1
|
Immobilization of a Bienzymatic System via Crosslinking to a Metal‐Organic Framework. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12090969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A leading biotechnological advancement in the field of biocatalysis is the immobilization of enzymes on solid supports to create more stable and recyclable systems. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous materials that have been explored as solid supports for enzyme immobilization. Composed of organic linkers and inorganic nodes, MOFs feature empty void space with large surface areas and have the ability to be modified post-synthesis. Our target enzyme system for immobilization is glucose oxidase (GOx) and chloroperoxidase (CPO). Glucose oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of glucose and is used for many applications in biosensing, biofuel cells, and food production. Chloroperoxidase is a fungal heme enzyme that catalyzes peroxide-dependent halogenation, oxidation, and hydroxylation. These two enzymes work sequentially in this enzyme system by GOx producing peroxide, which activates CPO that reacts with a suitable substrate. This study focuses on using a zirconium-based MOF, UiO-66-NH2, to immobilize the enzyme system via crosslinking with the MOF’s amine group on the surface of the MOF. This study investigates two different crosslinkers: disuccinimidyl glutarate (DSG) and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC)/N-hydroxysuccinidimide (NHS), providing stable crosslinking of the MOF to the enzymes. The two crosslinkers are used to covalently bond CPO and GOx onto UiO-66-NH2, and a comparison of the recyclability and enzymatic activity of the single immobilization of CPO and the doubly immobilized CPO and GOx is discussed through assays and characterization analyses. The DSG-crosslinked composites displayed enhanced activity relative to the free enzyme, and all crosslinked enzyme/MOF composites demonstrated recyclability, with at least 30% of the activity being retained after four catalytic cycles. The results of this report will aid researchers in utilizing CPO as a biocatalyst that is more active and has greater recyclability.
Collapse
|
2
|
Paik A, Paul S, Bhowmik S, Das R, Naveen T, Rana S. Recent Advances in First Row Transition Metal Mediated C‐H Halogenation of (Hetero)arenes and Alkanes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Paik
- University of North Bengal Department of Chemistry Raja Rammohunpur, DarjeelingWest Bengal, India - 734013 734013 Siliguri INDIA
| | - Sabarni Paul
- University of North Bengal Department of Chemistry Raja Rammohunpur, DarjeelingWest Bengal, India - 734013 734013 Siliguri INDIA
| | - Sabyasachi Bhowmik
- University of North Bengal Department of Chemistry Raja Rammohunpur, DarjeelingWest Bengal, India - 734013 734013 Siliguri INDIA
| | - Rahul Das
- University of North Bengal Department of Chemistry Raja Rammohunpur, DarjeelingWest Bengal, India - 734013 734013 Siliguri INDIA
| | - Togati Naveen
- Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Department of Chemistry 395007 Surat INDIA
| | - Sujoy Rana
- University of North Bengal Chemistry Raja Rammohunpur, DarjeelingWest Bengal, India, 734013 734013 Siliguri INDIA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo M, Lee YM, Fukuzumi S, Nam W. Biomimetic metal-oxidant adducts as active oxidants in oxidation reactions. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
4
|
Biswas JP, Guin S, Maiti D. Highvalent 3d metal-oxo mediated C–H halogenation: Biomimetic approaches. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
5
|
Manoj KM, Ramasamy S, Parashar A, Gideon DA, Soman V, Jacob VD, Pakshirajan K. Acute toxicity of cyanide in aerobic respiration: Theoretical and experimental support for murburn explanation. Biomol Concepts 2020; 11:32-56. [PMID: 32187011 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2020-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The inefficiency of cyanide/HCN (CN) binding with heme proteins (under physiological regimes) is demonstrated with an assessment of thermodynamics, kinetics, and inhibition constants. The acute onset of toxicity and CN's mg/Kg LD50 (μM lethal concentration) suggests that the classical hemeFe binding-based inhibition rationale is untenable to account for the toxicity of CN. In vitro mechanistic probing of CN-mediated inhibition of hemeFe reductionist systems was explored as a murburn model for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (mOxPhos). The effect of CN in haloperoxidase catalyzed chlorine moiety transfer to small organics was considered as an analogous probe for phosphate group transfer in mOxPhos. Similarly, inclusion of CN in peroxidase-catalase mediated one-electron oxidation of small organics was used to explore electron transfer outcomes in mOxPhos, leading to water formation. The free energy correlations from a Hammett study and IC50/Hill slopes analyses and comparison with ligands ( CO/ H 2 S/ N 3 - ) $\left( {\text{CO}}/{{{{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{S}}/{\text{N}_{3}^{\text{-}}}\;}\; \right)$ provide insights into the involvement of diffusible radicals and proton-equilibriums, explaining analogous outcomes in mOxPhos chemistry. Further, we demonstrate that superoxide (diffusible reactive oxygen species, DROS) enables in vitro ATP synthesis from ADP+phosphate, and show that this reaction is inhibited by CN. Therefore, practically instantaneous CN ion-radical interactions with DROS in matrix catalytically disrupt mOxPhos, explaining the acute lethal effect of CN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelath Murali Manoj
- Satyamjayatu: The Science & Ethics Foundation Snehatheeram, Kulappully, Shoranur-2 (PO), Kerala, India-679122
| | - Surjith Ramasamy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India-781039
| | - Abhinav Parashar
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur, India-522213
| | - Daniel Andrew Gideon
- Department of Biotechnology, Bishop Heber College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India-620017
| | - Vidhu Soman
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India-110016
| | - Vivian David Jacob
- Satyamjayatu: The Science & Ethics Foundation Snehatheeram, Kulappully, Shoranur-2 (PO), Kerala, India-679122
| | - Kannan Pakshirajan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India-781039
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Spectroscopic and QM/MM investigations of Chloroperoxidase catalyzed degradation of orange G. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 596:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
7
|
China H, Okada Y, Dohi T. The Multiple Reactions in the Monochlorodimedone Assay: Discovery of Unique Dehalolactonizations under Mild Conditions. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201500210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyasu China
- Department of Applied Chemistry; College of Life Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Yutaka Okada
- Department of Applied Chemistry; College of Life Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Toshifumi Dohi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
China H, Okada Y, Ogino H. Production mechanism of active species on the oxidative bromination following perhydrolase activity. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyasu China
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Osaka Prefecture University; 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Yutaka Okada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Ogino
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Osaka Prefecture University; 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Holtmann D, Krieg T, Getrey L, Schrader J. Electroenzymatic process to overcome enzyme instabilities. CATAL COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2014.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
10
|
Breider F, Hunkeler D. Investigating chloroperoxidase-catalyzed formation of chloroform from humic substances using stable chlorine isotope analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:1592-1600. [PMID: 24377317 DOI: 10.1021/es403879e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chloroperoxidase (CPO) is suspected to play an important role in the biosynthesis of natural chloroform. The aims of the present study are to evaluate the variability of the δ(37)Cl value of naturally produced chloroform and to better understand the reaction steps that control the chlorine isotope signature of chloroform. The isotope analyses have shown that the chlorination of the humic substances (HS) in the presence of high H3O(+) and Cl(-) concentrations induces a large apparent kinetic isotope effect (AKIE = 1.010-1.018) likely associated with the transfer of chlorine between two heavy atoms, whereas in the presence of low H3O(+) and Cl(-) concentrations, the formation of chloroform induces a smaller AKIE (1.005-1.006) likely associated with the formation of an HOCl-ferriprotoporphyrin IX intermediate. As the concentration of H3O(+) and Cl(-) in soils are generally at submillimolar levels, the formation of the HOCl-ferriprotoporphyrin IX intermediate is likely rate-limiting in a terrestrial environment. Given that the δ(37)Cl values of naturally occurring chloride tend to range between -1 and +1‰, the δ(37)Cl value of natural chloroform should vary between -5‰ and -8‰. As the median δ(37)Cl value of industrial chloroform is -3.0‰, the present study suggests that chlorine isotopic composition of chloroform might be used to discriminate industrial and natural sources in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Breider
- Center for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel , rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Maitra D, Shaeib F, Abdulhamid I, Abdulridha RM, Saed GM, Diamond MP, Pennathur S, Abu-Soud HM. Myeloperoxidase acts as a source of free iron during steady-state catalysis by a feedback inhibitory pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:90-8. [PMID: 23624305 PMCID: PMC3863623 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a heme-containing enzyme that generates hypochlorous acid (HOCl) from chloride (Cl(-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). It is implicated in the pathology of several chronic inflammatory conditions such as cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases and cancer. Recently we have shown that HOCl can destroy the heme prosthetic group of hemoproteins. Here, we investigated whether the HOCl formed during steady-state catalysis is able to destroy the MPO heme moiety and thereby function as a major source of free iron. UV-visible spectra and H₂O₂-specific electrode measurements recorded during steady-state HOCl synthesis by MPO showed that the degree of MPO heme destruction increased after multiple additions of H₂O₂ (10 µM), precluding the enzyme from functioning at maximum activity (80-90% inhibition). MPO heme destruction occurred only in the presence of Cl(-). Stopped-flow measurements revealed that the HOCl-mediated MPO heme destruction was complex and occurred through transient ferric species whose formation and decay kinetics indicated it participates in heme destruction along with subsequent free iron release. MPO heme depletion was confirmed by the buildup of free iron utilizing the ferrozine assay. Hypochlorous acid, once generated, first equilibrates in the solution as a whole before binding to the heme iron and initiating heme destruction. Eliminating HOCl from the MPO milieu by scavenging HOCl, destabilizing the MPO-Compound I-Cl complex that could be formed during catalysis, and/or inhibiting MPO catalytic activity partially or completely protects MPO from HOCl insults. Collectively, this study elucidates the bidirectional relationship between MPO and HOCl, which highlights the potential role of MPO as a source of free iron.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhiman Maitra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Faten Shaeib
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | | | - Rasha M. Abdulridha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ghassan M. Saed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Michael P. Diamond
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Husam M. Abu-Soud
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Corresponding author. Fax: 313 577 8554. (H. M. Abu-Soud)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li X, Zhang J, Jiang Y, Hu M, Li S, Zhai Q. Highly Efficient Biodecolorization/Degradation of Congo Red and Alizarin Yellow R by Chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago: Catalytic Mechanism and Degradation Pathway. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie4007563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Li
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Yucheng Jiang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Mancheng Hu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Shuni Li
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Quanguo Zhai
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
D'Cunha C, Morozov AN, Chatfield DC. Theoretical study of HOCl-catalyzed keto-enol tautomerization of β-cyclopentanedione in an explicit water environment. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:8437-48. [PMID: 23902476 DOI: 10.1021/jp401409y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of acid-catalyzed keto-enol tautomerization of β-cyclopentanedione (CPD) in solution is studied computationally. Reaction profiles are first calculated for a limited solvation environment using ab initio and density functional methods. Barrier heights for systems including up to one hydration shell of explicit water molecules depend strongly on the number of waters involved in proton transfer and to a lesser but significant extent on the number of waters forming hydrogen bonds with waters in the proton-transfer chain (each such water reduces the barrier by 4.4 kcal/mol on average). Barriers of 8-13 kcal/mol were obtained when a full or nearly full hydration shell was present, consistent with calculations for nonacid-catalyzed keto-enol tautomerization of related molecules. The presence of HOCl reduced the barrier by 4.5 kcal/mol in relation to the gas phase, consistent with the well-known principle that keto-enol tautomerization can be acid- or base-catalyzed. The reaction was also modeled beginning with snapshots of reactant conformations taken from a 300 K molecular dynamics simulation of CPD, HOCl, and 324 explicit waters. Reaction profiles were calculated at a QM/MM level with waters in the first hydration shell either fixed or energy-minimized at each step along the reaction coordinate. A substantial variation in barrier height was observed in both cases, depending primarily on electrostatic interactions (hydrogen bonding) with first-hydration-shell waters and, to a lesser extent, on electrostatic interactions with more distant waters and geometric distortion effects. For the lowest barriers, the extent of barrier reduction by waters involved in proton transfer is consistent with the limited solvation results, but further barrier reduction due to hydrogen bonding to waters involved in proton transfer is not observed. It is postulated that this is because highly flexible structures such as extensive hydrogen bonding networks optimal for reaction are entropically disfavored and so may not contribute significantly to the observed reaction rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassian D'Cunha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yadav P, Yadav M, Yadav KDS, Sharma JK, Singh VK. Purification of chloroperoxidase from Musa paradisiaca
stem juice. INT J CHEM KINET 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
15
|
Hu Z, Du H, Man WL, Leung CF, Liang H, Lau TC. Catalytic reactions of chlorite with a polypyridylruthenium(ii) complex: disproportionation, chlorine dioxide formation and alcohol oxidation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:1102-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc15860k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
16
|
Coal Depolymerising Activity and Haloperoxidase Activity of Mn Peroxidase from Fomes durissimus MTCC-1173. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2011; 2011:260802. [PMID: 22162670 PMCID: PMC3227415 DOI: 10.1155/2011/260802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mn peroxidase has been purified to homogeneity from the culture filtrate of a new fungal strain Fomes durissimus MTCC-1173 using concentration by ultrafiltration and anion exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme has been found to be 42.0 kDa using SDS-PAGE analysis. The K(m) values using MnSO(4) and H(2)O(2) as the variable substrates in 50 mM lactic acid-sodium lactate buffer pH 4.5 at 30(°)C were 59 μM and 32 μM, respectively. The catalytic rate constants using MnSO(4) and H(2)O(2) were 22.4 s(-1) and 14.0 s(-1), respectively, giving the values of k(cat)/K(m) 0.38 μM(-1)s(-1) and 0.44 μM(-1)s(-1), respectively. The pH and temperature optima of the Mn peroxidase were 4 and 26(°)C, respectively. The purified MnP depolymerises humic acid in presence of H(2)O(2). The purified Mn peroxidase exhibits haloperoxidase activity at low pH.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lin H, Liu JY, Wang HB, Ahmed AAQ, Wu ZL. Biocatalysis as an alternative for the production of chiral epoxides: A comparative review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
18
|
Cong Z, Kurahashi T, Fujii H. Oxidation of chloride and subsequent chlorination of organic compounds by oxoiron(IV) porphyrin π-cation radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9935-9. [PMID: 21913293 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201104461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ironing it out: oxoiron(IV) porphyrin π-cation radical complexes serve as models for the oxidation of Cl(-) into an active chlorinating reagent that chlorinates various organic compounds. Evidence suggests that Cl(-) is oxidized to Cl(2) via Cl·. The mechanism involving either direct electron transfer or iron(III) hypochlorite formation, and then homolysis of the Cl-O bond is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Cong
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cong Z, Kurahashi T, Fujii H. Oxidation of Chloride and Subsequent Chlorination of Organic Compounds by Oxoiron(IV) Porphyrin π-Cation Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201104461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
20
|
Hofrichter M, Ullrich R, Pecyna MJ, Liers C, Lundell T. New and classic families of secreted fungal heme peroxidases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:871-97. [PMID: 20495915 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Heme-containing peroxidases secreted by fungi are a fascinating group of biocatalysts with various ecological and biotechnological implications. For example, they are involved in the biodegradation of lignocelluloses and lignins and participate in the bioconversion of other diverse recalcitrant compounds as well as in the natural turnover of humic substances and organohalogens. The current review focuses on the most recently discovered and novel types of heme-dependent peroxidases, aromatic peroxygenases (APOs), and dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs), which catalyze remarkable reactions such as peroxide-driven oxygen transfer and cleavage of anthraquinone derivatives, respectively, and represent own separate peroxidase superfamilies. Furthermore, several aspects of the "classic" fungal heme-containing peroxidases, i.e., lignin, manganese, and versatile peroxidases (LiP, MnP, and VP), phenol-oxidizing peroxidases as well as chloroperoxidase (CPO), are discussed against the background of recent scientific developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hofrichter
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, International Graduate School of Zittau, Markt 23, 02763, Zittau, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Manoj KM, Baburaj A, Ephraim B, Pappachan F, Maviliparambathu PP, Vijayan UK, Narayanan SV, Periasamy K, George EA, Mathew LT. Explaining the atypical reaction profiles of heme enzymes with a novel mechanistic hypothesis and kinetic treatment. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10601. [PMID: 20498847 PMCID: PMC2871781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many heme enzymes show remarkable versatility and atypical kinetics. The fungal extracellular enzyme chloroperoxidase (CPO) characterizes a variety of one and two electron redox reactions in the presence of hydroperoxides. A structural counterpart, found in mammalian microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP), uses molecular oxygen plus NADPH for the oxidative metabolism (predominantly hydroxylation) of substrate in conjunction with a redox partner enzyme, cytochrome P450 reductase. In this study, we employ the two above-mentioned heme-thiolate proteins to probe the reaction kinetics and mechanism of heme enzymes. Hitherto, a substrate inhibition model based upon non-productive binding of substrate (two-site model) was used to account for the inhibition of reaction at higher substrate concentrations for the CYP reaction systems. Herein, the observation of substrate inhibition is shown for both peroxide and final substrate in CPO catalyzed peroxidations. Further, analogy is drawn in the “steady state kinetics” of CPO and CYP reaction systems. New experimental observations and analyses indicate that a scheme of competing reactions (involving primary product with enzyme or other reaction components/intermediates) is relevant in such complex reaction mixtures. The presence of non-selective reactive intermediate(s) affords alternate reaction routes at various substrate/product concentrations, thereby leading to a lowered detectable concentration of “the product of interest” in the reaction milieu. Occam's razor favors the new hypothesis. With the new hypothesis as foundation, a new biphasic treatment to analyze the kinetics is put forth. We also introduce a key concept of “substrate concentration at maximum observed rate”. The new treatment affords a more acceptable fit for observable experimental kinetic data of heme redox enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelath Murali Manoj
- Center for BioMedical Research, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Leak DJ, Sheldon RA, Woodley JM, Adlercreutz P. Biocatalysts for selective introduction of oxygen. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420802393519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
23
|
CH bond activation in heme proteins: the role of thiolate ligation in cytochrome P450. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 13:84-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
24
|
Mechanism of and exquisite selectivity for O-O bond formation by the heme-dependent chlorite dismutase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:15654-9. [PMID: 18840691 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804279105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorite dismutase (Cld) is a heme b-dependent, O-O bond forming enzyme that transforms toxic chlorite (ClO(2)(-)) into innocuous chloride and molecular oxygen. The mechanism and specificity of the reaction with chlorite and alternate oxidants were investigated. Chlorite is the sole source of dioxygen as determined by oxygen-18 labeling studies. Based on ion chromatography and mass spectrometry results, Cld is highly specific for the dismutation of chlorite to chloride and dioxygen with no other side products. Cld does not use chlorite as an oxidant for oxygen atom transfer and halogenation reactions (using cosubstrates guaiacol, thioanisole, and monochlorodimedone, respectively). When peracetic acid or H(2)O(2) was used as an alternative oxidant, oxidation and oxygen atom transfer but not halogenation reactions occurred. Monitoring the reaction of Cld with peracetic acid by rapid-mixing UV-visible spectroscopy, the formation of the high valent compound I intermediate, [(Por(*+))Fe(IV) = O], was observed [k(1) = (1.28 +/- 0.04) x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1)]. Compound I readily decayed to form compound II in a manner that is independent of peracetic acid concentration (k(2) = 170 +/- 20 s(-1)). Both compound I and a compound II-associated tryptophanyl radical that resembles cytochrome c peroxidase (Ccp) compound I were observed by EPR under freeze-quench conditions. The data collectively suggest an O-O bond-forming mechanism involving generation of a compound I intermediate via oxygen atom transfer from chlorite, and subsequent recombination of the resulting hypochlorite and compound I.
Collapse
|
25
|
Jakopitsch C, Spalteholz H, Furtmüller PG, Arnhold J, Obinger C. Mechanism of reaction of horseradish peroxidase with chlorite and chlorine dioxide. J Inorg Biochem 2007; 102:293-302. [PMID: 17977601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is demonstrated that horseradish peroxidase (HRP) mixed with chlorite follows the whole peroxidase cycle. Chlorite mediates the two-electron oxidation of ferric HRP to compound I (k(1)) thereby releasing hypochlorous acid. Furthermore, chlorite acts as one-electron reductant of both compound I (k(2)) and compound II (k(3)) forming chlorine dioxide. The strong pH-dependence of all three reactions clearly suggests that chlorous acid is the reactive species. Typical apparent bimolecular rate constants at pH 5.6 are 1.4 x 10(5)M(-1)s(-1) (k(1)), 2.25 x 10(5)M(-1)s(-1) (k(2)), and 2.4 x 10(4)M(-1)s(-1) (k(3)), respectively. Moreover, the reaction products hypochlorous acid and chlorine dioxide, which are known to induce heme bleaching and amino acid modification upon longer incubation times, also mediate the oxidation of ferric HRP to compound I (2.4 x 10(7)M(-1)s(-1) and 2.7 x 10(4)M(-1)s(-1), respectively, pH 5.6) but do not react with compounds I and II. A reaction scheme is presented and discussed from both a mechanistic and thermodynamic point of view. It helps to explain the origin of contradictory data so far found in the literature on this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christa Jakopitsch
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Metalloprotein Research Group, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Vaillancourt FH, Yeh E, Vosburg DA, Garneau-Tsodikova S, Walsh CT. Nature's inventory of halogenation catalysts: oxidative strategies predominate. Chem Rev 2007; 106:3364-78. [PMID: 16895332 DOI: 10.1021/cr050313i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric H Vaillancourt
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kluge MG, Ullrich R, Scheibner K, Hofrichter M. Spectrophotometric assay for detection of aromatic hydroxylation catalyzed by fungal haloperoxidase–peroxygenase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 75:1473-8. [PMID: 17410351 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-0942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Agrocybe aegerita peroxidase (AaP) is a versatile heme-thiolate protein that can act as a peroxygenase and catalyzes, among other reactions, the hydroxylation of aromatic rings. This paper reports a rapid and selective spectrophotometric method for directly detecting aromatic hydroxylation by AaP. The weakly activated aromatic compound naphthalene served as the substrate that was regioselectively converted into 1-naphthol in the presence of the co-substrate hydrogen peroxide. Formation of 1-naphthol was followed at 303 nm (epsilon (303) = 2,010 M(-1) cm(-1)), and the apparent Michaelis-Menten (K (m)) and catalytic (k (cat)) constants for the reaction were estimated to be 320 microM and 166 s(-1), respectively. This method will be useful in screening of fungi and other microorganisms for extracellular peroxygenase activities and in comparing and assessing different catalytic activities of haloperoxidase-peroxygenases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin G Kluge
- Unit of Environmental Biotechnology, International Graduate School of Zittau, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kaup BA, Piantini U, Wüst M, Schrader J. Monoterpenes as novel substrates for oxidation and halo-hydroxylation with chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 73:1087-96. [PMID: 17028875 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chloroperoxidase (CPO) from Caldariomyces fumago was analysed for its ability to oxidize ten different monoterpenes with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. In the absence of halide ions geraniol and, to a lesser extent, citronellol and nerol were converted into the corresponding aldehydes, whereas terpene hydrocarbons did not serve as substrates under these conditions. In the presence of chloride, bromide and iodide ions, every terpene tested was converted into one or more products. (1S)-(+)-3-carene was chosen as a model substrate for the CPO-catalysed conversion of terpenes in the presence of sodium halides. With chloride, bromide and iodide, the reaction products were the respective (1S,3R,4R,6R)-4-halo-3,7,7-trimethyl-bicyclo[4.1.0]-heptane-3-ols, as identified by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. These product formations turned out to be strictly regio- and stereoselective and proceeded very rapidly and almost quantitatively. Initial specific activities of halohydrin formation increased from 4.22 U mg-1 with chloride to 12.22 U mg-1 with bromide and 37.11 U mg-1 with iodide as the respective halide ion. These results represent the first examples of the application of CPO as a highly efficient biocatalyst for monoterpene functionalization. This is a promising strategy for 'green' terpene chemistry overcoming drawbacks usually associated with cofactor-dependent oxygenases, whole-cell biocatalysts and conventional chemical methods used for terpene conversions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern-Arne Kaup
- Biochemical Engineering Group, DECHEMA e.V, Karl-Winnacker-Institut, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Murali Manoj K. Chlorinations catalyzed by chloroperoxidase occur via diffusible intermediate(s) and the reaction components play multiple roles in the overall process. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2006; 1764:1325-39. [PMID: 16870515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 05/29/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chlorination mechanism of the fungal enzyme chloroperoxidase (CPO) has been debated for (1) active site chlorination and (2) diffusible species mediated chlorination. Based upon the conversion of approximately 35 different substrates belonging to different reactive groups, it was found that substrate dimensions and topography had no pronounced effect on rates of CPO chlorination reaction. Epoxidation of indene was dependent on its concentration where as chlorination was not. Also, effective conversion was seen in the chlorination mixture for substrates that could not be epoxidized or sulfoxidized. Some insoluble substrates and certain molecules that exceeded the active site dimensions were chlorinated at rates comparable to the rates required for CPO's more natural substrate, monochlorodimedone. By terminating the enzymatic reaction with an active site ligand (azide), the amount of diffusible species was correlated to CPO in the reaction mixture. The preferential utilization of a substrate, earlier attributed to the active site, is found to be due to the specificity afforded by the reaction environment. It was found that the reaction medium components of peroxide, chloride and hydronium ions affected the reaction rates through varying roles in the enzymatic and non-enzymatic process. Besides these experimental evidences, key mechanistic and kinetic arguments are presented to infer that the final chlorine transfer occurs outside the active site via a diffusible species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelath Murali Manoj
- Department of Biochemistry, 600 South Mathews Avenue, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL-61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kühnel K, Blankenfeldt W, Terner J, Schlichting I. Crystal structures of chloroperoxidase with its bound substrates and complexed with formate, acetate, and nitrate. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:23990-8. [PMID: 16790441 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603166200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroperoxidase (CPO) is a heme-thiolate enzyme that catalyzes hydrogen peroxide-dependent halogenation reactions. Structural data on substrate binding have not been available so far. CPO was therefore crystallized in the presence of iodide or bromide. One halide binding site was identified at the surface near a narrow channel that connects the surface with the heme. Two other halide binding sites were identified within and at the other end of this channel. Together, these sites suggest a pathway for access of halide anions to the active site. The structure of CPO complexed with its natural substrate cyclopentanedione was determined at a resolution of 1.8 A. This is the first example of a CPO structure with a bound organic substrate. In addition, structures of CPO bound with nitrate, acetate, and formate and of a ternary complex with dimethylsulfoxide (Me2SO) and cyanide were determined. These structures have implications for the mechanism of compound I formation. Before binding to the heme, the incoming hydrogen peroxide first interacts with Glu-183. The deprotonated Glu-183 abstracts a proton from hydrogen peroxide. The hydroperoxo-anion then binds at the heme, yielding compound 0. Glu-183 protonates the distal oxygen of compound 0, water is released, and compound I is formed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Kühnel
- Abteilung Biomolekulare Mechanismen, Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Green MT, Dawson JH, Gray HB. Oxoiron(IV) in Chloroperoxidase Compound II Is Basic: Implications for P450 Chemistry. Science 2004; 304:1653-6. [PMID: 15192224 DOI: 10.1126/science.1096897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
With the use of x-ray absorption spectroscopy, we have found that the Fe-O bond in chloroperoxidase compound II (CPO-II) is much longer than expected for an oxoiron(IV) (ferryl) unit; notably, the experimentally determined bond length of 1.82(1) A accords closely with density functional calculations on a protonated ferryl (Fe(IV)-OH, 1.81 A). The basicity of the CPO-II ferryl [pKa > 8.2 (where Ka is the acid dissociation constant)] is attributable to strong electron donation by the axial thiolate. We suggest that the CPO-II protonated ferryl is a good model for the rebound intermediate in the P450 oxygenation cycle;with elevated pKa values after one-electron reduction, thiolate-ligated ferryl radicals are competent to oxygenate saturated hydrocarbons at potentials that can be tolerated by folded polypeptide hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Green
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, PA 16802, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Neilson AH. Biological Effects and Biosynthesis of Brominated Metabolites. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-37055-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
|
33
|
Renganathan V, Miki K, Gold MH. Haloperoxidase reactions catalyzed by lignin peroxidase, an extracellular enzyme from the basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Biochemistry 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/bi00390a035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
34
|
Kawanami T, Miyakoshi M, Dairi T, Itoh N. Reaction mechanism of the Co2+-activated multifunctional bromoperoxidase-esterase from Pseudomonas putida IF-3. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 398:94-100. [PMID: 11811953 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism of the Co2+-activated bromoperoxidase-esterase of Pseudomonas putida IF-3 was studied. Site-directed mutagenesis suggested that the serine residue of the catalytic triad conserved in serine hydrolases participates in the bromination and ester hydrolysis reactions. The enzyme released a trace amount of free peracetic acid depending on the concentration of H2O2, which had been considered the intermediate in the reaction of nonmetal haloperoxidases to oxidize halide ions to hypohalous acid. However, the formation of free peracetic acid could not explain the enzyme activation effect by Co2+ ions which completely depleted the free peracetic acid. In addition, the kcat value of the enzymatic bromination was 900-fold higher than the rate constant of free peracetic acid-mediated bromination. Those results strongly suggested that the peracetic acid-like intermediate formed at the catalytic site is the true intermediate and that the formation of free peracetic acid is only a minor reaction involving the enzyme. We propose the possible reaction mechanism of this multifunctional enzyme based on these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Kawanami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Toyama Prefectural University, Kurokawa 5180, Kosugi, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Jakopitsch C, Regelsberger G, Furtmüller PG, Rüker F, Peschek GA, Obinger C. Catalase-peroxidase from synechocystis is capable of chlorination and bromination reactions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 287:682-7. [PMID: 11563849 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Catalase-peroxidases (KatGs) are multifunctional heme peroxidases exhibiting an overwhelming catalase activity and a substantial peroxidase activity of broad specificity. Here, we show that catalase-peroxidases are also haloperoxidases capable of oxidizing chloride, bromide, and iodide in a peroxide- and enzyme-dependent manner. Recombinant KatG and the variants R119A, W122F, and W122A from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 have been tested for their halogenation activity. Halogenation of monochlorodimedon (MCD), formation of triiodide and tribromide, and bromide- and chloride-mediated oxidation of glutathione have been tested. Halogenation of MCD by chloride, bromide, and iodide was shown to be catalyzed by wild-type KatG and the variant R119A. Generally, rates of halogenation increased in the order Cl(-) < Br(-) < I(-) and/or by decreasing pH. The halogenation activity of R119A was about 7-9% that of the wild-type enzyme. Upon exchange of the distal Trp122 by Phe and Ala, both the catalase and halogenation activities were lost but the overall peroxidase activity was increased. The findings suggest that the same redox intermediate is involved in H(2)O(2) and halide oxidation and that distal Trp122 is involved in both two-electron reactions. That halides compete with H(2)O(2) for the same redox intermediate is also emphasized by the fact that the polarographically measured catalase activity is influenced by halides, with bromide being more effective than chloride.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Jakopitsch
- Institute of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, A-1190, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Manoj KM, Hager LP. Utilization of peroxide and its relevance in oxygen insertion reactions catalyzed by chloroperoxidase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1547:408-17. [PMID: 11410297 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(01)00210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Chloroperoxidase (CPO) catalyzed oxygen insertions are highly enantioselective and hence of immense biotechnological potential. A peroxide activation step is required to give rise to the compound I species that catalyzes this chiral reaction. A side reaction, a catalase type peroxide dismutation, is another feature of CPO's versatility. This work systematically investigates the utilization of different peroxides for the two reactions, i.e. the catalase type reaction and the oxygen insertion reaction. For the oxygen insertion reaction, indene and phenylethyl sulfide were chosen as substrate models for epoxidation and sulfoxidation respectively. The results clearly show that CPO is stable towards hydrogen peroxide and has a total number of turnovers near one million prior to deactivation. The epoxidation reactions terminate before completion because the enzyme functioning in its catalatic mode quickly removes all of the hydrogen peroxide from the reaction mixture. Sulfoxidation reactions are much faster than epoxidation reactions and thus are better able to compete with the catalase reaction for hydrogen peroxide utilization. A preliminary study towards optimizing the reaction system components for a laboratory scale synthetic epoxidation is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Manoj
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Itoh N, Kawanami T, Liu JQ, Dairi T, Miyakoshi M, Nitta C, Kimoto Y. Cloning and biochemical characterization of Co(2+)-activated bromoperoxidase-esterase (perhydrolase) from Pseudomonas putida IF-3 strain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1545:53-66. [PMID: 11342031 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding Co(2+)-activated bromoperoxidase (BPO)-esterase (EST), catalyzing the organic acid-assisted bromination of some organic compounds with H2O2 and Br(-) and quite specific hydrolysis of (R)-acetylthioisobutyric acid methyl ester, was cloned from the chromosomal DNA of the Pseudomonas putida IF-3 strain. The bpo-est gene comprises 831 bp and encoded a protein of 30181 Da. The enzyme was expressed at a high level in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation and two-step column chromatographies. The recombinant enzyme required acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid or n-butyric acid in addition to H2O2 and Br(-) for the brominating reaction and was activated by Co(2+) ions. It catalyzed the bromination of styrene and indene to give the corresponding racemic bromohydrin. Although the enzyme did not release free peracetic acid in the reaction mixture, chemical reaction with peracetic acid could well explain such enzymatic reactions via a peracetic acid intermediate. The results indicated that the enzyme was a novel Co(2+)-activated organic acid-dependent BPO (perhydrolase)-EST, belonging to the non-metal haloperoxidase-hydrolase family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Itoh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Toyama Prefectural University, Kosugi, Toyama, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Baciocchi E, Fabbrini M, Lanzalunga O, Manduchi L, Pochetti G. Prochiral selectivity in H(2)O(2)-promoted oxidation of arylalkanols catalysed by chloroperoxidase. The role of the interactions between the OH group and the amino-acid residues in the enzyme active site. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:665-72. [PMID: 11168405 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.01924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The H(2)O(2)-promoted oxidations of (R)-[alpha-(2)H(1)]-and (S)-[alpha-(2)H(1)]-arylalkanols catalysed by chloroperoxidase (CPO) from Caldariomyces fumago have been investigated. It has been found that with (R)-[alpha-(2)H(1)]-alcohols, the oxidation involves almost exclusively the cleavage of the C-H bond, whereas in the case of the oxidation of (S)-[alpha-(2)H(1)]-alcohols, the C-D bond is preferentially broken. These results clearly indicate that the reactions of corresponding undeuterated arylalkanols are characterized by a high prochiral selectivity, involving the cleavage of the pro-S C-H bond. This prochiral selectivity is poorly influenced by the electronic effect of ring substituents, whereas it decreases with the length of the carbon lateral chain, in the order: benzyl alcohol > 2-phenylethanol > 3-phenylpropanol. Molecular binding studies showed that the main factor directing the docking of the substrate in such a specific orientation in the enzyme active site is the interaction between the alcoholic OH group and the residue Glu183. This interaction is likely to drive both the stereochemistry and the regiochemistry of these reactions. A bifurcated hydrogen bond involving the OH group, the carboxylate oxygen of Glu183 and the oxoferryl oxygen might also be operating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Baciocchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Metzler DE, Metzler CM, Sauke DJ. Transition Metals in Catalysis and Electron Transport. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
40
|
Rai GP, Zong Q, Hager LP. Isolation of directed evolution mutants of chloroperoxidase resistant to suicide inactivation by primary olefins. Isr J Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1560/264g-uh9k-meyu-9yhy] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
41
|
Verdel EF, Kline PC, Wani S, Woods AE. Purification and partial characterization of haloperoxidase from fresh water algae Cladophora glomerata. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 125:179-87. [PMID: 10817904 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(99)00168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many haloperoxidases have been purified from diverse organisms, including lichen, fungi, bacteria, and marine algae. In this study a haloperoxidase was purified from the fresh water algae, Cladophora glomerata, by homogenization and centrifugation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Molecular weight was determined by SDS-PAGE and by size exclusion HPLC and found to be approximately 43 kDa. The isoelectric point was determined to be approximately 8.1 by isoelectric focusing. The UV spectrum of the peroxidase showed a strong absorbance in the Soret band indicating a heme protein, unlike vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases from marine algae. Fresh water algal haloperoxidase catalyzed the iodination of tyrosine at a pH of 3.1. This haloperoxidase also catalyzes the oxidation of guaiacol and oxidation of iodide as well as catalyzing a peroxide-dependent reaction in both the presence and absence of chloride and bromide ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E F Verdel
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro 37132, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Timofeevski SL, Nie G, Reading NS, Aust SD. Substrate specificity of lignin peroxidase and a S168W variant of manganese peroxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 373:147-53. [PMID: 10620333 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) are structurally similar heme-containing enzymes secreted by white-rot fungi. Unlike MnP, which is only specific for Mn(2+), LiP has broad substrate specificity, but it is not known if this versatility is due to multiple substrate-binding sites. We report here that a S168W variant of MnP from Phanerochaete chrysosporium not only retained full Mn(2+) oxidase activity, but also, unlike native or recombinant MnP, oxidized a multitude of LiP substrates, including small molecule and polymeric substrates. The kinetics of oxidation of most nonpolymeric substrates by the MnP variant and LiP were similar. The stoichiometries for veratryl alcohol oxidation by these two enzymes were identical. Some readily oxidizable substrates, such as guaiacol and ferrocyanide, were oxidized by MnP S168W and LiP both specifically and nonspecifically while recombinant MnP oxidized these substrates only nonspecifically. The functional similarities between this MnP variant and LiP provide evidence for the broad substrate specificity of a single oxidation site near the surface tryptophan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L Timofeevski
- Biotechnology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322-4705, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Grgurina I, Mariotti F. Biosynthetic origin of syringomycin and syringopeptin 22, toxic secondary metabolites of the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. FEBS Lett 1999; 462:151-4. [PMID: 10580109 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of syringomycin (SR) and syringopeptin 22 (SP22), bioactive lipodepsipeptides of the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, was studied by feeding (14)C-labeled precursors to chloramphenicol-containing bacterial suspensions. The preferential sites of incorporation were determined by comparing the specific activities of the intact radiolabeled metabolites and their single structural elements, obtained by hydrolytic degradation followed by derivatization and isolation by high performance liquid chromatography. The results show that, upon feeding L-[(14)C(U)]-Thr, 35.0 and 31.0% of the SR radioactivity is retained in 2,3-dehydro-2-aminobutyric acid (Dhb) and 4-chlorothreonine (Thr(4-Cl)), respectively. L-[(14)C(U)]-Asp labels the same sites, though less efficiently, and is also incorporated in 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (Dab) and 3-hydroxyaspartic acid (Asp(3-OH)). Dhb is also labeled by Thr and Asp in SP22. These are the first data on the biosynthetic origin of the modified residues in P. syringae lipopeptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Grgurina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche 'A. Rossi Fanelli', Università 'La Sapienza' di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wu SM, Pizzo SV. Mechanism of hypochlorite-mediated inactivation of proteinase inhibition by alpha 2-macroglobulin. Biochemistry 1999; 38:13983-90. [PMID: 10529245 DOI: 10.1021/bi991438i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The proteinase-proteinase inhibitor balance plays an important role in mediating inflammation-associated tissue destruction. alpha 2-Macroglobulin (alpha 2M) is a high-affinity, broad-spectrum proteinase inhibitor found abundantly in plasma and interstitial fluids. Increased levels of alpha 2M and proteinase-alpha 2M complexes can be demonstrated in patients with sepsis, emphysema, peridontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other inflammatory diseases. Despite these increased levels, proteolysis remains a significant problem. We hypothesized that a mechanism for inactivating alpha 2M-mediated proteinase inhibition must exist and recently demonstrated that alpha 2M isolated from human rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid is oxidized and has decreased functional activity. The oxidant responsible for alpha 2M inactivation and the mechanism of such destruction were not studied. We now report that while hypochlorite and hydroxyl radical both modify amino acid residues on alpha 2M, only hypochlorite can abolish the ability of alpha 2M to inhibit proteinases. Hydrogen peroxide, on the other hand, has no effect on alpha 2M structure or function. Protein unfolding with increased susceptibility to proteolytic cleavage appears to be involved in alpha 2M inactivation by oxidation. The in vivo relevance of this mechanism is supported by the presence of multiple cleavage fragments of alpha 2M in synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, where significant tissue destruction occurs, but not in patients with osteoarthritis. These results provide strong evidence that hypochlorite oxidation contributes to enhanced tissue destruction during inflammation by inactivating alpha 2M.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Wu
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hu S, Hager LP. Highly Enantioselective Propargylic Hydroxylations Catalyzed by Chloroperoxidase. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja983612g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanghui Hu
- Department of Biochemistry University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Lowell P. Hager
- Department of Biochemistry University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Abstract
This paper describes a new chloroperoxidase oxidative activity, namely, propargylic oxidations. Under appropriate conditions, chloroperoxidase catalyzes the oxidation of a variety of 2-alkynes to aldehydes via alcohol intermediates. Both hydrogen peroxide and t-butyl hydroperoxide can serve as terminal oxidants. The triple bond in the substrate is usually untouched. A free radical mechanism is proposed for the initial hydroxylation step in the overall reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sundaramoorthy M, Terner J, Poulos TL. Stereochemistry of the chloroperoxidase active site: crystallographic and molecular-modeling studies. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 1998; 5:461-73. [PMID: 9751642 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(98)90003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chloroperoxidase (CPO) is the most versatile of the known heme enzymes. It catalyzes chlorination of activated C-H bonds, as well as peroxidase, catalase and cytochrome P450 reactions, including enantioselective epoxidation. CPO contains a proximal heme-thiolate ligand, like P450, and polar distal pocket, like peroxidase. The substrate-binding site is formed by an opening above the heme that enables organic substrates to approach the activated oxoferryl oxygen atom. CPO, unlike other peroxidases, utilizes a glutamate acid-base catalyst, rather than a histidine residue. RESULTS The crystal structures of CPO complexed with exogenous ligands, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, cyanide and thiocyanate, have been determined. The distal pocket discriminates ligands on the basis of size and pKa. The refined CPO-ligand structures indicate a rigid active-site architecture with an immobile glutamate acid-base catalyst. Molecular modeling and dynamics simulations of CPO with the substrate cis-beta methylstyrene and the corresponding epoxide products provide a structural and energetic basis for understanding the enantioselectivity of CPO-catalyzed epoxidation reactions. CONCLUSIONS The various CPO-ligand structures provide the basis for a detailed stereochemical mechanism of the formation of the intermediate compound I, in which Glu183 acts as an acid-base catalyst. The observed rigidity in the active site also explains the relative instability of CPO compound I and the formation of the HOCI chlorinating species. Energetics of CPO-substrate/ product molecular modeling provides a theoretical basis for the P450-type enantioselective epoxidation activities of CPO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sundaramoorthy
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, Irvine 92697-3900, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
Aoun S, Baboulène M. Regioselective bromohydroxylation of alkenes catalyzed by chloroperoxidase: Advantages of the immobilization of enzyme on talc. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(97)00026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|