1
|
Xie Y, Lin T, Jin Y, Berezowitz AG, Wang XL, Lu J, Cai Y, Guzman RJ. Smooth muscle cell-specific matrix metalloproteinase 3 deletion reduces osteogenic transformation and medial artery calcification. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:658-670. [PMID: 38454645 PMCID: PMC11074797 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Vascular calcification is highly prevalent in atherosclerosis, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. It is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease. Matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3), also known as stromelysin-1, is part of the large matrix metalloproteinase family. It can degrade extracellular matrix components of the arterial wall including elastin, which plays a central role in medial calcification. In this study, we sought to determine the role of MMP-3 in medial calcification. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that MMP-3 was increased in rodent models of medial calcification as well as in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) cultured in a phosphate calcification medium. It was also highly expressed in calcified tibial arteries in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Knockdown and inhibition of MMP-3 suppressed phosphate-induced SMC osteogenic transformation and calcification, whereas the addition of a recombinant MMP-3 protein facilitated SMC calcification. In an ex vivo organ culture model and a rodent model of medial calcification induced by vitamin D3, we found that MMP-3 deficiency significantly suppressed medial calcification in the aorta. We further found that medial calcification and osteogenic transformation were significantly reduced in SMC-specific MMP-3-deficient mice, suggesting that MMP-3 in SMCs is an important factor in this process. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that MMP-3 expression in vascular SMCs is an important regulator of medial calcification and that targeting MMP-3 could provide a therapeutic strategy to reduce it and address its consequences in patients with PAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhouyun Xie
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St., BB 204, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Tonghui Lin
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 0221, USA
| | - Ying Jin
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St., BB 204, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Alexa G Berezowitz
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St., BB 204, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Xue-Lin Wang
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 0221, USA
| | - Jinny Lu
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 0221, USA
| | - Yujun Cai
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St., BB 204, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 0221, USA
| | - Raul J Guzman
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St., BB 204, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 0221, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bolin LP, Crane PB, Gunn LH. Exploring Cytokine Networks in Resistant Hypertension. Nurs Res 2024; 73:16-25. [PMID: 37878533 PMCID: PMC10841083 DOI: 10.1097/nnr.0000000000000699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controlling high blood pressure (BP) continues to be a major concern because the associated complications can lead to an increased risk of heart, brain, and kidney disease. Those with hypertension, despite lifestyle and diet modifications and pharmacotherapy, defined as resistant hypertension, are at increased risk for further risk for morbidity and mortality. Understanding inflammation in this population may provide novel avenues for treatment. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine a broad range of cytokines in adults with cardiovascular disease and identify specific cytokines associated with resistant hypertension. METHODS A secondary data analysis was conducted. The parent study included 156 adults with a history of myocardial infarction within the past 3-7 years and with a multiplex plasma analysis yielding a cytokine panel. A network analysis with lasso penalization for sparsity was performed to explore associations between cytokines and BP. Associated network centrality measures by cytokine were produced, and a community graph was extracted. A sensitivity analysis BP was also performed. RESULTS Cytokines with larger node strength measures were sTNFR2 and CX3. The graphical network highlighted six cytokines strongly associated with resistant hypertension. Cytokines IL-29 and CCL3 were found to be negatively associated with resistant hypertension, whereas CXCL12, MMP3, sCD163, and sIL6Rb were positively associated with resistant hypertension. DISCUSSION Understanding the network of associations through exploring oxidative stress and vascular inflammation may provide insight into treatment approaches for resistant hypertension.
Collapse
|
3
|
Anthoulakis C, Mamopoulos A, Rousso D, Karagiannis A, Athanasiadis A, Grimbizis G, Athyros V. Arterial Stiffness as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor for the Development of Preeclampsia and Pharmacopreventive Options. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2021; 20:52-61. [PMID: 34615450 DOI: 10.2174/1570161119666211006114258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Arterial stiffness (AS) describes the rigidity of the arterial walls. Epidemiological studies have shown that increased AS is an independent predictive marker of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality in both pregnant and non-pregnant women. Preeclampsia (PE), a form of pregnancy-induced hypertension, affects approximately 5% of pregnancies worldwide. Preeclamptic women have a higher risk of CV disease (CVD), mainly because PE damages the heart's ability to relax between contractions. Different pharmacological approaches for the prevention of PE have been tested in clinical trials (e.g. aspirin, enoxaparin, metformin, pravastatin, and sildenafil citrate). In current clinical practice, only low-dose aspirin is used for PE pharmacoprevention. However, low-dose aspirin does not prevent term PE, which is the most common form of PE. Compromised vascular integrity precedes the onset of PE and therefore, AS assessment may constitute a promising predictive marker of PE. Several non-invasive techniques have been developed to assess AS. Compared with normotensive pregnancies, both carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and augmentation index (AIx) are increased in PE. In view of simplicity, reliability, and reproducibility, there is an interest in oscillometric AS measurements in pregnancies complicated by PE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Anthoulakis
- First Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, "Papageorgiou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki. Greece
| | - Apostolos Mamopoulos
- Third Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki. Greece
| | - David Rousso
- Third Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki. Greece
| | - Asterios Karagiannis
- Second Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki. Greece
| | - Apostolos Athanasiadis
- Third Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki. Greece
| | - Grigoris Grimbizis
- First Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, "Papageorgiou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki. Greece
| | - Vasilios Athyros
- Second Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki. Greece
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Overlapping Genetic Background of Coronary Artery and Carotid/Femoral Atherosclerotic Calcification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57030252. [PMID: 33803199 PMCID: PMC7999274 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57030252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Multivessel atherosclerosis and its genetic background are under-investigated, although atherosclerosis is seldom local and still causes high mortality. Alternative methods to assess coronary calcification (CAC) might incorporate genetic links between different arteries’ atherosclerotic involvement, however, co-occurrences of coronary calcification have not been investigated in twins yet. Materials and Methods: We assessed the heritability of radio morphologically distinct atherosclerotic plaque types in coronary (non-enhanced CT, Agatston score), carotid, and femoral arteries (B-mode ultrasound) in 190 twin subjects (60 monozygotic, 35 dizygotic pairs). Four-segment scores were derived in order to assess the dissemination of the distinct plaque types in the carotid and femoral arteries taking bilaterality into account. We calculated the genetic correlation between phenotypically correlating plaque types in these arteries. Results: CAC and dissemination of calcified plaques in the carotid and femoral arteries (4S_hyper) were moderately heritable (0.67 [95% CI: 0.37–1] and 0.69 [95% CI: 0.38–1], respectively) when adjusted for age and sex. Hypoechoic plaques in the carotid and femoral arteries showed no heritability, while mixed plaques showed intermediate heritability (0.50 [95% CI: 0–0.76]). Age and sex-adjusted phenotypic correlation between CAC and 4segm_hyper was 0.48 [95% CI: 0.30–0.63] and the underlying genetic correlation was 0.86 [95% CI: 0.42–1]. Conclusions: Calcification of atherosclerotic plaques is moderately heritable in all investigated arteries and significant overlapping genetic factors can be attributed to the phenotypical resemblance of coronary and carotid or femoral atherosclerotic calcification. Our findings support the idea of screening extracoronary arteries in asymptomatic individuals. We also propose a hypothesis about primarily carotid-coronary and femoral-coronary atherosclerosis as two distinct genetic predispositions to co-localization.
Collapse
|
5
|
Barallobre-Barreiro J, Loeys B, Mayr M, Rienks M, Verstraeten A, Kovacic JC. Extracellular Matrix in Vascular Disease, Part 2/4: JACC Focus Seminar. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75:2189-2203. [PMID: 32354385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Medium-sized and large arteries consist of 3 layers: the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. The tunica media accounts for the bulk of the vessel wall and is the chief determinant of mechanical compliance. It is primarily composed of circumferentially arranged layers of vascular smooth muscle cells that are separated by concentrically arranged elastic lamellae; a form of extracellular matrix (ECM). The tunica media is separated from the tunica intima and tunica adventitia, the innermost and outermost layers, respectively, by the internal and external elastic laminae. This second part of a 4-part JACC Focus Seminar discusses the contributions of the ECM to vascular homeostasis and pathology. Advances in genetics and proteomics approaches have fostered significant progress in our understanding of vascular ECM. This review highlights the important role of the ECM in vascular disease and the prospect of translating these discoveries into clinical disease biomarkers and potential future therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bart Loeys
- Center for Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp/Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | - Marieke Rienks
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aline Verstraeten
- Center for Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp/Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fong F, Xian J, Demer LL, Tintut Y. Serotonin receptor type 2B activation augments TNF-α-induced matrix mineralization in murine valvular interstitial cells. J Cell Biochem 2020; 122:249-258. [PMID: 32901992 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Calcification, fibrosis, and chronic inflammation are the predominant features of calcific aortic valve disease, a life-threatening condition. Drugs that induce serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) are known to damage valves, and activated platelets, which carry peripheral serotonin, are known to promote calcific aortic valve stenosis. However, the role of 5-HT in valve leaflet pathology is not known. We tested whether serotonin mediates inflammation-induced matrix mineralization in valve cells. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that murine aortic valve interstitial cells (VICs) expressed both serotonin receptor types 2A and 2B (Htr2a and Htr2b). Although Htr2a expression was greater at baseline, Htr2b expression was induced several-fold more than Htr2a in response to the pro-calcific tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) treatment. 5-HT also augmented TNF-α-induced osteoblastic differentiation and matrix mineralization of VIC, but 5-HT alone had no effects. Inhibition of serotonin receptor type 2B, using specific inhibitors or lentiviral knockdown in VIC, attenuated 5-HT effects on TNF-α-induced osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization. 5-HT treatment also augmented TNF-α-induced matrix metalloproteinase-3 expression, which was also attenuated by Htr2b knockdown. Htr2b expression in aortic roots and serum levels of peripheral 5-HT were also greater in the hyperlipidemic Apoe-/- mice than in control normolipemic mice. These findings suggest a new role for serotonin signaling in inflammation-induced calcific valvulopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Fong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joshua Xian
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Linda L Demer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yin Tintut
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bhatt SP, Nath HP, Kim YI, Ramachandran R, Watts JR, Terry NLJ, Sonavane S, Deshmane SP, Woodruff PG, Oelsner EC, Bodduluri S, Han MK, Labaki WW, Michael Wells J, Martinez FJ, Barr RG, Dransfield MT. Centrilobular emphysema and coronary artery calcification: mediation analysis in the SPIROMICS cohort. Respir Res 2018; 19:257. [PMID: 30563576 PMCID: PMC6299495 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0946-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with a two-to-five fold increase in the risk of coronary artery disease independent of shared risk factors. This association is hypothesized to be mediated by systemic inflammation but this link has not been established. METHODS We included 300 participants enrolled in the SPIROMICS cohort, 75 each of lifetime non-smokers, smokers without airflow obstruction, mild-moderate COPD, and severe-very severe COPD. We quantified emphysema and airway disease on computed tomography, characterized visual emphysema subtypes (centrilobular and paraseptal) and airway disease, and used the Weston visual score to quantify coronary artery calcification (CAC). We used the Sobel test to determine whether markers of systemic inflammation mediated a link between spirometric and radiographic features of COPD and CAC. RESULTS FEV1/FVC but not quantitative emphysema or airway wall thickening was associated with CAC (p = 0.036), after adjustment for demographics, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, statin use, and CT scanner type. To explain this discordance, we examined visual subtypes of emphysema and airway disease, and found that centrilobular emphysema but not paraseptal emphysema or bronchial thickening was independently associated with CAC (p = 0.019). MMP3, VCAM1, CXCL5 and CXCL9 mediated 8, 8, 7 and 16% of the association between FEV1/FVC and CAC, respectively. Similar biomarkers partially mediated the association between centrilobular emphysema and CAC. CONCLUSIONS The association between airflow obstruction and coronary calcification is driven primarily by the centrilobular subtype of emphysema, and is linked through bioactive molecules implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: Identifier: NCT01969344 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surya P Bhatt
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720, 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- UAB Lung Imaging Core, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Hrudaya P Nath
- UAB Lung Imaging Core, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720, 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Rekha Ramachandran
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Jubal R Watts
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Nina L J Terry
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Sushil Sonavane
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Swati P Deshmane
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Prescott G Woodruff
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Oelsner
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sandeep Bodduluri
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720, 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- UAB Lung Imaging Core, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - MeiLan K Han
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Wassim W Labaki
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - J Michael Wells
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720, 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- UAB Lung Imaging Core, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Hospital, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Fernando J Martinez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - R Graham Barr
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Mark T Dransfield
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720, 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- UAB Lung Imaging Core, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Hospital, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang M, Zhang J, Telljohann R, Jiang L, Wu J, Monticone RE, Kapoor K, Talan M, Lakatta EG. Chronic matrix metalloproteinase inhibition retards age-associated arterial proinflammation and increase in blood pressure. Hypertension 2012; 60:459-66. [PMID: 22689745 PMCID: PMC3537179 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.191270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated arterial remodeling involves arterial wall collagen deposition and elastin fragmentation, as well as an increase in arterial pressure. This arterial remodeling is linked to proinflammatory signaling, including transforming growth factor-β1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and proendothelin 1, activated by extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and orchestrated, in part, by the transcriptional factor ets-1. We tested the hypothesis that inhibition of MMP activation can decelerate the age-associated arterial proinflammation and its attendant increase in arterial pressure. Indeed, chronic administration of a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor, PD166739, via a daily gavage, to 16-month-old rats for 8 months markedly blunted the expected age-associated increases in arterial pressure. This was accompanied by the following: (1) inhibition of the age-associated increases in aortic gelatinase and interstitial collagenase activity in situ; (2) preservation of the elastic fiber network integrity; (3) a reduction of collagen deposition; (4) a reduction of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and transforming growth factor-β1 activation; (5) a diminution in the activity of the profibrogenic signaling molecule SMAD-2/3 phosphorylation; (6) inhibition of proendothelin 1 activation; and (7) downregulation of expression of ets-1. Acute exposure of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro to proendothelin 1 increased both the transcription and translation of ets-1, and these effects were markedly reduced by MMP inhibition. Furthermore, infection of vascular smooth muscle cells with an adenovirus harboring a full-length ets-1 cDNA increased activities of both transforming growth factor-β1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1. Collectively, our results indicate that MMP inhibition retards age-associated arterial proinflammatory signaling, and this is accompanied by preservation of intact elastin fibers, a reduction in collagen, and blunting of an age-associated increase in blood pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Wang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, 5600 Nathan Shock Dr, National Institute on Aging-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang E, Vargas JD, Bluemke DA. Understanding the genetics of coronary artery disease through the lens of noninvasive imaging. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2012; 10:27-36. [PMID: 22149524 PMCID: PMC3482161 DOI: 10.1586/erc.11.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease is a common condition with a known heritable component that has spurred interest in genetic research for decades, resulting in a handful of candidate genes and an appreciation for the complexity of its genetic contributions. Recent advances in sequencing technologies have resulted in large-scale association studies, possibly adding to our current understanding of the genetics of coronary artery disease. Sifting through the statistical noise, however, requires the selection of effective phenotypic markers. New imaging technologies have improved our ability to detect subclinical atherosclerosis in a safe and reproducible manner in large numbers of patients. In this article, we propose that advances in imaging technology have generated improved phenotypic markers for genetic association studies of coronary artery disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose D Vargas
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health
| | - David A Bluemke
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm 10/1C355, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Tavridou A, Petridis I, Vasileiadis M, Ragia G, Heliopoulos I, Vargemezis V, Manolopoulos VG. Association of VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphism with carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011; 94:236-41. [PMID: 21767890 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Media calcification is a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Undercarboxylation of some vitamin K-dependent proteins, due to genetic polymorphisms of VKORC1, can lead to calcification. We examined a potential association between VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphism and T2DM and, also, the association of this polymorphism with carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT). METHODS VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphism was determined in 299 T2DM patients and 328 controls of Caucasian origin using PCR-RFLP. cIMT was measured in a subgroup of 118 T2DM patients. RESULTS The frequency of VKORC1 genotypes between diabetic and nondiabetic subjects differed significantly (p=0.01). VKORC1 genotype was associated with T2DM in an adjusted model (OR 1.36, p=0.009). A statistically significant difference was observed in the maximum value of cIMT among different genotypes. VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphism was an independent predictor of cIMT (p=0.029) after adjusting for established risk factors. CONCLUSIONS The association between VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphism and risk of T2DM could be due to the higher prevalence of calcification in T2DM patients. This is supported by the independent association between VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphism and maximum cIMT in T2DM patients which is likely due to atherosclerosis characterized by increased calcification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tavridou
- Lab of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana Campus, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Artery calcification reflects an admixture of factors such as ectopic osteochondral differentiation with primary host pathological conditions. We review how genetic factors, as identified by human genome-wide association studies, and incomplete correlations with various mouse studies, including knockout and strain analyses, fit into "pieces of the puzzle" in intimal calcification in human atherosclerosis, and artery tunica media calcification in aging, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. We also describe in sharp contrast how ENPP1, CD73, and ABCC6 serve as "cogs in a wheel" of arterial calcification. Specifically, each is a minor component in the function of a much larger network of factors that exert balanced effects to promote and suppress arterial calcification. For the network to normally suppress spontaneous arterial calcification, the "cogs" ENPP1, CD73, and ABCC6 must be present and in working order. Monogenic ENPP1, CD73, and ABCC6 deficiencies each drive a molecular pathophysiology of closely related but phenotypically different diseases (generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI), pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) and arterial calcification caused by CD73 deficiency (ACDC)), in which premature onset arterial calcification is a prominent but not the sole feature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Rutsch
- Department of General Pediatrics, Münster University Children's Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Matrix metalloproteinases in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Int Psychogeriatr 2010; 22:966-72. [PMID: 20561382 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610210000827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deposition of amyloid beta in senile plaques and in cerebral blood vessels is one hallmark of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The ability of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to degrade amyloid precursor protein leading to aggregation of amyloid beta, as well as the increased expression of MMPs in post mortem brain tissue of Alzheimer's patients, indicate that MMPs play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. METHODS We investigated levels of MMP-2,-3,-9 and -10 in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD patients (n = 14) by gelatin and casein zymography. Comparisons between AD patients and controls relative to levels of MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-10 were made with Wilcoxon rank statistics. Pearson correlations were computed as measures of association. RESULTS MMP-3 in AD was significantly elevated in plasma (p = 0.006) and there was a trend towards increase in CSF (p = 0.05). MMP-2 in CSF of AD patients was significantly decreased (p = 0.02) while levels in plasma remained unchanged. MMP-9 and MMP-10 could not be detected in CSF; MMP-10 was unchanged in plasma, but MMP-9 was significantly decreased (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS These findings constitute further evidence for the important role of MMPs in the pathogenesis of AD.
Collapse
|
14
|
Fallah S, Seifi M, Samadikuchaksaraei A. Risk of coronary artery stenosis in Iranian type 2 diabetics: is there a role for matrix metalloproteinase-3 gene (-1612 5A/6A) polymorphism? J Physiol Biochem 2010; 66:359-64. [PMID: 20740392 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-010-0042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the association of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) polymorphism with susceptibility to coronary artery stenosis (CAS) and the number of diseased vessels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The study population comprised 618 unrelated Iranian individual subjects, including 305 angiographically documented CAS patients with T2DM and 313 control subjects with T2DM. MMP3 genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Significant differences between cases and controls were observed for MMP3 genotype frequencies (p<0.01). The 6A allele was high frequently seen in the disease group, compared with the control group (64.75 vs. 56.24%, 6A/6A + 5A/6A vs. 5A/5A, p<0.05). The association of this polymorphism with the severity of stenosis were also evaluated which according to results distribution of MMP3 genotypes were not significantly different as compared with the severity of stenosis (p>0.05). Frequency of the 6A allele of the human MMP3 gene is an independent risk factor for CAS in the Iranian T2DM studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soudabeh Fallah
- Biochemistry Department of Medicine Faculty, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Highway, P. O. Box: 1449614525, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shalia KK, Shah VK, Mashru MR, Soneji SL, Vasvani JB, Payannavar S, Walvalkar A, Mokal R, Mithbawkar SS, Bootwalla M, Sadvekar P, Thakur PK. Matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) -1612 5A/6A promoter polymorphism in coronary artery disease in Indian population. Indian J Clin Biochem 2010; 25:133-40. [PMID: 23105899 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-010-0025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play important role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). 5A allele of -1612 5A/6A polymorphism of MMP-3 is associated with two fold higher activity than 6A allele. Present study was designed to analyse the association of this polymorphism with CAD in Indian population. Subjects included in the study were patients with stable angina (n=35), unstable angina (n=53), patients with recent event of myocardial infarction (MI) (MI Group-1, n=56) and patients at presentation of the acute MI (MI Group-2, n=49). Controls were healthy individuals (n=99). Genotyping of MMP-3 5A/6A polymorphism was carried out by PCR-based restriction digestion method. The genotype distribution of patient groups did not deviate from controls. Serum MMP-3 levels were significantly elevated at presentation of the acute MI by 36.8% (P=0.031) as compared to controls and more associated with 6A genotype suggesting discrepancy between in vitro transfection experiment and peripheral MMP-3 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita K Shalia
- Sir H. N. Medical Research Society, Sir H. N. Hospital and Research Centre, Raja Rammohan Roy Road, Mumbai, 400 004 India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Winkelmann BR, von Holt K, Unverdorben M. Smoking and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Part IV: Genetic markers associated with smoking. Biomark Med 2010; 4:321-33. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.10.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes influence smoking behavior, affect the metabolism of nicotine and specific chemicals produced during combustion, and enhance (or diminish) pathomechanistic pathways associated with the atherogenic potential of smoking, including oxidative stress, its inflammatory burden or procoagulant potential. Genome-wide association studies have revolutionized the search for new functional genetic markers with ever increasing marker density and the precision in identifying new genetic loci without the need for prior knowledge of functional pathways. Nevertheless, the statistical challenge remains to identify the few true positives, the need for replication of findings and the tedious work of identifying functional genetic variants and their mode of action. Genetic variation within a gene or in areas of the genetic code that control the expression of such a gene is far from being understood. Major advances include the detection of large-scale copy-number variants in the human genome and the demonstration of the decisive role of ‘miRNA’ in controlling gene expression. The role of the genomic methylation pattern in controlling the transcription of the underlying genetic sequence and its role in interacting with environmental influences have yet to be explored in depth. Although candidate genes and their genetic variants have been associated with atherosclerosis and cigarette smoking, a major breakthrough has still to be made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard R Winkelmann
- ClinPhenomics GmbH, 67125 Dannstadt, Germany
- Cardiology Group Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen, 60594 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Martin Unverdorben
- Clinical Research Institute, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Heinz-Meise-Strasse 100, 36199 Rotenburg an der Fulda, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lee JE, Choi YK, Seo HA, Jeon JH, Jeong JY, Moon SS, Kim JG, Kim BW, Kim SW, Kim JY, Lee IK. Impact of ENPP1 and MMP3 gene polymorphisms on aortic calcification in patients with type 2 diabetes in a Korean population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 88:87-96. [PMID: 20092902 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated whether gene polymorphisms of Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) and matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) are associated with increased vascular calcification in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and evaluated whether serum MMP3 and osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels are related to calcification. METHODS This study included 464 subjects: 269 patients with T2D and 195 healthy controls in South Korea. We genotyped subjects for four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): ENPP1 K121Q, ENPP1 A/G+1044TGA, MMP3 -709A>G and MMP3 -1475G>A. The presence or absence of calcifications in the aortic arch was assessed by plain chest radiography. RESULTS The SNPs ENPP1 K121Q and MMP3 -709A>G showed significant associations with T2D (P=0.001 and P=0.004). The SNP ENPP1 K121Q showed a significant association with aortic arch calcification in T2D (P=0.036). Serum OPG levels were significantly higher in T2D patients than in the control group (P<0.001). However, serum MMP3 levels were significantly lower in T2D patients than in the control group (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that the ENPP1 K121Q and MMP3 -709A>G polymorphisms are associated with T2D, and that the ENPP1 Q allele is associated with increased aortic arch calcification in a Korean population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cozzolino M, Biondi ML, Galassi A, Turri O, Brancaccio D, Gallieni M. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-3 gene promoter polymorphisms are associated with mortality in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24:2207-12. [PMID: 19221176 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfp061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular calcification and accelerated atherosclerosis are major causes of death in haemodialysis (HD) patients. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of enzymes, involved in the biology of extracellular matrix and in atherogenesis. MMP1 and MMP3 contribute to the enlargement and instability of atherosclerotic plaque, respectively. The common polymorphisms on MMP1 (2G/2G) and MMP3 (6A/6A) gene promoters have been related to increased coronary artery calcification and to carotid artery stenosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of MMP1 and MMP3 polymorphisms with end-stage renal failure (ESRD) and all-cause mortality risk in HD. METHODS Ninety-nine HD patients, followed-up for 36 months, and 133 matched controls were genotyped for the two polymorphisms. HD patients' characteristics were age 64 +/- 13 years, males 64%, diabetic 24%, hypertensive 62%, smokers 38%, dyslipidaemic 28%, all undergoing standard HD thrice weekly. RESULTS ESRD was strongly associated with the combination of 2G/2G and 6A/6A homozygosity: OR 2.57 (0.95-7.4), P = 0.037, but not with isolated 2G/2G and 6A/6A homozygosity (P = 0.09 and P = 0.11, respectively). Isolated 2G/2G was associated with all-cause mortality risk independently from age, gender, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, dyslipidaemia, C-reactive protein, albumin, dialysis vintage and history of cardio-vascular disease: HR 2.96 (1.29-6.80), P = 0.01. A trend for the association of mortality and isolated 6A/6A homozygosity was also observed: HR 3.01 (0.88-10.26), P = 0.078. Combination of 2G/2G and 6A/6A homozygosity significantly increased the mortality risk in the same Cox regression model: HR 4.69 (1.72-12.81), P = 0.003. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that MMP-1 and MMP-3 gene polymorphisms are negative prognostic risk factors for all-cause mortality in HD patients, independently from traditional risk factors. These data may have important implications for better understanding the pathogenesis of the increased mortality in HD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cozzolino
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Reitz C, van Rooij FJA, de Maat MPM, den Heijer T, Hofman A, Witteman JCM, Breteler MMB. Matrix metalloproteinase 3 haplotypes and dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The Rotterdam Study. Neurobiol Aging 2007; 29:874-81. [PMID: 17316907 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Evidence by post-mortem and animal studies suggests that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may play an important role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through degradation of amyloid beta. We investigated in 5999 elderly whether MMP3-haplotypes are associated with cognitive performance over time, dementia and AD. We also explored the association of MMP-3 haplotypes with changes in hippocampal volume and severity of periventricular and subcortical white matter lesions (WML). There was no association between any individual polymorphism or MMP-3 haplotypes and performance in MMSE over time, dementia or AD, and there was no association between MMP-3 genotypes or haplotypes with hippocampal volume or severity of periventricular or subcortical WML. These associations did not differ between strata of APOEepsilon4 genotype. Our observations do not suggest that variation in the MMP3 gene is causally involved in dementia or AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Reitz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 1738, 3000DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
North KE, Carr JJ, Borecki IB, Kraja A, Province M, Pankow JS, Wilk JB, Hixson JE, Heiss G. QTL-specific genotype-by-smoking interaction and burden of calcified coronary atherosclerosis: the NHLBI Family Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 2006; 193:11-9. [PMID: 16965775 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcified coronary plaque (CCP) is a complex trait influenced by both genes and environment, and plausibly an interaction between the two. Because the familial aggregation of CCP has been demonstrated and smoking is a significant, independent predictor of CCP, we assessed the evidence for genotype-by-smoking interaction and conducted linkage analysis of quantitative Agatston CCP scores in participants of the NHLBI Family Heart Study (FHS). METHODS During standardized clinical exams smoking habits were ascertained and CCP was quantified with cardiac computed tomography (CT). Among 4387 relationship pairs from 2128 Caucasian examinees variance component analysis was implemented in SOLAR to examine: (1) additive genotype-by-smoking status interaction using a variance component approach; (2) linkage analysis in the full sample and among smoking subsets defined by individual smoking exposure; (3) QTL-specific genotype-by-smoking interaction in the regions that appeared to differentiate between smoking strata. RESULTS The prevalence of CCP (and median Agatston score) was 75% (184.6) in men and 48% (51.0) in women. We detected four genome-wide significant logarithm of odds (LOD) scores in samples stratified by individual smoking exposure: chromosome 4 at 122cM (nearest marker D4S2297; robust adjusted LOD=3.1; q=0.053), chromosome 6 at 99cM (nearest marker D6S1056; robust adjusted LOD=3.3; q=0.053), chromosome 11 at 19cM (nearest marker D11S199; robust adjusted LOD=4.0; q=0.02) and chromosome 13 at 77cM (nearest marker D13S892; robust adjusted LOD=3.1; q=0.053). Additive and QTL-specific genotype-by-smoking interaction was detected on chromosomes 4, 6, 11 and 13; all P<0.05. Three of the four QTLs identified in this report have been previously linked to atherosclerosis and harbor interesting candidate genes. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the importance of considering complex interactions in the search for genes that influence the pathogenesis of CCP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abilleira S, Bevan S, Markus HS. The role of genetic variants of matrix metalloproteinases in coronary and carotid atherosclerosis. J Med Genet 2006; 43:897-901. [PMID: 16905683 PMCID: PMC2563195 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2006.040808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence suggests that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have a role in early atherosclerosis, plaque rupture and myocardial infarction. Polymorphisms in MMP genes have been examined for associations with atherosclerosis, but interpretation is complicated by methodological issues. This article presents a systematic review of these association studies and a meta-analysis of available data for polymorphisms where a sufficient number of studies was available. The 5A allele of the MMP3 5A/6A polymorphism was associated with acute myocardial infarction (odds ratio (OR) 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1 to 1.4, p<0.001), suggesting its role in plaque rupture. There was no association with the functional MMP9 -1562C/T polymorphism (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.3, p = 0.18). Current data provide evidence for the role of MMP3 polymorphism in plaque destabilisation, but elucidation of the role of other MMP gene variants in atherosclerosis will depend on better study design, including a larger sample size, extensive screening of individual genes with haplotype analysis and replication of studies to avoid publication bias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Abilleira
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, St George's University of London, London, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Crouse JR. Thematic review series: Patient-Oriented Research. Imaging atherosclerosis: state of the art. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:1677-99. [PMID: 16705212 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r600012-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to image obstructive arterial disease brought about a revolution in clinical cardiovascular care; the development of newer technologies that image arterial wall thicknesses, areas, volumes, and composition allows valid imaging of atherosclerosis for the first time. Development of noninvasive imaging of atherosclerosis has further led to a quantum shift in research in the field by enabling the study of asymptomatic populations and thus allowing investigators to focus on preclinical disease without the many biases associated with the study of symptomatic patients. These noninvasive investigations have broad implications for clinical care as well. Coronary angiography, computed tomographic (CT) imaging of coronary calcium, intravascular ultrasound, multidetector CT angiography, B mode ultrasound of the carotid arteries, and MRI of the carotid arteries all have unique strengths and weaknesses for imaging atherosclerosis. Certain of these techniques are extremely useful as outcome variables for clinical trials, and others are uniquely useful as predictors of the risk of cardiovascular disease. All are informative in one way or another with regard to the role of plaque remodeling and composition in disease causation. CT and MRI technology are advancing very rapidly, and research and clinical uses of these imaging modalities promise to further advance our understanding of atherosclerosis and its prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Crouse
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huang CY, Wu TC, Lin WT, Leu HB, Lin CP, Lin SJ, Chen JW. Effects of simvastatin withdrawal on serum matrix metalloproteinases in hypercholesterolaemic patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2006; 36:76-84. [PMID: 16436088 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2006.01598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) levels have been related to clinical outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease. Though statin treatment might reduce serum MMPs the change of levels after statin withdrawal remains obscure. MATERIALS AND METHOD Sixty-one consecutive hypercholesterolaemic patients whose lipid profiles had been well controlled by regular simvastatin (20 mg day(-1)) treatment for more than 6 months were enrolled. Statin was discontinued after their lipid profiles reached the treatment goal of the ATP-III guideline. The lipid profiles, serum MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of MMP and highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels were measured on the day of simvastatin withdrawal and 120 days later. A further 50 hyperlipidaemia patients who had never received statin treatment (positive control group) and 28 healthy patients with normal lipid profiles (negative control group) were also studied as control groups. RESULTS While the lipid profiles had been normalized, the levels of serum inflammatory markers were still higher in hypercholesterolaemic patients than in the healthy subjects. Up to 120 days after statin withdrawal there was no coronary event, but the lipid profiles and serum hsCRP levels had significantly rebounded in study patients. However, serum MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels remained unchanged and the MMP-3 level was even further reduced after statin withdrawal (115.04 +/- 84.54 vs. 92.71 +/- 66.71 ng mL(-1), P = 0.022). Moreover, the amplitudes of variation (%) of each parameter including MMPs, TIMP, hsCRP and lipid profiles after statin withdrawal were inversely correlated to their respective baseline levels before withdrawal (r = -0.702 to -0.284; P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The effects of short-term discontinuation of statin were different on serum hsCRP and MMPs levels in hypercholesterolaemic patients. While lipid profiles and serum hsCRP level had rebounded the serum MMPs levels were still unchanged, or even reduced, suggesting the prolonged effect of statin treatment, especially on serum MMP-3 level up to 120 days after simvastatin withdrawal. Further work is required to clarify the situation both in terms of these serum markers and clinical effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Y Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Samnegård A, Silveira A, Lundman P, Boquist S, Odeberg J, Hulthe J, McPheat W, Tornvall P, Bergstrand L, Ericsson CG, Hamsten A, Eriksson P. Serum matrix metalloproteinase-3 concentration is influenced by MMP-3 -1612 5A/6A promoter genotype and associated with myocardial infarction. J Intern Med 2005; 258:411-9. [PMID: 16238676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) is implicated in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, and the MMP-3 -1612 5A/6A polymorphism is associated with myocardial infarction (MI) and stable coronary artery disease (CAD). The present study examined whether the -1612 5A/6A polymorphism in the promoter region of the MMP-3 gene influences serum concentrations of MMP-3 and whether serum concentrations of MMP-3 are related to extent of coronary atherosclerosis and risk of MI. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS This case-control study was conducted in three hospitals in the northern part of Stockholm. A total of 755 MI patients aged below 60 were screened, 433 entered and 387 completed the study. Three hundred and eighty-seven sex- and age-matched control subjects were recruited from the general population of the same county. METHODS The MMP-3 genotype was determined by Pyrosequencing(TM) and the serum MMP-3 concentration was quantified with an immunoassay. Severity and extension of CAD was assessed by quantitative coronary angiography in a subgroup of patients (n=243). RESULTS Patients had lower serum MMP-3 concentration than controls. There was a strong association between MMP-3 -1612 5A/6A genotype and serum concentrations of MMP-3. The presence of one or two copies of the 6A-allele was associated with a graded increase in serum MMP-3. In female patients there was an inverse correlation (r=-0.39, P<0.05) between serum MMP-3 concentration and plaque area. Conclusion. In conclusion, the serum concentration of MMP-3 is influenced by MMP-3 -1612 5A/6A genotype and associated with MI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Samnegård
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, King Gustaf V Research Institute, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wu TC, Leu HB, Lin WT, Lin CP, Lin SJ, Chen JW. Plasma matrix metalloproteinase-3 level is an independent prognostic factor in stable coronary artery disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2005; 35:537-45. [PMID: 16128859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2005.01548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests the important role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the progression of atherosclerosis and development of clinical events. We assessed the prognostic value of different plasma MMPs in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 165 consecutive nondiabetic patients with angiographically significant CAD (n = 150) or normal coronary angiograms despite exercise-induced myocardial ischemia (cardiac syndrome X, n = 15) and 17 normal subjects were evaluated. In each subject, plasma inflammatory markers including high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and MMP-2, 3 and 9 were measured. In CAD patients, major cardiovascular events including cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, unscheduled coronary revascularization and hospitalization as a result of unstable angina were prospectively followed up for more than 6 months. RESULTS Plasma levels of MMPs were significantly higher in CAD patients than in those with cardiac syndrome X and in normal subjects (MMP-2: 914.76 +/- 13.20 vs. 830.79 +/- 31.95 vs. 783.08 +/- 28.40 ng mL(-1), P = 0.002; MMP-3: 129.59 +/- 4.21 vs. 116.86 +/- 8.09 vs. 91.71 +/- 9.55 ng mL(-1), P = 0.011; MMP-9: 31.42 +/- 2.84 vs. 11.40 +/- 5.49 vs. 6.71 +/- 2.89 ng mL(-1), P = 0.006). In CAD patients, there were 48 major cardiovascular events during a mean follow-up period of 17.74 +/- 0.85 months. The numbers of diseased vessels (HR = 2.19, 95% CI 1.20-1.02, P = 0.011), plasma hsCRP (HR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.18-4.11, P = 0.013) and MMP-3 level (HR = 2.46, 95% CI = 1.15-5.28, P = 0.021) were associated with the development of cardiovascular events. However, only the plasma MMP-3 level was an independent predictor of the adverse events in CAD patients (HR = 2.47, 95% CI 1.10-5.54, P = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS Plasma MMP levels were increased in CAD patients. Plasma MMP-3 level, rather than hsCRP, was an independent prognostic marker for future cardiovascular events, suggesting its potential role in risk stratification and clinical management of stable CAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T C Wu
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Turner ST, Peyser PA, Kardia SLR, Bielak LF, Sheedy PF, Boerwinkle E, de Andrade M. Genomic loci with pleiotropic effects on coronary artery calcification. Atherosclerosis 2005; 185:340-6. [PMID: 16054150 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Revised: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We measured 381 genomewide markers and performed genetic linkage analyses in search of loci influencing coronary artery calcification (CAC), a measure of atherosclerosis determined by electron beam computed tomography, in 948 non-Hispanic white siblings (mean age [+/-standard deviation] = 59.6 +/- 9.9 years; 73.7% hypertensive). Measured risk factors for atherosclerosis included body mass index, pulse pressure, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. After adjustment for sex and age, the logarithm transformed measure of CAC was heritable (0.40 +/- 0.08, P < 0.0001) and genetically correlated with body mass index (0.28, P < 0.001), pulse pressure (0.36, P < 0.001), and HDL-cholesterol (-0.19, P < 0.001). Univariate linkage analysis demonstrated evidence of linkage for CAC, defined by maximum LOD scores (MLS) >or= 1.30, on chromosomes 1p, 4p, 5q, 7p, 13q, and 14q. Bivariate linkage analyses of CAC with each risk factor provided evidence of two regions with pleiotropic effects on CAC and HDL-cholesterol on chromosomes 4p16 (MLS=3.03, P = 0.00084) and 9q12 (MLS = 3.21, P = 0.00056), and of a region with pleiotropic effects on CAC and body mass index on chromosome 17p11 (MLS = 3.04, P = 0.00082). Inasmuch as the chromosome 9 and 17 regions were not detected in the univariate linkage analysis for CAC, multivariate linkage analyses of CAC and genetically correlated risk factors may help localize genes for coronary atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Turner
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pöllänen PJ, Lehtimäki T, Mikkelsson J, Ilveskoski E, Kunnas T, Perola M, Penttilä A, Mattila KM, Nikkari ST, Syrjäkoski K, Karhunen PJ. Matrix metalloproteinase 3 and 9 gene promoter polymorphisms: joint action of two loci as a risk factor for coronary artery complicated plaques. Atherosclerosis 2005; 180:73-8. [PMID: 15823277 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Revised: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Matrix metalloproteinases 3 and 9 (MMP3 and MMP9) are present in atherosclerotic plaques and co-operate in the degradation of the fibrous cap of the atheroma, leading to fissuring and ultimately to acute coronary thrombosis. The functional genetic polymorphisms in the promoters of MMP3 and MMP9, which lead to low- and high-transcription activity genotypes, have been shown to be associated with myocardial infarction and angiographically measured atherosclerosis individually, whereas their effects in combination are not yet known. In order to assess the two disease loci simultaneously, we investigated the association of combined low and high promoter activity genotypes with different types of coronary lesions in an autopsy cohort of 300 Caucasian males aged 33-69 years (Helsinki Sudden Death Study). METHODS Genotyping at these loci was performed by PCR, restriction enzyme digestion and minisequencing, and areas of the coronary wall covered with atherosclerotic lesions were measured using computer-assisted morphometry. RESULTS In analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, smoking and alcohol consumption as covariates, a significant interaction between the MMP3 and MMP9 genotypes was observed on area of complicated lesions (P=0.012). Men with high promoter activity genotypes for both loci had, on average, more than two times larger area of complicated lesions (250%) compared with those men who had low promoter activity genotypes (P=0.008), but these loci showed no association with myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS The joint action of two susceptibility loci, rather than single MMP genes alone, and the particular combination of MMP3 and MMP9 genotypes present at these loci may contribute to heterogeneity in the presentation of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Perttu J Pöllänen
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis Genetics, FinnMedi-2, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, 33521 Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major cause of coronary heart disease, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in atherosclerosis by degrading the extracellular matrix, which results in cardiovascular remodeling. Recent studies have identified enhanced expression of MMPs in the atherosclerotic lesion and their contribution to weakening of the vascular wall by degrading the extracellular matrix. The transcription, enzyme processing, and specific inhibition of MMPs by tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMPs) regulate these effects. These processes are also modified by inflammatory cytokines and cell-cell contact signaling. Both animal experiments and clinical sample analysis have shown that balance in expression and activation of MMPs and inhibition by TIMPs is critical for the development of stenotic and aneurysmal change. Polymorphism in the MMP gene promoter contributes to inter-individual differences in susceptibility to coronary heart disease. The development of therapeutic drugs specifically targeting MMPs may thus be useful for the prevention of atherosclerotic lesion progression, plaque rupture, and restenosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Watanabe
- Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sorensen KC, Kitchell BE, Siegel AM, Mardis P. Isolation, characterization, and expression of feline stromelysin-1 in naturally developing tumors in cats. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65:213-9. [PMID: 14974579 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect, isolate, and characterize feline stromelysin-1 (ie, matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]-3) in naturally developing tumors in cats. SAMPLE POPULATION 31 tissue samples obtained from primary tumors and 6 samples of normal tissues from cats. PROCEDURE Biopsy specimens were obtained from primary tumors. Primers were designed on the basis of known sequences. The sequence of stromelysin-1 was cloned and analyzed. An additional primer set was used as a screening tool. Samples were assayed in duplicate or triplicate, when possible. Data obtained were analyzed for differences in expression of stromelysin-1 with regard to overall survival among cats of various sex, age, and disease status. RESULTS A 1,181-bp cDNA nucleotide sequence was amplified. The open reading frame encoded 393 amino acids. This amino acid sequence shared 70% to 85% sequence homology with sequences of other species. In addition, samples were screened for stromelysin-1. Of the 31 tumor samples tested, 16 (51.6%) had positive results for expression of stromelysin-1. Total RNA expression was detected in a diverse group of tumor types. Prognostic factors associated with a shorter duration of survival included evidence of metastasis and metastasis associated with expression of stromelysin-1. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Feline stromelysin-1 contains all the conserved regions typically found in members of the MMP family. Activity of stromelysin-1 has been implicated in a wide number of physiologic and pathologic processes. Identification of this gene may lead to the development of useful reagents to assist with diagnosis and management of neoplastic diseases in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara C Sorensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Doherty TM, Fitzpatrick LA, Shaheen A, Rajavashisth TB, Detrano RC. Genetic determinants of arterial calcification associated with atherosclerosis. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79:197-210. [PMID: 14959915 DOI: 10.4065/79.2.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing research interest has focused on arterial calcification in the setting of atherosclerosis. Many features of atherosclerosis-related calcification provide useful clinical information. For example, calcium mineral deposits frequently form in atherosclerotic plaque, and intimal arterial calcification can be used as a surrogate marker for atherosclerosis; also, calcium deposits are readily and noninvasively quantified, which is useful because greater amounts of coronary calcification predict a higher risk of myocardial infarction and death. Several mechanisms leading to calcification associated with atherosclerosis have been proposed; however, no direct testing of proposed mechanisms has yet been reported. Studies in genetically altered animals and in humans have shed light on potential genetic determinants, which in turn could form the basis for a more comprehensive understanding of the factors affecting calcification within plaque and the associated pathobiologic implications. We review proposed molecular and cellular mechanisms of atherosclerosis-associated arterial calcification, summarize genetic influences, and suggest areas in which further investigation is needed. Understanding the molecular and genetic determinants of specific structural plaque components such as calcification can provide a solid foundation for the development of novel therapeutic approaches to favorably alter plaque structure and minimize vulnerability to arterial rupture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terence M Doherty
- Burns and Allen Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|