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Li X, Ding H, Feng G, Huang Y. Role of angiotensin converting enzyme in pathogenesis associated with immunity in cardiovascular diseases. Life Sci 2024; 352:122903. [PMID: 38986897 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is not only a critical component in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), but also suggested as an important mediator for immune response and activity, such as immune cell mobilization, metabolism, biogenesis of immunoregulatory molecules, etc. The chronic duration of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has been increasingly considered to be triggered by uncontrolled pathologic immune reactions from myeloid cells and lymphocytes. Considering the potential anti-inflammatory effect of the traditional antihypertensive ACE inhibitor (ACEi), we attempt to elucidate whether ACE and its catalytically relevant substances as well as signaling pathways play a role in the immunity-related pathogenesis of common CVD, such as arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis and arrythmias. ACEi was also reported to benefit the prognoses of COVID-19-positive patients with CVD, and COVID-19 disease with preexisting CVD or subsequent cardiovascular damage is featured by a significant influx of immune cells and proinflammatory molecules, suggesting that ACE may also participate in COVID-19 induced cardiovascular injury, because COVID-19 disease basically triggers an overactive pathologic immune response. Hopefully, the ACE inhibition and manipulation of those associated bioactive signals could supplement the current medicinal management of various CVD and bring greater benefit to patients' cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Li
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huasheng Ding
- Department of Emergency, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gaoke Feng
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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2
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Oosthuizen D, Ganief TA, Bernstein KE, Sturrock ED. Proteomic Analysis of Human Macrophages Overexpressing Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7055. [PMID: 39000163 PMCID: PMC11240931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) exerts strong modulation of myeloid cell function independently of its cardiovascular arm. The success of the ACE-overexpressing murine macrophage model, ACE 10/10, in treating microbial infections and cancer opens a new avenue into whether ACE overexpression in human macrophages shares these benefits. Additionally, as ACE inhibitors are a widely used antihypertensive medication, their impact on ACE expressing immune cells is of interest and currently understudied. In the present study, we utilized mass spectrometry to characterize and assess global proteomic changes in an ACE-overexpressing human THP-1 cell line. Additionally, proteomic changes and cellular uptake following treatment with an ACE C-domain selective inhibitor, lisinopril-tryptophan, were also assessed. ACE activity was significantly reduced following inhibitor treatment, despite limited uptake within the cell, and both RNA processing and immune pathways were significantly dysregulated with treatment. Also present were upregulated energy and TCA cycle proteins and dysregulated cytokine and interleukin signaling proteins with ACE overexpression. A novel, functionally enriched immune pathway that appeared both with ACE overexpression and inhibitor treatment was neutrophil degranulation. ACE overexpression within human macrophages showed similarities with ACE 10/10 murine macrophages, paving the way for mechanistic studies aimed at understanding the altered immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Oosthuizen
- Division of Chemical, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Tariq A Ganief
- Division of Chemical, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Division of Chemical, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
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3
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Bernstein KE, Cao D, Shibata T, Saito S, Bernstein EA, Nishi E, Yamashita M, Tourtellotte WG, Zhao TV, Khan Z. Classical and nonclassical effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme: How increased ACE enhances myeloid immune function. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107388. [PMID: 38763333 PMCID: PMC11208953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
As part of the classical renin-angiotensin system, the peptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) makes angiotensin II which has myriad effects on systemic cardiovascular function, inflammation, and cellular proliferation. Less well known is that macrophages and neutrophils make ACE in response to immune activation which has marked effects on myeloid cell function independent of angiotensin II. Here, we discuss both classical (angiotensin) and nonclassical functions of ACE and highlight mice called ACE 10/10 in which genetic manipulation increases ACE expression by macrophages and makes these mice much more resistant to models of tumors, infection, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In another model called NeuACE mice, neutrophils make increased ACE and these mice are much more resistant to infection. In contrast, ACE inhibitors reduce neutrophil killing of bacteria in mice and humans. Increased expression of ACE induces a marked increase in macrophage oxidative metabolism, particularly mitochondrial oxidation of lipids, secondary to increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α expression, and results in increased myeloid cell ATP. ACE present in sperm has a similar metabolic effect, and the lack of ACE activity in these cells reduces both sperm motility and fertilization capacity. These nonclassical effects of ACE are not due to the actions of angiotensin II but to an unknown molecule, probably a peptide, that triggers a profound change in myeloid cell metabolism and function. Purifying and characterizing this peptide could offer a new treatment for several diseases and prove potentially lucrative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - DuoYao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tomohiro Shibata
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Suguru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Erika Nishi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Physiology, São Paulo School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michifumi Yamashita
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Warren G Tourtellotte
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tuantuan V Zhao
- Research Oncology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Institute for Myeloma & Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, California, USA
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4
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Saito S, Cao DY, Maekawa T, Tsuji NM, Okuno A. Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris C60 Upregulates Macrophage Function by Modifying Metabolic Preference in Enhanced Anti-Tumor Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1928. [PMID: 38792006 PMCID: PMC11120145 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris C60 is a probiotic strain of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) which induces various immune modifications in myeloid lineage cells. These modifications subsequently regulate T cell function, resulting in enhanced immunity both locally and systemically. Here, we report that C60 suppresses tumor growth by enhancing macrophage function via metabolic alterations, thereby increasing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in a murine melanoma model. Intragastric (i.g.) administration of C60 significantly reduced tumor volume compared to saline administration in mice. The anti-tumor function of intratumor (IT) macrophage was upregulated in mice administered with C60, as evidenced by an increased inflammatory phenotype (M1) rather than an anti-inflammatory/reparative (M2) phenotype, along with enhanced antigen-presenting ability, resulting in increased tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Through this functional modification, we identified that C60 establishes a glycolysis-dominant metabolism, rather than fatty acid oxidation (FAO), in IT macrophages, leading to increased intracellular ATP levels. To address the question of why orally supplemented C60 exhibits functions in distal places, we found a possibility that bacterial cell wall components, which could be distributed throughout the body from the gut, may induce stimulatory signals in peripheral macrophages via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling activation. Thus, C60 strengthens macrophage anti-tumor immunity by promoting a predominant metabolic shift towards glycolysis upon TLR-mediated stimulation, thereby increasing substantial energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Saito
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Division of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 3290431, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Duo-Yao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Toshio Maekawa
- iFoodMed Inc., Tsuchiura, Ibaraki 3000873, Japan;
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Division of Immune Homeostasis, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo 1738610, Japan;
| | - Noriko M. Tsuji
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Division of Immune Homeostasis, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo 1738610, Japan;
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Division of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo 1738610, Japan
- Department of Food Science, Jumonji University, Niiza, Saitama 3528510, Japan
| | - Alato Okuno
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Design, Shibata Gakuen University, Hirosaki, Aomori 0368530, Japan
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Shibata T, Bhat SA, Cao D, Saito S, Bernstein EA, Nishi E, Medenilla JD, Wang ET, Chan JL, Pisarska MD, Tourtellotte WG, Giani JF, Bernstein KE, Khan Z. Testicular ACE regulates sperm metabolism and fertilization through the transcription factor PPARγ. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105486. [PMID: 37992807 PMCID: PMC10788540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Testis angiotensin-converting enzyme (tACE) plays a critical role in male fertility, but the mechanism is unknown. By using ACE C-domain KO (CKO) mice which lack tACE activity, we found that ATP in CKO sperm was 9.4-fold lower than WT sperm. Similarly, an ACE inhibitor (ACEi) reduced ATP production in mouse sperm by 72%. Metabolic profiling showed that tACE inactivation severely affects oxidative metabolism with decreases in several Krebs cycle intermediates including citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, NAD, α-ketoglutaric acid, succinate, and L-malic acid. We found that sperms lacking tACE activity displayed lower levels of oxidative enzymes (CISY, ODO1, MDHM, QCR2, SDHA, FUMH, CPT2, and ATPA) leading to a decreased mitochondrial respiration rate. The reduced energy production in CKO sperms leads to defects in their physiological functions including motility, acrosine activity, and fertilization in vitro and in vivo. Male mice treated with ACEi show severe impairment in reproductive capacity when mated with female mice. In contrast, an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) had no effect. CKO sperms express significantly less peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) transcription factor, and its blockade eliminates the functional differences between CKO and WT sperms, indicating PPARγ might mediate the effects of tACE on sperm metabolism. Finally, in a cohort of human volunteers, in vitro treatment with the ramipril or a PPARγ inhibitor reduced ATP production in human sperm and hence its motility and acrosine activity. These findings may have clinical significance since millions of people take ACEi daily, including men who are reproductively active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Shibata
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shabir A Bhat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - DuoYao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Suguru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Erika Nishi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Juliet D Medenilla
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Erica T Wang
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jessica L Chan
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Margareta D Pisarska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Warren G Tourtellotte
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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6
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Cao D, Saito S, Xu L, Fan W, Li X, Ahmed F, Jovanovic P, Shibata T, Che M, Bernstein EA, Gianni J, Divakaruni AS, Okwan-Duodu D, Khan Z, Riera CE, Chen F, Bernstein KE. Myeloid cell ACE shapes cellular metabolism and function in PCSK-9 induced atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1278383. [PMID: 37928535 PMCID: PMC10623052 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1278383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is defined by impaired lipid handling by macrophages which increases intracellular lipid accumulation. This dysregulation of macrophages triggers the accumulation of apoptotic cells and chronic inflammation which contributes to disease progression. We previously reported that mice with increased macrophage-specific angiotensin-converting enzyme, termed ACE10/10 mice, resist atherosclerosis in an adeno-associated virus-proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (AAV-PCSK9)-induced model. This is due to increased lipid metabolism by macrophages which contributes to plaque resolution. However, the importance of ACE in peripheral blood monocytes, which are the primary precursors of lesional-infiltrating macrophages, is still unknown in atherosclerosis. Here, we show that the ACE-mediated metabolic phenotype is already triggered in peripheral blood circulating monocytes and that this functional modification is directly transferred to differentiated macrophages in ACE10/10 mice. We found that Ly-6Clo monocytes were increased in atherosclerotic ACE10/10 mice. The monocytes isolated from atherosclerotic ACE10/10 mice showed enhanced lipid metabolism, elevated mitochondrial activity, and increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels which implies that ACE overexpression is already altered in atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we observed increased oxygen consumption (VO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and spontaneous physical activity in ACE10/10 mice compared to WT mice in atherosclerotic conditions, indicating enhanced systemic energy consumption. Thus, ACE overexpression in myeloid lineage cells modifies the metabolic function of peripheral blood circulating monocytes which differentiate to macrophages and protect against atherosclerotic lesion progression due to better lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- DuoYao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Suguru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - LiMin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Entry-Exit Frontier Inspection Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xiaomo Li
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Faizan Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Predrag Jovanovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tomohiro Shibata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mingtian Che
- Biobank and Pathology Shared Resource, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ellen A. Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jorge Gianni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ajit S. Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Stanford University, San Jose, CA, United States
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Celine E. Riera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Fanfan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kenneth E. Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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7
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Cao D, Khan Z, Li X, Saito S, Bernstein EA, Victor AR, Ahmed F, Hoshi AO, Veiras LC, Shibata T, Che M, Cai L, Yamashita M, Temel RE, Giani JF, Luthringer DJ, Divakaruni AS, Okwan-Duodu D, Bernstein KE. Macrophage angiotensin-converting enzyme reduces atherosclerosis by increasing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and fundamentally changing lipid metabolism. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:1825-1841. [PMID: 37225143 PMCID: PMC10681664 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The metabolic failure of macrophages to adequately process lipid is central to the aetiology of atherosclerosis. Here, we examine the role of macrophage angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in a mouse model of PCSK9-induced atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Atherosclerosis in mice was induced with AAV-PCSK9 and a high-fat diet. Animals with increased macrophage ACE (ACE 10/10 mice) have a marked reduction in atherosclerosis vs. WT mice. Macrophages from both the aorta and peritoneum of ACE 10/10 express increased PPARα and have a profoundly altered phenotype to process lipids characterized by higher levels of the surface scavenger receptor CD36, increased uptake of lipid, increased capacity to transport long chain fatty acids into mitochondria, higher oxidative metabolism and lipid β-oxidation as determined using 13C isotope tracing, increased cell ATP, increased capacity for efferocytosis, increased concentrations of the lipid transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1, and increased cholesterol efflux. These effects are mostly independent of angiotensin II. Human THP-1 cells, when modified to express more ACE, increase expression of PPARα, increase cell ATP and acetyl-CoA, and increase cell efferocytosis. CONCLUSION Increased macrophage ACE expression enhances macrophage lipid metabolism, cholesterol efflux, efferocytosis, and it reduces atherosclerosis. This has implications for the treatment of cardiovascular disease with angiotensin II receptor antagonists vs. ACE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- DuoYao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Xiaomo Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Suguru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Aaron R Victor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Faizan Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Aoi O Hoshi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Luciana C Veiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Tomohiro Shibata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Mingtian Che
- Biobank and Pathology Shared Resource, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Lei Cai
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Michifumi Yamashita
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Daniel J Luthringer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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8
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Cozier GE, Newby EC, Schwager SLU, Isaac RE, Sturrock ED, Acharya KR. Structural basis for the inhibition of human angiotensin-1 converting enzyme by fosinoprilat. FEBS J 2022; 289:6659-6671. [PMID: 35653492 PMCID: PMC9796954 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) has two isoforms, somatic ACE (sACE) and testis ACE (tACE). The functions of sACE are widespread, with its involvement in blood pressure regulation most extensively studied. sACE is composed of an N-domain (nACE) and a C-domain (cACE), both catalytically active but have significant structural differences, resulting in different substrate specificities. Even though ACE inhibitors are used clinically, they need much improvement because of serious side effects seen in patients (~ 25-30%) with long-term treatment due to nonselective inhibition of nACE and cACE. Investigation into the distinguishing structural features of each domain is therefore of vital importance for the development of domain-specific inhibitors with minimal side effects. Here, we report kinetic data and high-resolution crystal structures of both nACE (1.75 Å) and cACE (1.85 Å) in complex with fosinoprilat, a clinically used inhibitor. These structures allowed detailed analysis of the molecular features conferring domain selectivity by fosinoprilat. Particularly, altered hydrophobic interactions were observed to be a contributing factor. These experimental data contribute to improved understanding of the structural features that dictate ACE inhibitor domain selectivity, allowing further progress towards designing novel 2nd-generation domain-specific potent ACE inhibitors suitable for clinical administration, with a variety of potential future therapeutic benefits. DATABASE: The atomic coordinates and structure factors for nACE-fosinoprilat and cACE-fosinoprilat structures have been deposited with codes 7Z6Z and 7Z70, respectively, in the RCSB Protein Data Bank, www.pdb.org.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma C. Newby
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathUK
| | - Sylva L. U. Schwager
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Cape TownSouth Africa
| | | | - Edward D. Sturrock
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Cape TownSouth Africa
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9
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Dupont V, Berg AH, Yamashita M, Huang C, Covarrubias AE, Ali S, Stotland A, Van Eyk JE, Jim B, Thadhani R, Karumanchi SA. Impaired renal reserve contributes to preeclampsia via the kynurenine and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 pathway. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:158346. [PMID: 35943814 PMCID: PMC9566901 DOI: 10.1172/jci158346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how kidney donation leads to an increased risk of preeclampsia, we studied pregnant outbred mice with prior uninephrectomy and compared them with sham-operated littermates carrying both kidneys. During pregnancy, uninephrectomized (UNx) mice failed to achieve a physiological increase in the glomerular filtration rate and during late gestation developed hypertension, albuminuria, glomerular endothelial damage, and excess placental production of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFLT1), an antiangiogenic protein implicated in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Maternal hypertension in UNx mice was associated with low plasma volumes, an increased rate of fetal resorption, impaired spiral artery remodeling, and placental ischemia. To evaluate potential mechanisms, we studied plasma metabolite changes using mass spectrometry and noted that l-kynurenine, a metabolite of l-tryptophan, was upregulated approximately 3-fold during pregnancy when compared with prepregnant concentrations in the same animals, consistent with prior reports suggesting a protective role for l-kynurenine in placental health. However, UNx mice failed to show upregulation of l-kynurenine during pregnancy; furthermore, when UNx mice were fed l-kynurenine in drinking water throughout pregnancy, their preeclampsia-like state was rescued, including a reversal of placental ischemia and normalization of sFLT1 levels. In aggregate, we provide a mechanistic basis for how impaired renal reserve and the resulting failure to upregulate l-kynurenine during pregnancy can lead to impaired placentation, placental hypoperfusion, an antiangiogenic state, and subsequent preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Dupont
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,EA-3801, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Shafat Ali
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aleksandr Stotland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Van Eyk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Belinda Jim
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Ravi Thadhani
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - S. Ananth Karumanchi
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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10
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Silveira TMD, Silva CFE, Vaucher RDA, Angst PDM, Casarin M, Pola NM. Higher frequency of specific periodontopathogens in hypertensive patients. A pilot study. Braz Dent J 2022; 33:64-73. [PMID: 36287500 PMCID: PMC9645173 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202204914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis and arterial hypertension are two of the pathologies with the highest global prevalence; evidence reported so far has been favorable to an association between them. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate and compare the microbiological counts of hypertensive and normotensive patients with periodontitis. Sociodemographic, behavioral, systemic health data and periodontal clinical parameters were assessed. Counts of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. intermedia, P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum were performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction using subgingival biofilm samples. Thirty-eight patients were included in this preliminary analysis, divided into two groups: Normotensive Group (NG) (n = 14) and Hypertensive Group (HG) (n = 24). Patients diagnosed with periodontitis composed both groups. Data analysis was performed with significance level of 5%. There was no significant difference between groups for clinical periodontitis diagnosis. In addition, hypertensive individuals had higher P. intermedia, P. gingivalis, and F. nucleatum counts when compared to normotensive individuals. The parameters probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing, and A. actinomycetemcomitans count did not presented statistical differences between groups. With these preliminary results, it can be concluded that the presence of arterial hypertension may be associated with a greater quantity of periodontopathogenic bacterial of some species in individuals with periodontitis.
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11
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Saito S, Tatsumoto N, Cao DY, Nosaka N, Nishi H, Leal DN, Bernstein E, Shimada K, Arditi M, Bernstein KE, Yamashita M. Overexpressed angiotensin-converting enzyme in neutrophils suppresses glomerular damage in crescentic glomerulonephritis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F411-F424. [PMID: 35979968 PMCID: PMC9484997 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00067.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) regulates blood pressure by producing angiotensin II as part of the renin-angiotensin system, we recently reported that elevated ACE in neutrophils promotes an effective immune response and increases resistance to infection. Here, we investigate if such neutrophils protect against renal injury in immune complex (IC)-mediated crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN) through complement. Nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTN) was induced in wild-type and NeuACE mice that overexpress ACE in neutrophils. Glomerular injury of NTN in NeuACE mice was attenuated with much less proteinuria, milder histological injury, and reduced IC deposits, but presented with more glomerular neutrophils in the early stage of the disease. There were no significant defects in T and B cell functions in NeuACE mice. NeuACE neutrophils exhibited enhanced IC uptake with elevated surface expression of FcγRII/III and complement receptor CR1/2. IC uptake in neutrophils was enhanced by NeuACE serum containing elevated complement C3b. Given no significant complement activation by ACE, this suggests that neutrophil ACE indirectly preactivates C3 and that the C3b-CR1/2 axis and elevated FcγRII/III play a central role in IC elimination by neutrophils, resulting in reduced glomerular injury. The present study identified a novel renoprotective role of ACE in glomerulonephritis; elevated neutrophilic ACE promotes elimination of locally formed ICs in glomeruli via C3b-CR1/2 and FcγRII/III, ameliorating glomerular injury.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We studied immune complex (IC)-mediated crescentic glomerulonephritis in NeuACE mice that overexpress ACE only in neutrophils. Such mice show no significant defects in humoral immunity but strongly resist nephrotoxic serum nephritis (less proteinuria, milder histological damage, reduced IC deposits, and more glomerular neutrophils). NeuACE neutrophils enhanced IC uptake via increased surface expression of CR1/2 and FcgRII/III, as well as elevated serum complement C3b. These results suggest neutrophil ACE as a novel approach to reducing glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Narihito Tatsumoto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Duo-Yao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nobuyuki Nosaka
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hiroshi Nishi
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel N Leal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ellen Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kenichi Shimada
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michifumi Yamashita
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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12
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Lubbe L, Sewell BT, Woodward JD, Sturrock ED. Cryo-EM reveals mechanisms of angiotensin I-converting enzyme allostery and dimerization. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110550. [PMID: 35818993 PMCID: PMC9379546 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021110550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension (high blood pressure) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of death worldwide. The somatic isoform of angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (sACE) plays a critical role in blood pressure regulation, and ACE inhibitors are thus widely used to treat hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Our current understanding of sACE structure, dynamics, function, and inhibition has been limited because truncated, minimally glycosylated forms of sACE are typically used for X‐ray crystallography and molecular dynamics simulations. Here, we report the first cryo‐EM structures of full‐length, glycosylated, soluble sACE (sACES1211). Both monomeric and dimeric forms of the highly flexible apo enzyme were reconstructed from a single dataset. The N‐ and C‐terminal domains of monomeric sACES1211 were resolved at 3.7 and 4.1 Å, respectively, while the interacting N‐terminal domains responsible for dimer formation were resolved at 3.8 Å. Mechanisms are proposed for intradomain hinging, cooperativity, and homodimerization. Furthermore, the observation that both domains were in the open conformation has implications for the design of sACE modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizelle Lubbe
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bryan Trevor Sewell
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jeremy D Woodward
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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13
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The immunomodulatory effects of antihypertensive therapy: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113287. [PMID: 35728352 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension remains the leading preventable risk factor for stroke and coronary artery disease, significantly contributing to all-cause global mortality and predisposing patients to renal and heart failure, as well as peripheral vascular disease. Due to the widespread usage of antihypertensive drugs, global mean blood pressure has remained unchanged or even slightly decreased over the past four decades. However, considering the broad spectrum of mechanisms involved in the action of antihypertensive drugs and the prevalence of their target receptors on immune cells, possible immunomodulatory effects which may exert beneficial effects of lowering blood pressure but also potentially alter immune function should be considered. In this review, we attempt to assess the consequences to immune system function of administering the five most commonly prescribed groups of antihypertensive drugs and to explain the mechanisms behind those interactions. Finally, we show potential gaps in our understanding of the effects of antihypertensive drugs on patient health. With regard to the widespread use of these drugs in the adult population worldwide, the discussed results may be of vital importance to evidence-based decision-making in daily clinical practice.
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14
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Cao D, Veiras L, Ahmed F, Shibata T, Bernstein EA, Okwan-Duodu D, Giani JF, Khan Z, Bernstein KE. The non-cardiovascular actions of ACE. Peptides 2022; 152:170769. [PMID: 35182689 PMCID: PMC10405936 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is well known for its role producing the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II and ACE inhibitors are commonly used for treating hypertension and cardiovascular disease. However, ACE has many different substrates besides angiotensin I and plays a role in many different physiologic processes. Here, we discuss the role of ACE in the immune response. Several studies in mice indicate that increased expression of ACE by macrophages or neutrophils enhances the ability of these cells to respond to immune challenges such as infection, neoplasm, Alzheimer's disease, and atherosclerosis. Increased expression of ACE induces increased oxidative metabolism with an increase in cell content of ATP. In contrast, ACE inhibitors have the opposite effect, and in both humans and mice, administration of ACE inhibitors reduces the ability of neutrophils to kill bacteria. Understanding how ACE affects the immune response may provide a means to increase immunity in a variety of chronic conditions now not treated through immune manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- DuoYao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Luciana Veiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Faizan Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Tomohiro Shibata
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA; Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA; Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
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15
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Munansangu BSM, Kenyon C, Walzl G, Loxton AG, Kotze LA, du Plessis N. Immunometabolism of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: Implications for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Insights from Tumor Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073512. [PMID: 35408873 PMCID: PMC8998693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of immunometabolism seeks to decipher the complex interplay between the immune system and the associated metabolic pathways. The role of small molecules that can target specific metabolic pathways and subsequently alter the immune landscape provides a desirable platform for new therapeutic interventions. Immunotherapeutic targeting of suppressive cell populations, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), by small molecules has shown promise in pathologies such as cancer and support testing of similar host-directed therapeutic approaches in MDSC-inducing conditions such as tuberculosis (TB). MDSC exhibit a remarkable ability to suppress T-cell responses in those with TB disease. In tumors, MDSC exhibit considerable plasticity and can undergo metabolic reprogramming from glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to facilitate their immunosuppressive functions. In this review we look at the role of MDSC during M. tb infection and how their metabolic reprogramming aids in the exacerbation of active disease and highlight the possible MDSC-targeted metabolic pathways utilized during M. tb infection, suggesting ways to manipulate these cells in search of novel insights for anti-TB therapies.
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16
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SAITO S, OKUNO A, KAKIZAKI N, MAEKAWA T, TSUJI NM. <i>Lactococcus lactis</i> subsp. <i>cremoris</i> C60 induces macrophages activation that enhances CD4+ T cell-based adaptive immunity. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA, FOOD AND HEALTH 2022; 41:130-136. [PMID: 35854694 PMCID: PMC9246417 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2021-057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris C60 is a probiotic
strain that induces diverse functional modifications in immune cells. In this report, as a
novel effect of C60 on myeloid lineage cells, we show that C60 enhances the immunological
function of macrophages that consequently promotes CD4+ T cell activity in an
antigen-dependent manner. Heat-killed (HK) C60 induced the production of pro-inflammatory
cytokines in thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal macrophages (TPMs) much stronger than
Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand stimulation. The HK-C60 treatment also augmented the
expression of antigen-presenting and co-stimulatory molecules, such as major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, CD80, and CD86, as well as antigen uptake in
TPMs. These HK-C60-mediated functional upregulations in TPMs resulted in the promotion of
CD4+ T cell activation in an antigen-dependent manner. Interestingly, the TPMs that
originated from the mice fed the HK-C60 diet showed pre-activated characteristics, which
was confirmed by the upregulation of cytokine production and antigen presentation-related
molecule expression under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Furthermore, the
antigen-dependent CD4+ T cell activation was also enhanced by the TPMs. This implied that
antigen presentation activity was enhanced in the TPMs that originated from the HK-C60
diet mice. Thus, C60 effectively upregulates the immunological function of macrophages
that directly connects to CD4+ T cell-based adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru SAITO
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0431, Japan
| | - Alato OKUNO
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Life Technology and Science, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8560, Japan
| | - Nanae KAKIZAKI
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Life Technology and Science, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8560, Japan
| | - Toshio MAEKAWA
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Life Technology and Science, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8560, Japan
| | - Noriko M. TSUJI
- Department of Food Science, Jumonji University, 2-1-28 Sugasawa, Niiza, Saitama 352-8510, Japan
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17
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Guo XM, Yadav MB, Khan M, Hao CW, Lin CY, Huang T, Wu J, Fan BM, Bian ZX. Bradykinin-Potentiating Peptide-Paclitaxel Conjugate Directed at Ectopically Expressed Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17051-17062. [PMID: 34699215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous subtype of breast cancer with poor prognosis. Here, we present a peptide-drug conjugate (PDC)-bradykinin-potentiating peptide-paclitaxel (BPP-PTX) conjugate-synthesized by conjugating BPP9a with PTX via a succinyl linker. BPP-PTX targets the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) on TNBC cells. ACE was found to be ectopically expressed in two TNBC cell lines but was absent in both the receptor-positive breast cancer cell line and healthy kidney cell line. Overexpression, knockdown, and competitive inhibition experiments demonstrated ACE-mediated cytotoxicity of BPP-PTX. In vivo, ACE-positive tumors were enriched with BPP-PTX, with the PDC being better tolerated than plain PTX. Compared with plain PTX, BPP-PTX exhibited improved tumor-suppressive effects in MDA-MB-468 xenografted female nude mice. Meanwhile, BPP-PTX resulted in less body weight loss and white blood cell reduction toxicity. These results collectively imply the novelty, efficacy, and low-toxicity profile of BPP-PTX as a potential therapeutic for ACE-positive TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Ming Guo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Maruti Balaso Yadav
- YMU-HKBU Joint Laboratory of Traditional Natural Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Mahjabin Khan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Chao-Wei Hao
- YMU-HKBU Joint Laboratory of Traditional Natural Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Yuan Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.,YMU-HKBU Joint Laboratory of Traditional Natural Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Tao Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Tibet Plateau Phytochemistry of Qinghai Province, College of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining 810007, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Min Fan
- YMU-HKBU Joint Laboratory of Traditional Natural Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Xiang Bian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
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18
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Cao DY, Giani JF, Veiras LC, Bernstein EA, Okwan-Duodu D, Ahmed F, Bresee C, Tourtellotte WG, Karumanchi SA, Bernstein KE, Khan Z. An ACE inhibitor reduces bactericidal activity of human neutrophils in vitro and impairs mouse neutrophil activity in vivo. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/604/eabj2138. [PMID: 34321319 PMCID: PMC10370421 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are used by millions of patients to treat hypertension, diabetic kidney disease, and heart failure. However, these patients are often at increased risk of infection. To evaluate the impact of ACEIs on immune responses to infection, we compared the effect of an ACEI versus an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) on neutrophil antibacterial activity. ACEI exposure reduced the ability of murine neutrophils to kill methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae in vitro. In vivo, ACEI-treated mice infected with MRSA had increased bacteremia and tissue bacteria counts compared to mice treated with an ARB or with no drug. Similarly, ACEIs, but not ARBs, increased the incidence of MRSA-induced infective endocarditis in mice with aortic valve injury. Neutrophils from ACE knockout (KO) mice or mice treated with an ACEI produced less leukotriene B4 (LTB4) upon stimulation with MRSA or lipopolysaccharide, whereas neutrophils overexpressing ACE produced more LTB4 compared to wild-type neutrophils. As a result of reduced LTB4 production, ACE KO neutrophils showed decreased survival signaling and increased apoptosis. In contrast, neutrophils overexpressing ACE had an enhanced survival phenotype. Last, in a cohort of human volunteers receiving the ACEI ramipril for 1 week, ACEI administration reduced neutrophil superoxide and reactive oxygen species production and neutrophils isolated from volunteers during ramipril treatment had reduced bactericidal activity. Together, these data demonstrate that ACEI treatment, but not ARB treatment, can reduce the bacterial killing ability of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo-Yao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Luciana C Veiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Faizan Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Catherine Bresee
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Warren G Tourtellotte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.,Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - S Ananth Karumanchi
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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19
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Giani JF, Veiras LC, Shen JZY, Bernstein EA, Cao D, Okwan-Duodu D, Khan Z, Gonzalez-Villalobos RA, Bernstein KE. Novel roles of the renal angiotensin-converting enzyme. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 529:111257. [PMID: 33781839 PMCID: PMC8127398 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The observation that all components of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) are expressed in the kidney and the fact that intratubular angiotensin (Ang) II levels greatly exceed the plasma concentration suggest that the synthesis of renal Ang II occurs independently of the circulating RAS. One of the main components of this so-called intrarenal RAS is angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Although the role of ACE in renal disease is demonstrated by the therapeutic effectiveness of ACE inhibitors in treating several conditions, the exact contribution of intrarenal versus systemic ACE in renal disease remains unknown. Using genetically modified mouse models, our group demonstrated that renal ACE plays a key role in the development of several forms of hypertension. Specifically, although ACE is expressed in different cell types within the kidney, its expression in renal proximal tubular cells is essential for the development of high blood pressure. Besides hypertension, ACE is involved in several other renal diseases such as diabetic kidney disease, or acute kidney injury even when blood pressure is normal. In addition, studies suggest that ACE might mediate at least part of its effect through mechanisms that are independent of the Ang I conversion into Ang II and involve other substrates such as N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP), Ang-(1-7), and bradykinin, among others. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in understanding the contribution of intrarenal ACE to different pathological conditions and provide insight into the many roles of ACE besides the well-known synthesis of Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Luciana C Veiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Justin Z Y Shen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - DuoYao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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20
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Costa PB, Aranalde LC, Correia PE, Cardozo GRF, da Silva ES, da Costa MS, Valle SC, Bertacco RTA, Pieniz S, Araujo RC, Schneider A, Schadock I, Barros CC. Combination of ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms as a tool for prediction of obesity risk in children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 45:337-341. [PMID: 32873907 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-00668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The genetic influence in obesity prevalence is well described, but the role of genetic markers related to athletic strength/ endurance performance remains controversial. We investigated associations between obesity and the genetic polymorphisms alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3) R577X and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D in schoolchildren aged 4-13 years from Southern Brazil. We collected sociodemographic data from parents through a questionnaire and conducted an anthropometric assessment. DNA was extracted from buccal cells and genotyping was performed by PCR. We found that 1.9% of the individuals were classified as low weight-for-age, 57.6% as normal weight and 40.5% as overweight/ obesity. Regarding allelic distribution, we found that 52.5% of individuals were DD, 30.8% ID, and 16.7% II for ACE; and 38.8% of individuals were RR, 40.2% RX and 21.0% XX for ACTN3. When both polymorphisms were combined, we observed a clear association between the composed genetic profile of these alleles and severe obesity in schoolchildren. Our data suggest that the combined analysis of ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms may serve as a predictor for the risk of severe obesity in children. These data can contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between these polymorphisms and the body weight development of school-age children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura C Aranalde
- Medical Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Poliana E Correia
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul- UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Sandra Costa Valle
- Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Pelotas -UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Pieniz
- Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Pelotas -UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Augusto Schneider
- Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Pelotas -UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ines Schadock
- Medical Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Castilho Barros
- Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Pelotas -UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil. .,Technological Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas -UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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