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Wang C, Jiang Q, Zhao P. Sevoflurane exposure during the second trimester induces neurotoxicity in offspring rats by hyperactivation of PARP-1. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:3031-3045. [PMID: 35859039 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fetal exposure to general anesthesia may cause noteworthy neurocognitive impairment, but the mechanisms are unclear. OBJECTIVES Our study designed to explore the potential mechanism of neurotoxicity in offspring rats after sevoflurane exposure to the pregnant rats during the second trimester. METHODS Pregnant rats (G14 day) were administrated with or without 3.5% sevoflurane, 40 mg/kg 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB), inhibitor of poly ADP ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1), or 10 mg/kg TC-2153, inhibitor of striatal-enriched phosphatase 61 (STEP61). Afterwards, the effects on expression of β-tubulin (TUJ1), neurite outgrowth inhibitor A (Nogo-A), parthanatos-related and STEP61/proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) pathway-associated proteins, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were examined by immunofluorescence staining, Western blot, and dihydroethidium (DHE) staining, respectively. Moreover, morphological changes in the hippocampal CA3 region and neuronal cell death were tested by glycine silver staining and TUNEL and immunofluorescence double staining, respectively. Furthermore, spatial learning and memory functions of rats on postnatal 28-33 days (PND 28-33) were evaluated by morris water maze (MWM). RESULTS Mid-pregnancy exposure to sevoflurane led to excessive PARP-1 activation, poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymer accumulation, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) nuclear translocation, and Nogo-A accumulation. Besides, sevoflurane significantly inhibited neurite growth and increased cell death in the fetal rat brain. Additionally, sevoflurane activated STEP61/Pyk2 pathway and increased ROS levels. However, 3-AB or TC-2153 significantly alleviated cell death, promoted neurites growth, and improved sevoflurane-induced spatial learning and memory impairment. CONCLUSION This study proposes that sevoflurane exposure during the second trimester incudes neurotoxicity in offspring rats by hyperactivation of PARP-1 via STEP61/Pyk2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District Liaoning Province, 110004, Shenyang, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District Liaoning Province, 110004, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District Liaoning Province, 110004, Shenyang, China.
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Pantazopoulos H, Berretta S. Editorial: Brain extracellular matrix: Involvement in adult neural functions and disease volume II. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:1009456. [PMID: 36046614 PMCID: PMC9421608 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.1009456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harry Pantazopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- *Correspondence: Harry Pantazopoulos
| | - Sabina Berretta
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Pantazopoulos H, Hossain NM, Chelini G, Durning P, Barbas H, Zikopoulos B, Berretta S. Chondroitin Sulphate Proteoglycan Axonal Coats in the Human Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:934764. [PMID: 35875507 PMCID: PMC9298528 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.934764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports a key involvement of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) NG2 and brevican (BCAN) in the regulation of axonal functions, including axon guidance, fasciculation, conductance, and myelination. Prior work suggested the possibility that these functions may, at least in part, be carried out by specialized CSPG structures surrounding axons, termed axonal coats. However, their existence remains controversial. We tested the hypothesis that NG2 and BCAN, known to be associated with oligodendrocyte precursor cells, form axonal coats enveloping myelinated axons in the human brain. In tissue blocks containing the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) from healthy donors (n = 5), we used dual immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, and unbiased stereology to characterize BCAN and NG2 immunoreactive (IR) axonal coats and measure the percentage of myelinated axons associated with them. In a subset of donors (n = 3), we used electron microscopy to analyze the spatial relationship between axons and NG2- and BCAN-IR axonal coats within the human MD. Our results show that a substantial percentage (∼64%) of large and medium myelinated axons in the human MD are surrounded by NG2- and BCAN-IR axonal coats. Electron microscopy studies show NG2- and BCAN-IR axonal coats are interleaved with myelin sheets, with larger axons displaying greater association with axonal coats. These findings represent the first characterization of NG2 and BCAN axonal coats in the human brain. The large percentage of axons surrounded by CSPG coats, and the role of CSPGs in axonal guidance, fasciculation, conductance, and myelination suggest that these structures may contribute to several key axonal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Pantazopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | | | - Gabriele Chelini
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Peter Durning
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Helen Barbas
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Basilis Zikopoulos
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sabina Berretta
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Sabina Berretta,
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Pantazopoulos H, Katsel P, Haroutunian V, Chelini G, Klengel T, Berretta S. Molecular signature of extracellular matrix pathology in schizophrenia. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:3960-3987. [PMID: 33070392 PMCID: PMC8359380 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence points to a critical involvement of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ). Decreases of perineuronal nets (PNNs) and altered expression of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in glial cells have been identified in several brain regions. GWAS data have identified several SZ vulnerability variants of genes encoding for ECM molecules. Given the potential relevance of ECM functions to the pathophysiology of this disorder, it is necessary to understand the extent of ECM changes across brain regions, their region- and sex-specificity and which ECM components contribute to these changes. We tested the hypothesis that the expression of genes encoding for ECM molecules may be broadly disrupted in SZ across several cortical and subcortical brain regions and include key ECM components as well as factors such as ECM posttranslational modifications and regulator factors. Gene expression profiling of 14 neocortical brain regions, caudate, putamen and hippocampus from control subjects (n = 14/region) and subjects with SZ (n = 16/region) was conducted using Affymetrix microarray analysis. Analysis across brain regions revealed widespread dysregulation of ECM gene expression in cortical and subcortical brain regions in SZ, impacting several ECM functional key components. SRGN, CD44, ADAMTS1, ADAM10, BCAN, NCAN and SEMA4G showed some of the most robust changes. Region-, sex- and age-specific gene expression patterns and correlation with cognitive scores were also detected. Taken together, these findings contribute to emerging evidence for large-scale ECM dysregulation in SZ and point to molecular pathways involved in PNN decreases, glial cell dysfunction and cognitive impairment in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Pantazopoulos
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical SciencesUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA
| | - Pavel Katsel
- Department of PsychiatryThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Mental Illness Research Education ClinicalCenters of Excellence (MIRECC)JJ Peters VA Medical CenterBronxNYUSA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of PsychiatryThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Mental Illness Research Education ClinicalCenters of Excellence (MIRECC)JJ Peters VA Medical CenterBronxNYUSA
| | - Gabriele Chelini
- Translational Neuroscience LaboratoryMclean HospitalBelmontMAUSA
- Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Torsten Klengel
- Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Translational Molecular Genomics LaboratoryMclean HospitalBelmontMAUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Sabina Berretta
- Translational Neuroscience LaboratoryMclean HospitalBelmontMAUSA
- Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Program in NeuroscienceHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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Molecular Mechanisms of Central Nervous System Axonal Regeneration and Remyelination: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218116. [PMID: 33143194 PMCID: PMC7662268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injury, including stroke, spinal cord injury, and traumatic brain injury, causes severe neurological symptoms such as sensory and motor deficits. Currently, there is no effective therapeutic method to restore neurological function because the adult CNS has limited capacity to regenerate after injury. Many efforts have been made to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying CNS regeneration and to establish novel therapeutic methods based on these mechanisms, with a variety of strategies including cell transplantation, modulation of cell intrinsic molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic targeting of the pathological nature of the extracellular environment in CNS injury. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms that regulate CNS regeneration, highlighting the history, recent efforts, and questions left unanswered in this field.
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Kim MH, Park SR, Choi BH. Comparative Analysis of the Expression of Chondroitin Sulfate Subtypes and Their Inhibitory Effect on Axonal Growth in the Embryonic, Adult, and Injured Rat Brains. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 18:165-178. [PMID: 32939673 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans (CS-GAGs) are the primary inhibitory GAGs for neuronal growth after central nervous system (CNS) injury. However, the inhibitory or permissive activity of CS-GAG subtypes is controversial and depends on the physiological needs of CNS tissues. In this study, we investigated the characteristics and effects of CS-GAGs on axonal growth, which was isolated from the brain cortices of normal rat embryo at E18, normal adult rat brain and injured adult rat brain. METHODS Isolated CS-GAGs from embryo, normal adult, and injured adult rat brains were used for analyzing their effect on attachment and axonal growth using modified spot assay with dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explants and cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). CS-GAGs were separated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the subtypes of CS-GAGs were analyzed. RESULTS CS-GAGs of all three groups inhibited CGN attachment and axonal growth of DRGs. However, CS-GAGs of normal adult rat brain exhibited higher inhibitory activity than those of the other groups in both assays. When subtypes of CS-GAGs were analyzed using HPLC, CS-A (4S) was the most abundant in all three groups and found in largest amount in normal adult rat brain. In contrast, unsulfated CS (CS0) and CS-C (6S) were more abundant by 3-4-folds in E18 group than in the two adult groups. CONCLUSION When compared with the normal adult rat brain, injured rat brain showed relatively similar patterns to that of embryonic rat brain at E18 in the expression of CS subtypes and their inhibitory effect on axonal growth. This phenomenon could be due to differential expression of CS-GAGs subtypes causing decrease in the amount of CS-A and mature-type CS proteoglycan core proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Hang Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - So Ra Park
- Department of Physiology, Inha University College of Medicine, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hyune Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Inha University College of Medicine, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
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Patel M, Pham NTK, Ziegenhorn E, Pisano A, Deaton RJ, Kim S, Rajarathnam V, Schwend T. Unique and overlapping effects of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) on sensory innervation of the chick cornea. Exp Eye Res 2020; 194:108007. [PMID: 32194064 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple aspects of cornea development, including the innervation of the cornea by trigeminal axons, are sensitive to embryonic levels of thyroid hormone (TH). Although previous work showed that increased TH levels could enhance the rate of axonal extension within the cornea in a thyroxine (T4)-dependent manner, details underlying the stimulatory effect of TH on cornea innervation are unclear. Here, by examining the effects throughout all stages of cornea innervation of the two main THs, triiodothyronine (T3) and T4, we provide a more complete characterization of the stimulatory effects of TH on corneal nerves and begin to unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms. During development, trigeminal axons are initially repelled at the corneal periphery and encircle the cornea in a pericorneal nerve ring prior to advancing into the corneal stroma radially from all along the nerve ring. Overall, exogenous T3 led to pleiotropic effects throughout all stages of cornea innervation, whereas the effects of exogenous T4 was confined to timepoints following completion of the nerve ring. Specifically, exogenous T3 accelerated the formation of the pericorneal nerve ring. By utilizing in vitro neuronal explants studies we demonstrated that T3 acts as a trophic factor to directly stimulate trigeminal nerve growth. Further, exogenous T3 caused disorganized and precocious innervation of the cornea, accompanied by the downregulation of inhibitory Robo receptors that normally act to regulate the timing of nerve advancement into the Slit-expressing corneal tissues. Following nerve ring completion, the growth rate and branching behavior of nerves as they advanced into and through the cornea were found to be stimulated equally by T3 or T4. These stimulatory influences of T3/T4 over nerves likely arose as secondary consequences brought on by TH-mediated modulations to the corneal extracellular matrix. Specifically, we found that the levels of nerve-inhibitory keratan- and chondroitin-sulfate containing proteoglycans and associated sulfation enzymes were dramatically altered in the presence of exogenous T3 or T4. Altogether, these findings uncover new roles for TH on corneal development and shed insight into the mechanistic basis of both T3 and T4 on cornea innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Patel
- Department of Biology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA
| | - Ngan T K Pham
- Department of Biology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA
| | - Elise Ziegenhorn
- Department of Biology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA
| | - Alyssa Pisano
- Department of Biology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA
| | - Ryan J Deaton
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shinho Kim
- Department of Biology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA
| | | | - Tyler Schwend
- Department of Biology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA.
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8
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Jin J, Tilve S, Huang Z, Zhou L, Geller HM, Yu P. Effect of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans on neuronal cell adhesion, spreading and neurite growth in culture. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:289-297. [PMID: 29557379 PMCID: PMC5879901 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.226398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As one major component of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the central nervous system, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) have long been known as inhibitors enriched in the glial scar that prevent axon regeneration after injury. Although many studies have shown that CSPGs inhibited neurite outgrowth in vitro using different types of neurons, the mechanism by which CSPGs inhibit axonal growth remains poorly understood. Using cerebellar granule neuron (CGN) culture, in this study, we evaluated the effects of different concentrations of both immobilized and soluble CSPGs on neuronal growth, including cell adhesion, spreading and neurite growth. Neurite length decreased while CSPGs concentration arised, meanwhile, a decrease in cell density accompanied by an increase in cell aggregates formation was observed. Soluble CSPGs also showed an inhibition on neurite outgrowth, but it required a higher concentration to induce cell aggregates formation than coated CSPGs. We also found that growth cone size was significantly reduced on CSPGs and neuronal cell spreading was restrained by CSPGs, attributing to an inhibition on lamellipodial extension. The effect of CSPGs on neuron adhesion was further evidenced by interference reflection microscopy (IRM) which directly demonstrated that both CGNs and cerebral cortical neurons were more loosely adherent to a CSPG substrate. These data demonstrate that CSPGs have an effect on cell adhesion and spreading in addition to neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Jin
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration; Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sharada Tilve
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhonghai Huang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration; Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Libing Zhou
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration; Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Panpan Yu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration; Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Wang X, Jiao X, Liu Z, Li Y. Crocetin Potentiates Neurite Growth in Hippocampal Neurons and Facilitates Functional Recovery in Rats with Spinal Cord Injury. Neurosci Bull 2017; 33:695-702. [PMID: 28770439 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocetin is an ingredient of traditional Chinese medicine and has therapeutic potential in various diseases due to its pharmacological properties, such as neuroprotection, anti-oxidative stress, and anti-inflammation. These properties might benefit the treatment of spinal cord injury. In the present study, we tested the effect of crocetin on neurite growth and sensorimotor dysfunction in a rat model of spinal cord injury. We evaluated the viability of cultured hippocampal neurons with tetrazolium dye and lactate dehydrogenase assays, visualized neurites and axons with antibody staining, and monitored motor and sensorimotor functions in rats with spinal cord injury using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan assay and the contact plantar placement test, respectively, and measured cytokine expression using enzyme-linked immuno-absorbent assays. We found that crocetin (1) did not alter the viability of cultured hippocampal neurons; (2) accelerated neurite growth with preference for the longest process in individual hippocampal neurons; (3) reversed the inhibition of neurite growth by chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan and NogoA; (4) facilitated the recovery of motor and sensorimotor functions after spinal cord injury; and (5) did not inhibit pro-inflammatory responses, but restored the innervation of the descending 5-HT system in injured spinal cord. Crocetin promotes neurite growth and facilitates the recovery of motor and sensorimotor functions after spinal cord injury, likely through repairing neuronal connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqian Wang
- Orthopaedics Department, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xiejia Jiao
- Orthopaedics Department, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Zhonghao Liu
- Orthopaedics Department, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yixin Li
- Imaging Department, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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Li H, Kuwajima T, Oakley D, Nikulina E, Hou J, Yang WS, Lowry ER, Lamas NJ, Amoroso MW, Croft GF, Hosur R, Wichterle H, Sebti S, Filbin MT, Stockwell B, Henderson CE. Protein Prenylation Constitutes an Endogenous Brake on Axonal Growth. Cell Rep 2016; 16:545-558. [PMID: 27373155 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Suboptimal axonal regeneration contributes to the consequences of nervous system trauma and neurodegenerative disease, but the intrinsic mechanisms that regulate axon growth remain unclear. We screened 50,400 small molecules for their ability to promote axon outgrowth on inhibitory substrata. The most potent hits were the statins, which stimulated growth of all mouse- and human-patient-derived neurons tested, both in vitro and in vivo, as did combined inhibition of the protein prenylation enzymes farnesyltransferase (PFT) and geranylgeranyl transferase I (PGGT-1). Compensatory sprouting of motor axons may delay clinical onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Accordingly, elevated levels of PGGT1B, which would be predicted to reduce sprouting, were found in motor neurons of early- versus late-onset ALS patients postmortem. The mevalonate-prenylation pathway therefore constitutes an endogenous brake on axonal growth, and its inhibition provides a potential therapeutic approach to accelerate neuronal regeneration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Li
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Neurology, and Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Takaaki Kuwajima
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Neurology, and Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Derek Oakley
- Project A.L.S./Jenifer Estess Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elena Nikulina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jianwei Hou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wan Seok Yang
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Emily Rhodes Lowry
- Project A.L.S./Jenifer Estess Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nuno Jorge Lamas
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Neurology, and Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Project A.L.S./Jenifer Estess Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, New York, NY 10032, USA; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Minho, Portugal
| | | | - Gist F Croft
- Project A.L.S./Jenifer Estess Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Hynek Wichterle
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Neurology, and Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Project A.L.S./Jenifer Estess Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Said Sebti
- Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Marie T Filbin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brent Stockwell
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Christopher E Henderson
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Neurology, and Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Project A.L.S./Jenifer Estess Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, New York, NY 10032, USA; Target ALS Foundation, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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11
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Smith PD, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Foscarin S, Kwok JCF, Fawcett JW. "GAG-ing with the neuron": The role of glycosaminoglycan patterning in the central nervous system. Exp Neurol 2015; 274:100-14. [PMID: 26277685 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are a diverse family of proteins that consist of one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, covalently linked to a core protein. PGs are major components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and play critical roles in development, normal function and damage-response of the central nervous system (CNS). GAGs are classified based on their disaccharide subunits, into the following major groups: chondroitin sulfate (CS), heparan sulfate (HS), heparin (HEP), dermatan sulfate (DS), keratan sulfate (KS) and hyaluronic acid (HA). All except HA are modified by sulfation, giving GAG chains specific charged structures and binding properties. While significant neuroscience research has focused on the role of one PG family member, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), there is ample evidence in support of a role for the other PGs in regulating CNS function in normal and pathological conditions. This review discusses the role of all the identified PG family members (CS, HS, HEP, DS, KS and HA) in normal CNS function and in the context of pathology. Understanding the pleiotropic roles of these molecules in the CNS may open the door to novel therapeutic strategies for a number of neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice D Smith
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Vivien J Coulson-Thomas
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simona Foscarin
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jessica C F Kwok
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - James W Fawcett
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK.
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12
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Lin S, Nazif K, Smith A, Baas PW, Smith GM. Histone acetylation inhibitors promote axon growth in adult dorsal root ganglia neurons. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1215-28. [PMID: 25702820 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic mechanisms that guide damaged axons to regenerate following spinal cord injury remain poorly understood. Manipulation of posttranslational modifications of key proteins in mature neurons could reinvigorate growth machinery after injury. One such modification is acetylation, a reversible process controlled by two enzyme families, the histone deacetylases (HDACs) and the histone acetyl transferases (HATs), acting in opposition. Whereas acetylated histones in the nucleus are associated with upregulation of growth-promoting genes, deacetylated tubulin in the axoplasm is associated with more labile microtubules, conducive to axon growth. This study investigates the effects of HAT and HDAC inhibitors on cultured adult dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and shows that inhibition of HATs by anacardic acid or CPTH2 improves axon outgrowth, whereas inhibition of HDACs by TSA or tubacin inhibits axon growth. Anacardic acid increased the number of axons able to cross an inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan border. Histone acetylation but not tubulin acetylation level was affected by HAT inhibitors, whereas tubulin acetylation levels were increased in the presence of the HDAC inhibitor tubacin. Although the microtubule-stabilizing drug taxol did not have an effect on the lengths of DRG axons, nocodazole decreased axon lengths. Determining the mechanistic basis will require future studies, but this study shows that inhibitors of HAT can augment axon growth in adult DRG neurons, with the potential of aiding axon growth over inhibitory substrates produced by the glial scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals for Pediatric Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kutaiba Nazif
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals for Pediatric Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals for Pediatric Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter W Baas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - George M Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals for Pediatric Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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13
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Zhou H, Li X, Wu Q, Li F, Fu Z, Liu C, Liang Z, Chu T, Wang T, Lu L, Ning G, Kong X, Feng S. shRNA against PTEN promotes neurite outgrowth of cortical neurons and functional recovery in spinal cord contusion rats. Regen Med 2014; 10:411-29. [PMID: 25495396 DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore neurite growth/regeneration and spinal cord injury repair after PTEN silencing via lentivirus-mediated RNAi. MATERIALS & METHODS Cortical neurons were seeded on or adjacent to chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. The length, number and crossing behavior of neurites were calculated. Lentivirus was locally injected into spinal cord contusion rats. The functional recovery and immunohistochemical staining were analyzed. RESULTS Neurites with PTEN silencing exhibited significant enhancements in elongation, initiation and crossing ability when they encountered chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in vitro. In vivo PTEN silencing improved functional recovery significantly, and promoted axon and synapse formation, but not scar formation. CONCLUSIONS PTEN silencing may be promising for spinal cord injury repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengxing Zhou
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | | | - Qiang Wu
- 3Department of Orthopaedics, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 314 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, PR China
| | - Fuyuan Li
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | | | - Chang Liu
- 4School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Zhipin Liang
- 4School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Tianci Chu
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Lu Lu
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Kong
- 4School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China
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14
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Kilinc D, Blasiak A, O'Mahony JJ, Lee GU. Low piconewton towing of CNS axons against diffusing and surface-bound repellents requires the inhibition of motor protein-associated pathways. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7128. [PMID: 25417891 PMCID: PMC4241520 DOI: 10.1038/srep07128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth cones, dynamic structures at axon tips, integrate chemical and physical stimuli and translate them into coordinated axon behaviour, e.g., elongation or turning. External force application to growth cones directs and enhances axon elongation in vitro; however, direct mechanical stimulation is rarely combined with chemotactic stimulation. We describe a microfluidic device that exposes isolated cortical axons to gradients of diffusing and substrate-bound molecules, and permits the simultaneous application of piconewton (pN) forces to multiple individual growth cones via magnetic tweezers. Axons treated with Y-27632, a RhoA kinase inhibitor, were successfully towed against Semaphorin 3A gradients, which repel untreated axons, with less than 12 pN acting on a small number of neural cell adhesion molecules. Treatment with Y-27632 or monastrol, a kinesin-5 inhibitor, promoted axon towing on substrates coated with chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, potent axon repellents. Thus, modulating key molecular pathways that regulate contractile stress generation in axons counteracts the effects of repellent molecules and promotes tension-induced growth. The demonstration of parallel towing of axons towards inhibitory environments with minute forces suggests that mechanochemical stimulation may be a promising therapeutic approach for the repair of the damaged central nervous system, where regenerating axons face repellent factors over-expressed in the glial scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Kilinc
- UCD Nanomedicine Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Agata Blasiak
- UCD Nanomedicine Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - James J O'Mahony
- UCD Nanomedicine Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Gil U Lee
- UCD Nanomedicine Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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15
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Targeting RPTPσ with lentiviral shRNA promotes neurites outgrowth of cortical neurons and improves functional recovery in a rat spinal cord contusion model. Brain Res 2014; 1586:46-63. [PMID: 25152470 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), the rapidly upregulated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), the prominent chemical constituents and main repulsive factors of the glial scar, play an important role in the extremely limited ability to regenerate in adult mammals. Although many methods to overcome the inhibition have been tested, no successful method with clinical feasibility has been devised to date. It was recently discovered that receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (RPTPσ) is a functional receptor for CSPGs-mediated inhibition. In view of the potential clinical application of RNA interference (RNAi), here we investigated whether silencing RPTPσ via lentivirus-mediated RNA interference can promote axon regeneration and functional recovery after SCI. Neurites of primary rat cerebral cortical neurons with depleted RPTPσ exhibited a significant enhancement in elongation and crossing ability when they encountered CSPGs in vitro. A contusion model of spinal cord injury in Wistar rats (the New York University (NYU) impactor) was used for in vivo experiments. Local injection of lentivirus encoding RPTPσ shRNA at the lesion site promoted axon regeneration and synapse formation, but did not affect the scar formation. Meanwhile, in vivo functional recovery (motor and sensory) was also enhanced after RPTPσ depletion. Therefore, strategies directed at silencing RPTPσ by RNAi may prove to be a beneficial, efficient and valuable approach for the treatment of SCI.
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16
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SCO-spondin derived peptide NX210 induces neuroprotection in vitro and promotes fiber regrowth and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93179. [PMID: 24667843 PMCID: PMC3965545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the limited regenerating potential of the central nervous system (CNS) in adults contrasts with the plasticity of the embryonic and perinatal periods. SCO (subcommissural organ)-spondin is a protein secreted early by the developing central nervous system, potentially involved in the development of commissural fibers. SCO-spondin stimulates neuronal differentiation and neurite growth in vitro. NX210 oligopeptide was designed from SCO-spondin's specific thrombospondin type 1 repeat (TSR) sequences that support the main neurogenic properties of the molecule. The objective of this work was to assess the neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties of NX210 in vitro and in vivo for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). In vitro studies were carried out on the B104 neuroblastoma cell line demonstrating neuroprotection by the resistance to oxidative damage using hydrogen peroxide and the measure of cell viability by metabolic activity. In vivo studies were performed in two rat models of SCI: (1) a model of aspiration of dorsal funiculi followed by the insertion of a collagen tube in situ to limit collateral sprouting; white matter regeneration was assessed using neurofilament immunostaining; (2) a rat spinal cord contusion model to assess functional recovery using BBB scale and reflex testing. We demonstrate for the first time that NX210 (a) provides neuroprotection to oxidative stress in the B104 neuroblastoma cells, (b) stimulates axonal regrowth in longitudinally oriented neofibers in the aspiration model of SCI and (c) significantly improves functional recovery in the contusive model of SCI.
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17
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Smith GM, Liu Y, Hong JW. Quantitative assessment of neurite outgrowth over growth promoting or inhibitory substrates. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1078:153-61. [PMID: 23975829 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-640-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of sensory neurons and assessment of neurite outgrowth in vitro is an important part of understanding neuronal development and plasticity. Cultures of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons provide quantitative results very quickly and, when grown on growth promoting or inhibitory substrates, can be utilized to study axonal growth, neurotrophic dependence, structure and function of growth cones. Since we are interested in axon regeneration and targeting, we have sought to promote neurite outgrowth by refining the techniques of growing DRG neurons in culture. This chapter describes detailed methods for the dissection and purification of DRG neurons and quantitative assessment of neurite on promoting or inhibitory substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Smith
- Shriners Hospital Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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18
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Chen XR, Liao SJ, Ye LX, Gong Q, Ding Q, Zeng JS, Yu J. Neuroprotective effect of chondroitinase ABC on primary and secondary brain injury after stroke in hypertensive rats. Brain Res 2013; 1543:324-33. [PMID: 24326094 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Focal cerebral infarction causes secondary damage in the ipsilateral ventroposterior thalamic nucleus (VPN). Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are a family of putative inhibitory components, and its degradation by chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) promotes post-injury neurogenesis. This study investigated the role of ChABC in the primary and secondary injury post stroke in hypertension. Renovascular hypertensive Sprague-Dawley rats underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and were subjected to continuous intra-infarct infusion of ChABC (0.12 U/d for 7 days) 24 h later. Neurological function was evaluated by a modified neurologic severity score. Neurons were counted in the peri-infarct region and the ipsilateral VPN 8 and 14 days after MCAO by Nissl staining and NeuN labeling. The expressions of CSPGs, growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and synaptophysin (SYN) were detected with immunofluorescence or Western blotting. The intra-infarct infusion of ChABC, by degrading accumulated CSPGs, rescued neuronal loss and increased the levels of GAP-43 and SYN in both the ipsilateral cortex and VPN, indicating enhancd neuron survival as well as augmented axonal growth and synaptic plasticity, eventually improving overall neurological function. The study demonstrated that intra-infarct ChABC infusion could salvage the brain from both primary and secondary injury by the intervention on the neuroinhibitory environment post focal cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-ran Chen
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department, National Key Discipline, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Song-jie Liao
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department, National Key Discipline, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lan-xiang Ye
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department, National Key Discipline, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qiong Gong
- Department of Neurology, the Second People's Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Qiao Ding
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department, National Key Discipline, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jin-sheng Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department, National Key Discipline, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department, National Key Discipline, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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19
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What axons tell each other: axon-axon signaling in nerve and circuit assembly. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:974-82. [PMID: 23973157 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A remarkable feature of nervous system development is the ability of axons emerging from newly formed neurons to traverse, by cellular scale, colossal distances to appropriate targets. The earliest axons achieve this in an essentially axon-free environment, but the vast majority of axons eventually grow along a scaffold of nerve tracts created by earlier extending axons. Signal exchange between sequentially or simultaneously extending axons may well represent the predominant mode of axonal navigation, but proportionally few efforts have so far been directed at deciphering the underlying mechanisms. This review intends to provide a conceptual update on the cellular and molecular principles driving axon-axon interactions, with emphasis on those contributing to the fidelity of axonal navigation, sorting and connectivity during nerve and circuit assembly.
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20
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Schwend T, Deaton RJ, Zhang Y, Caterson B, Conrad GW. Corneal sulfated glycosaminoglycans and their effects on trigeminal nerve growth cone behavior in vitro: roles for ECM in cornea innervation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:8118-37. [PMID: 23132805 PMCID: PMC3522437 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sensory trigeminal nerve growth cones innervate the cornea in a highly coordinated fashion. The purpose of this study was to determine if extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycans (ECM-GAGs), including keratan sulfate (KS), dermatan sulfate (DS), and chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) and C (CSC), polymerized in developing eyefronts, may provide guidance cues to nerves during cornea innervation. METHODS Immunostaining using antineuron-specific-β-tubulin and monoclonal antibodies for KS, DS, and CSA/C was performed on eyefronts from embryonic day (E) 9 to E14 and staining visualized by confocal microscopy. Effects of purified GAGs on trigeminal nerve growth cone behavior were tested using in vitro neuronal explant cultures. RESULTS At E9 to E10, nerves exiting the pericorneal nerve ring grew as tight fascicles, advancing straight toward the corneal stroma. In contrast, upon entering the stroma, nerves bifurcated repeatedly as they extended anteriorly toward the epithelium. KS was localized in the path of trigeminal nerves, whereas DS and CSA/C-rich areas were avoided by growth cones. When E10 trigeminal neurons were cultured on different substrates comprised of purified GAG molecules, their neurite growth cone behavior varied depending on GAG type, concentration, and mode of presentation (immobilized versus soluble). High concentrations of immobilized KS, DS, and CSA/C inhibited neurite growth to varying degrees. Neurites traversing lower, permissive concentrations of immobilized DS and CSA/C displayed increased fasciculation and decreased branching, whereas KS caused decreased fasciculation and increased branching. Enzymatic digestion of sulfated GAGs canceled their effects on trigeminal neurons. CONCLUSIONS Data herein suggest that GAGs may direct the movement of trigeminal nerve growth cones innervating the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Schwend
- From the Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Ryan J. Deaton
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Yuntao Zhang
- From the Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Bruce Caterson
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratories, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Gary W. Conrad
- From the Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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21
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The roles of neuronal and glial precursors in overcoming chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan inhibition. Exp Neurol 2012; 235:627-37. [PMID: 22498104 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The extension of axons through the major inhibitory component of the glial scar, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), remains a key obstacle for regeneration following spinal cord injury (SCI). We have previously shown that transplants composed of neuronal and glial restricted precursors (NRP and GRP respectively) promote regeneration and connectivity in the injured spinal cord (Bonner et al., 2010, 2011), however, little is known about the properties of these precursors at a cellular level. We now report that NRP-derived neurons, in contrast to dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, have the ability to extend axons and cross over from a permissive substratum (laminin) onto inhibitory CSPG in vitro. Growth cones of neurons derived from NRP, compared to DRG, exhibit significantly lower levels of the CSPG receptors protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPσ) and leukocyte common antigen-related phosphatase (LAR). GRP-conditioned medium prepared from the same cell densities did not affect the response of primary sensory neurons to CSPG confirming that the ability of NRP-derived neurons to cross onto CSPG is determined intrinsically. However, GRP-conditioned medium collected from high density cultures increased the probability of DRG axons to cross from LN onto CSPG and increased the length of DRG axons extending on CSPG. Collectively, these results suggest that (1) neurons derived from NRPs are intrinsically insensitive to CSPGs due to low levels of receptor expression, and (2) high levels of factors secreted by GRP can reduce the inhibitory effects of CSPG and promote axonal growth. These observations provide mechanistic insights into the specific roles of NRPs and GRPs in promoting regeneration and repair following SCI.
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22
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Kwok JCF, Yuen YL, Lau WK, Zhang FX, Fawcett JW, Chan YS, Shum DKY. Chondroitin sulfates in the developing rat hindbrain confine commissural projections of vestibular nuclear neurons. Neural Dev 2012; 7:6. [PMID: 22305371 PMCID: PMC3295737 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-7-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Establishing correct neuronal circuitry is crucial to proper function of the vertebrate nervous system. The abundance of chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycans in embryonic neural environments suggests that matrix proteoglycans regulate axonal projections when fiber tracts have not yet formed. Among the early-born neurons, the vestibular nucleus (VN) neurons initiate commissural projections soon after generation at E12.5 and reach the contralateral target by E15.5 in the rat hindbrain. We therefore exploited 24-hour cultures (1 day in vitro (DIV)) of the rat embryos and chondroitinase ABC treatment of the hindbrain matrix to reveal the role of CS moieties in axonal initiation and projection in the early hindbrain. Results DiI tracing from the VN at E12.5(+1 DIV) showed contralaterally projecting fibers assuming fascicles that hardly reached the midline in the controls. In the enzyme-treated embryos, the majority of fibers were unfasciculated as they crossed the midline at 90°. At E13.5(+1 DIV), the commissural projections formed fascicles and crossed the midline in the controls. Enzyme treatment apparently did not affect the pioneer axons that had advanced as thick fascicles normal to the midline and beyond, towards the contralateral VN. Later projections, however, traversed the enzyme-treated matrix as unfasciculated fibers, deviated from the normal course crossing the midline at various angles and extending beyond the contralateral VN. This suggests that CSs also limit the course of the later projections, which otherwise would be attracted to alternative targets. Conclusions CS moieties in the early hindbrain therefore control the course and fasciculation of axonal projections and the timing of axonal arrival at the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C F Kwok
- Department of Biochemistry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
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23
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Karumbaiah L, Anand S, Thazhath R, Zhong Y, McKeon RJ, Bellamkonda RV. Targeted downregulation of N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase significantly mitigates chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-mediated inhibition. Glia 2011; 59:981-96. [PMID: 21456043 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate-4,6 (CS-E) glycosaminoglycan (GAG) upregulation in astroglial scars is a major contributor to chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG)-mediated inhibition [Gilbert et al. (2005) Mol Cell Neurosci 29:545–558]. However, the role of N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase (GalNAc4S6ST) catalyzed sulfation of CS-E, and its contribution to CSPG-mediated inhibition of CNS regeneration remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we used in situ hybridization to show localized upregulation of GalNAc4S6ST mRNA after CNS injury. Using in vitro spot assays with immobilized CS-E, we demonstrate dose-dependent inhibition of rat embryonic day 18 (E18) cortical neurons. To determine whether selective downregulation of CS-E affected the overall inhibitory character of extracellular matrix produced by reactive astrocytes, single [against (chondroitin 4) sulfotransferase 11 (C4ST1) or GalNAc4S6ST mRNA] or double [against C4ST1 and GalNAc4S6ST mRNA] siRNA treatments were conducted and assayed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and high-performance liquid chromatography to confirm the specific downregulation of CS-4S GAG (CS-A) and CS-E. Spot and Bonhoeffer stripe assays using astrocyte-conditioned media from siRNA-treated rat astrocytes showed a significant decrease in inhibition of neuronal attachment and neurite extensions when compared with untreated and TGF-treated astrocytes. These findings reveal that selective attenuation of CS-E via siRNA targeting of GalNAc4S6ST significantly mitigates CSPG-mediated inhibition of neurons, potentially offering a novel intervention strategy for CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lohitash Karumbaiah
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Voyiadjis AG, Buettner HM, Shreiber D, Shinbrot T. Engineered in vitro/in silico models to examine neurite target preference. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:2363-75. [PMID: 21391808 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on spinal cord injury (SCI) repair focuses on developing mechanisms to allow neurites to grow past an injury site. In this article, we observe that numerous divergent paths (i.e., spinal roots) are present along the spinal column, and hence guidance strategies must be devised to ensure that regrowing neurites reach viable targets. Therefore, we have engineered an in vitro micropatterned model in which cultured E7 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) explants may enter alternate pathways (?roots?) along a branching micropattern. Alongside this in vitro model, we have developed an in silico simulation that we validate by comparison with independent experiments. We find in both in silico and in vitro models that the probability of a neurite entering a given root decreases exponentially with respect to the number of roots away from the DRG; consequently, the likelihood of neurites reaching a distant root can be vanishingly small. This result represents a starting point for future strategies to optimize the likelihood that neurites will reach appropriate targets in the regenerating nervous system, and provides a new computational tool to evaluate the feasibility and expected success of neurite guidance in complex geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Voyiadjis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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25
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See J, Bonner J, Neuhuber B, Fischer I. Neurite outgrowth of neural progenitors in presence of inhibitory proteoglycans. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:951-7. [PMID: 20102265 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2009.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Attempts to promote host regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) have often resulted in poor axon extension due to formation of a glial scar, which creates a dense physical barrier around the injury and contains molecules that inhibit regeneration and repair of adult injured axons. Previous studies have shown that, while transplants of multipotent neural stem cells (NSC) integrate poorly in the injury site, the use of neuronal-restricted precursor cells (NRP) together with glial-restricted precursor cells (GRP) allow differentiation and integration of neurons, possibly because NRP are able to overcome chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) inhibition. To investigate this possibility, we grew mixed cultures of NRP/GRP on CSPG at inhibitory concentrations, using embryonic hippocampal cultures as controls. We found that NRP/GRP grown on CSPG survive and differentiate into neurons with no significant changes in neurite length, relative to growth on control polylysine substrate, and in contrast to a significant inhibition of axon growth in hippocampal cultures grown on CSPG-coated substrate. There was, however, a significant decrease in neurite number and branching in both cultures, indicating that CSPG also has important effects on neuronal morphology. These data suggest that embryonic neurons supported by glial cells derived from NRP/GRP transplants are less sensitive to inhibitory effects of CSPG in the glial scar, and are thus an appropriate source for neuronal cell replacement and reconnection of damaged circuits after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill See
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA
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Abstract
Multiple molecular cues guide neuronal axons to their targets during development. Previous studies in vitro have shown that mechanical stimulation also can affect axon growth; however, whether mechanical force contributes to axon guidance in vivo is unknown. We investigated the role of muscle contractions in the guidance of zebrafish peripheral Rohon-Beard (RB) sensory axons in vivo. We analyzed several mutants that affect muscle contraction through different molecular pathways, including a new mutant allele of the titin a (pik) gene, mutants that affect the hedgehog signaling pathway, and a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mutant. We found RB axon defects in these mutants, the severity of which appeared to correlate with the extent of muscle contraction loss. These axons extend between the muscle and skin and normally have ventral trajectories and repel each other on contact. RB peripheral axons in muscle mutants extend longitudinally instead of ventrally, and the axons fail to repel one another on contact. In addition, we showed that limiting muscle movements by embedding embryos in agarose caused similar defects in peripheral RB axon guidance. This work suggests that the mechanical forces generated by muscle contractions are necessary for proper sensory axon pathfinding in vivo.
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Liu WL, Lee YH, Tsai SY, Hsu CY, Sun YY, Yang LY, Tsai SH, Yang WCV. Methylprednisolone inhibits the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in reactivated astrocytes. Glia 2008; 56:1390-400. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.20706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Smeal RM, Tresco PA. The influence of substrate curvature on neurite outgrowth is cell type dependent. Exp Neurol 2008; 213:281-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Minor K, Tang X, Kahrilas G, Archibald SJ, Davies JE, Davies SJ. Decorin promotes robust axon growth on inhibitory CSPGs and myelin via a direct effect on neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 32:88-95. [PMID: 18638554 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and myelin-associated molecules are major impediments to axon regeneration within the adult central nervous system (CNS). Decorin infusion can however suppress the levels of multiple inhibitory CSPGs and promote axon growth across spinal cord injuries [Davies, J.E., Tang, X., Denning, J.W., Archibald, S.J., and Davies, S.J., 2004. Decorin suppresses neurocan, brevican, phosphacan and NG2 expression and promotes axon growth across adult rat spinal cord injuries. Eur. J. Neurosci. 19, 1226-1242]. A question remained as to whether decorin can also increase axon growth on inhibitory CSPGs and myelin via a direct effect on neurons. We have therefore conducted an in vitro analysis of neurite extension by decorin-treated adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons cultured on substrates of inhibitory CSPGs or myelin membranes mixed with laminin. Decorin treatment promoted 14.5 and 5-fold increases in average neurite length/neuron over untreated controls on CSPGs or myelin membranes respectively. In addition to suppressing inhibitory scar formation, our present data shows that decorin can directly boost the ability of neurons to extend axons within CSPG or myelin rich environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Minor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado at Denver, Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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30
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Human neuroma contains increased levels of semaphorin 3A, which surrounds nerve fibers and reduces neurite extension in vitro. J Neurosci 2008; 27:14260-4. [PMID: 18160633 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4571-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroma formation after peripheral nerve injury is detrimental to functional recovery and is therefore a significant clinical problem. The molecular basis for this phenomenon is not fully understood. Here, we show that the expression of the chemorepulsive protein semaphorin 3A (sema3A), but not semaphorin 3F, is increased in human neuroma tissue that has formed in severe obstetric brachial plexus lesions. Sema3A is produced by fibroblasts in the epineurial space and appears to be secreted into the extracellular matrix. It surrounds fascicles, minifascicles, or single axons, suggesting a role in fasciculation and inhibition of neurite outgrowth. Lentiviral vector-mediated knock-down of Neuropilin 1, the receptor for sema3A, leads to increased neurite outgrowth of F11 cells cultured on neuroma tissue, but not of F11 cells cultured on normal nerve tissue. These findings demonstrate the putative inhibitory role of sema3A in human neuroma tissue. Our observations are the first demonstration of the expression of sema3A in human neural scar tissue and support a role for this protein in the inhibition of axonal regeneration in injured human peripheral nerves. These findings contribute to the understanding of the outgrowth inhibitory properties of neuroma tissue.
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Hattori T, Matsuyama Y, Sakai Y, Ishiguro N, Hirata H, Nakamura R. Chondrotinase ABC enhances axonal regeneration across nerve gaps. J Clin Neurosci 2007; 15:185-91. [PMID: 18078754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2006.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of chondroitinase ABC on axonal regeneration across peripheral nerve gaps. We compared axonal regeneration after 15-mm tibial nerve resection and repair with a silicone tube filled with type I collagen gel (negative control group), with a silicone tube filled with type I collagen gel containing chondroitinase ABC at three different concentrations (2.5 units/mL, 5 units/mL, 10 units/mL) (chondroitinase ABC groups), and with an autologous nerve segment (nerve autograft group). Electrophysiological and histological assessments were carried out 12 weeks after surgery. In the electrophysiological study, compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) and nerve conduction velocities (NCVs) were recorded in all groups except the negative control group. Although both CMAPs and NCVs were highest in the nerve autograft group, there were no significant differences among the three chondroitinase ABC groups in either parameter. Histological findings were consistent with electrophysiological results. Based on these findings, we conclude that topical injection of chondroitinase ABC can significantly increase the critical length of nerve gap repair by tubulization or artificial nerve placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Hattori
- Department of Hand Surgery, Graduate School of Nagoya University, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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Evanko SP, Tammi MI, Tammi RH, Wight TN. Hyaluronan-dependent pericellular matrix. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007; 59:1351-65. [PMID: 17804111 PMCID: PMC2174428 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a multifunctional glycosaminoglycan that forms the structural basis of the pericellular matrix. Hyaluronan is extruded directly through the plasma membrane by one of three hyaluronan synthases and anchored to the cell surface by the synthase or cell surface receptors such as CD44 or RHAMM. Aggregating proteoglycans and other hyaluronan-binding proteins, contribute to the material and biological properties of the matrix and regulate cell and tissue function. The pericellular matrix plays multiple complex roles in cell adhesion/de-adhesion, and cell shape changes associated with proliferation and locomotion. Time-lapse studies show that pericellular matrix formation facilitates cell detachment and mitotic cell rounding. Hyaluronan crosslinking occurs through various proteins, such as tenascin, TSG-6, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, pentraxin and TSP-1. This creates higher order levels of structured hyaluronan that may regulate inflammation and other biological processes. Microvillous or filopodial membrane protrusions are created by active hyaluronan synthesis, and form the scaffold of hyaluronan coats in certain cells. The importance of the pericellular matrix in cellular mechanotransduction and the response to mechanical strain are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. Evanko
- The Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9 Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Markku I. Tammi
- Department of Anatomy, Kuopio University, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raija H. Tammi
- Department of Anatomy, Kuopio University, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Thomas N. Wight
- The Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9 Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- *Correspondence: Thomas N. Wight, The Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9 Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, , Phone: (206) 341-1377, Fax: (206) 341-1370
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Pizzi MA, Crowe MJ. Transplantation of Fibroblasts that Overexpress Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 into the Site of Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. J Neurotrauma 2006; 23:1750-65. [PMID: 17184186 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2006.23.1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth-inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are upregulated during glial scar formation at the site of spinal cord injury (SCI) in adult mammals. This CSPG-containing glial scar inhibits axonal regeneration. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) can degrade CSPGs and other inhibitory proteins to promote neurite outgrowth. Increased MMP synthesis and secretion are observed in fibroblasts adjacent to tumor cells that express the protein EMMPRIN (Extracellular Matrix MetalloPRoteinase INducer). EMMPRIN transduction of cells provides an avenue to deliver increased levels of MMPs to the site of SCI in a sustained, localized, and moderate fashion. We explored the use of EMMPRIN-transduced cells as a mechanism to degrade CSPGs, facilitate axonal growth and improve recovery after SCI. Human dermal fibroblasts infected with a recombinant EMMPRIN adenovirus significantly increased secretion of MMP-3 compared to fibroblasts infected with a control adenovirus. Decreased CSPG immunoreactivity was observed in injured spinal cord sections when they were incubated with media from EMMPRIN-transduced fibroblasts. Conditioned media from EMMPRIN-transduced fibroblasts increased the length of neurites that were grown on a CSPG substrate. Rats that received contusive SCI and EMMPRIN-transduced fibroblast transplants demonstrated improved locomotor recovery compared to rats that received control fibroblasts, but not compared to other control groups. EMMPRIN-transplanted rats showed a significant increase in the number of retrogradely labeled cell bodies within brainstem nuclei and an increase in serotonergic fibers distal to the site of injury. EMMPRIN, and consequently MMP, delivery to the injured spinal cord may prove to be beneficial in reducing some of the physical barriers to axonal growth after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Pizzi
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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34
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Gantus MAV, Nasciutti LE, Cruz CM, Persechini PM, Martinez AMB. Modulation of extracellular matrix components by metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors during degeneration and regeneration of rat sural nerve. Brain Res 2006; 1122:36-46. [PMID: 17027671 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The success of peripheral nervous system regeneration has been associated with changes on the microenvironment, particularly on the extracellular matrix (ECM) components. In the present study we analyzed by indirect immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and Western blotting, the distribution of ECM components, metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs), during Wallerian degeneration (WD) and nerve regeneration (2nd, 7th and 21st days after injury) on crushed rat sural nerves. Our results showed that laminin alpha3-chain and alpha2-chain are over expressed during the early stages of degeneration and regeneration respectively, whereas type IV collagen expression increased progressively after crush. On the other hand, the expression of chondroitin sulfate was down regulated during the early stages of degeneration, returning progressively to normal values during nerve regeneration. The expression of MMP-3 was almost normal immediately after lesion, and then reduced progressively achieving the smallest expression at 21 days after crush; on the contrary, the expression of MMP-7 increased significantly immediately after crush (2nd day) returning to normal values afterwards. TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were over expressed at the beginning of WD, returning progressively to normal values after that. These results indicate that the modifications of ECM components, which are favorable for nerve regeneration, are correlated with changes on the balance between MMPs and TIMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A V Gantus
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco F, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Brigadeiro Trompowsky s/n, 21941-540, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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35
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Burket CT, Higgins CE, Hull LC, Berninsone PM, Ryder EF. The C. elegans gene dig-1 encodes a giant member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that promotes fasciculation of neuronal processes. Dev Biol 2006; 299:193-205. [PMID: 16928366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The adhesion of growing neurites into appropriate bundles or fascicles is important for the development of correct synaptic connectivity in the nervous system. We describe fasciculation defects of animals with mutations in the C. elegans gene dig-1 and show that dig-1 encodes a giant molecule (13,100 amino acids) of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Five new alleles of dig-1 were isolated in a screen for mutations affecting the morphology or function of several classes of head sensory neurons. Mutants showed process defasciculation of several classes of neurons. Analysis of a temperature-sensitive allele revealed that dig-1 is required during embryogenesis for normal process fasciculation of one class of head sensory neuron. Partial sequencing of two alleles, RNA interference (RNAi) and rescuing experiments showed that dig-1 encodes a giant molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily. DIG-1 protein contains many domains associated with adhesion, is likely secreted, and has some features of proteoglycans. dig-1 mutants were originally isolated due to their displaced gonads [Thomas, J.H., Stern, M.J., Horvitz, H.R., 1990. Cell interactions coordinate the development of the C. elegans egg-laying system. Cell 62, 1041-52]; thus, dig-1 alleles were also characterized for their effects on gonad placement. Mutant phenotypes suggest that DIG-1 may mediate cell movement as well as process fasciculation and that different regions of the protein may mediate these functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Burket
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
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36
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Lemons ML, Barua S, Abanto ML, Halfter W, Condic ML. Adaptation of sensory neurons to hyalectin and decorin proteoglycans. J Neurosci 2006; 25:4964-73. [PMID: 15901777 PMCID: PMC6724852 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0773-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans are abundantly expressed in the pathways of developing and regenerating neurons, yet the responses of neurons to specific proteoglycans are not well characterized. We have shown previously that one chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), aggrecan, is potently inhibitory to sensory axon extension in short-term assays and that over time, embryonic neurons adapt to aggrecan-mediated inhibition through the transcriptional upregulation of integrin expression (Condic et al., 1999). Here, we have compared the response of embryonic sensory neurons to structurally distinct CSPGs that belong to either the hyalectin (or lectican) family of large, aggregating proteoglycans or the decorin (or small leucine-rich proteoglycan) family of smaller proteoglycans. Both of these structurally diverse proteoglycan families are expressed in developing embryos and inhibit outgrowth of embryonic sensory neurons in short-term cultures. These results document a previously uncharacterized inhibitory function for the decorin-family proteoglycan biglycan. Interestingly, embryonic neurons adapt to these diverse proteoglycans over time. Adaptation is associated with upregulation of select integrin alpha subunits in a proteoglycan-specific manner. Overexpression of specific integrin alpha subunits improves neuronal regeneration on some but not all decorin-family CSPGs, suggesting that neurons adapt to inhibition mediated by closely related proteoglycans using distinct mechanisms. Our findings indicate that CSPGs with diverse core proteins and distinct numbers of chondroitin sulfate substitution sites mediate a similar response in sensory neurons, suggesting that increased integrin expression may be an effective means of promoting axonal regeneration in the presence of diverse inhibitory proteoglycan species in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects
- Adaptation, Physiological/physiology
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Axons/metabolism
- Blotting, Northern/methods
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chick Embryo
- Decorin
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Interactions
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/pharmacology
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Hyaluronic Acid/metabolism
- Hyaluronic Acid/pharmacology
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- Laminin/pharmacology
- Nervous System/embryology
- Nervous System/metabolism
- Neurofilament Proteins/metabolism
- Neurons, Afferent/cytology
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/physiology
- Notochord/metabolism
- Proteoglycans/classification
- Proteoglycans/genetics
- Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Proteoglycans/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele L Lemons
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132-3401, USA
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Liu J, Chau CH, Liu H, Jang BR, Li X, Chan YS, Chan YS, Shum DKY. Upregulation of chondroitin 6-sulphotransferase-1 facilitates Schwann cell migration during axonal growth. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:933-42. [PMID: 16495484 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is central to development and post-traumatic regeneration. The differential increase in 6-sulphated chondroitins during axonal growth in both crushed sciatic nerves and brain development suggests that chondroitin 6-sulphotransferase-1 (C6ST-1) is a key enzyme that mediates cell migration in the process. We have cloned the cDNA of the C6ST-1 gene (C6st1) (GenBank accession number AF178689) from crushed sciatic nerves of adult rats and produced ribonucleotide probes accordingly to track signs of 6-sulphated chondroitins at the site of injury. We found C6st1 mRNA expression in Schwann cells emigrating from explants of both sciatic nerve segments and embryonic dorsal root ganglia. Immunocytochemistry indicated pericellular 6-sulphated chondroitin products around C6ST-1-expressing frontier cells. Motility analysis of frontier cells in cultures subjected to staged treatment with chondroitinase ABC indicated that freshly produced 6-sulphated chondroitin moieties facilitated Schwann cell motility, unlike restrictions resulting from proteoglycan interaction with matrix components. Sciatic nerve crush provided further evidence of in vivo upregulation of the C6ST-1 gene in mobile Schwann cells that guided axonal regrowth 1-14 days post crush; downregulation then accompanied declining mobility of Schwann cells as they engaged in the myelination of re-growing axons. These findings are the first to identify upregulated C6st1 gene expression correlating with the motility of Schwann cells that guide growing axons through both developmental and injured environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Radim J, Dubovy P. Immunohistochemical labelling of components of the endoneurial extracellular matrix of intact and rhizotomized dorsal and ventral spinal roots of the rat--a quantitative evaluation using image analysis. Acta Histochem 2006; 107:453-62. [PMID: 16414104 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Revised: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endoneurial extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules are involved in cell signalling during nervous system development and regeneration. Quantitative differences of immunofluorescence labelling for chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), fibronectin (FN), tenascin-C (TN-C), and thrombospondin (TSP) were evaluated in intact rat dorsal and ventral roots and dorsal and ventral roots 2 and 4 weeks after rhizotomy using image analysis. The distal stumps of spinal roots displayed increased immunolabelling for the molecules with higher immunofluorescence in dorsal than in ventral roots up to 2 weeks from transection. Four weeks after rhizotomy, the immunoreactivity for CSPG, TN-C and TSP decreased in dorsal and increased in ventral root stumps, although a higher level of immunofluorescence for FN remained in both dorsal and ventral root stumps 4 weeks after injury in comparison to 2 weeks after injury. We suggest that the amount of some ECM molecules changed differentially 2 and 4 weeks after rhizotomy to create an appropriate environment in the endoneurium for early and later regrowth of sensory and motor axons. The results presented here are the first report of differences between the endoneurial ECM content of damaged afferent and motor nerve fibers. In addition, the immunohistochemical detection of individual ECM molecules indicated that final extrinsic conditions stimulating the regrowth of regenerating axons probably arise from a balance of both growth-promoting and -inhibiting molecules in the endoneurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jancalek Radim
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Liu HY, Nur-E-Kamal A, Schachner M, Meiners S. Neurite guidance by the FnC repeat of human tenascin-C: neurite attraction vs. neurite retention. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 22:1863-72. [PMID: 16262626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The alternatively spliced fibronectin type-III repeat C of human tenascin-C (fnC) provides directional cues to elongating neurites in vitro. When given a choice at an interface with poly L-lysine (PLL), rat cerebellar granule neurites preferentially crossed onto fnC (defined herein as neurite attraction) whereas neurites originating on fnC preferentially remained on fnC (defined as neurite retention). Guidance motifs were further refined using synthetic peptides spanning the sequence of fnC. We found that a peptide with amino acid sequence DINPYGFTVSWMASE was sufficient to attract and retain neurites. Peptides with alterations in NPYG facilitated neurite retention but not attraction and, conversely, molecules with alterations in ASE facilitated neurite attraction but not retention. Hence neurite attraction and neurite retention mediated by fnC are separable events that can be independently regulated. This property may prove valuable for the strategic design of peptide reagents for use in strategies to facilitate directed axonal regrowth following CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Yin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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40
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Dubový P. Schwann cells and endoneurial extracellular matrix molecules as potential cues for sorting of regenerated axons: a review. Anat Sci Int 2005; 79:198-208. [PMID: 15633458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-073x.2004.00090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Besides very well elaborated microsurgical management of severed peripheral nerves, the clinical results of functional recovery following surgical repair of mixed nerves are disappointing. An improvement of functional recovery after peripheral nerve lesion requires the accurate regeneration of axons to their original target tissues and structures. Therefore, better clinical results could be obtained by a greater understanding of the cellular and molecular biology of selective nerve regeneration. The studies concerning Schwann cells and their endoneurial extracellular matrix as potent cues for selective promotion and influence of regenerating motor and sensory axons are reviewed. Knowledge of the sorting mechanisms of regenerated motor and sensory axons is needed not only for improvement of functional recovery, but also for the development of biocompatible nerve prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dubový
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic.
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41
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Silver L, Qiang L, Loudon R, Gallo G. Bidirectional inhibitory interactions between the embryonic chicken metanephros and lumbosacral nerves in vitro. Dev Dyn 2005; 231:190-8. [PMID: 15305299 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During chicken embryonic development the metanephros forms from the uretic duct at embryonic day (E) 7. As the metanephric tissue develops between E7 and E10, it comes into close apposition with lumbosacral nerves. Coculturing of metanephric and nerve explants demonstrated that the Schwann cells of the sciatic nerve inhibit the migration of metanephric cells in a contact-dependent manner. Conversely, metanephric cells inhibit dorsal root ganglion axon extension in a contact-dependent manner. However, metanephric cells are not inhibited by contact with growth cones or axons. Dorsal root ganglion growth cones become sensitive to the inhibitory signals on the surfaces of metanephric cells around E8, a time when the metanephros is expanding into the territory occupied by nerves in vivo. These observations demonstrate inhibitory bidirectional tissue-tissue interactions in vitro and provide a novel model system for the study of contact-based guidance of both neuronal and non-neuronal cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Silver
- Drexel College of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Kantor DB, Chivatakarn O, Peer KL, Oster SF, Inatani M, Hansen MJ, Flanagan JG, Yamaguchi Y, Sretavan DW, Giger RJ, Kolodkin AL. Semaphorin 5A Is a Bifunctional Axon Guidance Cue Regulated by Heparan and Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans. Neuron 2004; 44:961-75. [PMID: 15603739 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2004] [Revised: 11/24/2004] [Accepted: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The response of neuronal growth cones to axon guidance cues depends on the developmental context in which these cues are encountered. We show here that the transmembrane protein semaphorin 5A (Sema5A) is a bifunctional guidance cue exerting both attractive and inhibitory effects on developing axons of the fasciculus retroflexus, a diencephalon fiber tract associated with limbic function. The thrombospondin repeats of Sema5A physically interact with the glycosaminoglycan portion of both chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). CSPGs function as precisely localized extrinsic cues that convert Sema5A from an attractive to an inhibitory guidance cue. Therefore, glycosaminoglycan bound guidance cues provide a molecular mechanism for CSPG-mediated inhibition of axonal extension. Further, axonal HSPGs are required for Sema5A-mediated attraction, suggesting that HSPGs are components of functional Sema5A receptors. Thus, neuronal responses to Sema5A are proteoglycan dependent and interpreted according to the biological context in which this membrane bound guidance cue is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Kantor
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Davies JE, Tang X, Denning JW, Archibald SJ, Davies SJA. Decorin suppresses neurocan, brevican, phosphacan and NG2 expression and promotes axon growth across adult rat spinal cord injuries. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:1226-42. [PMID: 15016081 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The formation of misaligned scar tissue by a variety of cell types expressing multiple axon growth inhibitory proteoglycans presents a physical and molecular barrier to axon regeneration after adult spinal cord injuries. Decorin is a small, leucine-rich proteoglycan that has previously been shown to reduce astrogliosis and basal lamina formation in acute cerebral cortex stab injuries. We have therefore tested whether mini pump infusion of hr-decorin into acute stab injuries of the adult rat spinal cord can not only inhibit formation of an astroglial limitans but also deposition of the axon growth inhibitory proteoglycans neurocan, NG2, phosphacan and brevican. Combined immunohistochemical and quantitative Western blot analysis revealed major reductions in levels of core protein expression (>80% for 130-kDa neurocan, 145/80-kDa brevican, 300-kDa phosphacan) and immunoreactivity for all four chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) within decorin-treated injuries compared with untreated controls. Astrogliosis within lesion margins and the accumulation of OX42+ macrophages/microglia within lesion centres were also significantly reduced. These decorin-induced changes in scar formation combined to promote the striking ability of axons from microtransplanted adult sensory neurons to enter, grow within and exit decorin-infused spinal cord injuries, in sharp contrast to the complete failure of axons to cross untreated, CSPG-rich lesions. Decorin pretreatment of meningial fibroblasts in vitro also resulted in a three-fold increase in neurite outgrowth from co-cultured adult sensory neurons and suppression of NG2 immunoreactivity. The ability of decorin to promote axon growth across acute spinal cord injuries via a coordinated suppression of inflammation, CSPG expression and astroglial scar formation make decorin treatment a promising component of future spinal cord regeneration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette E Davies
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Scurlock Tower Suite 944, 6560 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Bao X, Nishimura S, Mikami T, Yamada S, Itoh N, Sugahara K. Chondroitin Sulfate/Dermatan Sulfate Hybrid Chains from Embryonic Pig Brain, Which Contain a Higher Proportion of L-Iduronic Acid than Those from Adult Pig Brain, Exhibit Neuritogenic and Growth Factor Binding Activities. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:9765-76. [PMID: 14699094 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m310877200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that over-sulfated chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) chains from various marine organisms exhibit growth factor binding activities and neurite outgrowth-promoting activities in embryonic mouse hippocampal neurons in vitro. In this study we demonstrated that CS/DS hybrid chains purified from embryonic pig brain displayed marked neuritogenic activity and growth factor binding activities toward fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), FGF10, FGF18, pleiotrophin, and midkine, all of which exhibit neuroregulatory activities in the brain. In contrast, the CS/DS preparation from adult pig brain showed considerably less activity to bind these growth factors and no neuritogenic activity. Structural analysis indicated that the average size of the CS/DS chains was similar (40 kDa) between these two preparations, but the disaccharide compositions differed considerably, with a significant proportion of l-iduronic acid (IdoUA)-containing disaccharides (8 approximately 9%) in the CS/DS chains from embryos but not in those from adults (<1%). Interestingly, both neurite outgrowth-promoting activity and growth factor binding activities of the CS/DS chains from embryos were abolished by digestion not only with chondroitinase ABC but also with chondroitinase B, suggesting that the IdoUA-containing motifs are essential for these activities. These findings imply that the temporal expression of CS/DS hybrid structures containing both GlcUA and IdoUA and binding activities toward various growth factors play important roles in neurogenesis in the early stages of the development of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfeng Bao
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Hynds DL, Snow DM. A semi-automated image analysis method to quantify neurite preference/axon guidance on a patterned substratum. J Neurosci Methods 2002; 121:53-64. [PMID: 12393161 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0270(02)00231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Axon outgrowth and guidance are differentially promoted or inhibited by specific extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. The effects of these molecules can be examined by culturing neuronal explants on patterned substrata consisting of alternating stripes adsorbed with the molecules of interest. While outgrowth on substrata adsorbed with homogenous molecules can be reliably quantified, current methods of quantifying neurite preference on patterned substrata are subjective, labor intensive, and overall less reliable. Here, we present a quick, semi-automated, lowly subjective macro-based method to quantify the effects of a change in substratum on axon extension and guidance. We plated chick dorsal root ganglion explants on a substratum consisting of alternating stripes of laminin-1 (outgrowth supportive) and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs, outgrowth inhibitory). We evaluated neurite preference for laminin or CSPG-coated regions by measuring total neurite area, and produced an inhibition index. The quantitative data confirmed previous qualitative data showing that increasing concentrations of CSPGs induced increases in inhibition. The methods presented here: (1) require less stringent image capture criteria; (2) are quicker; (3) are less subjective compared to previously described methods; and (4) are versatile in that they can be used to assay neurite preference for any substratum-bound molecules in living or fixed cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- DiAnna L Hynds
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, MN 238 UKMC, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
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