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Corboz MR, Plaunt AJ, Malinin VS, Li Z, Gauani H, Chun D, Cipolla D, Perkins WR, Chapman RW. Assessment of Inhaled Treprostinil Palmitil, Inhaled and Intravenous Treprostinil, and Oral Selexipag in a Sugen/Hypoxia Rat Model of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 383:103-116. [PMID: 36507843 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Treprostinil palmitil (TP), a long-acting inhaled pulmonary vasodilator prodrug of treprostinil (TRE), has beneficial effects in a Sugen5416/hypoxia (Su/Hx) rat model of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) that compare favorably to the oral phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor (PDE5) sildenafil. In this study in male Sprague-Dawley rats, a dry powder formulation of TP (TPIP) was compared with inhaled and intravenous TRE and oral selexipag to evaluate inhibition of hemodynamic and pathologic changes in the lungs and heart induced by Su/Hx challenge. Su (20 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously followed by 3 weeks of Hx (10% O2/balance N2) and then initiation of test article administration over 5 weeks with room air breathing. Hemodynamics and histopathology were measured at the end of the study. Su/Hx challenge approximately doubled the mean pulmonary arterial blood pressure (mPAP) and the Fulton index, decreased cardiac output (CO), doubled the wall thickness and muscularization of the small (10-50 μm) and medium (51-100 μm) sized pulmonary arteries, and increased the percentage of obliterated pulmonary blood vessels. Even though inhaled TRE (65 μg/kg, 4× daily), intravenous TRE (810 ng/kg/min), and oral selexipag (30 mg/kg, twice daily) provided some beneficial effects against the Su/Hx challenge, the overall benefit was generally greater with TPIP at high dose (117 μg/kg, once daily). These results demonstrate that TPIP compares favorably to inhaled and intravenous TRE and oral selexipag with respect to inhibition of the pathophysiological changes induced by Su/Hx challenge in rats. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Treprostinil palmitil (TP) is a long-acting pulmonary vasodilator prodrug of treprostinil (TRE) formulated for inhaled administration by dry powder [treprostinil palmitil inhalation powder (TPIP)]. Comparison of the activity of TPIP, inhaled and intravenous TRE, and oral selexipag in a Sugen5416/hypoxia (Su/Hx) rat model of pulmonary arterial hypertension demonstrated that each of these drugs exert protection against the hemodynamic and histopathological changes induced by the Su/Hx challenge, with the greatest effect on these changes produced by TPIP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhili Li
- Insmed Incorporated, Bridgewater, New Jersey
| | | | - Donald Chun
- Insmed Incorporated, Bridgewater, New Jersey
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Treprostinil palmitil, an inhaled long-acting pulmonary vasodilator, does not show tachyphylaxis with daily dosing in rats. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2020; 66:101983. [PMID: 33346142 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2020.101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treprostinil palmitil (TP) is an inhaled long-acting pulmonary vasodilator prodrug of treprostinil (TRE) that has been formulated for delivery as a suspension (treprostinil palmitil inhalation suspension; TPIS) and as a dry powder (treprostinil palmitil inhalation powder; TPIP). In humans, tachyphylaxis is frequently observed with continuous intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous (SC) infusion of TRE and requires dosage escalation to maintain activity. The aim of the present study was to determine whether tachyphylaxis occurs with repeat daily administration of inhaled TPIS. METHODS Experiments were performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats prepared with a telemetry probe implanted into the right ventricle to measure the change in right ventricular pulse pressure (ΔRVPP) induced by exposure to a 10% oxygen gas mixture. TPIS (6 mL) at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mM was given by nose-only inhalation using an Aeroneb Pro nebulizer, either as a single administration or daily for 16 or 32 consecutive days. In studies involving consecutive daily administrations of TPIS, the delivered TP dosage was 140.3 μg/kg at 1 mM and ranged from 40.2 to 72.2 μg/kg at 0.5 mM. A separate cohort of telemetered rats received continuous IV infusion of TRE via an Alzet mini-pump at a dosage rate of 250 ng/kg/min for 16 days. Blood and lung tissue samples were obtained, and the concentration of TRE in the plasma and TRE and TP in the lungs were measured approximately 1 h after TPIS administration. RESULTS Dose-response studies with TPIS administered as a single administration inhibited the hypoxia-induced increase in RVPP in both a concentration-dependent (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mM) and time-dependent (1-24 h) manner. TPIS, given QD or BID at inhaled doses ranging from 40.2 to 140.3 μg/kg for 16 or 32 consecutive days, produced statistically significant (P < .05) inhibition of the increase of RVPP due to hypoxia over the full duration of the dosing periods. By contrast, the inhibition of the hypoxia-induced increase in RVPP observed with IV TRE infusion (250 ng/kg/min) disappeared after 16 days of infusion. The plasma concentrations of TRE were significantly higher after IV TRE (range, 2.85-13.35 ng/mL) compared to inhaled TPIS (range, 0.22-0.73 ng/mL) CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence of tachyphylaxis with repeat daily dosing of TPIS for a period of up to 32 days. The absence of tachyphylaxis with TPIS is likely related to its local vasodilatory effects within the lungs, combined with an absence of sustained high plasma concentrations of TRE.
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Effects of Post-translational Modifications on Membrane Localization and Signaling of Prostanoid GPCR-G Protein Complexes and the Role of Hypoxia. J Membr Biol 2019; 252:509-526. [PMID: 31485700 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a pivotal role in the adaptive responses to cellular stresses such as hypoxia. In addition to influencing cellular gene expression profiles, hypoxic microenvironments can perturb membrane protein localization, altering GPCR effector scaffolding and altering downstream signaling. Studies using proteomics approaches have revealed significant regulation of GPCR and G proteins by their state of post-translational modification. The aim of this review is to examine the effects of post-translational modifications on membrane localization and signaling of GPCR-G protein complexes, with an emphasis on vascular prostanoid receptors, and to highlight what is known about the effect of cellular hypoxia on these mechanisms. Understanding post-translational modifications of protein targets will help to define GPCR targets in treatment of disease, and to inform research into mechanisms of hypoxic cellular responses.
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Skoro-Sajer N, Lang I. Selexipag, an orally available IP receptor agonist, in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: current evidence and future prospects. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1274650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nika Skoro-Sajer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Lang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Prostanoids regulate angiogenesis acting primarily on IP and EP4 receptors. Microvasc Res 2015; 101:127-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Fediuk J, Sikarwar A, Lizotte P, Hinton M, Nolette N, Dakshinamurti S. Hypoxia increases pulmonary arterial thromboxane receptor internalization independent of receptor sensitization. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2015; 30:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Skoro-Sajer N, Lang IM. Selexipag for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 15:429-36. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.876007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Uchida T, Hazekawa M, Yoshida M, Matsumoto K, Sakai Y. Novel long-acting prostacyclin agonist (ONO-1301) with an angiogenic effect: promoting synthesis of hepatocyte growth factor and increasing cyclic AMP concentration via IP-receptor signaling. J Pharmacol Sci 2013; 123:392-401. [PMID: 24292413 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13073fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the angiogenic potency of ONO-1301, a novel prostacyclin agonist, using a murine sponge model. Solutions of ONO-1301 or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), as a positive control, were injected into sponges in the backs of mice, daily for 14 days. Hemoglobin and HGF levels in the sponge were increased for up to 14 days on daily treatment with ONO-1301 while on HGF treatment, they peaked on day 7 and had decreased again by day 14. ONO-1301 also upregulated c-Met expression for 14 days in a dose-dependent manner. When the mice were pretreated with an antibody to HGF or the prostaglandin I (IP)-receptor antagonist CAY10441, the angiogenic effect of ONO-1301 was dramatically reduced. Plasma concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) were increased in a dose-dependent manner by once daily treatment with ONO-1301 for 14 days. This effect was reduced by pretreatment with the IP-receptor antagonist. In conclusion, hemoglobin level was increased by repeated treatment with ONO-1301 for 14 days. It is suggested that ONO-1301 induced angiogenesis by promoting the synthesis of HGF and upregulated c-Met expression, followed by an increase in cAMP concentrations mediated by IP-receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Uchida
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Japan
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Wikström K, Reid HM, Hill M, English KA, O'Keeffe MB, Kimbembe CC, Kinsella BT. Recycling of the human prostacyclin receptor is regulated through a direct interaction with Rab11a GTPase. Cell Signal 2008; 20:2332-46. [PMID: 18832025 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The human prostacyclin receptor (hIP) undergoes agonist-induced internalization but the mechanisms regulating its intracellular trafficking and/or recycling to the plasma membrane are poorly understood. Herein, we conducted a yeast-two-hybrid screen to identify proteins interacting with the carboxyl-terminal (C)-tail domain of the hIP and discovered a novel interaction with Rab11a. This interaction was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitations in mammalian HEK293 and was augmented by cicaprost stimulation. The hIP co-localized to Rab11-containing recycling endosomes in both HEK293 and endothelial EA.hy 926 cells in a time-dependent manner following cicaprost stimulation. Moreover, over-expression of Rab11a significantly increased recycling of the hIP, while the dominant negative Rab11(S25N) impaired that recycling. Conversely, while the hIP co-localized to Rab4-positive endosomes in response to cicaprost, ectopic expression of Rab4a did not substantially affect overall recycling nor did Rab4a directly interact with the hIP. The specific interaction between the hIP and Rab11a was dependent on a 22 amino acid (Val(299)-Gln(320)) sequence within its C-tail domain and was independent of isoprenylation of the hIP. This study elucidates a critical role for Rab11a in regulating trafficking of the hIP and has identified a novel Rab11 binding domain (RBD) within its C-tail domain that is both necessary and sufficient to mediate interaction with Rab11a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Wikström
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Gessler T, Seeger W, Schmehl T. Inhaled Prostanoids in the Therapy of Pulmonary Hypertension. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2008; 21:1-12. [DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2007.0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Gessler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmehl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Rex S, Missant C, Segers P, Rossaint R, Wouters PF. Epoprostenol treatment of acute pulmonary hypertension is associated with a paradoxical decrease in right ventricular contractility. Intensive Care Med 2007; 34:179-89. [PMID: 17710383 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-007-0831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prostacyclins have been suggested to exert positive inotropic effects which would render them particularly suitable for the treatment of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction due to acute pulmonary hypertension (PHT). Data on this subject are controversial, however, and vary with the experimental conditions. We studied the inotropic effects of epoprostenol at clinically recommended doses in an experimental model of acute PHT. DESIGN AND SETTING Prospective laboratory investigation in a university hospital laboratory. SUBJECTS Six pigs (36 +/- 7kg). INTERVENTIONS Pigs were instrumented with biventricular conductance catheters, a pulmonary artery (PA) flow probe, and a high-fidelity pulmonary pressure catheter. Incremental doses of epoprostenol (10, 15, 20, 30, 40ng kg(-1) min(-1)) were administered in undiseased animals and after induction of acute hypoxia-induced PHT. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS In acute PHT epoprostenol markedly reduced RV afterload (slopes of pressure-flow relationship in the PA from 7.0 +/- 0.6 to 4.2 +/- 0.7mmHg minl(-1)). This was associated with a paradoxical and dose-dependent decrease in RV contractility (slope of preload-recruitable stroke-work relationship from 3.0 +/- 0.4 to 1.6 +/- 0.2 mW s ml(-1); slope of endsystolic pressure-volume relationship from 1.5 +/- 0.3 to 0.7 +/- 0.3mmHg ml(-1)). Left ventricular contractility was reduced only at the highest dose. In undiseased animals epoprostenol did not affect vascular tone and produced a mild biventricular decrease in contractility. CONCLUSIONS Epoprostenol has no positive inotropic effects in vivo. In contrast, epoprostenol-induced pulmonary vasodilation in animals with acute PHT was associated with a paradoxical decrease in RV contractility. This effect is probably caused indirectly by the close coupling of RV contractility to RV afterload. However, data from normal animals suggest that mechanisms unrelated to vasodilation are also involved in the observed negative inotropic response to epoprostenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Rex
- Section Centre for Experimental Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Acute Medical Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroederstraat 19 - bus 7003, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Kuwano K, Hashino A, Asaki T, Hamamoto T, Yamada T, Okubo K, Kuwabara K. 2-{4-[(5,6-Diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino]butoxy}-N-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide (NS-304), an Orally Available and Long-Acting Prostacyclin Receptor Agonist Prodrug. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 322:1181-8. [PMID: 17545310 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.124248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostacyclin (PGI(2)) and its analogs are useful for the treatment of various vascular disorders, but their half-lives are too short for widespread clinical application. To overcome this drawback, we have synthesized a novel diphenylpyrazine derivative, 2-[4-[(5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino]butoxy]-N-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide (NS-304), a prodrug of the active form [4-[(5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino]butoxy]acetic acid (MRE-269). NS-304 is an orally available and potent agonist for the PGI(2) receptor (IP receptor). The inhibition constant (K(i)) of MRE-269 for the human IP receptor was 20 nM; in contrast, the K(i) values for other prostanoid receptors were >2.6 microM. MRE-269 was therefore a highly selective agonist for the IP receptor. The plasma concentrations of MRE-269 remained near peak levels for more than 8 h after oral administration of NS-304 to rats and dogs, and NS-304 increased femoral skin blood flow in rats in a long-lasting manner without affecting the hemodynamics. These findings indicate that NS-304 acts as a long-acting IP receptor agonist in vivo. The continuous vasodilation evoked by NS-304 was not attenuated by repeated treatment, indicating that NS-304 is unlikely to cause severe desensitization of the IP receptor in rats. Moreover, a microdose pharmacokinetic study in which NS-304 was orally administered to healthy male volunteers showed conversion of NS-304 to MRE-269 and a long plasma elimination half-life for MRE-269 (7.9 h). In conclusion, NS-304 is an orally available and long-acting IP receptor agonist prodrug, and its active form, MRE-269, is highly selective for the IP receptor. Therefore, NS-304 is a promising drug candidate for various vascular diseases, especially pulmonary arterial hypertension and arteriosclerosis obliterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Kuwano
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., 14 Nishinosho-Monguchi-Cho, Kisshoin, Minami-Ku, Kyoto 601-8550, Japan.
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Wilson SJ, Dowling JK, Zhao L, Carnish E, Smyth EM. Regulation of Thromboxane Receptor Trafficking Through the Prostacyclin Receptor in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:290-6. [PMID: 17110599 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000252667.53790.4e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane (TxA2) effect disparate outcomes for atherogenesis and the response to vascular injury; PGI2, a vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation, limits the deleterious actions of TxA2, a vasoconstrictor and platelet activator. Dimerization of their G protein-coupled receptors, IP and TP, evokes a modified cellular response through which IP/TP counter-balance may be effected. We examined the consequence of IP/TP interaction for the regulatory pathways of both receptors. METHODS AND RESULTS TPalpha overexpressed in HEK293 cells or expressed endogenously in aortic smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) was internalized after selective activation of either TP or IP. Homologous trafficking of TP was unaltered by coexpression of IP. Heterologous sequestration of TPalpha required the physical presence of activated IP, in transfected and native cells, but was independent of IP signaling to adenylyl cyclase. Reciprocal heterologous regulation of IP, via activated TP, was evident in both HEK293 cells and ASMCs. Homologous TP internalization led to receptor retention and degradation. In contrast, when internalization was IP-induced, TPalpha was recycled to the cell surface in coexpressing HEK293 cells, but not in ASMCs, in accord with the postendocytotic pathway of IP. CONCLUSIONS IP/TPalpha interaction permits reciprocal regulation of receptor endocytosis via the trafficking pathway determined by the activated dimeric partner.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Dimerization
- Endocytosis/physiology
- Epoprostenol/physiology
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Hydrazines/pharmacology
- Iloprost/pharmacology
- Mice
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Protein Transport/physiology
- Receptors, Epoprostenol/agonists
- Receptors, Epoprostenol/genetics
- Receptors, Epoprostenol/physiology
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/genetics
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Thromboxane A2/physiology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Wilson
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Schermuly RT, Pullamsetti SS, Breitenbach SC, Weissmann N, Ghofrani HA, Grimminger F, Nilius SM, Schrör K, Meger-Kirchrath J, Seeger W, Rose F. Iloprost-induced desensitization of the prostacyclin receptor in isolated rabbit lungs. Respir Res 2007; 8:4. [PMID: 17257398 PMCID: PMC1802745 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-8-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The rapid desensitization of the human prostacyclin (IP) in response to agonist binding has been shown in cell culture. Phosphorylation of the IP receptor by protein kinase C (PKC) has been suggested to be involved in this process. Methods and results In this study we investigated the vasodilatory effects of iloprost, a stable prostacyclin analogue, in perfused rabbit lungs. Continuous infusion of the thromboxane mimetic U46619 was employed to establish stable pulmonary hypertension. A complete loss of the vasodilatory response to iloprost was observed in experiments with continuous iloprost perfusion, maintaining the intravascular concentration of this prostanoid over a 180 min period. When lungs under chronic iloprost infusion were acutely challenged with inhaled iloprost, a corresponding complete loss of vasoreactivity was observed. This desensitization was not dependent on upregulation of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases or changes in adenylate cyclase activity, as suggested by unaltered dose-response curves to agents directly affecting these enzymes. Application of a prostaglandin E1 receptor antagonist 6-isopropoxy-9-oxoxanthene-2-carboxylic acid (AH 6809) or the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I (BIM) enhanced the vasodilatory response to infused iloprost and partially prevented tachyphylaxis. Conclusion A three-hour infusion of iloprost in pulmonary hypertensive rabbit lungs results in complete loss of the lung vasodilatory response to this prostanoid. This rapid desensitization is apparently not linked to changes in adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase activation, but may involve PKC function and co-stimulation of the EP1 receptor in addition to the IP receptor by this prostacyclin analogue.
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MESH Headings
- 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid
- Administration, Inhalation
- Animals
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Tolerance
- Female
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/chemically induced
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Iloprost/pharmacology
- Infusions, Parenteral
- Lung/cytology
- Lung/drug effects
- Male
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Rabbits
- Receptors, Epoprostenol/drug effects
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph T Schermuly
- University of Giessen Lung Center (UGLC), Medical Clinic II/V, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Soni S Pullamsetti
- University of Giessen Lung Center (UGLC), Medical Clinic II/V, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne C Breitenbach
- University of Giessen Lung Center (UGLC), Medical Clinic II/V, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- University of Giessen Lung Center (UGLC), Medical Clinic II/V, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Hossein A Ghofrani
- University of Giessen Lung Center (UGLC), Medical Clinic II/V, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- University of Giessen Lung Center (UGLC), Medical Clinic II/V, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sigrid M Nilius
- Institut fuer Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Karsten Schrör
- Institut fuer Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jutta Meger-Kirchrath
- Institut fuer Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- University of Giessen Lung Center (UGLC), Medical Clinic II/V, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank Rose
- University of Giessen Lung Center (UGLC), Medical Clinic II/V, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Schermuly RT, Schulz A, Ghofrani HA, Breitenbach CS, Weissmann N, Hildebrand M, Kurz J, Grimminger F, Seeger W. Comparison of Pharmacokinetics and Vasodilatory Effect of Nebulized and Infused Iloprost in Experimental Pulmonary Hypertension: Rapid Tolerance Development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 19:353-63. [PMID: 17034310 DOI: 10.1089/jam.2006.19.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Aerosolized iloprost has been suggested for selective pulmonary vasodilatation in severe pulmonary hypertension, but its pharmacokinetic profile is largely unknown. In perfused rabbit lungs, continuous infusion of the thromboxane mimetic U46619 was employed for establishing stable pulmonary hypertension. Delivery of a total amount of 75, 300, and 900 ng of iloprost to the bronchoalveolar space by a 10 min-aerosolization maneuver caused a dose-dependent pulmonary vasodilatation. Similarly, dose-dependent appearance of iloprost in the recirculating perfusate was noted, with maximum intravascular concentrations of iloprost ranging at 140, 510, and 1163 pg/mL at the same time period. Comparing pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in a more detailed fashion, the following aspects were of interest. (i) The bioavailability (i.e., the percentage of aerosolized iloprost appearing intravascularly) decreased from 76% at the lowest to 33% at the highest iloprost dosage. (ii) The pulmonary vasodilatory response commenced already during the nebulization maneuver and preceded the perfusate entry of iloprost. (iii) After 3-3.5 h, the pulmonary vasodilatory response to aerosolized iloprost had virtually completely leveled off, whereas approximately two-thirds of the maximum iloprost perfusate levels were still detectable. A corresponding loss of vasodilatory response was also noted in experiments with continuous iloprost perfusion for clamping of the intravascular concentration of this prostanoid. We conclude that aerosolized iloprost causes dose-dependent vasodilatation and iloprost entry into the vascular space in a pulmonary hypertension model. Limited bioavailability in the higher dose range may suggest active prostanoid transport processes, and the early pulmonary vasodilatory response appears to be independent of prostanoid entry into the vessel lumen. Surprisingly, rapid tolerance development to the vasodilatory effect of iloprost is noted, occurring even with fully maintained perfusate levels of this agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Theo Schermuly
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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16
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Wilson SJ, Smyth EM. Internalization and recycling of the human prostacyclin receptor is modulated through its isoprenylation-dependent interaction with the delta subunit of cGMP phosphodiesterase 6. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:11780-6. [PMID: 16527812 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m513110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostacyclin, the major cyclooxygenase-derived product of arachidonic acid formed in the vasculature, mediates its potent anti-thrombotic and anti-proliferative effects through its G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) termed the IP. Unlike many GPCRs, agonist-induced internalization of the IP occurs in an arrestin/GPCR kinase-independent manner. However, deletion of the IP COOH-terminal region prevented internalization suggesting that protein interactions at this region are involved in IP regulation. Using the COOH-terminal region of IP as bait we identified the delta subunit of cGMP phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6delta) as a novel hIP-interacting protein in two independent yeast two-hybrid screens. Interaction of IP and PDE6delta was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation in HEK293 cells, and in HEPG2 cells, which endogenously express neither IP nor PDE6delta. IP isoprenylation was critical for this interaction, as PDE6delta was unable to associate with an isoprenylation-deficient mutant IP (IPSSLC). PDE6delta overexpression altered the temporal pattern of agonist-induced internalization of IP, but not IPSSLC, in HEPG2 cells, increasing initial internalization but facilitating the return of IP to the cell surface despite the continued presence of agonist. Depletion of PDE6delta using short interfering RNA abolished cicaprost-induced IP internalization in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Recycling of IP, but not IPSSLC, upon agonist removal was facilitated by overexpression of PDE6delta. Thus PDE6delta interacts specifically with IP to modulate receptor trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Wilson
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Mittra S, Hyvelin JM, Shan Q, Tang F, Bourreau JP. Role of cyclooxygenase in ventricular effects of adrenomedullin: is adrenomedullin a double-edged sword in sepsis? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 286:H1034-42. [PMID: 14766677 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00337.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (ADM) is upregulated in cardiac tissue under various pathophysiological conditions. However, the direct inotropic effect of ADM on normal and compromised cardiomyocytes is not clear. In rat ventricular myocytes, ADM produced an initial (<30 min) increase in cell shortening and Ca2+ transient and, on prolonged incubation (>1 h), a marked decrease in cell shortening and Ca2+ transient. Both effects were sensitive to inhibition by the ADM antagonist ADM-(22–52). The increase and decrease in cell shortening and Ca2+ transient were attenuated by pretreatment with indomethacin [a nonspecific cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor], nimesulide and SC-236 (specific COX-2 inhibitors), and tranylcypromine (a prostacyclin synthase inhibitor); SQ-29548 (a thromboxane receptor antagonist) was without effect. Cells isolated from LPS-treated rats that were in the late, hypodynamic phase of septic shock also showed a marked decrease in cell shortening and Ca2+ transient. Because ADM is overexpressed in sepsis, we repeated the above protocol in cells isolated from LPS-treated rats. At 4 h after LPS injection, ADM levels markedly increased in plasma, ventricles, and freshly isolated ventricular myocytes. Decreases in cell shortening and Ca2+ transient in LPS-treated cells were reversed by pretreatment with ADM-(22–52). Anti-ADM (rat) IgG also reversed the decrease in cell shortening and other parameters of cell kinetics. Indomethacin, SC-236, and tranylcypromine restored cell contractility and the decrease in Ca2+ transient, whereas SQ-29548 had no effect, implying that prostacyclin played a role in both effects. However, with regard to cell-shortening kinetics, indomethacin and SQ-29548 decreased the amount of time taken by the cells to return to baseline, whereas SC-236 and tranylcypromine did not, implying that not only prostacyclin, but also thromboxane, is involved. The results indicate that ADM interacts with COX to yield prostanoids, which mediate its negative inotropic effect in LPS-treated rat ventricular myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Mittra
- Dept. of Physiology, 4/F, Laboratory Block, Faculty of Medicine Bldg., Univ. of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Rd., Hong Kong, SAR, China
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vane
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
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Hasse A, Nilius SM, Schrör K, Meyer-Kirchrath J. Long-term-desensitization of prostacyclin receptors is independent of the C-terminal tail. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 65:1991-5. [PMID: 12787879 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Persistent stimulation of the G(s) protein-coupled prostacyclin receptor (IP-R) causes its slow desensitization in a variety of cell types, a significant desensitization requiring several hours. To evaluate the role of the human IP-R C-terminus in desensitization and agonist-induced internalization, a C-terminally truncated hIP-receptor was generated. The C-terminal 68 amino acid residues were deleted by introduction of a stop codon for exchange of the original S319 codon (termed D318 mutant). Wild-type (WT) and truncated receptor were expressed in COS1 cells. Pretreatment of cells with the stable prostacyclin mimetic cicaprost (200 nM) desensitized cAMP production via WT and D318 receptors to similar extents. The cAMP response of WT and D318, respectively, was reduced by approximately 50% of maximal cAMP formation after 8 hr of continuous agonist stimulation, indicating significant long-term desensitization. Moreover, agonist-promoted sequestration of WT and D318 C-terminally tagged with green fluorescent protein was demonstrated, indicating that receptor internalization was not prevented by truncation of the C-terminus. These results demonstrated that long-term desensitization and sequestration of hIP-R did not depend on structures located in the hIP-R C-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hasse
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, UniversitätsKlinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany
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Debey S, Meyer-Kirchrath J, Schrör K. Regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression by iloprost in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Role of transcription factors CREB and ICER. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 65:979-88. [PMID: 12623129 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01661-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 (PGH-synthase) or cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is inducible by a variety of stimuli, e.g. inflammatory mediators, growth factors and hormones and is believed to be responsible for the majority of inflammatory prostanoid production. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that COX-2 contributes substantially to prostacyclin-synthesis in patients with atherosclerosis. In this study, we demonstrate an up-regulation of COX-2 mRNA, protein and product formation by the prostacyclin-mimetic iloprost in human vascular smooth muscle cells (hSMC). COX-2 mRNA expression was induced transiently between 1 and 6 hr and returned to basal levels after 16 hr of iloprost stimulation. COX-2 protein was induced concomitantly between 3 and 6 hr of iloprost stimulation. This was accompanied by an increase in PGI(2) formation. Forskolin, a direct activator of adenylyl cyclase, and dibutyryl cAMP, a cell-permeable cAMP analogue-induced COX-2 mRNA, suggesting a cAMP-dependent COX-2 expression in hSMC. Iloprost-induced COX-2 protein expression and PGI(2) formation was synergistically elevated by co-stimulation with the phorbolester PMA (phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate). It is concluded, that the observed up-regulation of COX-2 with subsequent release of newly synthesized PGI(2) and the synergistic effect of iloprost and phorbolester on PGI(2) formation provide a positive feedback of prostaglandins on their own synthesizing enzyme. This might be important for control of hSMC proliferation, migration and differentiation as well as inhibition of platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Debey
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitäts Klinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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21
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Ghadessy RS, Willets JM, Kelly E. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 (GRK6) selectively regulates endogenous secretin receptor responsiveness in NG108-15 cells. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 138:660-70. [PMID: 12598420 PMCID: PMC1573707 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. To determine the role of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) in the regulation of endogenous secretin receptor responsiveness, we have transiently overexpressed both wild-type (WT) and dominant negative mutant (DNM) GRKs in NG108-15 mouse neuroblastoma x rat glioma hybrid cells and investigated the effects of this on agonist-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity. 2. Overexpression of WT GRK6 selectively inhibited secretin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation (fold stimulation of cyclic AMP above basal following 15 min incubation with 100 nM secretin was 12.1+/-2.0 and 6.2+/- 0.8 in control and WT GRK overexpressing cells, respectively) without affecting cyclic AMP responses mediated by the adenosine A(2) receptor agonist 5'-(N-ethylcarboxamido) adenosine (NECA) or the prostanoid-IP receptor agonist iloprost, or the direct activator of adenylyl cyclase, forskolin. On the other hand DNM GRK6 (Lys(215)Arg) overexpression produced the opposite effect--a selective increase in the secretin-stimulated cyclic AMP response was observed in cells overexpressing DNM GRK6 compared to plasmid-transfected cells (fold stimulation of cyclic AMP above basal following 15 min incubation with 100 nM secretin was 12.6+/-2.7 and 29.6+/-5.6 for control and DNM GRK6-overexpressing cells, respectively). 3. Overexpression of WT GRK5 likewise inhibited the secretin-stimulated cyclic AMP response, however, this effect was not as selective as with GRK6, since adenosine A(2) receptor responsiveness was also suppressed by GRK5 overexpression. Unlike DNM GRK6, overexpression of DNM GRK5 failed to modulate secretin or A(2) adenosine receptor signalling suggesting that endogenous GRK5 is unlikely to regulate desensitization of these receptors in NG108-15 cells. 4. Overexpression of WT GRK2 did not affect secretin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation. Instead, GRK2 overexpression selectively inhibited A(2) adenosine receptor responsiveness, confirming our previous findings. 5. Together these results suggest a selective role of endogenous GRK6 in regulating secretin receptor responsiveness in NG108-15 cells. In addition, these data indicate that GRKs exert a surprising degree of selectivity in the regulation of natively expressed GPCR responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana S Ghadessy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD
| | - Jonathon M Willets
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN
| | - Eamonn Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD
- Author for correspondence:
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Abstract
Prostacyclin, a member of the eicosanoid family of lipid mediators, is the major product of arachidonic acid metabolism formed in the marcovascular endothelium. It is a potent vasodilator, antithrombotic, and antiplatelet agent that mediates it effects through a membrane-associated receptor termed the IP. Cloning of the cDNA for IP, from human and other species, indicated its membership of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and has allowed detailed examination of the signaling and regulatory pathways utilized by this receptor. This article examines the current state of knowledge of the IP, its signaling and regulation, and its biological role in vivo and examines the possible existence of multiple PGI2 receptor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer M Smyth
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Blindt R, Bosserhoff AK, vom Dahl J, Hanrath P, Schrör K, Hohlfeld T, Meyer-Kirchrath J. Activation of IP and EP(3) receptors alters cAMP-dependent cell migration. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 444:31-7. [PMID: 12191579 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)01607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Migration of vascular smooth cells from the media to the intima essentially contributes to neointima formation after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stent implantation. The stable prostacyclin mimetic iloprost has been shown to inhibit neointima formation in experimental restenosis, but it is currently unknown whether this may be caused by an antimigratory effect. Hence, the present study analyses (i) the influence of G(s)-coupled prostacyclin (IP) receptors on cell migration and (ii) verifies whether EP(3) receptors with opposite (i.e., G(i)) coupling may conversely stimulate cell migration. In a modified Boyden chamber model, it was shown that iloprost dose-dependently inhibits the migration of primary human arterial smooth muscle cells, which constitutively express the IP receptor. On the other hand, human arterial smooth muscle cell migration was stimulated by the EP(3) receptor agonist M&B 28.767. To independently study the effects of these receptors, IP or EP(3) receptors were stably overexpressed in chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-IP and CHO-EP(3)). Chemotaxis of CHO cells transfected with G(s)-coupled IP receptors was concentration-dependently inhibited by iloprost (2-100 nM), while there was no effect of iloprost on mock-transfected CHO. By contrast, CHO-cells that overexpressed EP(3) receptors showed a significant, concentration dependent (1-100 nM) increase of cell migration in presence of the selective EP(3) agonist M&B 28.767. It is concluded that the prostacyclin mimetic iloprost inhibits vascular cell migration, which probably depends on a G(s)-mediated increase of intracellular cAMP. EP(3) receptors conversely stimulate CHO migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Blindt
- Medical Clinic I, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Miggin SM, Lawler OA, Kinsella BT. Investigation of a functional requirement for isoprenylation by the human prostacyclin receptor. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:1714-25. [PMID: 11895442 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2002.02817.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we have established that the human (h) prostacyclin receptor (IP) is isoprenylated in whole cells. Through site directed mutagenesis and generation of the isoprenylation defective hIPSSLC, it was established that while isoprenylation of hIP does not influence ligand binding, it is obligatory for agonist activation of adenylyl cyclase and cAMP generation. Overexpression of GalphaS significantly augmented cAMP generation by the hIP but not by the hIPSSLC. Moreover, GalphaS co-immunoprecipitated with hIP following agonist activation but did not co-immunoprecipitate with hIPSSLC. Whereas hIP mediated concentration-dependent activation of phospholipase C (PLC); the extent of PLC activation by hIPSSLC was impaired compared to hIP. Co-expression of Galphaq significantly augmentated intracellular calcium mobilization by the hIP but not by hIPSSLC. Moreover, whereas Galphaq co-immunoprecipitated with hIP, it failed to co-immunoprecipitate with hIPSSLC. While both the hIP and hIPSSLC underwent agonist-induced internalization, the kinetics and extent of hIPSSLC internalization was impaired compared to hIP. Altering the CAAX motif of the hIP from a farnesyl (-CSLC) to a geranylgeranyl (-CSLL) isoprene acceptor, to generate hIPCSLL, did not affect ligand binding and yielded a receptor that exhibited identical signalling through both Gs- and Gq-coupled effectors to that of hIP. Thus, whereas isoprenylation of hIP does not influence ligand binding, it is functionally imperative in regulating post-receptor events including agonist-activation of adenylyl cyclase, for efficient activation of PLC and for receptor internalization. Though the nature of the isoprenoid attached to hIP does not act as a major determinant, the presence of an isoprenoid group, for example farnesyl or geranylgeranyl, is required for functional receptor-G protein interaction and coupling and for efficient agonist- induced receptor internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead M Miggin
- Department of Biochemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Ireland
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