocked neutrophil migration via β1AR and excluded a significant effect on the glia compartment. Consistently, metoprolol did not protect the brain in neutrophil-depleted rats upon stroke. In patients suffering an ischaemic stroke, β1AR blockade by metoprolol reduced circulating neutrophil-platelet co-aggregates. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings describe that β1AR blockade ameliorates cerebral damage by targeting neutrophils, identifying a novel therapeutic target to improve outcomes in patients with stroke. This therapeutic strategy is in the earliest stages of the translational pathway and should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Clemente-Moragón
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Oliver
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Calle
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Cussó
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Pradillo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Castejón
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Norma Rallón
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Benito
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - José C Fernández-Ferro
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María A Moro
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Brain Function program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Valentín Fuster
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marta Cortés-Canteli
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Brain Function program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja Ibáñez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Cardiology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Benton KC, Wheeler DS, Kurtoglu B, Ansari MBZ, Cibich DP, Gonzalez DA, Herbst MR, Khursheed S, Knorr RC, Lobner D, Maglasang JG, Rohr KE, Taylor A, Twining RC, Witt PJ, Gasser PJ. Norepinephrine activates β 1 -adrenergic receptors at the inner nuclear membrane in astrocytes. Glia 2022; 70:1777-1794. [PMID: 35589612 PMCID: PMC9276628 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Norepinephrine exerts powerful influences on the metabolic, neuroprotective and immunoregulatory functions of astrocytes. Until recently, all effects of norepinephrine were believed to be mediated by receptors localized exclusively to the plasma membrane. However, recent studies in cardiomyocytes have identified adrenergic receptors localized to intracellular membranes, including Golgi and inner nuclear membranes, and have shown that norepinephrine can access these receptors via transporter-mediated uptake. We recently identified a high-capacity norepinephrine transporter, organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3), densely localized to outer nuclear membranes in astrocytes, suggesting that adrenergic signaling may also occur at the inner nuclear membrane in these cells. Here, we used immunofluorescence and western blot to show that β1 -adrenergic receptors are localized to astrocyte inner nuclear membranes; that key adrenergic signaling partners are present in astrocyte nuclei; and that OCT3 and other catecholamine transporters are localized to astrocyte plasma and nuclear membranes. To test the functionality of nuclear membrane β1 -adrenergic receptors, we monitored real-time protein kinase A (PKA) activity in astrocyte nuclei using a fluorescent biosensor. Treatment of astrocytes with norepinephrine induced rapid increases in PKA activity in the nuclear compartment. Pretreatment of astrocytes with inhibitors of catecholamine uptake blocked rapid norepinephrine-induced increases in nuclear PKA activity. These studies, the first to document functional adrenergic receptors at the nuclear membrane in any central nervous system cell, reveal a novel mechanism by which norepinephrine may directly influence nuclear processes. This mechanism may contribute to previously described neuroprotective, metabolic and immunoregulatory actions of norepinephrine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beliz Kurtoglu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201
| | | | - Daniel P. Cibich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201
| | - Dante A. Gonzalez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201
| | - Matthew R. Herbst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201
| | - Saema Khursheed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201
| | - Rachel C. Knorr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201
| | - Doug Lobner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201
| | - Jenree G. Maglasang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201
| | - Kayla E. Rohr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201
| | - Analisa Taylor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201
| | - Robert C. Twining
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201
| | - Paul J. Witt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201
| | - Paul J. Gasser
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201
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6
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Renz-Polster H, Tremblay ME, Bienzle D, Fischer JE. The Pathobiology of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: The Case for Neuroglial Failure. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:888232. [PMID: 35614970 PMCID: PMC9124899 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.888232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) has a specific and distinctive profile of clinical features, the disease remains an enigma because causal explanation of the pathobiological matrix is lacking. Several potential disease mechanisms have been identified, including immune abnormalities, inflammatory activation, mitochondrial alterations, endothelial and muscular disturbances, cardiovascular anomalies, and dysfunction of the peripheral and central nervous systems. Yet, it remains unclear whether and how these pathways may be related and orchestrated. Here we explore the hypothesis that a common denominator of the pathobiological processes in ME/CFS may be central nervous system dysfunction due to impaired or pathologically reactive neuroglia (astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes). We will test this hypothesis by reviewing, in reference to the current literature, the two most salient and widely accepted features of ME/CFS, and by investigating how these might be linked to dysfunctional neuroglia. From this review we conclude that the multifaceted pathobiology of ME/CFS may be attributable in a unifying manner to neuroglial dysfunction. Because the two key features - post exertional malaise and decreased cerebral blood flow - are also recognized in a subset of patients with post-acute sequelae COVID, we suggest that our findings may also be pertinent to this entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Renz-Polster
- Division of General Medicine, Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health Baden-Württemberg (CPD-BW), University Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Joachim E. Fischer
- Division of General Medicine, Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health Baden-Württemberg (CPD-BW), University Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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7
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Maugeri G, D’Agata V, Magrì B, Roggio F, Castorina A, Ravalli S, Di Rosa M, Musumeci G. Neuroprotective Effects of Physical Activity via the Adaptation of Astrocytes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061542. [PMID: 34207393 PMCID: PMC8234474 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifold benefits of regular physical exercise have been largely demonstrated in human and animal models. Several studies have reported the beneficial effects of physical activity, both in peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system (CNS). Regular exercise improves cognition, brain plasticity, neurogenesis and reduces the symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases, making timeless the principle of “mens sana in corpore sano” (i.e., a healthy mind in a healthy body). Physical exercise promotes morphological and functional changes in the brain, acting not only in neurons but also in astrocytes, which represent the most numerous glial cells in the brain. The multiple effects of exercise on astrocytes comprise the increased number of new astrocytes, the maintenance of basal levels of catecholamine, the increase in glutamate uptake, the major release of trophic factors and better astrocytic coverage of cerebral blood vessels. The purpose of this review is to highlight the effects of exercise on brain function, emphasize the role of astrocytes in the healthy CNS, and provide an update for a better understanding of the effects of physical exercise in the modulation of astrocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Velia D’Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Benedetta Magrì
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Federico Roggio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Science, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia;
- Laboratory of Neural Structure and Function (LNSF), School of Medical Sciences, (Anatomy and Histology), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Silvia Ravalli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Michelino Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
- Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°97, 95100 Catania, Italy
- Department of Biology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-378-2043
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8
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Lu K, Bhat M, Peters S, Mitra R, Oberyszyn T, Basu S. Suppression of beta 2 adrenergic receptor actions prevent UVB mediated cutaneous squamous cell tumorigenesis through inhibition of VEGF-A induced angiogenesis. Mol Carcinog 2021; 60:172-178. [PMID: 33482042 PMCID: PMC7889723 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although beta 2 adrenergic receptors (β2 ADR) are present in the keratinocytes, their role in cutaneous squamous cell tumorigenesis needs to be ascertained. For the first time, we report here that selective β2 ADR antagonists by inhibiting β2 ADR actions significantly retarded the progression of ultraviolet B (UVB) induced premalignant cutaneous squamous cell lesions. These antagonists acted by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) mediated angiogenesis to prevent UVB radiation-induced squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Butoxamine/pharmacology
- Humans
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Keratinocytes/radiation effects
- Male
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/blood supply
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/etiology
- Neoplasms, Squamous Cell/blood supply
- Neoplasms, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Squamous Cell/etiology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/blood supply
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/etiology
- Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
- Xamoterol/pharmacology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lu
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus,
USA
| | - Madhavi Bhat
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus,
USA
| | - Sara Peters
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus,
USA
| | - Rita Mitra
- KPC Medical College, Kolkata, India. USA
| | - Tatiana Oberyszyn
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus,
USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University,
Columbus, USA
| | - Sujit Basu
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus,
USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University,
Columbus, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal
Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
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9
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Gaidin SG, Zinchenko VP, Sergeev AI, Teplov IY, Mal'tseva VN, Kosenkov AM. Activation of alpha‐2 adrenergic receptors stimulates GABA release by astrocytes. Glia 2020; 68:1114-1130. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei G. Gaidin
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences” Pushchino Russia
| | - Valery P. Zinchenko
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences” Pushchino Russia
| | - Alexander I. Sergeev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences” Pushchino Russia
| | - Ilia Y. Teplov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences” Pushchino Russia
| | - Valentina N. Mal'tseva
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences” Pushchino Russia
| | - Artem M. Kosenkov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences” Pushchino Russia
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10
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Huang R, Meng T, Zhu R, Zhao L, Song D, Yin H, Huang Z, Cheng L, Zhang J. The Integrated Transcriptome Bioinformatics Analysis Identifies Key Genes and Cellular Components for Spinal Cord Injury-Related Neuropathic Pain. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:101. [PMID: 32140464 PMCID: PMC7042182 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most devastating diseases with a high incidence rate around the world. SCI-related neuropathic pain (NeP) is a common complication, whereas its pathomechanism is still unclear. The purpose of this study is to identify key genes and cellular components for SCI-related NeP by an integrated transcriptome bioinformatics analysis. METHODS The gene expression profile of 25 peripheral blood samples from chronic phase SCI patients (E-GEOD-69901) and 337 normal peripheral blood samples were downloaded from ArrayExpress and Genotype-Tissue Expression Portal (GTEx), respectively. A total of 3,368 normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were download from Sequence Read Archive (SRA713577). Non-parametric tests were used to evaluate the association between all of differential expression genes (DEGs) and SCI-related NeP. CellPhoneDB algorithm was performed to identify the ligand-receptor interactions and their cellular localization among single PBMCs. Transcription factor (TF) enrichment analysis and Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) were used to identify the potential upstream regulatory TFs and downstream signaling pathways, respectively. Co-expression analysis among significantly enriched TFs, key cellular communication genes and differentially expressed signaling pathways were performed to identify key genes and cellular components for SCI-related NeP. RESULTS A total of 2,314 genes were identified as DEGs between the experimental and the control group. Five proteins (ADRB2, LGALS9, PECAM1, HAVCR2, LRP1) were identified in the overlap of proteins in the significant ligand-receptor interactions of PBMCs and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network based on the DEGs. Only HAVCR2 was significantly associated with NeP (P = 0.005). Besides, the co-expression analysis revealed that TF YY1 had significantly co-expression pattern with cellular communication receptor HAVCR2 (R = -0.54, P < 0.001) in NK cells while HAVCR2 was also co-expressed with mTOR signaling pathway (R = 0.57, P < 0.001). The results of RT-qPCR and external dataset validation supported the signaling axis with the most significant co-expression patterns. CONCLUSION In peripheral blood of chronic SCI, HAVCR2 might act as a key receptor on the surface of NK cells and interact with ligand LGALS9 secreted by CD14+ monocytes, inhibiting NK cells through mTOR signaling pathway and ultimately predicting the occurrence of SCI-related NeP. This hypothetical signaling axis may provide prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for SCI-related NeP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhi Huang
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Meng
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianwen Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huabin Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongqiang Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Prevention, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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11
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O'Neill E, Yssel JD, McNamara C, Harkin A. Pharmacological targeting of β 2 -adrenoceptors is neuroprotective in the LPS inflammatory rat model of Parkinson's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:282-297. [PMID: 31506926 PMCID: PMC6989960 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chronic inflammation may play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Noradrenaline is an endogenous neurotransmitter with anti-inflammatory properties. In the present investigation, we assessed the immunomodulatory and neuroprotective efficacy of pharmacologically targeting the CNS noradrenergic system in a rat model of PD. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The impact of treatment with the β2 -adrenoceptor agonists clenbuterol and formoterol was assessed in the intranigral LPS rat model of PD. The immunomodulatory potential of formoterol to influence the CNS response to systemic inflammation was also assessed. KEY RESULTS LPS-induced deficits in motor function (akinesia and forelimb-use asymmetry) and nigrostriatal dopamine loss were rescued by both agents. Treatment with the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine reduced striatal dopamine loss and motor deficits following intranigral LPS injection. Co-treatment with the β2 -adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 118,551 attenuated the protective effects of atomoxetine. Systemic LPS challenge exacerbated reactive microgliosis, IL-1β production, dopamine cell loss in the substantia nigra, nerve terminal degeneration in the striatum, and associated motor impairments in animals that previously received intranigral LPS. This exacerbation was attenuated by formoterol treatment. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The results indicate that pharmacologically targeting β2 -adrenoceptors has the propensity to regulate the neuroinflammatory phenotype in vivo and may be a potential neuroprotective strategy where inflammation contributes to the progression of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. In accordance with this, clinical agents such as β2 -adrenoceptor agonists may prove useful as immunomodulatory agents in the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions associated with brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin O'Neill
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity College Institute of NeuroscienceTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Justin D. Yssel
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity College Institute of NeuroscienceTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Caoimhe McNamara
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity College Institute of NeuroscienceTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity College Institute of NeuroscienceTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
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12
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Ryan KM, Boyle NT, Harkin A, Connor TJ. Dexamethasone attenuates inflammatory-mediated suppression of β 2-adrenoceptor expression in rat primary mixed glia. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 338:577082. [PMID: 31707103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
β2-adrenoceptors are G-protein coupled receptors expressed on both astrocytes and microglia that play a key role in mediating the anti-inflammatory actions of noradrenaline in the CNS. Here the effect of an inflammatory stimulus (LPS + IFN-γ) was examined on glial β2-adrenoceptor expression and function. Exposure of glia to LPS + IFN-γ decreased β2-adrenoceptor mRNA and agonist-stimulated production of the intracellular second messenger cAMP. Pre-treatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid and potent anti-inflammatory agent dexamethasone prevented the LPS + IFN-γ-induced suppression of β2-adrenoceptor mRNA expression. These results raise the possibility that inflammation-mediated β2-adrenoceptor downregulation in glia may dampen the innate anti-inflammatory properties of noradrenaline in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Ryan
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Noreen T Boyle
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Thomas J Connor
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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13
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Zhu MY, Raza MU, Zhan Y, Fan Y. Norepinephrine upregulates the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and protects dopaminegic neurons against 6-hydrodopamine toxicity. Neurochem Int 2019; 131:104549. [PMID: 31539561 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
As a classic neurotransmitter in the brain, norepinephrine (NE) also is an important modulator to other neuronal systems. Using primary cultures from rat ventral mesencephalon (VM) and dopaminergic cell line MN9D, the present study examined the neuroprotective effects of NE and its effects on the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The results showed that NE protected both VM cultures and MN9D cells against 6-hydroxydopamine-caused apoptosis, with possible involvement of adrenal receptors. In addition, treatment with NE upregulated TH protein levels in dose- and time-dependent manner. Further experiments to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying this NE-induced upregulation of TH demonstrated a marked increase in protein levels of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 (pERK1/2) in VM cultures treated with NE. In MN9D cells, a significantly increase of TH and pERK1/2 protein levels were observed after their transfection with BDNF cDNA or exposure to BDNF peptides. Treatment of VM cultures with K252a, an antagonist of the tropomyosin-related kinase B, blocked the upregulatory effects of NE on TH, BDNF and pERK1/2. Administration of MEK1 & MEK2 inhibitors also reversed NE-induced upregulation of TH and pERK1/2. Moreover, ChIP assay showed that treatment with NE or BDNF increased H4 acetylation in the TH promoter. These results suggest that the neuroprotection and modulation of NE on dopaminergic neurons are mediated via BDNF and MAPK/ERK pathways, as well as through epigenetic histone modification, which may have implications for the improvement of therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yang Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.
| | - Muhammad U Raza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Yanqiang Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Remin Hospital of the Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, Nantong University College of Medicine, Nantong, China
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14
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Zhou X, Xiao Q, Xie L, Yang F, Wang L, Tu J. Astrocyte, a Promising Target for Mood Disorder Interventions. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:136. [PMID: 31231189 PMCID: PMC6560156 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders have multiple phenotypes and complex underlying biological mechanisms and, as such, there are no effective therapeutic strategies. A review of recent work on the role of astrocytes in mood disorders is thus warranted, which we embark on here. We argue that there is tremendous potential for novel strategies for therapeutic interventions based on the role of astrocytes. Astrocytes are traditionally considered to have supporting roles within the brain, yet emerging evidence has shown that astrocytes have more direct roles in influencing brain function. Notably, evidence from postmortem human brain tissues has highlighted changes in glial cell morphology, density and astrocyte-related biomarkers and genes following mood disorders, indicating astrocyte involvement in mood disorders. Findings from animal models strongly imply that astrocytes not only change astrocyte morphology and physiological characteristics but also influence neural circuits via synapse structure and formation. This review pays particular attention to interactions between astrocytes and neurons and argues that astrocyte dysfunction affects the monoaminergic system, excitatory–inhibitory balance and neurotrophic states of local networks. Together, these studies provide a foundation of knowledge about the exact role of astrocytes in mood disorders. Importantly, we then change the focus from neurons to glial cells and the interactions between the two, so that we can understand newly proposed mechanisms underlying mood disorders, and to identify more diagnostic indicators or effective targets for treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xie
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Tu
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
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15
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Dobutamine treatment reduces inflammation in the preterm fetal sheep brain exposed to acute hypoxia. Pediatr Res 2018; 84:442-450. [PMID: 29976968 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired cerebral autoregulation in preterm infants makes circulatory management important to avoid cerebral hypoxic-ischemic injury. Dobutamine is frequently used as inotropic treatment in preterm neonates, but its effects on the brain exposed to cerebral hypoxia are unknown. We hypothesized that dobutamine would protect the immature brain from cerebral hypoxic injury. METHODS In preterm (0.6 gestation) fetal sheep, dobutamine (Dob, 10 μg/kg/min) or saline (Sal) was infused intravenously for 74 h. Two hours after the beginning of the infusion, umbilical cord occlusion (UCO) was performed to produce fetal asphyxia (Sal+UCO: n = 9, Dob+UCO: n = 7), or sham occlusion (Sal+sham: n = 7, Dob+sham: n = 6) was performed. Brains were collected 72 h later for neuropathology. RESULTS Dobutamine did not induce cerebral changes in the sham UCO group. UCO increased apoptosis and microglia density in white matter, hippocampus, and caudate nucleus, and astrocyte density in the caudate nucleus. Dobutamine commenced before UCO reduced microglia infiltration in the white matter, and microglial and astrocyte density in the caudate. CONCLUSION In preterm hypoxia-induced brain injury, dobutamine decreases neuroinflammation in the white matter and caudate, and reduces astrogliosis in the caudate. Early administration of dobutamine in preterm infants for cardiovascular stabilization appears safe and may be neuroprotective against unforeseeable cerebral hypoxic injury.
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16
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Phillips C, Fahimi A. Immune and Neuroprotective Effects of Physical Activity on the Brain in Depression. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:498. [PMID: 30093853 PMCID: PMC6070639 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity-a lifestyle factor that is associated with immune function, neuroprotection, and energy metabolism-modulates the cellular and molecular processes in the brain that are vital for emotional and cognitive health, collective mechanisms that can go awry in depression. Physical activity optimizes the stress response, neurotransmitter level and function (e.g., serotonergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic), myokine production (e.g., interleukin-6), transcription factor levels and correlates [e.g., peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor C coactivator-1α [PGC-1α], mitochondrial density, nitric oxide pathway activity, Ca2+ signaling, reactive oxygen specie production, and AMP-activated protein kinase [AMPK] activity], kynurenine metabolites, glucose regulation, astrocytic health, and growth factors (e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factor). Dysregulation of these interrelated processes can effectuate depression, a chronic mental illness that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Although the biogenic amine model has provided some clinical utility in understanding chronic depression, a need remains to better understand the interrelated mechanisms that contribute to immune dysfunction and the means by which various therapeutics mitigate them. Fortunately, convergent evidence suggests that physical activity improves emotional and cognitive function in persons with depression, particularly in those with comorbid inflammation. Accordingly, the aims of this review are to (1) underscore the link between inflammatory correlates and depression, (2) explicate immuno-neuroendocrine foundations, (3) elucidate evidence of neurotransmitter and cytokine crosstalk in depressive pathobiology, (4) determine the immunomodulatory effects of physical activity in depression, (5) examine protocols used to effectuate the positive effects of physical activity in depression, and (6) highlight implications for clinicians and scientists. It is our contention that a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which inflammation contributes to the pathobiology of depression will translate to novel and more effective treatments, particularly by identifying relevant patient populations that can benefit from immune-based therapies within the context of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristy Phillips
- Physical Therapy, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
- Physical Therapy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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17
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Griffin ÉW, Yssel JD, O’Neill E, Ryan KJ, Boyle N, Harper P, Harkin A, Connor T. The β2-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol reduces the neuroinflammatory response, neutrophil infiltration and apoptosis following intra-striatal IL-1β administration to rats. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 40:99-106. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2017.1418882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Éadaoin W. Griffin
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Justin D. Yssel
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eoin O’Neill
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katie J. Ryan
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noreen Boyle
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Harper
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas Connor
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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18
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Assessing disease-modifying effects of norepinephrine in Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2017; 1702:3-11. [PMID: 29102776 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Building upon the knowledge that a number of important brain circuits undergo significant degeneration in Alzheimer's disease, numerous recent studies suggest that the norepinephrine-ergic system in the brainstem undergoes significant alterations early in the course of both Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome. Massive projections from locus coeruleus neurons to almost the entire brain, extensive innervation of brain capillaries, and widespread distribution of noradrenergic receptors enable the norepinephrine-ergic system to play a crucial role in neural processes, including cognitive function. These anatomical and functional characteristics support the role of the norepinephrine-ergic system as an important target for developing new therapies for cognitive dysfunction. Careful neuropathological examinations using postmortem samples from individuals with Alzheimer's disease have implicated the role of the norepinephrine-ergic system in the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, numerous studies have supported the existence of a strong interaction between norepinephrine-ergic and neuroimmune systems. We explore the interaction between the two systems that could play a role in the disease-modifying effects of norepinephrine in Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome.
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Hylin MJ, Brenneman MM, Corwin JV. Noradrenergic antagonists mitigate amphetamine-induced recovery. Behav Brain Res 2017; 334:61-71. [PMID: 28756213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain injury, including that due to stroke, leaves individuals with cognitive deficits that can disrupt daily aspect of living. As of now there are few treatments that shown limited amounts of success in improving functional outcome. The use of stimulants such as amphetamine have shown some success in improving outcome following brain injury. While the pharmacological mechanisms for amphetamine are known; the specific processes responsible for improving behavioral outcome following injury remain unknown. Understanding these mechanisms can help to refine the use of amphetamine as a potential treatment or lead to the use of other methods that share the same pharmacological properties. One proposed mechanism is amphetamine's impact upon noradrenaline (NA). In the current, study noradrenergic antagonists were administered prior to amphetamine to pharmacologically block α- and β-adrenergic receptors. The results demonstrated that the blockade of these receptors disrupted amphetamines ability to induce recovery from hemispatial neglect using an established aspiration lesion model. This suggests that amphetamine's ability to ameliorate neglect deficits may be due in part to noradrenaline. These results further support the role of noradrenaline in functional recovery. Finally, the development of polytherapies and combined therapeutics, while promising, may need to consider the possibility that drug interactions can negate the effectiveness of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hylin
- Neurotrauma and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States.
| | - M M Brenneman
- Department of Psychology, Coastal Carolina University, P.O. Box 261954, Conway, SC, United States
| | - J V Corwin
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, United States
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20
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Tsybko AS, Ilchibaeva TV, Popova NK. Role of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the pathogenesis and treatment of mood disorders. Rev Neurosci 2017; 28:219-233. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGlial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is widely recognized as a survival factor for dopaminergic neurons, but GDNF has also been shown to promote development, differentiation, and protection of other central nervous system neurons and was thought to play an important role in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Severe mood disorders, such as primarily major depressive disorder and bipolar affective disorder, attract particular attention. These psychopathologies are characterized by structural alterations accompanied by the dysregulation of neuroprotective and neurotrophic signaling mechanisms required for the maturation, growth, and survival of neurons and glia. The main objective of this review is to summarize the recent findings and evaluate the potential role of GDNF in the pathogenesis and treatment of mood disorders. Specifically, it describes (1) the implication of GDNF in the mechanism of depression and in the effect of antidepressant drugs and mood stabilizers and (2) the interrelation between GDNF and brain neurotransmitters, playing a key role in the pathogenesis of depression. This review provides converging lines of evidence that (1) brain GDNF contributes to the mechanism underlying depressive disorders and the effect of antidepressants and mood stabilizers and (2) there is a cross-talk between GDNF and neurotransmitters representing a feedback system: GDNF-neurotransmitters and neurotransmitters-GDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton S. Tsybko
- 1Department of Behavioral Neurogenomics, The Federal Research Center the Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Lavrentyeva av. 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Ilchibaeva
- 2Department of Behavioral Neurogenomics, The Federal Research Center the Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk 633090, Russia
| | - Nina K. Popova
- 2Department of Behavioral Neurogenomics, The Federal Research Center the Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk 633090, Russia
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Prestroke treatment with beta-blockers for hypertension is not associated with severity and poor outcome in patients with ischemic stroke. J Hypertens 2017; 35:870-876. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Amar M, Singh A, Mallick BN. Noradrenergic β-Adrenoceptor-Mediated Intracellular Molecular Mechanism of Na-K ATPase Subunit Expression in C6 Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:441-457. [PMID: 28353187 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation-associated elevated noradrenaline increases and decreases neuronal and glial Na-K ATPase activity, respectively. In this study, using C6 cell-line as a model, we investigated the possible intracellular molecular mechanism of noradrenaline-induced decreased glial Na-K ATPase activity. The cells were treated with noradrenaline in the presence or absence of adrenoceptor antagonists, modulators of extra- and intracellular Ca++ and modulators of intracellular signalling pathways. We observed that noradrenaline acting on β-adrenoceptor decreased Na-K ATPase activity and mRNA expression of the catalytic α2-Na-K ATPase subunit in the C6 cells. Further, cAMP and protein kinase-A mediated release of intracellular Ca++ played a critical role in such decreased α2-Na-K ATPase expression. In contrast, noradrenaline acting on β-adrenoceptor up-regulated the expression of regulatory β2-Na-K ATPase subunit, which although was cAMP and Ca++ dependent, was independent of protein kinase-A and protein kinase-C. Combining these with previous findings (including ours) we have proposed a working model for noradrenaline-induced suppression of glial Na-K ATPase activity and alteration in its subunit expression. The findings help understanding noradrenaline-associated maintenance of brain excitability during health and altered states, particularly in relation to rapid eye movement sleep and its deprivation when the noradrenaline level is naturally altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Amar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Abhishek Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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Inotropic support against early brain injury improves cerebral hypoperfusion and outcomes in a murine model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Brain Res Bull 2016; 130:18-26. [PMID: 28017781 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Early brain injury/ischemia is a recent therapeutic target that contributes to triggering delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) in the setting of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study aimed to determine the role of dobutamine for inotropic cardiac support in improving cerebral blood flow (CBF) and outcomes after experimental SAH, mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). Thirty-one mice were subjected to SAH by endovascular perforation, and assigned to either 2% isoflurane postconditioning performed between 1 and 2.5h after SAH induction or concomitant intravenous dobutamine infusion (15μg/kg/min) with or without HIF inhibitor 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) (10mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally. Neurobehavioral function was assessed daily by neurological scores and open field testing. DCI was defined 3days later by detecting a new infarction on MRI. Global CBF depression was notable early after SAH, but dobutamine showed significant improvement in CBF, lower incidence of DCI, and better recovery of neuroscores and open field test variables compared with isoflurane postconditioning (P<0.05). CBF over the entire brain on day 1 predicted DCI with a cut-off of 36.5ml/100g/min (80% specificity and 67% sensitivity), with a better area under the curve (0.83 versus 0.75) than the hemispheric CBF measured on the perforated side. The dobutamine-mediated outcomes were attenuated (P<0.05) by 2ME2 pretreatment. The data suggest that cardiac support with dobutamine improves global CBF depression induced by early brain injury, leading to reduced prevalence of DCI and better functional outcomes after experimental SAH, in which HIF may be acting as a critical mediator.
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Jóźwiak-Bębenista M, Wiktorowska-Owczarek A, Kowalczyk E. Beta-adrenoceptor-mediated cyclic AMP signal in different types of cultured nerve cells in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893316050071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Ryan KM, Griffin ÉW, Ryan KJ, Tanveer R, Vanattou-Saifoudine N, McNamee EN, Fallon E, Heffernan S, Harkin A, Connor TJ. Clenbuterol activates the central IL-1 system via the β2-adrenoceptor without provoking inflammatory response related behaviours in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 56:114-29. [PMID: 26928198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-acting, highly lipophilic, β2-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol may represent a suitable therapeutic agent for the treatment of neuroinflammation as it drives an anti-inflammatory response within the CNS. However, clenbuterol is also known to increase the expression of IL-1β in the brain, a potent neuromodulator that plays a role in provoking sickness related symptoms including anxiety and depression-related behaviours. Here we demonstrate that, compared to the immunological stimulus lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 250μg/kg), clenbuterol (0.5mg/kg) selectively up-regulates expression of the central IL-1 system resulting in a mild stress-like response which is accompanied by a reduction in locomotor activity and food consumption in rats. We provide further evidence that clenbuterol-induced activation of the central IL-1 system occurs in a controlled and selective manner in tandem with its negative regulators IL-1ra and IL-1RII. Furthermore, we demonstrate that peripheral β2-adrenoceptors mediate the suppression of locomotor activity and food consumption induced by clenbuterol and that these effects are not linked to the central induction of IL-1β. Moreover, despite increasing central IL-1β expression, chronic administration of clenbuterol (0.03mg/kg; twice daily for 21days) fails to induce anxiety or depressive-like behaviour in rats in contrast to reports of the ability of exogenously administered IL-1 to induce these symptoms in rodents. Overall, our findings suggest that clenbuterol or other selective β2-adrenoceptor agonists could have the potential to combat neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative disorders without inducing unwanted symptoms of depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Ryan
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Éadaoin W Griffin
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Katie J Ryan
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Riffat Tanveer
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Natacha Vanattou-Saifoudine
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eoin N McNamee
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Emer Fallon
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sheena Heffernan
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Thomas J Connor
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Lemmens S, Kusters L, Bronckaers A, Geurts N, Hendrix S. The β2-Adrenoceptor Agonist Terbutaline Stimulates Angiogenesis via Akt and ERK Signaling. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:298-308. [PMID: 27403604 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is associated with changes in endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and tube formation, controlled by extracellular receptor-activated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Akt signaling. Important regulators of these systems include hormones acting on G-protein-coupled receptors, such as beta 2-adrenoceptors (β2-ARs). In central nervous system (CNS) trauma, the importance of β2-AR modulation has been highlighted, although the effects on revascularization remain unclear. Vascular protection and revascularization are, however, key to support regeneration. We have investigated the angiogenic capacity of the specific β2-AR agonist terbutaline on ECs derived from the CNS, namely bEnd.3-cells. As angiogenesis is a multistep process involving increased proliferation and tube formation of ECs, we investigated the effects of terbutaline on these processes. We show that terbutaline significantly induced bEnd.3 tube formation in a matrigel in vitro assay. Moreover, administration of specific inhibitors of ERK and Akt signaling both inhibited terbutaline-induced tube formation. The proliferation rate of the ECs was not affected. In order to investigate the general effects of terbutaline in an organotypic system, we have used the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM)-assay. Most importantly, terbutaline increased the number of blood vessels in this in ovo setting. Although we observed a positive trend, the systemic administration of terbutaline did not significantly improve the functional outcome, nor did it affect revascularization in our spinal cord injury model. In conclusion, these data indicate that terbutaline is promising to stimulate blood vessel formation, underscoring the importance of further research into the angiotherapeutic relevance of terbutaline and β2-AR signaling after CNS-trauma. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 298-308, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Lemmens
- Department of Morphology and Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Lauren Kusters
- Department of Morphology and Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- Department of Morphology and Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Geurts
- Department of Morphology and Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Department of Morphology and Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Mutoh T, Mutoh T, Sasaki K, Yamamoto Y, Tsuru Y, Tsubone H, Ishikawa T, Taki Y. Isoflurane postconditioning with cardiac support promotes recovery from early brain injury in mice after severe subarachnoid hemorrhage. Life Sci 2016; 153:35-40. [PMID: 27094790 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Neurocardiac dysfunction is a life-threatening systemic consequence of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) that contributes to triggering delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). This study aimed to determine the impact of dobutamine cardiac support during isoflurane postconditioning on post-SAH DCI. MAIN METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to SAH, SAH plus isoflurane postconditioning, or SAH plus isoflurane postconditioning with dobutamine. Severity of SAH was graded from 1 to 4 (mild, 1-2; severe, 3-4) based on T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Cardiac output (CO) measured by transthoracic pulsed wave Doppler-echocardiography was titrated at a supra-normal level with intravenous dobutamine infusion. Neurological function was examined daily by neurological score and Rotarod tests. DCI was analyzed 3days later by determining new infarction on diffusion-weighted MRI. In a separate experiment, mice were pretreated with hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) inhibitor 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2). KEY FINDINGS Clinically relevant CO depression was notable in severe SAH grade mice, in which dobutamine CO management combined with isoflurane postconditioning showed earlier and improved functional recovery than postconditioning with single isoflurane inhalation. Incidence of infarction and volumes on day 3 reduced significantly in this subgroup. All of the effects during preconditioning were attenuated by 2ME2 pretreatment. SIGNIFICANCE Isoflurane postconditioning under dobutamine cardiac support improves recovery from SAH-induced early brain injury, leading to reduced DCI resultant from severe experimental SAH. These results indicate the importance of neuro-cardiac protection, in which HIF may be acting as a critical mediator, as a promising therapeutic approach to SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Mutoh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Mutoh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Surgical Neurology, Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels-AKITA, Akita, Japan.
| | - Kazumasu Sasaki
- Department of Surgical Neurology, Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels-AKITA, Akita, Japan
| | | | | | - Hirokazu Tsubone
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ishikawa
- Department of Surgical Neurology, Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels-AKITA, Akita, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Taki
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Thyroid Hormone-Induced Differentiation of Astrocytes is Associated with Transcriptional Upregulation of β-arrestin-1 and β-adrenergic Receptor-Mediated Endosomal Signaling. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5178-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Phelan C, Alaigh V, Fortunato G, Staff I, Sansing L. Effect of β-Adrenergic Antagonists on In-Hospital Mortality after Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2015; 24:1998-2004. [PMID: 26163891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke accounts for 85%-90% of all strokes and currently has very limited therapeutic options. Recent studies of β-adrenergic antagonists suggest they may have neuroprotective effects that lead to improved functional outcomes in rodent models of ischemic stroke; however, there are limited data in patients. We aimed to determine whether there was an improvement in mortality rates among patients who were taking β-blockers during the acute phase of their ischemic stroke. METHODS A retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database of ischemic stroke patients was performed. Patients who were on β-adrenergic antagonists both at home and during the first 3 days of hospitalization were compared with patients who were not on β-adrenergic antagonists to determine the association with patient mortality rates. RESULTS The study included a patient population of 2804 patients. In univariate analysis, use of β-adrenergic antagonists was associated with older age, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, and more-severe initial stroke presentation. Despite this, multivariable analysis revealed a reduction in in-hospital mortality among patients who were treated with β-adrenergic antagonists (odds ratio, .657; 95% confidence interval, .655-.658). CONCLUSIONS The continuation of home β-adrenergic antagonist medication during the first 3 days of hospitalization after an ischemic stroke is associated with a decrease in patient mortality. This supports the work done in rodent models suggesting neuroprotective effects of β-blockers after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek Alaigh
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington
| | | | - Ilene Staff
- Research Program, Hartford Hospital, Hartford
| | - Lauren Sansing
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington; Department of Neurology, Hartford Hospital, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT.
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Ghanemi A, Hu X. Elements toward novel therapeutic targeting of the adrenergic system. Neuropeptides 2015; 49:25-35. [PMID: 25481798 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adrenergic receptors belong to the family of the G protein coupled receptors that represent important targets in the modern pharmacotherapies. Studies on different physiological and pathophysiological properties of the adrenergic system have led to novel evidences and theories that suggest novel possible targeting of such system in a variety of pathologies and disorders, even beyond the classical known therapeutic possibilities. Herein, those advances have been illustrated with selected concepts and different examples. Furthermore, we illustrated the applications and the therapeutic implications that such findings and advances might have in the contexts of experimental pharmacology, therapeutics and clinic. We hope that the content of this work will guide researches devoted to the adrenergic aspects that combine neurosciences with pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Ghanemi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.
| | - Xintian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, China; Key State Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.
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31
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The β-adrenergic system as a possible new target for pharmacologic treatment of neovascular retinal diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 42:103-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Hill JW, Thompson JF, Carter MB, Edwards BS, Sklar LA, Rosenberg GA. Identification of isoxsuprine hydrochloride as a neuroprotectant in ischemic stroke through cell-based high-throughput screening. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96761. [PMID: 24804769 PMCID: PMC4013073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability and treatment options are limited. A promising approach to accelerate the development of new therapeutics is the use of high-throughput screening of chemical libraries. Using a cell-based high-throughput oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model, we evaluated 1,200 small molecules for repurposed application in stroke therapy. Isoxsuprine hydrochloride was identified as a potent neuroprotective compound in primary neurons exposed to OGD. Isoxsuprine, a β2-adrenergic agonist and NR2B subtype-selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, demonstrated no loss of efficacy when administered up to an hour after reoxygenation in an in vitro stroke model. In an animal model of transient focal ischemia, isoxsuprine significantly reduced infarct volume compared to vehicle (137±18 mm3 versus 279±25 mm3, p<0.001). Isoxsuprine, a peripheral vasodilator, was FDA approved for the treatment of cerebrovascular insufficiency and peripheral vascular disease. Our demonstration of the significant and novel neuroprotective action of isoxsuprine hydrochloride in an in vivo stroke model and its history of human use suggest that isoxsuprine may be an ideal candidate for further investigation as a potential stroke therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff W. Hill
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Neurology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeffrey F. Thompson
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Neurology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Mark B. Carter
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Bruce S. Edwards
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Larry A. Sklar
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Gary A. Rosenberg
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Neurology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
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Wood WG, Li L, Müller WE, Eckert GP. Cholesterol as a causative factor in Alzheimer's disease: a debatable hypothesis. J Neurochem 2014; 129:559-72. [PMID: 24329875 PMCID: PMC3999290 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
High serum/plasma cholesterol levels have been suggested as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Some reports, mostly retrospective epidemiological studies, have observed a decreased prevalence of AD in patients taking the cholesterol lowering drugs, statins. The strongest evidence causally linking cholesterol to AD is provided by experimental studies showing that adding/reducing cholesterol alters amyloid precursor protein (APP) and amyloid beta-protein (Ab) levels. However, there are problems with the cholesterol-AD hypothesis. Cholesterol levels in serum/plasma and brain of AD patients do not support cholesterol as a causative factor in AD.Prospective studies on statins and AD have largely failed to show efficacy. Even the experimental data are open to interpretation given that it is well-established that modification of cholesterol levels has effects on multiple proteins, not only amyloid precursor protein and Ab. The purpose of this review, therefore, was to examine the above-mentioned issues, discuss the pros and cons of the cholesterol-AD hypothesis, involvement of other lipids in the mevalonate pathway, and consider that AD may impact cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Gibson Wood
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VAMC, Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Walter E. Müller
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter Niederursel, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-St. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gunter P. Eckert
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter Niederursel, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-St. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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Ochoa-Cortes F, Guerrero-Alba R, Valdez-Morales EE, Spreadbury I, Barajas-Lopez C, Castro M, Bertrand J, Cenac N, Vergnolle N, Vanner SJ. Chronic stress mediators act synergistically on colonic nociceptive mouse dorsal root ganglia neurons to increase excitability. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:334-45. [PMID: 24286174 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress hormones can signal to colonic dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and may play a role in sustained hyperexcitability of nociceptors. METHODS Mouse DRG neurons were exposed overnight to epinephrine (Epi) 5 nM and/or corticosterone (Cort) 1 μM or prior water-avoidance stress. Patch clamp recordings, visceromotor reflexes (VMRs) and molecular studies were conducted. KEY RESULTS Water-avoidance stress induced neuronal hyperexcitability. Incubation of DRG neurons in both Cort and Epi (but neither alone) induced hyperexcitability (rheobase decreased 51%, p < 0.05; action potential discharge increased 95%, p < 0.01); this was blocked by antagonists of the β2 adrenoreceptor (butoxamine, But) and Cort receptor (mifepristone) in combination or alone. Stress hormones enhanced voltage-gated Nav 1.7 currents (p < 0.05) and suppressed IA (p < 0.0001) and IK+ (p < 0.05) currents. Furthermore, stress hormones increased DRG β2 adrenoreceptor mRNA (59%, p = 0.007) and protein (125%, p < 0.05), also Nav 1.7 transcript (45%, p = 0.004) and protein (114%, p = 0.002). In whole-animal studies, the WAS hyperexcitability of DRG neurons was blocked by antagonists of the β2 and glucocorticoid receptors (GCR) but together they paradoxically increased VMRs to colorectal balloon distension. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Stress mediators Epi and Cort activate β2 and GCR on DRG neurons which synergistically induce hyperexcitability of nociceptive DRG neurons and cause corresponding changes in voltage-gated Na(+) and K(+) currents. Furthermore, they increase the expression of β2 adrenoreceptors and Nav1.7 channels, suggesting transcriptional changes could contribute to sustained signaling following stress. The paradoxical effects of But and mifepristone in electrophysiological compared to VMR testing may reflect different peripheral and central actions on sensory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ochoa-Cortes
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Day JS, O'Neill E, Cawley C, Aretz NK, Kilroy D, Gibney SM, Harkin A, Connor TJ. Noradrenaline acting on astrocytic β2-adrenoceptors induces neurite outgrowth in primary cortical neurons. Neuropharmacology 2014; 77:234-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Potential benefits of therapeutic use of β2-adrenergic receptor agonists in neuroprotection and Parkinsonμs disease. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:103780. [PMID: 24741572 PMCID: PMC3987873 DOI: 10.1155/2014/103780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) is a seven-transmembrane (7TM) G-protein coupled receptor that is expressed on cells of the pulmonary, cardiac, skeletal muscle, and immune systems. Previous work has shown that stimulation of this receptor on immune cells has profound effects on the regulatory activity of both adaptive and innate immune cells. This review examines the functional dichotomy associated with stimulation of β2AR and microglial cells. As well, recent studies targeting these receptors with long-acting agonists are considered with respect to their therapeutic potential in management of Parkinsonμs disease.
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Shih GC, Calkins DJ. Secondary neuroprotective effects of hypotensive drugs and potential mechanisms of action. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014; 7:161-175. [PMID: 22737176 DOI: 10.1586/eop.12.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma, a long-term degenerative ocular neuropathy, remains a significant cause of vision impairment worldwide. While many risk factors have been correlated with increased risk for primary open-angle glaucoma, intraocular pressure (IOP) remains the only modifiable risk factor and primary therapeutic target. Pharmacologic therapies are administered topically; these include α(2)-agonists, β-antagonists, prostaglandin analogs and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Some of these topical medications exhibit secondary neuroprotective effects independent of their effect on IOP. This review covers the possible mechanisms of neuroprotection stimulated by drugs currently marketed for the lowering of IOP, based on known literature. While the neuroprotective properties of many glaucoma pharmaceuticals are promising from an experimental standpoint, key challenges for the development of new clinical practices include unknown systemic side effects, limited methods of drug delivery to the retina and optic nerve, and development of extended-release formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C Shih
- The Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, 11435 MRB IV, 2215B Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Dose-effects of aorta-infused clenbuterol on spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbits. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84095. [PMID: 24391890 PMCID: PMC3877193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) plays an important role in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in various organs. Recently, a selective β2AR agonist clenbuterol was suggested to protect against cerebral I/R injury. This study was designed to investigate changes of β2ARs after spinal cord I/R injury and dose-effects of aorta-infused clenbuterol on spinal cord I/R injury in rabbits. Methods Spinal cord ischemia was induced in New Zealand white rabbits by infrarenal abdominal aortic occlusion with a balloon catheter for 30 minutes except the sham group. During occlusion, nothing (I/R group), normal saline (NS group) or clenbuterol at different doses of 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, or 1 mg/kg (C0.005, C0.01, C0.05, C0.1, C0.5, and C1 groups) was infused into the occluded aortic segments. The hemodynamic data, blood glucose and serum electrolytes were measured during experimental period. Neurological function was assessed according to the modified Tarlov scales until 48 hours after reperfusion. After that, the lumbar spinal cord was harvested for β2AR immunohistochemistry and histopathologic evaluation in the anterior horns. Results The β2AR expression in the anterior horns of the spinal cord was significantly higher in the I/R group than in the sham group. Tarlov scores and the number of viable α-motor neurons were higher in C0.01-C0.5 groups than in the NS group, C0.005 and C1 groups and were highest in the C0.1 group. Hypotension and hyperglycemia were found in the C1 group. Conclusion β2ARs in the anterior horn were upregulated after spinal cord I/R injury. Aortic-infused clenbuterol (0.01–0.5 mg/kg) can attenuate spinal cord I/R injury dose-dependently during the ischemic period. The Optimal dosage was 0.1 mg/kg. Activation of β2AR could be a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of spinal cord I/R injury.
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Stimulation of central β2-adrenoceptors suppresses NFκB activity in rat brain: A role for IκB. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:368-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rodnight RB, Gottfried C. Morphological plasticity of rodent astroglia. J Neurochem 2012; 124:263-75. [PMID: 23278277 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, there has been an explosion of research on the role of neuroglial interactions in the control of brain homeostasis in both physiological and pathological conditions. Astrocytes, a subtype of glia in the central nervous system, are dynamic signaling elements that regulate neurogenesis and development of brain circuits, displaying intimate dynamic relationships with neurons, especially at synaptic sites where they functionally integrate the tripartite synapse. When astrocytes are isolated from the brain and maintained in culture, they exhibit a polygonal shape unlike their precursors in vivo. However, cultured astrocytes can be induced to undergo morphological plasticity leading to process formation, either by interaction with neurons or by the influence of pharmacological agents. This review highlights studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying morphological plasticity in astrocyte cultures and intact brain tissue, both in situ and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Burnard Rodnight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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β2 adrenergic-mediated reduction of blood glutamate levels and improved neurological outcome after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2012; 24:30-8. [PMID: 21979171 DOI: 10.1097/ana.0b013e318232deaa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoflurane-anesthetized rats subjected to traumatic brain injury (TBI) show a transient reduction in blood L-glutamate levels. Having previously observed that isoproterenol produces a sustained decrease in blood glutamate levels in naive rats, we investigated the possible effects of nonselective and selective β1 and β2 adrenergic agonists and antagonists both on blood glutamate levels and on the neurological outcomes of rats subjected to TBI. METHODS Rats received either 10 mL/kg of isotonic saline 1 hour after TBI, 50 µg/kg of isoproterenol pretreatment 30 minutes before TBI, 10 mg/kg of propranolol pretreatment 60 minutes before TBI, 10 mg/kg of metoprolol pretreatment 60 minutes before TBI, or 10 mg/kg of butaxamine pretreatment 40 minutes before TBI and 10 minutes before pretreatment with 50 µg/kg isoproterenol or 10 mg/kg of propranolol 60 minutes after TBI. A neurological severity score (NSS) was measured at 1, 24, and 48 hours after TBI. Blood glutamate, blood glucose, mean arterial blood pressure, and heart rate were measured at the time of drug injection, at the time of TBI, 60 minutes after TBI, and 90 minutes after TBI. RESULTS Blood glutamate levels decreased spontaneously by 60 minutes after TBI in the control group (P<0.05), reverting to baseline levels by 90 minutes after TBI. A pretreatment with either 10 mg/kg of metoprolol 60 minutes before TBI or with 50 µg/kg of isoproterenol 30 minutes before TBI also reduced blood glutamate levels (P<0.05) both at 90 minutes after TBI and improved the NSS measured 24 and 48 hours after TBI in comparison with the control saline-treated group. However, a 10-mg/kg butoxamine pretreatment 40 minutes before TBI and 10 minutes before pretreatment with 50 µg/kg of isoproterenol or 10 mg/kg of propranolol 60 minutes before TBI neither affected blood glutamate levels across time after TBI nor caused any significant change in the NSS measured 24 and 48 hours after TBI in comparison with the control saline-treated group. A strong correlation (r(2)=0.73) was demonstrated between the percent decrease in blood glutamate levels at 90 minutes after TBI and the percent improvement of NSS measured 24 hours after TBI. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the transient blood glutamate reduction seen after TBI is the result of a stress response and of the activation of the sympathetic nervous system through the β2 adrenergic receptors, causing an increase of the brain-to-blood efflux of glutamate observed with excess brain glutamate levels after a brain insult. This strongly correlates with the neurological improvement observed 24 hours after TBI.
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Rossello XS, Igbavboa U, Weisman GA, Sun GY, Wood WG. AP-2β regulates amyloid beta-protein stimulation of apolipoprotein E transcription in astrocytes. Brain Res 2012; 1444:87-95. [PMID: 22325097 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Two key players involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are amyloid beta protein (Aβ) and apolipoprotein E (apoE). Aβ increases apoE protein levels in astrocytes which is associated with cholesterol trafficking, neuroinflammatory responses and Aβ clearance. The mechanism for the increase in apoE protein abundance is not understood. Based on different lines of evidence, we propose that the beta-adrenergic receptor (βAR), cAMP and the transcription factor activator protein-2 (AP-2) are contributors to the Aβ-induced increase in apoE abundance. This hypothesis was tested in mouse primary astrocytes and in cells transfected with an apoE promoter fragment with binding sites for AP-2. Aβ(42) induced a time-dependent increase in apoE mRNA and protein levels which were significantly inhibited by βAR antagonists. A novel finding was that Aβ incubation significantly reduced AP-2α levels and significantly increased AP-2β levels in the nuclear fraction. The impact of Aβ-induced translocation of AP-2 into the nucleus was demonstrated in cells expressing AP-2 and incubated with Aβ(42). AP-2 expressing cells had enhanced activation of the apoE promoter region containing AP-2 binding sites in contrast to AP-2 deficient cells. The transcriptional upregulation of apoE expression by Aβ(42) may be a neuroprotective response to Aβ-induced cytotoxicity, consistent with apoE's role in cytoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena S Rossello
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VAMC, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Lee BY, Al-Waili N, Butler G. The effect of adrenergic β(2) receptor agonist on paraplegia following clamping of abdominal aorta. Arch Med Sci 2011; 7:597-603. [PMID: 22291794 PMCID: PMC3258778 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2011.24128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Surgical repair of an aortic aneurysm might be complicated by spinal cord injury and paraplegia. Since β-adrenoreceptor agonists showed neuroprotective effects, the study was designed to investigate the effect of clenbuterol on post-aortic clamping paraplegia and to identify if there is hyperemia associated with paraplegia. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty rabbits were divided into two groups: 15 control and 15 experimental (given clenbuterol 9 mg in drinking water 24 h prior to surgery). All the animals were subjected to laparotomy whereas the abdominal aorta was identified. Using a vascular clamp, the abdominal aorta was clamped just distal to the renal arteries. Abdominal aortic blood flow was recorded with a transonic flow meter. The neurological assessment was made according to Tarlov's Neurological Scale upon recovering from anesthesia. Anal sphincter tonus and bladder sphincter function were also checked. RESULTS Four rabbits (2 control and 2 experimental) developed complete paraplegia within 30 min of cross-clamping of the aorta. Of the 13 controls, 77% developed paraplegia, and of the 13 experimental rabbits administered clenbuterol 24 h prior to surgery with 22 min of aortic cross-clamping, 38% developed paraplegia The rabbits which did not develop paraplegia had a minimal increase in aortic blood flow, whereas the rabbits which developed paraplegia had a significant increase in aortic blood flow measurements after aortic decamping. CONCLUSIONS Post-aortic clamping paraplegia is associated with hyperemia and clenbuterol has a significant neuroprotective effect, obviously by preventing an increase in aortic blood flow following unclamping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bok Y. Lee
- Department of Surgery, New York Medical College, USA
| | - Noori Al-Waili
- Life Support Technology Group, Mount Vernon, New York, USA
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De Raedt S, Haentjens P, De Smedt A, Brouns R, Uyttenboogaart M, Luijckx GJ, De Keyser J. Pre-stroke use of beta-blockers does not affect ischaemic stroke severity and outcome. Eur J Neurol 2011; 19:234-40. [PMID: 21777353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE It is unclear whether pre-stroke beta-blockers use may influence stroke outcome. This study evaluates the independent effect of pre-stroke use of beta-blockers on ischaemic stroke severity and 3 months functional outcome. METHODS Pre-stroke use of beta-blockers was investigated in 1375 ischaemic stroke patients who had been included in two placebo-controlled trials with lubeluzole. Stroke severity was assessed by either the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) or the European Stroke Scale (ESS). A modified Rankin scale (mRS) score of >3 at 3 months was used as measure for the poor functional outcome. RESULTS Two hundred and sixty four patients were on beta-blockers prior to stroke onset, and 105 patients continued treatment after their stroke. Pretreatment with beta-blockers did not influence baseline stroke severity. There was no difference in stroke severity between nonusers and those on either a selective beta(1)-blocker or a non-selective beta-blocker. The likelihood of a poor outcome at 3 months was not influenced by pre-stroke beta-blocker use or beta-blocker use before and continued after stroke onset. CONCLUSIONS Pre-stroke use of beta-blockers does not appear to influence stroke severity and functional outcome at 3 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- S De Raedt
- Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Center for neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.
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Catus SL, Gibbs ME, Sato M, Summers RJ, Hutchinson DS. Role of β-adrenoceptors in glucose uptake in astrocytes using β-adrenoceptor knockout mice. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:1700-15. [PMID: 21138422 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE β(1) -, β(2) - and β(3) -adrenoceptors determined by functional, binding and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) studies are present in chick astrocytes and activation of β(2) - or β(3) -adrenoceptors increase glucose uptake. The aims of the present study are to identify which β-adrenoceptor subtypes are present in mouse astrocytes, the signal transduction mechanisms involved and whether β-adrenoceptor stimulation regulates glucose uptake. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Astrocytes were prepared from four mouse strains: FVB/N, DBA/1 crossed with C57BL/6J, β(3) -adrenoceptor knockout and β(1) β(2) -adrenoceptor knockout mice. RT-PCR and radioligand binding studies were used to determine β-adrenoceptor expression. Glucose uptake and cAMP were assayed to elucidate the signalling pathways involved. KEY RESULTS mRNAs for all three β-adrenoceptors were identified in astrocytes from wild-type mice. Radioligand binding studies identified that β(1) - and β(3) -adrenoceptors were predominant. cAMP studies showed that β(1) - and β(2) -adrenoceptors coupled to G(s) whereas β(3) -adrenoceptors coupled to both G(s) and G(i) . However, activation of any of the three β-adrenoceptors increased glucose uptake in mouse astrocytes. Interestingly, there was no functional compensation for receptor subtype loss in knockout animals. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrates that although β(1) -adrenoceptors are the predominant β-adrenoceptor in mouse astrocytes and are primarily responsible for cAMP production in response to β-adrenoceptor stimulation, β(3) -adrenoceptors are also present in mouse astrocytes and activation of β(2) - and β(3) -adrenoceptors increases glucose uptake in mouse astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Catus
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Rau TF, Kothiwal A, Zhang L, Ulatowski S, Jacobson S, Brooks DM, Cardozo-Pelaez F, Chopp M, Poulsen DJ. Low dose methamphetamine mediates neuroprotection through a PI3K-AKT pathway. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:677-86. [PMID: 21635908 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
High doses of methamphetamine induce the excessive release of dopamine resulting in neurotoxicity. However, moderate activation of dopamine receptors can promote neuroprotection. Therefore, we used in vitro and in vivo models of stroke to test the hypothesis that low doses of methamphetamine could induce neuroprotection. We demonstrate that methamphetamine does induce a robust, dose-dependent, neuroprotective response in rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). A similar dose dependant neuroprotective effect was observed in rats that received an embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Significant improvements in behavioral outcomes were observed in rats when methamphetamine administration delayed for up to 12 h after MCAO. Methamphetamine-mediated neuroprotection was significantly reduced in slice cultures by the addition of D1 and D2 dopamine receptor antagonist. Treatment of slice cultures with methamphetamine resulted in the dopamine-mediated activation of AKT in a PI3K dependant manner. A similar increase in phosphorylated AKT was observed in the striatum, cortex and hippocampus of methamphetamine treated rats following MCAO. Methamphetamine-mediated neuroprotection was lost in rats when PI3K activity was blocked by wortmannin. Finally, methamphetamine treatment decreased both cleaved caspase 3 levels in slice cultures following OGD and TUNEL staining within the striatum and cortex in rats following transient MCAO. These data indicate that methamphetamine can mediate neuroprotection through activation of a dopamine/PI3K/AKT-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Rau
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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Ryan KJ, Griffin ÉW, Connor TJ. Complementary anti-inflammatory actions of the β2-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol and the glucocorticoid dexamethasone in rat brain. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 232:209-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Qian L, Wu HM, Chen SH, Zhang D, Ali SF, Peterson L, Wilson B, Lu RB, Hong JS, Flood PM. β2-adrenergic receptor activation prevents rodent dopaminergic neurotoxicity by inhibiting microglia via a novel signaling pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4443-54. [PMID: 21335487 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) in the regulation of chronic neurodegenerative inflammation within the CNS is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine neuroprotective effects of long-acting β2AR agonists such as salmeterol in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Results showed salmeterol exerted potent neuroprotection against both LPS and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity both in primary neuron-glia cultures (at subnanomolar concentrations) and in mice (1-10 μg/kg/day doses). Further studies demonstrated that salmeterol-mediated neuroprotection is not a direct effect on neurons; instead, it is mediated through the inhibition of LPS-induced microglial activation. Salmeterol significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of microglial proinflammatory neurotoxic mediators, such as TNF-α, superoxide, and NO, as well as the inhibition of TAK1-mediated phosphorylation of MAPK and p65 NF-κB. The anti-inflammatory effects of salmeterol required β2AR expression in microglia but were not mediated through the conventional G protein-coupled receptor/cAMP pathway. Rather, salmeterol failed to induce microglial cAMP production, could not be reversed by either protein kinase A inhibitors or an exchange protein directly activated by cAMP agonist, and was dependent on β-arrestin2 expression. Taken together, our results demonstrate that administration of extremely low doses of salmeterol exhibit potent neuroprotective effects by inhibiting microglial cell activation through a β2AR/β-arrestin2-dependent but cAMP/protein kinase A-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qian
- North Carolina Oral Health Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Markus T, Hansson SR, Cronberg T, Cilio C, Wieloch T, Ley D. β-Adrenoceptor activation depresses brain inflammation and is neuroprotective in lipopolysaccharide-induced sensitization to oxygen-glucose deprivation in organotypic hippocampal slices. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:94. [PMID: 21172031 PMCID: PMC3017519 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation acting in synergy with brain ischemia aggravates perinatal ischemic brain damage. The sensitizing effect of pro-inflammatory exposure prior to hypoxia is dependent on signaling by TNF-α through TNF receptor (TNFR) 1. Adrenoceptor (AR) activation is known to modulate the immune response and synaptic transmission. The possible protective effect of α˜ and β˜AR activation against neuronal damage caused by tissue ischemia and inflammation, acting in concert, was evaluated in murine hippocampal organotypic slices treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and subsequently subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Method Hippocampal slices from mice were obtained at P6, and were grown in vitro for 9 days on nitrocellulose membranes. Slices were treated with β1(dobutamine)-, β2(terbutaline)-, α1(phenylephrine)- and α2(clonidine)-AR agonists (5 and 50 μM, respectively) during LPS (1 μg/mL, 24 h) -exposure followed by exposure to OGD (15 min) in a hypoxic chamber. Cell death in the slice CA1 region was assessed by propidium iodide staining of dead cells. Results Exposure to LPS + OGD caused extensive cell death from 4 up to 48 h after reoxygenation. Co-incubation with β1-agonist (50 μM) during LPS exposure before OGD conferred complete protection from cell death (P < 0.001) whereas the β2-agonist (50 μM) was partially protective (p < 0.01). Phenylephrine was weakly protective while no protection was attained by clonidine. Exposure to both β1- and β2-agonist during LPS exposure decreased the levels of secreted TNF-α, IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and prevented microglia activation in the slices. Dobutamine remained neuroprotective in slices exposed to pure OGD as well as in TNFR1-/- and TNFR2-/- slices exposed to LPS followed by OGD. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that activation of both β1- and β2-receptors is neuroprotective and may offer mechanistic insights valuable for development of neuro-protective strategies in neonates.
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The β2-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol elicits neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic actions in the kainic acid model of excitotoxicity. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:1354-61. [PMID: 20599496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity is a mechanism of neuronal cell death implicated in a range of neurodegenerative conditions. Systemic administration of the excitotoxin kainic acid (KA) induces inflammation and apoptosis in the hippocampus, resulting in neuronal loss. Evidence indicates that stimulation of glial β(2)-adrenoceptors has anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic properties that could result in neuroprotection. Consequently, in this study we examined the effect of the β(2)-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol on KA-induced inflammation, neurotrophic factor expression and apoptosis in the hippocampus. Clenbuterol (0.5mg/kg) was administered to rats one hour prior to KA (10mg/kg). Epileptic behaviour induced by KA was assessed for three hours following administration using the Racine scale. Twenty-four hours later TUNEL staining in the CA3 hippocampal subfield and hippocampal caspase-3 activity was assessed to measure KA-induced apoptosis. In addition, expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IFN-γ), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), kynurenine pathway enzymes indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO), the microglial activation marker CD11b, and the neurotrophins BDNF and NGF were quantified in the hippocampus using real-time PCR. Whilst clenbuterol treatment did not significantly alter KA-induced epileptic behavior it ameliorated KA-induced apoptosis, and this neuroprotective effect was accompanied by reduced inflammatory cytokine expression, reduced expression of iNOS, IDO, KMO and CD11b, coupled with increased BDNF and NGF expression in KA-treated rats. In conclusion, the β(2)-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol has anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic actions and elicits a neuroprotective effect in the KA model of neurodegeneration.
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